3590:, p. 6. "Six of the seven individuals sampled here are clearly indigenous Britons in their genomic signal. When considered together, they are similar to the earlier Iron-Age sample, whilst the modern group with which they show closest affinity are Welsh. These six are also fixed for the Y-chromosome haplotype R1b-L51, which shows a cline in modern Britain, again with maximal frequencies among western populations. Interestingly, these people do not differ significantly from modern inhabitants of the same region (Yorkshire and Humberside) suggesting major genetic change in Eastern Britain within the last millennium and a half. That this could have been, in part, due to population influx associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations is suggested by the different genetic signal of the later Anglo-Saxon genome."
404:
389:
719:
1252:
6009:
835:
1679:
1225:
1325:
traders, intermarriage, and small-scale movements of family groups". The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into
Britain". There was much less migration into Britain during the subsequent Iron Age, so it is more likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. Barry Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already being spoken in Britain and that the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.
1374:
4254:
1424:
25:
1248:, was late arriving in Britain, but after 300 BC the Ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it.
1643:, was largely destroyed in 656 AD, with only its westernmost parts in modern Wales remaining under the control of the Britons, and it is likely that Cynwidion, which had stretched from modern Bedfordshire to Northamptonshire, fell in the same general period as Pengwern, though a sub-kingdom of Calchwynedd may have clung on in the Chilterns for a time.
1623:), had fallen by 605 AD becoming Anglo-Saxon Bernicia. Caer Celemion (in modern Hampshire and Berkshire) had fallen by 610 AD. Elmet, a large kingdom that covered much of modern Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire and likely had its capital at modern Leeds, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in 627 AD.
1384:
In 43 AD, the Roman Empire invaded
Britain. The British tribes opposed the Roman legions for many decades, but by 84 AD the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into Brittonic areas of what would later become northern England and southern Scotland. During the same period,
2087:
However, by the early 1100s, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had become the dominant cultural force in most of the formerly
Brittonic ruled territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons was thereafter gradually replaced in those regions, remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, the
1338:
in approximately 890, starts with this sentence: "The island
Britain is 800 miles long and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; English, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain
1324:
people in this area, but not in northern
Britain. The "evidence suggests that rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between mainland Britain and Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of
2916:
While there have been attempts in the past to align the
Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brittonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p. 37: "he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language
1409:, whilst the Brittonic-Pictish Britons north of the wall probably remained fully independent and unconquered. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410, although parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier.
2144:, once close to extinction, has experienced a revival since the 20th century. The vast majority of place names and names of geographical features in Wales, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and Brittany are Brittonic, and Brittonic family and personal names remain common.
821:
is now generally accepted to descend from Common
Brittonic, rather than being a separate Celtic language. Welsh and Breton survive today; Cumbric and Pictish became extinct in the 12th century. Cornish had become extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of
1280:
There are competing hypotheses for when Celtic peoples, and the Celtic languages, first arrived in
Britain, none of which have gained consensus. The traditional view during most of the twentieth century was that Celtic culture grew out of the central European
2009:) until the mid 11th century AD when Cornwall was effectively annexed by the English, with the Isles of Scilly following a few years later, although at times Cornish lords appear to have retained sporadic control into the early part of the 12th century AD.
2162:
In addition, a
Brittonic legacy remains in England, Scotland and Galicia in Spain, in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names. Examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers, such as the
2442:, suggesting genetic continuity between Iron Age Britain and Roman Britain, and partial genetic continuity between Roman Britain and modern Britain. On the other hand, they were genetically substantially different from the examined
331:-speaking tribes from Ireland. The extent to which this cultural change was accompanied by wholesale population changes is still debated. During this time, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant colonies in
1405:, which ran between the Forth–Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons south of Hadrian's Wall mostly kept their land, they were subject to the
1523:
The kingdom of Ceint (modern Kent) fell in 456 AD. Linnuis (which stood astride modern
Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English Kingdom of Lindsey.
1937:(the 'Old North') which endured until the end of the 11th century, successfully resisting Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and later also Viking attacks. At its peak it encompassed modern Strathclyde,
124:
3447:
Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.
785:
that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent in the 7th century BC. The language eventually began to diverge; some linguists have grouped subsequent developments as
457:
between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the following centuries make frequent reference to them. The ancient Greeks called the people of Britain the
1301:
cultural zone before it spread eastward. Alternatively, Patrick Sims-Williams criticizes both of these hypotheses to propose 'Celtic from the Centre', which suggests Celtic originated in
1981:. Thus the Kingdom of Strathclyde became the last of the Brittonic kingdoms of the 'old north' to fall in the 1090s when it was effectively divided between England and Scotland.
5460:
2132:
Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isles of Scilly continued to retain a distinct Brittonic culture, identity and language, which they have maintained to the present day. The
4214:
1577:
fell to the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and Deira became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom after this point. Caer Went had officially disappeared by 575 AD becoming the Anglo-Saxon
1786:) was partly conquered during the mid 9th century AD, with most of modern Devonshire being annexed by the Anglo-Saxons, but leaving Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly (
737:. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain (in modern terms, England, Wales, and Scotland). According to early medieval historical tradition, such as
2430:. The indigenous Britons of Roman Britain were genetically closely related to the earlier Iron Age female Briton, and displayed close genetic links to modern
2056:). These Brittonic-Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east than the modern borders of Wales; for example, Powys included parts of modern
1500:
Many of the old Brittonic kingdoms began to disappear in the centuries after the Anglo-Saxon and Scottish Gaelic invasions; Parts of the regions of modern
1316:, over a 500-year period from 1,300 BC to 800 BC. The migrants were "genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France" and had higher levels of
3033:
Celtic from the West Chapter 2: The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: a re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic cultures
900:
The following is a list of the major Brittonic tribes, in both the Latin and Brittonic languages, as well as their capitals during the Roman period.
1615:, fell from Brittonic hands by 600 AD, and Bryneich, which existed in modern Northumbria and County Durham with its capital of Din Guardi (modern
1393:
had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. 122 AD, the Romans fortified the northern border with
3091:
2102:) had certainly been largely absorbed by England by the 1050s to early 1100s, although it retained a distinct Brittonic culture and language.
1320:
ancestry. From 1000 to 875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, making up around half the ancestry of subsequent
2012:
Wales remained free from Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and Viking control, and was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms, the foremost being
1586:
1538:
1897:
323:
of eastern and southern Britain began. The culture and language of the Britons fragmented, and much of their territory gradually became
3465:
5945:
3912:
3883:
3233:
2983:
5965:
5955:
2402:. Six of these individuals were identified as native Britons. The six examined native Britons all carried types of the paternal
5985:
5970:
5960:
2371:
populations. Though sharing a common Northwestern European origin, the Iron Age individuals were markedly different from later
3779:
5975:
4359:
3503:
3067:
3040:
2805:
403:
89:
2509:
849:
408:
61:
5980:
1285:, from which the Celts and their languages reached Britain in the second half of the first millennium BC. More recently,
6050:
6035:
3813:
2484:
1293:
have challenged that with their 'Celtic from the West' theory, which has the Celtic languages developing as a maritime
68:
5443:
5256:
3703:
3435:
3007:
2762:
2732:
2451:
1428:
1418:
616:
320:
131:
108:
1747:, endured until approximately 775 AD before being divided by fellow Brittonic Picts, Gaelic Scots and Anglo-Saxons.
249:
writers and dates to the Iron Age. Ancient Britain was made up of many tribes and kingdoms, associated with various
2967:
2387:
2122:
1707:) survived well into the 8th century AD, before the eastern part peacefully joined with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
1442:
began a migration to the south-eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the
790:
285:
4435:
3845:
1601:
to the invaders, while the westernmost part remained in Brittonic hands, and continued to exist in modern Wales.
805:
or "Old North" of Britain (modern northern England and southern Scotland), while the Southwestern dialect became
585:
42:
75:
3317:
John E. Pattison. "Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England?"
2657:
2575:
46:
2219:. Many place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo-Saxon or Gaelic origin, such as
5426:
2343:
Schiffels et al. (2016) examined the remains of three Iron Age Britons buried ca. 100 BC. A female buried in
308:, who lived outside of the empire in northern Britain, however, most scholars today accept the fact that the
5699:
2519:
316:
57:
1813:
attack in the early 9th century AD, and by the end of that century had been conquered by Viking invaders.
4899:
4159:
3808:
2793:
2391:
2200:
1649:, which occupied Galloway and Carrick, was soon subsumed by fellow Brittonic-Pictish polities by 700 AD.
786:
723:
5470:
5345:
4950:
4919:
4299:
2188:
1406:
270:
6040:
5431:
5266:
4894:
3133:
2890:
2084:, but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century.
1549:
arrived on the northwest coast of Britain from Ireland, dispossessed the native Britons, and founded
880:
604:
277:
173:
5231:
2827:
2113:
Wales and Brittany remained independent for a considerable time, however, with Brittany united with
6045:
5771:
5205:
5181:
4507:
3355:
3059:
Celtic from the West 3 : Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages : questions of shared language
1474:
1378:
730:
675:
2318:
347:, Spain). By the 11th century, Brittonic-speaking populations had split into distinct groups: the
6030:
5482:
5130:
4676:
4390:
4209:
4099:
2955:
2895:
823:
471:
254:
35:
545:. Linguist Kim McCone suggests the name became restricted to inhabitants of the far north after
541:), which is usually explained as meaning "painted people". The Old Welsh name for the Picts was
5950:
5869:
5832:
4904:
4189:
4184:
2845:
2579:
2534:
2344:
2330:
2268:
1658:
1578:
1317:
1037:
991:
943:
297:
2326:
434:
in the ancient and medieval periods, "from the first evidence of such speech in the pre-Roman
5716:
5531:
5276:
5176:
4547:
4385:
4364:
3728:
3635:
2959:
2949:
2903:
2539:
2033:
1958:
1330:
1077:
782:
3392:
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 515–516.
2322:
1569:(Deira) which encompassed modern-day Teesside, Wearside, Tyneside, Humberside, Lindisfarne (
1389:
tribes from the Gallic-Germanic borderlands settled in southern Britain. Caesar asserts the
1305:
and spread during the first millennium BC, reaching Britain towards the end of this period.
1267:, a trumpet with an animal-headed bell, was used by Celtic Britons during war and ceremony.
388:
82:
5859:
5731:
5465:
5115:
4512:
4430:
4239:
4164:
3741:
3648:
3186:
2724:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2049:
1825:
1139:
979:
718:
250:
3259:
1251:
8:
6008:
5746:
5615:
5545:
5526:
5505:
5438:
5261:
5135:
4955:
4940:
4935:
4889:
4864:
4537:
4425:
4410:
4224:
4043:
3838:
1298:
1049:
986:
707:
599:
431:
421:
239:
140:
5145:
3745:
3652:
3380:
3339:"Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)"
3190:
369:
in northern Scotland. Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages:
5912:
5643:
5536:
5500:
5421:
5376:
5271:
5097:
4988:
4945:
4874:
4681:
4456:
4219:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4104:
3961:
3917:
3762:
3723:
3690:
3669:
3630:
3338:
3237:
3207:
3174:
3146:
3085:
2815:
2356:
2013:
1517:
1509:
1435:
1313:
884:
810:
663:
160:
2704:
2682:
5776:
5751:
5741:
5477:
5450:
5331:
5186:
5171:
5166:
5125:
5120:
5025:
4914:
4869:
4859:
4851:
4522:
4476:
4466:
4307:
4134:
4114:
4073:
3767:
3724:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"
3699:
3686:
3674:
3499:
3431:
3212:
3150:
3138:
3073:
3063:
3036:
3013:
3003:
2963:
2945:
2941:
2801:
2758:
2752:
2728:
2653:
2403:
2252:
2236:
1482:
1394:
1368:
1282:
1180:
931:
919:
612:
293:
246:
204:
2926:
Forsyth 2006, p. 1447; Forsyth 1997; Fraser 2009, pp. 52–53; Woolf 2007, pp. 322–340
2338:
5805:
5766:
5721:
5708:
5628:
5607:
5510:
5455:
5140:
4960:
4879:
4691:
4471:
4405:
4295:
4174:
4169:
4139:
4109:
4063:
4025:
3891:
3785:
3757:
3749:
3664:
3656:
3322:
3202:
3194:
3128:
3118:
2368:
2260:
2141:
2045:
2025:
1744:
1704:
1582:
1478:
1455:
1398:
1360:
1335:
1321:
1229:
1061:
872:
806:
798:
757:
734:
703:
439:
435:
378:
309:
304:
coexisted with Brittonic. It is unclear what relationship the Britons had with the
235:
219:
215:
150:
2884:
2781:
2386:
Martiano et al. (2016) examined the remains of a female Iron Age Briton buried at
1241:
5848:
5786:
5726:
5689:
5661:
5623:
5588:
5568:
5351:
5341:
5326:
5213:
5020:
4884:
4647:
4502:
4461:
4451:
4290:
4229:
4149:
4144:
4129:
4124:
4037:
3737:
3644:
2937:
2544:
2284:
2137:
2107:
2081:
2006:
1966:
1962:
1912:
1904:), had also all fallen by the beginning of the 11th century AD or shortly after.
1869:
1857:
1799:
1751:
1650:
1594:
1470:
1466:
1447:
1443:
1309:
814:
749:
683:
533:. This likely means "people of the forms", and could be linked to the Latin name
466:
397:
382:
365:("Old North") in southern Scotland and northern England, and the remnants of the
344:
336:
3631:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons"
3287:
1232:, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène
834:
261:. Some of the southern tribes had strong links with mainland Europe, especially
5887:
5877:
5853:
5800:
5756:
5671:
5651:
5633:
5578:
5573:
5541:
5386:
5366:
5191:
5092:
5071:
5066:
4703:
4637:
4632:
4621:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4400:
4395:
4354:
4281:
4267:
4179:
4154:
4119:
4078:
4068:
4004:
3991:
3875:
3867:
3858:
3831:
3198:
2524:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2447:
2390:
between 210 BC and 40 AD. She was found to be carrying the maternal haplogroup
2133:
2073:
1978:
1938:
1877:
1821:
1794:), still in the hands of the Britons, where they became the Brittonic state of
1712:
1696:
1640:
1290:
1122:
1114:
1089:
1025:
861:
857:
753:
740:
691:
679:
652:
640:
450:
427:
370:
352:
227:
188:
180:
130:
and adjacent islands in the 5th century AD, before the invasion and subsequent
3428:
The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135
3123:
3106:
1451:
123:
6024:
5684:
5656:
5563:
5555:
5297:
5249:
5035:
4983:
4712:
4652:
4642:
4542:
4517:
4303:
3142:
3077:
2554:
2529:
2474:
2435:
2399:
2212:
2069:
1946:
1837:
1817:
1787:
1736:
1700:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1636:
1628:
1612:
1574:
1505:
1402:
1364:
1294:
1224:
1164:
853:
760:
in the early period, and is still used today. Thus, the area today is called
713:
512:
454:
356:
301:
281:
211:
127:
3017:
2859:"brythonic | Origin and meaning of Brythonic by Online Etymology Dictionary"
2858:
2840:
McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in
2718:
6002:
5795:
5583:
5107:
5061:
5000:
4909:
4686:
4664:
4657:
4094:
4019:
4009:
3941:
3771:
3678:
3326:
3216:
2630:
2549:
2439:
2380:
2372:
1783:
1691:
Some Brittonic kingdoms were able to successfully resist these incursions:
1604:
1439:
1401:. In 142 AD, Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the
1286:
1205:
1101:
1004:
962:
876:
852:. They are generally believed to have dwelt throughout the whole island of
687:
644:
643:. From the 11th century, they are more often referred to separately as the
620:
550:
348:
324:
274:
223:
4286:
3234:"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"
3057:
1373:
5917:
5902:
5303:
5222:
5030:
5015:
5005:
4978:
4804:
4757:
4669:
4415:
4032:
3936:
3823:
3175:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"
2997:
2443:
2296:
2216:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2168:
2092:, and for a time in parts of Cumbria, Strathclyde, and eastern Galloway.
1950:
1930:
1908:
1853:
1732:
1716:
1620:
1501:
1193:
1188:
1151:
974:
289:
4572:
4338:
3753:
3660:
3568:
3566:
489:, "island of the Albions". The name could have reached Pytheas from the
5840:
5828:
5281:
5245:
5045:
5010:
4970:
4562:
4324:
4315:
2398:
between the 2nd century AD and the 4th century AD during the period of
2394:. The study also examined seven males buried in Driffield Terrace near
2280:
2276:
2224:
2176:
2129:(Y Tuduriaid), who were themselves of Welsh heritage on the male side.
2065:
2057:
2029:
1934:
1907:
The Brythonic languages in these areas were eventually replaced by the
1893:
1873:
1849:
1845:
1779:
1759:
1632:
1590:
1542:
1461:
At the same time, Britons established themselves in what is now called
1245:
1233:
1219:
1175:
1073:
1068:
1008:
967:
955:
802:
445:
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain was made by
361:
2334:
2312:
5240:
4347:
3563:
3107:"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"
2264:
2240:
2232:
2184:
2180:
2152:
2148:
2053:
2037:
1889:
1755:
1728:
1724:
1598:
1550:
1534:
1490:
1168:
1109:
1016:
926:
914:
774:
648:
581:
554:
527:
520:
4552:
4253:
3524:
1423:
602:" is a more recent coinage (first attested in 1923 according to the
24:
5897:
5361:
4814:
4769:
4733:
4721:
4567:
4527:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4311:
4234:
3971:
3966:
3951:
3553:
3551:
3430:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
3264:
2514:
2244:
2156:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2077:
2061:
2021:
2002:
1994:
1970:
1954:
1919:
1861:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1720:
1708:
1654:
1624:
1616:
1520:
were the first to fall to the Germanic and Gaelic Scots invasions.
1486:
1462:
1348:
1340:
1200:
1146:
1127:
1096:
1056:
1021:
998:
950:
938:
875:, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later
761:
745:
504:
501:
482:
340:
332:
4582:
5907:
5882:
5761:
5736:
5371:
5336:
5309:
5236:
5218:
4809:
4745:
4369:
3999:
3976:
3605:
3372:
2504:
2494:
2469:
2352:
2228:
2118:
1942:
1865:
1841:
1802:(colonised by Britons in the 5th century) came under attack from
1740:
1570:
1159:
1044:
1032:
889:
864:
818:
656:
446:
374:
266:
231:
3548:
3514:
3512:
1933:(Strathclyde) was a large and powerful Brittonic kingdom of the
1715:
by 730 AD, and the west was taken over by the fellow Britons of
5892:
5679:
5461:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
5381:
5356:
5320:
5314:
5227:
5150:
5076:
4995:
4497:
3981:
3926:
2935:
2464:
2256:
2248:
2220:
2208:
2172:
2164:
2126:
2114:
1901:
1885:
1829:
1810:
1763:
1692:
1646:
1608:
1554:
1530:
1513:
1390:
1386:
1264:
1256:
477:
393:
3593:
1434:
Thirty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the
1339:
southward" ("Armenia" is possibly a mistaken transcription of
4781:
4587:
4532:
4420:
4014:
3956:
3946:
3904:
3854:
3536:
3509:
3456:
Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–158
2431:
2376:
2288:
2272:
2041:
2017:
1998:
1990:
1974:
1923:
1807:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1494:
1312:
study uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the
1134:
1084:
868:
848:
Celtic Britain was made up of many territories controlled by
794:
590:
561:, "maker of forms", was also a term for the highest grade of
538:
366:
328:
305:
258:
207:
2917:
spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."
1915:, although this was likely a gradual process in many areas.
327:, while the north became subject to a similar settlement by
5040:
4577:
4557:
4492:
4320:
2395:
2300:
2292:
1881:
1833:
1562:
1558:
1344:
1302:
867:. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the
562:
490:
262:
2751:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1 November 2001). R F Foster (ed.).
781:
Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the
2777:
2147:
During the 19th century, many Welsh farmers migrated to
1790:), and for a time part of western Devonshire (including
453:
geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the
3818:
2700:
1844:, the largest Brittonic-Pictish kingdom which covered
1334:, which was originally compiled by the orders of King
662:
From the early 16th century, and especially after the
659:, as they had separate political histories from then.
245:
The earliest written evidence for the Britons is from
4773:
3422:
3420:
3002:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2159:, which today consists of over 1,500 Welsh speakers.
1469:. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the
1458:) to the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man.
5159:
3583:
3581:
3308:
Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4, 5.2
3172:
1412:
3722:Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016).
3466:"Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid"
2367:. Their genetic profile was considered typical for
1856:, had fallen by approximately 950 AD to the Gaelic
1593:) was taken by the Anglo-Saxons in 577 AD, handing
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3819:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF)
3417:
2883:
3628:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3557:
3260:"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"
2951:The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland
584:in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the
6022:
3721:
3629:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (19 January 2016).
3542:
3530:
3518:
3098:
2882:
1664:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2574:
2125:in the mid 16th century during the rule of the
1984:
1926:appears to have disappeared soon after 900 AD.
475:(77 AD) says the older name for the island was
3481:Williams, Ann and Martin, G. H. (tr.) (2002).
2940:; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James;
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
871:; little direct evidence has been left of the
748:were colonists from Britain, resulting in the
4737:
3839:
3173:Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021).
3104:
2450:populations of the area, suggesting that the
430:, 'Britons' refers to native speakers of the
4725:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
2989:
2699:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (
2578:(1996). "The Celtic Britons under Rome". In
793:. Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in
4785:
4749:
3414:. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3035:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 39–64.
2800:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press.
2798:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
2590:
1770:, was conquered by Gaelic Scots in 871 AD.
674:could be applied to all inhabitants of the
631:(Welsh), while they continued to be called
4761:
3853:
3846:
3832:
3345:, Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp. 715–733.
3228:
3226:
3090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1545:(essentially modern Essex) by 540 AD. The
3761:
3715:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
3668:
3410:Chadwick, H. M.; Chadwick, N. K. (1940).
3206:
3157:
3134:2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437
3132:
3122:
2750:
2635:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1723:, which appears to have had its court at
588:speakers of Great Britain, to complement
312:was closely related to Common Brittonic.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3814:DNA from ethnic Britons found in Ireland
3809:BBC – History – Native Tribes of Britain
3049:
3024:
2995:
2982:Hunter, Fraser (of Museum of Scotland),
1677:
1537:) was likely fully conquered by 510 AD.
1422:
1372:
1250:
1223:
833:
717:
402:
387:
222:, at which point they diverged into the
122:
3685:
3223:
1703:and areas of southern Scotland and the
1585:was only partly conquered; its capital
6023:
4702:
3356:"Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons - Deira"
2792:
2716:
2647:
1427:Britons migrated westwards during the
300:emerged, mainly in the southeast, and
292:in the north remained unconquered and
16:Ancient Celtic people of Great Britain
5934:
5826:
5605:
5407:
4839:
4619:
4265:
3902:
3827:
3483:Domesday Book: a complete translation
2746:
2744:
2710:
2406:and carried the maternal haplogroups
2375:samples, who were closely related to
2355:both carried the paternal haplogroup
2110:seems to have disappeared by 900 AD.
1989:The Britons also retained control of
879:suggest it was indeed related to the
617:the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
580:was introduced into English usage by
493:. The Latin name for the Britons was
392:Celtic warrior recreation, including
3712:
3055:
3030:
2904:participating institution membership
2650:From Roman Britain to Norman England
2629:
2510:Genetic history of the British Isles
744:, the post-Roman Celtic speakers of
409:St Fagans National Museum of History
280:in the 1st century AD, creating the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
5827:
2782:Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
2683:"The Germanic invasions of Britain"
2319:Bell Beaker culture § Genetics
1918:Similarly, the Brittonic colony of
1657:, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon
1619:) and which included Ynys Metcaut (
598:refers to the group of languages. "
13:
3319:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2741:
2485:Celtic language decline in England
1864:). Other Pictish kingdoms such as
1731:) and encompassed parts of modern
1489:, was also set up at this time in
838:Tribal groups in southern Britain
359:in Brittany, the Cumbrians of the
14:
6062:
5257:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
3802:
3498:. Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 123–128.
2452:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2327:Hallstatt culture § Genetics
1840:, disappeared soon after 900 AD.
1429:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1419:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1413:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1379:Pagans Hill Romano-British temple
1354:
568:The medieval Welsh form of Latin
549:displaced it as the name for the
296:became the edge of the empire. A
6007:
4620:
4252:
3111:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2454:left a profound genetic impact.
2347:carried the maternal haplogroup
2323:Urnfield culture § Genetics
1541:(Isle of Wight) fell in 530 AD,
829:
791:Southwestern Brittonic languages
132:founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
23:
3621:
3488:
3485:. London: Penguin, pp. 341–357.
3475:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3366:
3348:
3331:
3311:
3302:
3280:
3252:
3105:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2020).
2986:- piece by Hunter on the carnyx
2976:
2929:
2920:
2910:
2876:
2851:
2834:
2786:
2717:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003).
2359:, and the maternal haplogroups
2331:La Tène culture § Genetics
2117:in 1532, and Wales united with
2068:and Gwent held parts of modern
1687:(the Old North) c. 550 – c. 650
856:, at least as far north as the
34:needs additional citations for
3381:Chapter 6: "Cities of Britain"
2771:
2693:
2675:
2666:
2641:
2568:
2140:remain widely spoken, and the
1611:, St. Albans and parts of the
1485:. A further Brittonic colony,
1:
5976:Celtic place names in Galicia
5606:
3321:, 275(1650), 2423–2429, 2008
2754:The Oxford History of Ireland
2652:. Routledge. pp. 69–74.
2637:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 291–292.
2561:
2155:, forming a community called
1695:(encompassing much of modern
839:
238:, the ancestor of the modern
5408:
3913:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
2520:History of the British Isles
2351:, while two males buried in
2339:Celtiberians § Genetics
2123:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
1985:Wales, Cornwall and Brittany
1719:. Similarly, the kingdom of
1397:, which spanned what is now
1377:A reconstruction drawing of
963:Catuvellaunī (*Catuwellaunī)
407:Recreated Celtic village at
317:end of Roman rule in Britain
7:
4900:Welsh literature in English
4840:
4266:
3992:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
3903:
2757:. Oxford University Press.
2457:
2306:
1820:, which encompassed modern
1653:, which encompassed modern
724:Staffordshire Moorlands Pan
697:
507:has been reconstructed as *
234:(among others). They spoke
139: Mainly (non-Pictish)
10:
6067:
4920:Scottish Gaelic literature
4300:Brigantia (ancient region)
3199:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
2316:
2310:
1671:
1416:
1358:
1343:, an area in northwestern
1275:
1270:
1217:
711:
701:
419:
335:(now part of France), the
253:. The Britons followed an
6051:Ethnic groups in Scotland
6036:Historical Celtic peoples
5998:
5941:
5935:
5930:
5868:
5839:
5822:
5785:
5707:
5698:
5670:
5642:
5614:
5601:
5554:
5519:
5493:
5414:
5403:
5290:
5267:Hebridean Celtic Festival
5204:
5106:
5085:
5054:
4969:
4928:
4895:Welsh-language literature
4850:
4846:
4835:
4797:
4711:
4628:
4615:
4485:
4444:
4378:
4274:
4261:
4250:
4087:
4056:
3990:
3911:
3898:
3865:
3781:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3337:Pattison, John E. (2011)
3124:10.1017/S0959774320000098
2996:MacAulay, Donald (1992).
2891:Oxford English Dictionary
2586:. Routledge. p. 623.
1993:and Kernow (encompassing
1911:of the Anglo-Saxons, and
1553:which encompassed modern
1473:developed from Brittonic
1189:Trinovantēs (*Trinowantī)
975:Corieltauvī (*Corieltauī)
881:Common Brittonic language
690:, or the subjects of the
605:Oxford English Dictionary
278:conquered most of Britain
5700:Ancient Celtic languages
3412:The Growth of Literature
3062:. Oxford. pp. 1–5.
2842:Ireland and its Contacts
2780:s.v. "Briton." See also
1565:between 500 and 560 AD.
1176:Textoverdī (*Textowerdī)
826:since the 20th century.
752:, a language related to
676:Kingdom of Great Britain
319:during the 5th century,
286:invaded northern Britain
5971:Gaulish words in French
5956:Celtic words in English
4210:Scottish New Zealanders
4100:Anglo-Celtic Australian
3496:Britonia: camiños novos
3426:Kapelle, W. E. (1979).
2956:Oxford University Press
2896:Oxford University Press
2703:), Highland Framework,
1973:, and as far as modern
1244:, which covers British
824:language revitalization
731:Insular Celtic language
576:(singular and plural).
415:
255:Ancient Celtic religion
4905:Early Irish literature
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4190:Scotch-Irish Canadians
4185:Scotch-Irish Americans
3713:Koch, John T. (2006).
3698:. De Keltische Draak.
3612:Martiniano et al. 2018
3600:Martiniano et al. 2018
3588:Martiniano et al. 2018
3573:Martiniano et al. 2018
3558:Martiniano et al. 2018
3377:History of the Britons
3360:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3327:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352
3031:Karl, Raimund (2010).
2954:. Walton St., Oxford:
2846:University of Lausanne
2535:Kingdom of Strathclyde
2446:individual and modern
2345:Linton, Cambridgeshire
1688:
1659:kingdom of Northumbria
1579:kingdom of East Anglia
1431:
1381:
1318:Early European Farmers
1260:
1237:
1213:
992:Viroconium Cornoviorum
944:Durovernum Cantiacorum
845:
726:
594:; hence the adjective
412:
400:
321:Anglo-Saxon settlement
298:Romano-British culture
288:, but the Britons and
271:minted their own coins
192:
184:
165:
5532:Scottish independence
5277:Celtic Media Festival
5160:National music scenes
4386:Proto-Celtic religion
4088:Related ethnic groups
3729:Nature Communications
3636:Nature Communications
3575:, p. 3, Table 1.
3543:Schiffels et al. 2016
3533:, p. 3, Table 1.
3531:Schiffels et al. 2016
3519:Schiffels et al. 2016
3494:Young, Simon (2002).
2648:Sawyer, P.H. (1998).
2540:List of Celtic tribes
2335:Gauls § Genetics
2313:Celts § Genetics
2311:Further information:
1959:Dumfries and Galloway
1681:
1426:
1376:
1331:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1254:
1227:
1110:Ordovicēs (*Ordowicī)
837:
783:Proto-Celtic language
729:The Britons spoke an
721:
406:
396:and a replica of the
391:
282:province of Britannia
126:
5856:(Medieval Welsh law)
5466:Scottish nationalism
5116:Ancient Celtic music
4431:Romano-Celtic temple
4240:Welsh New Zealanders
4165:Irish New Zealanders
3692:Language in Pictland
3288:"The Avalon Project"
2999:The Celtic languages
2725:Blackwell Publishing
2707:(accessed May 2022).
2088:Isles of Scilly and
1529:(essentially modern
1140:Noviomagus Reginorum
987:Cornovīī (*Cornowīī)
980:Ratae Corieltauvorum
951:Carvetīī (*Carwetīī)
43:improve this article
5546:Irish republicanism
5527:Breton independence
5506:Scottish devolution
5439:Cornish nationalism
5262:Pan Celtic Festival
5136:Scottish folk music
4890:Scottish literature
4411:Celtic Christianity
4215:Scottish Travellers
4200:Scottish Argentines
4044:Scottish Travellers
3754:10.1038/ncomms10408
3746:2016NatCo...710408S
3661:10.1038/ncomms10326
3653:2016NatCo...710326M
3191:2022Natur.601..588P
3056:Koch, John (2016).
2894:(Online ed.).
1299:Atlantic Bronze Age
1147:Selgovae (*Selgowī)
1097:Novantae (*Nowantī)
1050:Corinium Dobunnorum
708:Brittonic languages
623:called all Britons
600:Brittonic languages
440:central Middle Ages
432:Brittonic languages
422:Britain (placename)
240:Brittonic languages
5537:Welsh independence
5501:Cornish devolution
5422:Breton nationalism
5272:Celtic Connections
4875:Cornish literature
4220:Ulster Protestants
4205:Scottish Canadians
4195:Scottish Americans
4105:Anglo-Irish people
3687:Forsyth, Katherine
3268:. 22 December 2021
3240:. 22 December 2021
3238:University of York
2942:Morgan, Kenneth O.
2936:Corbishley, Mike;
2863:www.etymonline.com
2369:Northwest European
1754:, covering modern
1689:
1518:South East England
1510:North East England
1432:
1382:
1261:
1255:A recreation of a
1238:
1026:Clwydian hillforts
927:Brigantēs/Brigantī
893:, is cognate with
846:
811:South West England
727:
664:Acts of Union 1707
413:
401:
214:from at least the
166:
6018:
6017:
5994:
5993:
5926:
5925:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5777:Cisalpine Gaulish
5597:
5596:
5483:national identity
5478:Welsh nationalism
5471:national identity
5451:Irish nationalism
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5332:Cornish wrestling
5200:
5199:
5121:Breton Folk music
5086:Regional cultures
4929:National cultures
4915:Gaelic literature
4870:Breton literature
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4611:
4610:
4523:Chief of the Name
4391:Celtic polytheism
4308:Sub-Roman Britain
4248:
4247:
4135:Irish Australians
4115:Cornish Americans
4074:Scottish diaspora
3788:on 26 August 2014
3504:978-84-95622-58-7
3401:Bromwich, p. 157.
3290:. Yale Law School
3185:(7894): 588–594.
3069:978-1-78570-228-0
3042:978-1-84217-410-4
2902:(Subscription or
2807:978-0-7486-1232-1
1369:Sub-Roman Britain
1347:including modern
1308:In 2021, a major
1283:Hallstatt culture
1211:
1210:
932:Isurium Brigantum
920:Calleva Atrebatum
885:Goidelic (Gaelic)
756:and identical to
613:early Middle Ages
355:in Cornwall, the
195:), also known as
119:
118:
111:
93:
6058:
6041:Iron Age Britain
6011:
5932:
5931:
5824:
5823:
5806:Galwegian Gaelic
5705:
5704:
5603:
5602:
5511:Welsh devolution
5405:
5404:
5157:
5156:
5146:Sean-nĂłs singing
5141:Welsh folk music
5131:Irish folk music
5098:Highland culture
4880:Irish literature
4860:Arthurian Legend
4848:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4677:Neo-Christianity
4617:
4616:
4548:Gaelic astrology
4508:Celtic festivals
4406:Celtic mythology
4379:Ancient religion
4296:Iron Age Britain
4263:
4262:
4256:
4235:Welsh Argentines
4175:Irish Uruguayans
4170:Irish Travellers
4140:Irish Brazilians
4130:Irish Argentines
4110:Breton Americans
4064:Cornish diaspora
4026:Irish Travellers
3900:
3899:
3892:Celtic languages
3848:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3784:. Archived from
3775:
3765:
3718:
3709:
3697:
3682:
3672:
3615:
3614:, pp. 1, 6.
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3472:, 23 April 2008.
3463:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3170:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2946:"Celtic Britain"
2938:Gillingham, John
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2794:Fraser, James E.
2790:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2588:
2587:
2584:The Celtic World
2572:
2142:Cornish language
2138:Breton languages
1922:in northwestern
1745:Clackmannanshire
1705:Scottish Borders
1627:, which covered
1493:in northwestern
1456:Northern Ireland
1399:Northern England
1361:British Iron Age
1336:Alfred the Great
1230:Battersea Shield
1201:Votadīnī/Otadīnī
1062:Isca Dumnoniorum
903:
902:
873:Pictish language
850:Brittonic tribes
844:
841:
809:in Cornwall and
799:Cumbric language
735:Common Brittonic
704:Common Brittonic
678:, including the
310:Pictish language
236:Common Brittonic
220:High Middle Ages
216:British Iron Age
158:
148:
138:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Celtic Britons"
51:
27:
19:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6046:Ancient Britain
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
5990:
5937:
5922:
5864:
5860:Early Scots law
5849:Early Irish law
5835:
5810:
5787:Scottish Gaelic
5781:
5722:Proto-Brittonic
5694:
5690:Beurla Reagaird
5666:
5662:Scottish Gaelic
5638:
5610:
5593:
5589:Columba Project
5569:Celtic Congress
5550:
5515:
5489:
5410:
5391:
5352:Gaelic handball
5342:Gaelic football
5327:Cornish hurling
5286:
5196:
5155:
5102:
5081:
5067:Gaelic clothing
5050:
4965:
4924:
4885:Manx literature
4842:
4819:
4798:Other claimants
4793:
4698:
4648:Celtic Congress
4624:
4607:
4503:Celtic calendar
4481:
4440:
4374:
4270:
4257:
4244:
4230:Welsh Americans
4150:Irish Catholics
4145:Irish Canadians
4125:Irish Americans
4083:
4057:Celtic diaspora
4052:
3986:
3915:
3907:
3894:
3861:
3852:
3805:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3778:
3738:Nature Research
3706:
3695:
3645:Nature Research
3624:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3560:, pp. 1–2.
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3510:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3336:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3171:
3158:
3103:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3029:
3025:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2715:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2628:
2591:
2576:Graham Webster.
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2545:Scottish people
2460:
2438:, particularly
2341:
2315:
2309:
2082:Gloucestershire
2007:Isles of Scilly
1987:
1967:North Yorkshire
1965:, and parts of
1963:Argyll and Bute
1929:The kingdom of
1913:Scottish Gaelic
1858:Kingdom of Alba
1800:Channel Islands
1784:Isles of Scilly
1752:Kingdom of Cait
1676:
1670:
1668:(the Old North)
1607:, encompassing
1595:Gloucestershire
1471:Breton language
1467:Channel Islands
1421:
1415:
1407:Roman governors
1371:
1359:Main articles:
1357:
1310:archaeogenetics
1278:
1273:
1222:
1216:
1045:Dobunnī/Bodunnī
842:
832:
772:, derived from
750:Breton language
716:
710:
702:Main articles:
700:
519:, which became
487:insula Albionum
472:Natural History
424:
418:
398:Waterloo Helmet
337:Channel Islands
201:Ancient Britons
164:
156:
154:
146:
144:
136:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6064:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Celtic Britons
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Gaelic warfare
5874:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5854:Cyfraith Hywel
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5801:Deeside Gaelic
5798:
5792:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5772:Hispano-Celtic
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5727:Proto-Goidelic
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:Celtic society
5576:
5574:Celtic Revival
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5542:United Ireland
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5387:Welsh handball
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Highland games
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5093:Gaelic culture
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5072:Highland dress
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Pictish stones
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4718:
4716:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4638:Celtic nations
4635:
4633:Celtic Revival
4629:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Celtic Animism
4398:
4396:Celtic deities
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:Cisalpine Gaul
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4327:
4318:
4293:
4284:
4282:Gaelic Ireland
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Manx Americans
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Irish Chileans
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:English people
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Welsh diaspora
4076:
4071:
4069:Irish diaspora
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3876:Celtic studies
3868:Celtic nations
3866:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3803:External links
3801:
3799:
3798:
3776:
3719:
3710:
3704:
3683:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3577:
3562:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3508:
3487:
3474:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3416:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3365:
3347:
3330:
3310:
3301:
3279:
3251:
3222:
3156:
3117:(3): 511–529.
3097:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3023:
3008:
2988:
2975:
2968:
2928:
2919:
2909:
2875:
2850:
2833:
2806:
2785:
2770:
2763:
2740:
2733:
2709:
2705:Early Medieval
2692:
2687:www.uni-due.de
2674:
2672:Forsyth, p. 9.
2665:
2658:
2640:
2589:
2580:Green, Miranda
2566:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Kingdom of Cat
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:English people
2497:
2492:
2490:Cornish people
2487:
2482:
2480:Celtic nations
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2308:
2305:
2074:Worcestershire
1986:
1983:
1979:West Yorkshire
1969:, the western
1939:Dumbartonshire
1836:, and much of
1774:(encompassing
1713:Northumberland
1697:Northumberland
1672:Main article:
1669:
1663:
1641:Worcestershire
1475:Insular Celtic
1450:migrated from
1417:Main article:
1414:
1411:
1395:Hadrian's Wall
1356:
1355:Roman conquest
1353:
1295:trade language
1291:Barry Cunliffe
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:Dinas Dinorwig
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:Venta Icenorum
1087:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1013:
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1001:
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989:
983:
982:
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971:
970:
965:
959:
958:
953:
947:
946:
941:
935:
934:
929:
923:
922:
917:
911:
910:
907:
831:
828:
699:
696:
692:British Empire
641:Medieval Latin
428:Celtic studies
420:Main article:
417:
414:
367:Pictish people
351:in Wales, the
315:Following the
294:Hadrian's Wall
210:who inhabited
197:Celtic Britons
155:
145:
135:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6063:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5987:
5986:– in Portugal
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:– in Galician
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:Celtic League
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5556:Pan-Celticism
5553:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:reunification
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5402:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5190:
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5183:
5180:
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5170:
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5152:
5149:
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5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5046:Triple spiral
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Bardic Poetry
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
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4800:
4796:
4788:
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4780:
4776:
4771:
4768:
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4759:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:Celtic League
4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Celtic League
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:Pan-Celticism
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Gaelicisation
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Celticisation
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:Iron Age Gaul
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:Roman Britain
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Irish Mexican
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:Celtic tribes
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3705:90-802785-5-6
3701:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3608:
3602:, pp. 1.
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3470:New Scientist
3467:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3437:
3436:0-7099-0040-6
3433:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3343:Human Biology
3340:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3305:
3289:
3283:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3009:0-521-23127-2
3005:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2984:Carnyx and Co
2979:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2764:0-19-280202-X
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2734:0-631-22260-X
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2555:Yr Hen Ogledd
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Kingdom of Ce
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:British Latin
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:British Isles
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Roman Britain
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Herefordshire
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:Stirlingshire
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Aberdeenshire
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Kingdom of Ce
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:Enesek Syllan
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:County Durham
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:County Durham
1698:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1684:Yr Hen Ogledd
1680:
1675:
1674:Yr Hen Ogledd
1667:
1666:Yr Hen Ogledd
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:Herefordshire
1634:
1630:
1629:Staffordshire
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:Home Counties
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Farne Islands
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:East Midlands
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:Antonine Wall
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:Roman Britain
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1268:
1266:
1259:(war trumpet)
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:La Tène style
1236:from Britain.
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:Venta Silurum
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:Maiden Castle
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
896:
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
854:Great Britain
851:
843: 150 AD
836:
830:Tribal groups
827:
825:
820:
817:in Armorica.
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
741:Macsen Wledig
739:The Dream of
736:
732:
725:
720:
715:
714:British Latin
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
513:Common Celtic
510:
506:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:British Isles
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
410:
405:
399:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:(now part of
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:British Latin
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:. The Romans
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Great Britain
209:
208:Celtic people
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
162:
159: Mainly
152:
149: Mainly
142:
133:
129:
128:Great Britain
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6003:Celts portal
5961:– in Spanish
5796:Arran Gaelic
5717:Proto-Celtic
5685:Bungi Creole
5584:Celtic unity
5520:Independence
5319:
5302:
5126:Gaelic music
5062:Celtic Dress
5011:High crosses
5001:Celtic cross
4979:Bell shrines
4910:Irish annals
4692:Neo-Druidism
4687:Celtic Wicca
4658:Celtic union
4622:Modern Celts
4513:Celtic women
4416:Celtic Rites
4365:Transylvania
4225:Ulster Scots
4095:Anglo-Celtic
3942:Celtiberians
3931:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3859:modern Celts
3790:. Retrieved
3786:the original
3780:
3733:
3727:
3714:
3691:
3640:
3634:
3622:Bibliography
3607:
3595:
3545:, p. 5.
3538:
3526:
3521:, p. 1.
3495:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3427:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3318:
3313:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3263:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3182:
3178:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3058:
3051:
3032:
3026:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2969:019-910035-7
2950:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2889:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2841:
2836:
2797:
2788:
2773:
2753:
2719:
2712:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2583:
2570:
2550:Welsh people
2440:Welsh people
2385:
2381:Dutch people
2342:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2112:
2094:
2086:
2032:(originally
2011:
1988:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1815:
1749:
1690:
1682:
1665:
1645:
1605:Caer Lundein
1603:
1533:and eastern
1525:
1522:
1499:
1477:rather than
1460:
1440:Anglo-Saxons
1433:
1383:
1329:
1327:
1307:
1279:
1262:
1239:
1005:Loudoun Hill
899:
894:
888:
877:Irish annals
847:
780:
773:
769:
765:
738:
728:
671:
667:
666:, the terms
661:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:Anglo-Saxons
615:, following
610:
603:
595:
589:
577:
573:
569:
567:
558:
557:. The Welsh
546:
542:
534:
530:
523:
516:
508:
499:
494:
486:
476:
470:
462:
458:
444:
438:, until the
425:
360:
314:
275:Roman Empire
257:overseen by
244:
200:
196:
176:
169:
167:
120:
105:
99:October 2021
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5918:Trimarcisia
5903:GallĂłglaigh
5732:Celtiberian
5456:Isle of Man
5415:Nationalism
5304:Bataireacht
5223:Calan Gaeaf
5182:Isle of Man
5026:Leaf-crowns
5016:Insular art
4989:Dragonesque
4951:Isle of Man
4805:Nova Scotia
4758:Isle of Man
4682:Neopaganism
4426:Monasticism
3937:Caledonians
3717:. ABC-CLIO.
2824:|work=
2720:The Britons
2444:Anglo-Saxon
2373:Anglo-Saxon
2297:Leatherhead
2106:in Spanish
2016:(including
1997:, parts of
1951:Lanarkshire
1931:Ystrad Clud
1909:Old English
1868:(in modern
1854:Easter Ross
1733:Northumbria
1717:Ystrad Clud
1661:by 700 AD.
1621:Lindisfarne
1573:), and the
1502:East Anglia
1452:Dál nAraidi
1194:Camulodunum
1152:Eildon Hill
1085:Īcenī/Ecenī
694:generally.
686:, and some
325:Anglo-Saxon
290:Caledonians
247:Greco-Roman
203:, were the
193:Brythoniaid
6025:Categories
5981:– in Italy
5883:Ceathairne
5747:Gallaecian
5377:Road bowls
5282:Eisteddfod
5250:Calan Awst
5246:Lughnasadh
4852:Literature
4715:definition
4538:Clan chief
4325:Roman Gaul
4316:Hen Ogledd
4042:including
4024:including
3375:(c. 828).
3272:21 January
3244:21 January
2958:. p.
2906:required.)
2659:0415178940
2631:Koch, John
2562:References
2357:R1b1a2a1a2
2317:See also:
2281:Gloucester
2277:Colchester
2225:Manchester
2066:the Wirral
2058:Merseyside
2034:Ceredigion
2030:Deheubarth
2005:, and the
2001:including
1935:Hen Ogledd
1894:Perthshire
1874:The Mearns
1850:Morayshire
1846:Strathearn
1782:, and the
1780:Devonshire
1760:Sutherland
1633:Shropshire
1591:Gloucester
1587:Caer Gloui
1543:Caer Colun
1539:Ynys Weith
1446:-speaking
1438:-speaking
1314:Bronze Age
1246:Celtic art
1234:Celtic art
1220:Celtic art
1074:Durnovaria
1069:Durotrigēs
1009:Walls Hill
1003:Vanduara (
968:Verulamium
956:Luguvalium
803:Hen Ogledd
712:See also:
362:Hen Ogledd
218:until the
205:indigenous
69:newspapers
5913:Redshanks
5888:Ceithearn
5616:Brittonic
5608:Languages
5241:Calan Mai
5232:Gŵyl Fair
5206:Festivals
5021:Interlace
4445:Mythology
4436:Practices
4348:Gallaecia
3962:Galatians
3740:: 10408.
3736:(10408).
3647:: 10326.
3643:(10326).
3294:10 August
3151:216484936
3143:0959-7743
3086:cite book
3078:936687654
2944:(1996) .
2826:ignored (
2816:cite book
2404:R1b1a2a1a
2265:Dumbarton
2241:Caithness
2233:Edinburgh
2153:Argentina
2149:Patagonia
2098:(Kernow,
2054:Glamorgan
2050:Morgannwg
2038:Seisyllwg
1898:Ath-Fotla
1890:Inverness
1756:Caithness
1729:Edinburgh
1725:Din Eidyn
1599:Wiltshire
1551:Dal Riata
1535:Hampshire
1491:Gallaecia
1287:John Koch
1169:Llanmelin
1038:Moridunum
1017:Deceanglī
915:Atrebatēs
775:Britannia
733:known as
649:Cumbrians
637:Brittones
596:Brythonic
582:John Rhys
555:Cumbrians
528:Old Welsh
521:Old Irish
485:calls it
251:hillforts
141:Brittonic
5898:Gaesatae
5789:dialects
5752:Lepontic
5742:Galatian
5644:Goidelic
5494:Autonomy
5409:Politics
5362:Rounders
5214:Calendar
5187:Scotland
5172:Cornwall
5167:Brittany
5055:Clothing
5006:Knotwork
4984:Brooches
4956:Scotland
4941:Cornwall
4936:Brittany
4815:Y Wladfa
4770:Scotland
4734:Cornwall
4722:Brittany
4573:SeanchaĂ
4568:Tanistry
4528:Derbfine
4457:Scottish
4343:Brittany
4339:Domnonée
4335:Armorica
4330:Britonia
4312:Dumnonia
4287:Dálriata
3972:Lepontii
3967:Helvetii
3952:Gallaeci
3772:26783965
3689:(1997).
3679:26783717
3265:BBC News
3217:34937049
3018:24541026
2885:"Briton"
2796:(2009).
2633:(2006).
2515:Gododdin
2458:See also
2307:Genetics
2245:Aberdeen
2237:Carlisle
2157:Y Wladfa
2104:Britonia
2100:Dumnonia
2096:Cornwall
2090:Brittany
2078:Somerset
2062:Cheshire
2022:Anglesey
2003:Dartmoor
1995:Cornwall
1971:Pennines
1955:Ayrshire
1920:Britonia
1880:(modern
1862:Scotland
1792:Dartmoor
1776:Cornwall
1772:Dumnonia
1768:Shetland
1727:(modern
1721:Gododdin
1709:Bernicia
1655:Ayrshire
1625:Pengwern
1617:Bamburgh
1487:Britonia
1483:Frankish
1465:and the
1463:Brittany
1454:(modern
1436:Germanic
1349:Brittany
1341:Armorica
1322:Iron Age
1206:Traprain
1128:Petuaria
1057:Dumnonīī
1022:Canovium
999:Damnonīī
939:Cantiacī
909:Capital
890:Cruithne
883:. Their
797:and the
770:Bretagne
762:Brittany
746:Armorica
698:Language
684:Scottish
633:Britanni
586:P-Celtic
570:Britanni
505:ethnonym
502:P-Celtic
495:Britanni
483:Avienius
463:BretanoĂ
459:PretanoĂ
436:Iron Age
341:Britonia
333:Brittany
185:Britanni
161:Goidelic
5951:Deities
5908:Hobelar
5870:Warfare
5833:Warfare
5767:Pictish
5762:Cumbric
5737:Gaulish
5709:Extinct
5629:Cornish
5427:history
5372:Hurling
5346:Ladies'
5337:Curling
5310:Camogie
5237:Beltane
5219:Samhain
5177:Ireland
4946:Ireland
4841:Culture
4810:England
4746:Ireland
4704:Nations
4603:Coinage
4593:Warfare
4486:Society
4477:Cornish
4467:British
4370:Galatia
4360:Balkans
4268:Studies
4005:Cornish
4000:Bretons
3977:Noricum
3932:Britons
3905:Peoples
3792:30 June
3763:4735688
3742:Bibcode
3670:4735653
3649:Bibcode
3373:Nennius
3208:8889665
3187:Bibcode
2868:16 June
2582:(ed.).
2505:Fortriu
2495:Cumbric
2470:Bretons
2448:English
2434:of the
2361:K1a1b1b
2353:Hinxton
2261:Lincoln
2229:Glasgow
2121:by the
2119:England
2108:Galicia
2014:Gwynedd
1943:Cumbria
1896:), and
1866:Circinn
1842:Fortriu
1741:Lothian
1571:Medcaut
1479:Gaulish
1297:in the
1276:Origins
1271:History
1160:Silurēs
1102:Rispain
1033:Demetae
895:Pritenī
865:isthmus
819:Pictish
807:Cornish
801:in the
787:Western
758:Cornish
680:English
668:British
657:Bretons
653:Cornish
625:Bryttas
611:In the
578:Brython
574:Brython
559:prydydd
511:, from
509:Pritanī
447:Pytheas
411:, Wales
379:Cornish
375:Cumbric
357:Bretons
353:Cornish
345:Galicia
267:Belgica
232:Bretons
228:Cornish
177:Pritanī
170:Britons
151:Pictish
83:scholar
5946:Tribes
5893:Fianna
5680:Shelta
5624:Breton
5444:status
5382:Shinty
5357:Gouren
5321:Cnapan
5315:Cammag
5228:Imbolc
5151:Carnyx
5077:Tartan
4996:Carnyx
4763:Mannin
4739:Kernow
4727:Breizh
4597:Gaelic
4553:Fáinne
4498:Brehon
4472:Breton
4421:Druids
4275:Places
3982:Volcae
3927:Belgae
3888:·
3886:
3880:·
3878:
3872:·
3870:
3770:
3760:
3702:
3677:
3667:
3502:
3434:
3215:
3205:
3179:Nature
3149:
3141:
3076:
3066:
3039:
3016:
3006:
2966:
2848:. p.25
2804:
2761:
2731:
2656:
2465:Albion
2428:J1b1a1
2424:H6a1b2
2416:J1c3e2
2388:Melton
2337:, and
2299:, and
2285:Durham
2257:Exeter
2253:Barrow
2249:Dundee
2221:London
2215:, and
2209:Tambre
2173:Severn
2165:Thames
2127:Tudors
2115:France
2048:, and
1902:Atholl
1886:Fidach
1830:Buchan
1811:Viking
1808:Danish
1798:. The
1796:Kernow
1766:, and
1764:Orkney
1693:Rheged
1647:Novant
1639:, and
1609:London
1561:, and
1555:Argyll
1531:Sussex
1516:, and
1514:Argyll
1444:Gaelic
1391:Belgae
1387:Belgic
1367:, and
1265:carnyx
1257:carnyx
1135:Reginī
1123:Parisī
906:Tribe
887:name,
815:Breton
768:, Fr.
766:Breizh
672:Briton
655:, and
629:Wealas
619:, the
591:Goidel
563:a bard
543:Prydyn
517:kĘ·ritu
481:, and
478:Albion
394:carnyx
383:Breton
339:, and
329:Gaelic
273:. The
269:, and
259:druids
230:, and
157:
147:
137:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5936:Lists
5757:Noric
5672:Mixed
5652:Irish
5634:Welsh
5298:Bando
5291:Sport
5192:Wales
5108:Music
5041:Torcs
5031:Mazes
4961:Wales
4787:Cymru
4782:Wales
4665:Music
4588:Vates
4583:TĂşath
4533:Druid
4462:Welsh
4452:Irish
4038:Scots
4020:Irish
4015:Gaels
4010:Welsh
3957:Gauls
3947:Gaels
3918:Names
3890:
3882:
3874:
3855:Celts
3696:(PDF)
3147:S2CID
2900:
2701:ScARF
2432:Celts
2408:H6a1a
2392:U2e1e
2377:Danes
2365:H1ag1
2289:Dover
2273:Penge
2269:Brent
2217:Forth
2213:Navia
2205:Trent
2197:Tweed
2193:Tamar
2169:Clyde
2134:Welsh
2046:Gwent
2042:Dyfed
2026:Powys
2018:Clwyd
1999:Devon
1991:Wales
1975:Leeds
1924:Spain
1870:Angus
1826:Banff
1804:Norse
1651:Aeron
1583:Gwent
1567:Deifr
1547:Gaels
1527:Regni
1495:Spain
1448:Scots
1181:Coria
869:Picts
862:Forth
858:Clyde
795:Wales
764:(Br.
754:Welsh
688:Irish
645:Welsh
551:Welsh
547:Cymry
539:Picts
537:(the
535:Picti
524:cruth
491:Gauls
467:Pliny
451:Greek
371:Welsh
349:Welsh
306:Picts
224:Welsh
189:Welsh
181:Latin
163:areas
153:areas
143:areas
90:JSTOR
76:books
5831:and
5657:Manx
5544:and
4775:Alba
4751:Éire
4670:Rock
4578:Sept
4558:Fili
4493:Bard
4291:Alba
4033:Manx
3857:and
3794:2011
3768:PMID
3700:ISBN
3675:PMID
3500:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3296:2011
3274:2022
3246:2022
3213:PMID
3139:ISSN
3092:link
3074:OCLC
3064:ISBN
3037:ISBN
3014:OCLC
3004:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2870:2020
2828:help
2802:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2426:and
2412:H1bs
2396:York
2379:and
2363:and
2301:York
2293:Kent
2201:Avon
2177:Tyne
2136:and
2080:and
2064:and
2040:and
2020:and
1892:and
1882:Fife
1872:and
1852:and
1834:Fife
1822:Marr
1816:The
1806:and
1750:The
1743:and
1699:and
1597:and
1563:Iona
1559:Skye
1345:Gaul
1328:The
1303:Gaul
1289:and
1263:The
1240:The
1228:The
813:and
789:and
722:The
706:and
670:and
572:was
553:and
531:pryd
526:and
500:The
449:, a
416:Name
381:and
265:and
263:Gaul
168:The
62:news
5841:Law
5829:Law
4971:Art
4563:Law
3758:PMC
3750:doi
3665:PMC
3657:doi
3323:doi
3203:PMC
3195:doi
3183:601
3129:hdl
3119:doi
2778:OED
2349:H1e
2189:Dee
2185:Exe
2181:Wye
2151:in
2044:),
2024:),
1977:in
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1878:Fib
1876:),
1481:or
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1214:Art
1024:or
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639:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
