802:'But now,' she said, 'it is not as a woman descended from noble ancestry, but as one of the people that I am avenging lost freedom, my scourged body, the outraged chastity of my daughters. Roman lust has gone so far that not our very persons, nor even age or virginity, are left unpolluted. But heaven is on the side of a righteous vengeance; a legion which dared to fight has perished; the rest are hiding themselves in their camp, or are thinking anxiously of flight. They will not sustain even the din and the shout of so many thousands, much less our charge and our blows. If you weigh well the strength of the armies, and the causes of the war, you will see that in this battle you must conquer or die. This is a woman's resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves.'
635:
was much frequented by a number of merchants and trading vessels. Uncertain whether he should choose it as a seat of war, as he looked round on his scanty force of soldiers, and remembered with what a serious warning the rashness of
Petillius had been punished, he resolved to save the province at the cost of a single town. Nor did the tears and weeping of the people, as they implored his aid, deter him from giving the signal of departure and receiving into his army all who would go with him. Those who were chained to the spot by the weakness of their sex, or the infirmity of age, or the attractions of the place, were cut off by the enemy.
50:
714:
767:
historians say these numbers should be treated with scepticism. The sides of the passage protected the Roman flanks from attack and the forest impeded approach from the rear. These precautions would have prevented
Boudica from bringing her considerable forces to bear on the Roman position other than from the front, and the open plain would have made surprise attack impossible. Suetonius placed his legionaries in close order, with
830:
1106:, described as "patriotically fanatical, a man who drew creative inspiration from his inexhaustible capacity for self-deception", imaginatively "turned a collection of unrelated local landmarks" in this area "into the narrative of a desperate battle", in which, among other details, he cited as evidence a "Stone of the Grave of Vuddig". Boudica's last battle has also been placed on the Wyddelian road at
559:
slaves." Tacitus depicts
Boudica as a victim of Roman slavery and licentiousness, her fight against which made her a champion of both barbarian and British liberty; and he portrays Boudica's actions as an example of the bravery of a free woman, rather than of a queen, sparing her the negative connotations associated with queenship in the ancient world.
1090:. The original name of the bridge was Broad Ford Bridge. The name "Battle Bridge" led to a tradition that this was the site of a major battle between the Romans and the Iceni tribe led by Boudica, but this tradition is not supported by any historical evidence and is rejected by modern historians, although
629:
When news of the rebellion reached
Suetonius, he hurried through hostile territory to Londinium, a relatively new settlement founded after the conquest of AD 43, which had grown to be a thriving commercial centre with a population of traders and probably Roman officials. Suetonius considered fighting
686:
which had been burned at around 60 AD, but the full extent of the destruction remains unclear. Excavations in the centre of
Verulamium the 1996 extension dig before the new museum entrance was built, went through thin layers of burning from the time of the early Roman construction thought to be from
642:
The wealthy citizens and traders of
Londinium had fled after the news of Catus Decianus defecting to Gaul. Suetonius took with him as refugees those citizens who wished to escape, and the rest of the inhabitants were left to their fate. The rebels burned Londinium, torturing and killing everyone who
926:
writes that the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon
Britain, but with the revolt brought to a decisive end, the occupation of Britain continued. Fearing that Suetonius's punitive actions against the British tribes would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced him with the more conciliatory
774:
Although the
Britons were gathered in considerable force, the Iceni and other tribes had been disarmed some years before the rebellion and it is thought they may have been poorly equipped. They placed their wagons at the far end of the field, from where their families could watch what they may have
634:
Alarmed by this disaster and by the fury of the province which he had goaded into war by his rapacity, the procurator Catus crossed over into Gaul. Suetonius, however, with wonderful resolution, marched amidst a hostile population to
Londinium, which, though undistinguished by the name of a colony,
859:
even to the women: the baggage animals themselves had been speared and added to the pile of bodies. The glory won in the course of the day was remarkable, and equal to that of our older victories: for, by some accounts, little less than eighty thousand
Britons fell, at a cost of some four hundred
854:
At first, the legionaries stood motionless, keeping to the defile as a natural protection: then, when the closer advance of the enemy had enabled them to exhaust their missiles with certitude of aim, they dashed forward in a wedge-like formation. The auxiliaries charged in the same style; and the
817:
Ignore the racket made by these savages. There are more women than men in their ranks. They are not soldiers — they are not even properly equipped. We have beaten them before and when they see our weapons and feel our spirit, they will crack. Stick together. Throw the javelins, then push forward:
766:
with a wood behind him that opened out into a wide plain. His men were heavily outnumbered: Dio says that, even if they were lined up one deep, they would not have extended the length of Boudica's line. By now the rebel forces they faced were said to have numbered 230,000–300,000, although modern
558:
has Boudica addressing her army with these words: "It is not as a woman descended from noble ancestry, but as one of the people that I am avenging lost freedom, my scourged body, the outraged chastity of my daughters," and concludes, "This is a woman's resolve; as for men, they may live and be
700:, fire, or cross. Dio's account gives more detail; that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.
1101:
A travel writer in the 18th century, Thomas Pennant, suggested that a hill named "Bryn Paulin", on which the north Wales town of St Asaph stood, may have been so called because Paulinus and his troops had made a camp on their way to or from Mona (Anglesey). A later writer,
806:
Tacitus also wrote of Suetonius addressing his legionaries. Although, like many historians of his day, he was given to inventing stirring speeches for such occasions, Suetonius's speech here is unusually blunt and practical. Tacitus's father-in-law, the future governor
855:
cavalry, with lances extended, broke a way through any parties of resolute men whom they encountered. The remainder took to flight, although escape was difficult, as the cordon of wagons had blocked the outlets. The troops gave
422:
decisively defeated the allied tribes in a final battle which inflicted heavy losses on the Britons. The location of this battle is not known. It marked the end of resistance to Roman rule in most of the southern half of
677:
and his wife Tessa in the early 1930s found little trace of it, perhaps because they are now known to have been working away from the area which was settled in the early Roman occupation. Another excavation by
695:
In the three settlements destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed. Tacitus says that the Britons had no interest in taking or selling prisoners, only in slaughter by
964:
The site of the battle was not identified by either classical historian, although Tacitus mentions some of its features; its location is unknown. Most modern historians favour potential location sites in
602:, attempted to relieve the city, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. The location of this battle is unknown.
474:, in his will. However, when he died, in 61 or shortly before, his will was ignored. Tacitus describes the Romans as seizing lands, enslaving Icenians and of violently humiliating his family; his widow,
643:
had not evacuated with Suetonius. Archaeology shows a thick red layer of burnt debris covering coins and pottery dating before AD 60 within the bounds of Roman Londinium; Roman-era skulls found in the
864:
The figures quoted for the campaign in ancient sources are regarded by modern historians as extravagant. The Roman slaughter of women and animals was unusual, as they could have been sold for profit.
630:
the rebellious tribes there, but with his insufficient numbers of troops and chastened by Petillius's defeat, he decided to sacrifice the city to save the province and withdrew to regroup his forces.
798:
As their armies deployed, the leaders would have sought to motivate their soldiers. Tacitus, who described the battle more than 50 years later, imagined Boudica's speech to her followers:
2400:
427:, a period that lasted until AD 410. Modern historians are dependent for information about the uprising and the defeat of Boudica on the narratives written by the Roman historians
220:
2787:
447:
south-eastern Britain. The conquest was gradual, and while some native kingdoms were defeated in battle and occupied, others remained nominally independent as allies of the
898:. Modern speculations about its location lack serious evidence and have not gained consensus among archaeologists or historians. One local tradition has associated it with
949:. After the uprising, Suetonius conducted widespread punitive operations among the Britons, but criticism of this by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's
1188:
1570:
2432:
the balance of probability is that this provincial bronze statue of Rome's fifth emperor was toppled and decapitated during the Boudiccan Revolt of 60/61
867:
Poenius Postumus, whose legion had not marched to join the battle, and were thus robbed of a share of the glory, killed himself by falling on his sword.
213:
1067:
in Northamptonshire, have been suggested as a site for the battle. In 2009, it was suggested that the Iceni may have been returning to their lands in
1139:
1930:
2383:
1778:
411:, regarding the succession of his kingdom upon his death, and by the brutal mistreatment of Boudica and her daughters by the occupying Romans.
206:
613:. Boudica's army attacked the poorly defended city and destroyed it, besieging the last defenders in the temple for two days before it fell.
617:
have shown that the city was methodically demolished. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose actions had provoked the uprising, fled to
2913:
2474:
721:
While the Britons continued their destruction, Suetonius regrouped his forces. According to Tacitus, he amassed a force including his own
2948:
2953:
2923:
2356:
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in Epping Forest, although these accounts are not thought to hold a factual basis. More recently, a discovery of Roman artefacts in
313:
1681:
818:
knock them down with your shields and finish them off with your swords. Forget about plunder. Just win and you will have everything.
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for Roman military veterans. These veterans had been accused of mistreating the locals. A huge temple to the former emperor
942:
noble, was to lead another less well documented revolt, initially inspired by tribal rivalry but soon becoming anti-Roman.
1847:
1668:
2816:
1874:
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had also been erected in the city at great expense to the local population, causing much resentment. The future governor
1998:
1903:
1965:
1961:
1198:
1030:
763:
2329:
934:
While the defeat of Boudica consolidated Roman rule in southern Britain, northern Britain remained volatile. In AD 69
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tribe. The uprising was motivated by the Romans' failure to honour an agreement they had made with Boudica's husband,
1801:
1338:
946:
17:
2928:
2888:
2863:
2851:
2467:
759:, did not obey an order to bring his troops, but nonetheless Suetonius now commanded an army of almost 10,000 men.
647:
in 2013 may have been victims of the rebels. Excavations in 1995 revealed that the destruction extended across the
244:
2898:
2010:
846:
Boudica is imagined by Tacitus, her daughters beside her, encouraging her troops with a stirring speech from her
1223:
1001:
910:
may have been the location where Boudica died. Another legend suggests that she is buried under Platform 10 of
2521:
1849:
Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]
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on Mona and moved towards the Roman force in North Wales, with battle possibly ensuing at Trelawnyd.
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1980:
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1635:
1611:
1449:
1429:
1396:
1314:
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348:
266:
250:
230:
41:
1484:
2831:
2797:
2750:
2501:
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733:
673:) was also destroyed. Archeological evidence for this event is very limited. A major excavation by
487:
466:, thought he had secured his independence by leaving his lands jointly to his daughters and to the
419:
147:
2207:
842:, depicting Boudica with her daughters in their chariot as she addresses troops before the battle.
2836:
2735:
2526:
2506:
2265:
1103:
1083:
478:, was flogged and her daughters raped. According to Dio, Roman financiers called in their loans.
301:
2031:
515:
Boudica was their leader. According to Tacitus, the rebels drew inspiration from the example of
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2841:
2713:
2612:
1824:
808:
261:
2826:
2740:
2718:
2708:
2605:
2595:
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953:
2269:
1461:
850:. After providing a speech to the Roman troops by Suetonius, Tacitus describes the battle:
2938:
2698:
2600:
2590:
2516:
2153:
548:
256:
198:
8:
1993:
1114:. Morien suggests that Boudica was supported by Celts who were enraged at the killing of
568:
523:
who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven
2401:"A case of mistaken identity? Laser-scanning the bronze "Claudius" from near Saxmundham"
891:("complacency"). Cassius Dio says Boudica fell ill, died and was given a lavish burial.
539:
from the folds of her dress and interpreting the direction in which it ran, and invoked
504:) off the northwest coast of Wales, a refuge for British rebels and a stronghold of the
2679:
2511:
2423:
2112:
2104:
1772:
1253:
839:
307:
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After the battle, Boudica is said by Tacitus to have poisoned herself, though in the
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1909:
1853:
1828:
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1334:
1219:
1194:
360:
294:
49:
2883:
2792:
2703:
2627:
2568:
2415:
2096:
1445:
1392:
1310:
1168:
1044:
811:, was on Suetonius's staff at the time and may have reported it fairly accurately.
756:
752:
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the time. The thickest layer only 2 centimetres down to just a half a centimetre.
674:
596:
354:
336:
318:
2647:
2585:
2573:
2563:
2184:
1293:
582:
1022:
to rendezvous with the rest of Suetonius's forces if they had come as ordered.
2908:
2756:
2659:
2632:
2069:
1244:
Bulst, Christoph M. (October 1961). "The Revolt of Queen Boudicca in A.D. 60".
1127:
1036:
1026:
683:
679:
644:
606:
384:
342:
135:
2419:
2156:, a fifth-century hero, and thus impossible to link with the fate of Boudica:
1098:
went so far as to include a map showing the positions of the opposing armies.
894:
Boudica's burial site is unknown, and is presumably somewhere in the south of
2877:
2767:
2745:
2642:
2637:
2311:
1832:
1764:
1672:
1056:
895:
713:
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396:
103:
79:
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was previously a village known as Battle Bridge, an ancient crossing of the
2762:
2669:
2664:
2617:
2536:
2295:
1547:
1543:"Roman skulls found during Crossrail dig in London may be Boudicca victims"
1489:
1091:
1072:
1064:
1048:
997:
985:
966:
956:. No historical records tell what had happened to Boudica's two daughters.
792:
648:
448:
388:
330:
121:
55:
1744:
2725:
2654:
2541:
1270:
1087:
1060:
903:
885:, he mentions nothing of suicide and attributes the end of the revolt to
614:
572:
528:
509:
432:
185:
168:
130:
2558:
2158:
Cowper, Benjamin Harris (1876). "Ancient Earthworks in Epping Forest".
1257:
1111:
993:
974:
907:
856:
784:
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532:
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408:
324:
2108:
1190:
Folly and Fortune in Early British History: From Caesar to the Normans
435:, which are the only surviving accounts of the battle known to exist.
54:
The Roman province of Britain (red), where the revolt took place. The
2452:
2331:
Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen
1954:
1331:
The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. - A.D. 69: The Cambridge Ancient History
1107:
1009:
989:
970:
939:
923:
670:
2053:
791:, are reported to have done the same thing in their battles against
2220:
2100:
1059:
as a possible route from the south-west, the Cuttle Mill area near
978:
950:
935:
588:
540:
520:
516:
501:
2206:
British History Online, Paulerspury pp. 111–117, last paragraph.
1724:
Townend, G. B. (1964). "Some Rhetorical Battle-Pictures in Dio".
1440:
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152:
690:
2208:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/northants/vol4/pp111-117
1661:
1130:, was probably struck from a statue of Nero during the revolt.
1115:
1019:
780:
697:
775:
expected to be an overwhelming victory. Two Germanic leaders,
2385:
Royal visits and progresses to Wales, and the border counties
1794:
Tragedy, rhetoric, and the historiography of Tacitus' Annales
1746:
Pax Romana : war, peace, and conquest in the Roman world
1040:
788:
505:
455:
404:
126:
2055:
On Boudica's trail: possible sites for Boudica's last battle
618:
536:
471:
228:
2087:
Kevin K. Carroll (1979). "The Date of Boudicca's Revolt".
1742:
1528:
Britannia: The Roman Conquest & Occupation of Britain
762:
At an unidentified location, Suetonius took a stand in a
2058:. On Boudica's Trail. University of Warwick. p. 34.
1823:. Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest. Chicago:
1796:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan press. p. 115.
1029:
in Surrey, between Callow Hill and Knowle Hill, off the
682:
between 1957 and 1961 revealed a row of shops alongside
27:
Revolt by Celtic tribes against the Romans (c. AD 60–61)
1571:"Boudicca rampaged through the streets of south London"
860:
Romans killed and a not much greater number of wounded.
1931:"Historical Notes: Boadicea's bones under Platform 10"
1333:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 509.
945:
Catus Decianus, who had fled to Gaul, was replaced by
1525:
2323:
2321:
1126:A bronze head found in Suffolk in 1907, now in the
902:at Trelawnyd in Flintshire, Wales. The imaginative
881:, which was written almost twenty years before the
531:says that at the outset Boudica employed a form of
2148:Antiquarian B. H. Cowper speculates that the name
1791:
1075:and encountered the Roman army in the vicinity of
1515:. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 93–94.
771:infantry on the flanks and cavalry on the wings.
605:The Roman inhabitants sought reinforcements from
2875:
2318:
2264:
2130:Fuentes, Nicholas (1983). "Boudicca Revisited".
2086:
1513:Boudica, the British Revolt against Rome A.D. 60
508:, the Iceni conspired with their neighbours the
2233:
1905:Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain
1055:has suggested another possibility. Considering
2068:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1601:
1386:
1384:
1382:
567:The first target of the rebels was the former
2468:
2398:
1328:
1216:Boudica the British revolt against Rome AD 60
1141:Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
708:
691:Violence perpetrated on the Roman populations
214:
2852:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
2334:. University of Delaware Press. p. 48.
1540:
1008:, at the junction of Watling Street and the
1004:. Kevin K. Carroll suggests a site close to
554:In an imaginary speech, the Roman historian
2270:"Highbury, Upper Holloway and King's Cross"
1699:) gives Suetonius a quite different speech.
1640:
1616:
1598:
1482:
1379:
1369:
1329:Bowman, Alan K.; et al., eds. (1996).
1207:
1013:
959:
886:
876:
744:
580:
495:
2475:
2461:
2276:. British History Online. pp. 273–279
2236:"The Boudican Revolt: Countdown to Defeat"
1777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1182:
1180:
1159:
1157:
486:In AD 60 or 61, while the Roman governor,
221:
207:
48:
2258:
1928:
1246:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
438:
2327:
1186:
969:, possibly along the Roman road between
828:
712:
481:
2623:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
2129:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1845:
1723:
1485:"Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak"
1239:
1237:
1235:
1213:
1177:
1154:
1096:Boadicea – warrior queen of the Britons
1035:Local legends offer "The Rampart" near
14:
2876:
2482:
2399:Russell, Miles; Manley, Harry (2013).
2354:
2300:Boadicea, warrior queen of the Britons
2294:
2157:
2051:
1410:
395:. It took place circa AD 60–61 in the
2456:
2381:
2240:Hertfordshire Archaeology and History
2074:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain
1462:"Haverhill From the Iron Age to 1899"
1406:
1404:
1324:
1322:
1243:
739:, and any available auxiliaries. The
512:, amongst others, to rise in revolt.
202:
2731:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
1892:
1872:
1846:Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022).
1568:
1232:
1025:Also suggested has been a site near
824:
289:
284:
2914:Rebellions against the Roman Empire
2180:"Is Boudicca buried in Birmingham?"
1929:Greenwood, Douglas (15 July 1999).
1510:
912:London King's Cross railway station
651:to a suburb at the southern end of
24:
2949:Battles involving the Roman Empire
1792:Santoro L'Hoir, Francesca (2006).
1743:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2016).
1401:
1319:
870:
414:Although heavily outnumbered, the
25:
2970:
2954:Military history of Roman Britain
2924:Women in ancient European warfare
2441:
2052:Hughes, Margaret (29 June 2013).
1464:. St. Edmundsbury Borough Council
1415:. London: Routledge. p. 132.
1000:, was suggested by archaeologist
947:Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus
2864:Military history of ancient Rome
2218:
1873:Live, North Wales (2 May 2004).
1595:Hingley & Unwin 2004, p. 180
383:was an armed uprising by native
2934:Wars involving the Roman Empire
2847:Civil wars of the Third Century
2392:
2375:
2348:
2288:
2227:
2212:
2200:
2172:
2142:
2123:
2080:
2062:
2045:
2024:
2003:
1985:
1970:
1948:
1922:
1866:
1839:
1816:
1810:
1785:
1736:
1717:
1702:
1686:
1655:
1589:
1569:Muir, Hazel (21 October 1995).
1562:
1541:Maev Kennedy (2 October 2013).
1534:
1519:
1504:
1483:Jason Burke (3 December 2000).
1476:
1454:
1434:
1419:
1362:
1012:, which would have allowed the
981:) which became Watling Street.
703:
609:, but he sent only two hundred
2355:Morgan, R. W. (24 June 2022).
1875:"Bring Boudicca back to Wales"
1347:
1302:
1282:
1264:
579:), which had been made into a
562:
193:70,000–80,000 civilians killed
13:
1:
2944:Battles involving the Britons
2328:Williams, Carolyn D. (2009).
1526:George Patrick Welch (1963).
1147:
929:Publius Petronius Turpilianus
658:
367:Usurpation of Constantine III
2919:Women in 1st-century warfare
2904:1st century in Roman Britain
2408:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2274:Old and New London: Volume 2
2011:"Bodicea Queen of the Iceni"
1678:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
917:
624:
343:Usurpation of Magnus Maximus
7:
2448:BBC: Boudica's Revolt Video
2152:derives from the legendary
1908:. Oxford University Press.
1133:
1077:Arbury Banks, Hertfordshire
992:), near the modern town of
924:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
906:suggests that Bryn Sion in
492:campaign against the island
285:Defeat of Petilius Cerealis
10:
2975:
2161:The Archaeological Journal
2032:"BBC – History – Boudicca"
1110:(previously Newmarket) in
1006:High Cross, Leicestershire
795:and Caesar, respectively.
717:Map of the Boudican Revolt
709:Preparations by both sides
593:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
2860:
2805:Roman conquest of Britain
2776:
2490:
2420:10.1017/S1047759413000214
2361:. BoD – Books on Demand.
2221:"Battle_Church_Stowe_CP1"
1852:. ABC-CLIO. p. 206.
1121:
397:Roman province of Britain
393:Roman conquest of Britain
240:
192:
175:
158:
141:
115:
62:
47:
42:Roman conquest of Britain
39:
34:
2234:Grahame Appleby (2009).
1902:Vandrei, Martha (2018).
1666:Epitome of Roman History
1214:Webster, Graham (1978).
1193:. Springer. p. 55.
960:Location of final battle
488:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
420:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
325:Usurpation of Magnentius
148:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
2929:Women in war in Britain
2889:60s in the Roman Empire
2502:Roman conquest of Italy
1104:Richard Williams Morgan
454:One such tribe was the
99:End of Boudica's revolt
2899:1st-century rebellions
2382:Parry, Edward (1851).
1825:Loeb Classical Library
1411:Braund, David (1996).
1370:
1014:
887:
877:
862:
843:
820:
809:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
804:
745:
718:
669:of Verulamium (modern
640:
595:, then commanding the
581:
496:
439:Cause of the rebellion
349:Stilicho's Pictish War
314:Caledonia (AD 208–210)
267:Caratacus' last battle
262:Capture of Camulodunon
142:Commanders and leaders
102:Roman rule secured in
2832:Domitian's Dacian War
2751:Liberators' civil war
1218:. London: Routledge.
1187:Henshall, K. (2008).
852:
832:
815:
800:
732:(detachments) of the
716:
632:
482:Initial rebel actions
361:Usurpation of Gratian
233:occupation of Britain
176:Casualties and losses
2837:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2522:Roman–Hernician wars
2306:. pp. 249–251.
2154:Ambrosius Aurelianus
2132:London Archaeologist
1575:www.newscientist.com
1413:Ruling Roman Britain
1084:King's Cross, London
571:of the Trinovantes,
519:, the prince of the
399:, and it was led by
355:Usurpation of Marcus
2959:1st-century battles
2736:Roman–Parthian Wars
2527:Roman–Volscian wars
2507:Roman–Etruscan Wars
2358:St. Paul in Britain
1577:. New Scientist Ltd
403:, the Queen of the
251:Conquest of Britain
2842:Roman–Persian Wars
2741:Caesar's civil war
2613:Roman–Seleucid war
2512:Roman-Aequian wars
2484:Ancient Roman wars
844:
840:Thomas Thornycroft
719:
308:Siege of Burnswark
245:Caesar's invasions
231:Roman invasion and
2871:
2870:
2827:Jewish–Roman wars
2699:Sulla's civil war
2693:Bellum Octavianum
2581:Illyro-Roman Wars
2554:Roman–Gallic wars
2532:Roman–Sabine wars
2368:978-3-375-06741-0
2341:978-0-87413-079-9
1915:978-0-19-881672-0
1859:978-1-4408-6825-2
1756:978-0-300-17882-1
1511:Webster, Graham.
825:Defeat of Boudica
638:
376:
375:
295:Defeat of Boudica
197:
196:
111:
110:
18:Defeat of Boudica
16:(Redirected from
2966:
2793:Marcomannic Wars
2704:Mithridatic Wars
2628:Celtiberian Wars
2517:Roman–Latin wars
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2434:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:Walter Thornbury
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2150:Ambresbury Banks
2146:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:North Wales Live
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1659:
1653:
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1638:
1629:
1614:
1605:
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1501:
1499:
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1474:
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1471:
1469:
1458:
1452:
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1423:
1417:
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1408:
1399:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1045:Ambresbury Banks
1017:
1015:Legio II Augusta
890:
880:
757:Poenius Postumus
750:
747:Legio II Augusta
675:Mortimer Wheeler
636:
611:auxiliary troops
586:
499:
490:, was leading a
337:Great Conspiracy
319:Carausian Revolt
235:
223:
216:
209:
200:
199:
64:
63:
52:
32:
31:
21:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2856:
2822:Civil war of 69
2810:Boudican revolt
2779:
2772:
2648:Cantabrian Wars
2586:Macedonian Wars
2493:
2486:
2481:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2414:(26): 393–408.
2403:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2326:
2319:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2185:BBC News Online
2178:
2177:
2173:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2124:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1935:The Independent
1927:
1923:
1916:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1827:. p. 105.
1820:History of Rome
1815:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1786:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1660:
1656:
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1307:
1303:
1287:
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1233:
1226:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1185:
1178:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1136:
1124:
1031:Devil's Highway
962:
920:
873:
871:Boudica's death
827:
736:Valeria Victrix
711:
706:
693:
661:
627:
565:
484:
458:in what is now
441:
381:Boudican revolt
377:
372:
279:Boudican revolt
236:
232:
229:
227:
133:
129:
96:
82:
53:
35:Boudican revolt
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2972:
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2956:
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2800:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2757:Bellum Siculum
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2660:Jugurthine War
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Lusitanian War
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
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2576:
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2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
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2519:
2514:
2509:
2498:
2496:
2494:Roman Republic
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:External links
2440:
2437:
2436:
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2367:
2347:
2340:
2317:
2287:
2257:
2226:
2211:
2199:
2171:
2141:
2138:(12): 311–317.
2122:
2101:10.2307/526056
2079:
2070:Sheppard Frere
2061:
2044:
2023:
2002:
1984:
1969:
1947:
1921:
1914:
1891:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1817:Dio, Cassius.
1809:
1802:
1784:
1755:
1735:
1716:
1701:
1685:
1654:
1639:
1615:
1597:
1588:
1561:
1533:
1530:. p. 107.
1518:
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1453:
1433:
1418:
1400:
1378:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1318:
1301:
1281:
1263:
1252:(4): 496–509.
1231:
1224:
1206:
1200:978-0230583795
1199:
1176:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1128:British Museum
1123:
1120:
1027:Virginia Water
1002:Graham Webster
961:
958:
922:The historian
919:
916:
900:Gop Hill Cairn
872:
869:
826:
823:
822:
821:
764:narrow passage
710:
707:
705:
702:
692:
689:
684:Watling Street
680:Sheppard Frere
660:
657:
626:
623:
615:Archaeologists
607:Catus Decianus
564:
561:
535:, releasing a
527:from Britain.
483:
480:
462:. Their king,
440:
437:
385:Celtic Britons
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2920:
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2897:
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2894:60s conflicts
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2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:Germanic wars
2786:
2785:
2783:
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2775:
2769:
2768:War of Actium
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:War of Mutina
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
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2707:
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2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Sertorian War
2641:
2639:
2638:Numantine War
2636:
2634:
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2629:
2626:
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2296:Spence, Lewis
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2230:
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2209:
2203:
2188:. 25 May 2006
2187:
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2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2076:. p. 73.
2075:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1803:9780472115198
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:. New Haven.
1748:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1694:Roman History
1692:Cassius Dio (
1689:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:Julius Caesar
1670:
1667:
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1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1355:Roman History
1353:Cassius Dio,
1350:
1342:
1340:9780521264303
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:Roman History
1272:
1267:
1259:
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1094:'s 1937 book
1093:
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1080:
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1057:Akeman Street
1054:
1053:Metchley Camp
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30:
19:
2862:
2817:Armenian War
2809:
2780:Roman Empire
2763:Perusine War
2755:
2691:
2670:Servile Wars
2665:Cimbrian War
2618:Galatian War
2537:Samnite Wars
2431:
2411:
2407:
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2350:
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2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2273:
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2248:. Retrieved
2243:
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2219:Pegg, John.
2214:
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2190:. Retrieved
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2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2005:
1992:
1987:
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1938:. Retrieved
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1904:
1882:. Retrieved
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1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:The Guardian
1546:
1536:
1527:
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1512:
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1494:. Retrieved
1490:The Observer
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1478:
1466:. Retrieved
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1092:Lewis Spence
1082:The area of
1081:
1073:Icknield Way
1065:Church Stowe
1049:Kings Norton
1034:
1024:
998:Warwickshire
986:Manduessedum
984:A site near
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967:the Midlands
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704:Final battle
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543:, a British
514:
485:
453:
449:Roman empire
445:Rome invaded
442:
413:
389:Roman Empire
387:against the
380:
378:
369:(AD 407–411)
357:(AD 406–407)
345:(AD 383–388)
339:(AD 367–368)
333:(AD 354–358)
331:Carausius II
327:(AD 350–353)
321:(AD 286–296)
278:
122:Roman Empire
116:Belligerents
58:is in white.
56:Roman Empire
29:
2939:1st century
2778:Wars of the
2726:Gallic Wars
2655:Achaean War
2542:Pyrrhic War
2492:Wars of the
2304:Robert Hale
2280:11 November
2250:24 February
2192:9 September
2095:: 197–202.
1554:24 February
1468:24 February
1271:Cassius Dio
1088:River Fleet
1061:Paulerspury
573:Camulodunum
563:Camulodunum
529:Cassius Dio
510:Trinovantes
433:Dio Cassius
391:during the
281:(60–61 AD)
253:(43–76 AD)
186:Cassius Dio
169:Cassius Dio
131:Trinovantes
70:c. AD 60–61
2878:Categories
2798:Gothic War
2559:Punic Wars
2547:Social War
2302:. London:
2168:: 246–248.
1581:31 October
1225:0415226066
1148:References
1112:Flintshire
1071:along the
994:Atherstone
975:Viroconium
954:Polyclitus
908:Flintshire
857:no quarter
785:Ariovistus
755:(Exeter),
723:Legio XIV
666:municipium
659:Verulamium
577:Colchester
533:divination
464:Prasutagus
416:Roman army
409:Prasutagus
247:(55–54 BC)
2428:193197188
2312:644856428
2117:164078824
2089:Britannia
2016:9 January
1994:Histories
1991:Tacitus,
1976:Tacitus,
1955:Suetonius
1940:2 October
1833:655792369
1773:cite book
1765:941874968
1708:Tacitus,
1646:Tacitus,
1631:Tacitus,
1607:Tacitus,
1425:Tacitus,
1368:Tacitus,
1108:Trelawnyd
1051:close to
1010:Fosse Way
990:Mancetter
971:Londinium
940:Brigantes
918:Aftermath
671:St Albans
637:— Tacitus
625:Londinium
597:Legio IX
443:In AD 43
290:Londinium
167:230,000 (
2298:(1937).
2268:(1878).
2072:(1987).
2037:17 April
1884:5 August
1430:14.31–32
1390:Tacitus
1371:Agricola
1308:Tacitus
1294:Agricola
1134:See also
979:Wroxeter
951:freedman
936:Venutius
888:socordia
878:Agricola
835:Boadicea
645:Walbrook
589:Claudius
541:Andraste
521:Cherusci
517:Arminius
502:Anglesey
500:(modern
363:(AD 407)
351:(AD 398)
310:(AD 140)
272:Anglesey
184:80,000 (
159:Strength
75:Location
40:Part of
2884:Boudica
2246:: 57–66
1441:Tacitus
1289:Tacitus
1258:4434717
1164:Tacitus
1069:Norfolk
1037:Messing
848:chariot
787:of the
779:of the
777:Boiorix
769:auxilia
741:prefect
728:, some
599:Hispana
583:colonia
569:capital
556:Tacitus
549:victory
545:goddess
476:Boudica
460:Norfolk
429:Tacitus
418:led by
401:Boudica
304:(AD 83)
153:Boudica
104:Britain
2714:Second
2680:Second
2606:Fourth
2596:Second
2569:Second
2426:
2365:
2338:
2310:
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2109:526056
2107:
1978:Annals
1912:
1856:
1831:
1800:
1763:
1753:
1726:Hermes
1710:Annals
1662:Florus
1648:Annals
1633:Annals
1609:Annals
1496:5 July
1446:Annals
1427:Annals
1393:Annals
1337:
1311:Annals
1256:
1222:
1197:
1169:Annals
1122:Relics
1116:druids
1020:Exeter
904:Morien
883:Annals
781:Cimbri
725:Gemina
698:gibbet
506:druids
257:Medway
164:10,000
134:Other
87:Result
2909:Iceni
2719:Third
2709:First
2685:Third
2675:First
2601:Third
2591:First
2574:Third
2564:First
2424:S2CID
2404:(PDF)
2113:S2CID
2105:JSTOR
1981:38–39
1966:39–40
1713:14.36
1651:14.32
1636:14.37
1612:14.34
1450:14.32
1397:14.35
1315:14.31
1278:19–22
1254:JSTOR
1173:14.33
1041:Essex
789:Suebi
456:Iceni
405:Iceni
127:Iceni
2363:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2308:OCLC
2282:2010
2252:2016
2194:2006
2039:2017
2018:2019
1999:3.45
1959:Nero
1942:2022
1910:ISBN
1886:2022
1854:ISBN
1829:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1779:link
1761:OCLC
1751:ISBN
1697:9-11
1682:1.51
1669:1.38
1583:2020
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