156:
location of deposition for finer sediments, whereas a grain's internal angle of friction determines the deposition of larger grains on a shore profile. The secondary principle to the creation of seaward sediment fining is known as the hypothesis of asymmetrical thresholds under waves; this describes the interaction between the oscillatory flow of waves and tides flowing over the wave ripple bedforms in an asymmetric pattern. "The relatively strong onshore stroke of the waveforms an eddy or vortex on the lee side of the ripple, provided the onshore flow persists, this eddy remains trapped in the lee of the ripple. When the flow reverses, the eddy is thrown upwards off the bottom and a small cloud of suspended sediment generated by the eddy is ejected into the water column above the ripple, the sediment cloud is then moved seaward by the offshore stroke of the wave." Where there is symmetry in ripple shape the vortex is neutralised, the eddy and its associated sediment cloud develops on both sides of the ripple. This creates a cloudy water column which travels under the tidal influence as the wave orbital motion is in equilibrium.
466:. The formation of this harbour has occurred due to active erosional processes on an extinct shield volcano, whereby the sea has flooded the caldera, creating an inlet 16 km in length, with an average width of 2 km and a depth of −13 m relative to mean sea level at the 9 km point down the transect of the central axis. The predominant storm wave energy has unlimited fetch for the outer harbour from a southerly direction, with a calmer environment within the inner harbour, though localised harbour breezes create surface currents and chop influencing the marine sedimentation processes. Deposits of loess from subsequent glacial periods have in filled volcanic fissures over millennia, resulting in volcanic basalt and loess as the main sediment types available for deposition in Akaroa Harbour
42:
143:
size may move across the profile to a position where it is in equilibrium with the wave and flows acting on that sediment grain". This sorting mechanism combines the influence of the down-slope gravitational force of the profile and forces due to flow asymmetry; the position where there is zero net transport is known as the null point and was first proposed by
Cornaglia in 1889. Figure 1 illustrates this relationship between sediment grain size and the depth of the marine environment.
147:
1407:
470:
386:
needs to be discovered, which is based on the type of fluid through which the sediment particle is flowing, laminar flow, turbulent flow or a hybrid of both. When the fluid becomes more viscous due to smaller grain sizes or larger settling velocities, the prediction is less straightforward and it is
415:
occurs where individual particles create an electrical bond adhering each other together to form flocs. "The face of a clay platelet has a slight negative charge where the edge has a slight positive charge when two platelets come into close proximity with each other the face of one particle and the
490:
Other studies have shown this process of the winnowing of sediment grain size from the effect of hydrodynamic forcing; Wang, Collins and Zhu (1988) qualitatively correlated increasing intensity of fluid forcing with increasing grain size. "This correlation was demonstrated at the low energy clayey
150:
Figure 1. Illustrating the sediment size distribution over a shoreline profile, where finer sediments are transported away from high energy environments and settle out of suspension, or deposit in calmer environments. Coarse sediments are maintained in the upper shoreline profile and are sorted by
536:
structures. This is because sediment grain size analysis throughout a profile allows inference into the erosion or accretion rates possible if shore dynamics are modified. Planners and managers should also be aware that the coastal environment is dynamic and contextual science should be evaluated
524:
or unstable equilibrium, and many fields and laboratory observations have failed to replicate the state of a null point at each grain size throughout the profile. The interaction of variables and processes over time within the environmental context causes issues; "a large number of variables, the
142:
is deposited throughout a shore profile according to its grain size. This is due to the influence of hydraulic energy, resulting in a seaward-fining of sediment particle size, or where fluid forcing equals gravity for each grain size. The concept can also be explained as "sediment of a particular
486:
analysis of subtidal sediments, that sediment textures were related to three main factors: depth, distance from shoreline, and distance along the central axis of the harbour. This resulted in the fining of sediment textures with increasing depth and towards the central axis of the harbour, or if
179:
Large-grain sediments transported by either bedload or suspended load will come to rest when there is insufficient bed shear stress and fluid turbulence to keep the sediment moving; with the suspended load this can be some distance as the particles need to fall through the water column. This is
155:
The first principle underlying the null point theory is due to the gravitational force; finer sediments remain in the water column for longer durations allowing transportation outside the surf zone to deposit under calmer conditions. The gravitational effect or settling velocity determines the
506:
Kirby R. (2002) takes this concept further explaining that the fines are suspended and reworked aerially offshore leaving behind lag deposits of the main bivalve and gastropod shells separated out from the finer substrate beneath, waves and currents then heap these deposits to form
323:
416:
edge of the other are electrostatically attracted." Flocs then have a higher combined mass which leads to quicker deposition through a higher fall velocity, and deposition in a more shoreward direction than they would have as the individual fine grains of clay or silt.
487:
classified into grain class sizes, "the plotted transect for the central axis goes from silty sands in the intertidal zone to sandy silts in the inner nearshore, to silts in the outer reaches of the bays to mud at depths of 6 m or more". See figure 2 for detail.
525:
complexity of the processes, and the difficulty in observation, all place serious obstacles in the way of systematisation, therefore in certain narrow fields the basic physical theory may be sound and reliable but the gaps are large"
511:
ridges throughout the tidal zone, which tend to be forced up the foreshore profile but also along the foreshore. Cheniers can be found at any level on the foreshore and predominantly characterise an erosion-dominated regime.
473:
Figure 2. Map of Akaroa
Harbour showing a fining of sediments with increased bathymetry toward the central axis of the harbour. Taken from Hart et al. (2009) and the University of Canterbury under the contract of Environment
186:
503:(U.K.)." This research shows conclusive evidence for the null point theory existing on tidal flats with differing hydrodynamic energy levels and also on flats that are both erosional and accretional.
541:
drift and sediment deposition, the results should not be viewed in isolation and a substantial body of purely qualitative observational data should supplement any planning or management decision.
846:
537:
before the implementation of any shore profile modification. Thus theoretical studies, laboratory experiments, numerical and hydraulic modelling seek to answer questions pertaining to
528:
Geomorphologists, engineers, governments and planners should be aware of the processes and outcomes involved with the null point hypothesis when performing tasks such as
171:
and West Huang Sera, Mainland China, and in numerous other studies; Ippen and
Eagleson (1955), Eagleson and Dean (1959, 1961) and Miller and Zeigler (1958, 1964).
1443:
985:
Wang, Y.; Collins, M.B.; Zhu, D. (1988). "A comparative study of open coast tidal flats: The Wash (U.K.), Bohai Bay and West Huang Sera (Mainland China)".
863:
642:
889:"Evidence of a significant wind-driven circulation in Akaroa Harbour. Part 1: Data obtained during the September-November, 1998 field survey"
180:
determined by the grain's downward acting weight force being matched by a combined buoyancy and fluid drag force and can be expressed by:
1392:
98:, creating a resistance to motion; this is known as the null-point hypothesis. Deposition can also refer to the buildup of sediment from
1068:
318:{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}\rho _{s}g={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}\rho g+{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbb {C} _{d}\rho \pi R^{2}w_{s}^{2}\,}
1436:
1674:
94:
This occurs when the forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and
2042:
49:
showing shores undergoing erosion (cliffed sections) in yellow, and shores characterized by marine deposition (barriers) in blue.
399:
The cohesion of sediment occurs with the small grain sizes associated with silts and clays, or particles smaller than 4ϕ on the
1016:
857:
814:
17:
1429:
737:
Horn, Diane P (1992). "A review and experimental assessment of equilibrium grain size and the ideal wave-graded profile".
520:
The null point theory has been controversial in its acceptance into mainstream coastal science as the theory operates in
438:
2668:
2199:
1101:
2663:
1061:
2224:
2689:
2365:
2315:
2209:
2643:
1869:
654:
2653:
2605:
2488:
1410:
1054:
80:
2638:
2355:
2320:
2162:
571: – Process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to precipitate as floc or flake
407:
applies to the settling velocity of the individual grains, although due to seawater being a strong
31:
499:
coast (China) where the bottom material is silty, and the sandy flats of the high energy coast of
2648:
2340:
2105:
1224:
432:
127:
328:
Downward acting weight force = Upward-acting buoyancy force + Upward-acting fluid drag force
2694:
2590:
2448:
1999:
1884:
1154:
592:
802:
2428:
2275:
2237:
1686:
1625:
1336:
1331:
1004:
601: – Process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment
550:
803:"Chapter Five—Sediments, boundary layers and transport: Coastal processes and geomorphology"
2658:
2380:
2204:
1964:
1821:
1565:
949:
900:
746:
688:
621:
8:
2554:
2549:
2350:
2194:
1816:
1669:
1590:
1497:
521:
27:
Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
953:
904:
750:
692:
2580:
2493:
2458:
2310:
1826:
1731:
1635:
1527:
1460:
1387:
1341:
852:(Report). Coastal Research Report 1. University of Canterbury and DTec Consulting Ltd.
712:
609:
533:
357:
35:
2300:
2559:
2398:
2390:
2330:
2290:
2179:
1994:
1756:
1746:
1532:
1382:
1219:
1012:
967:
918:
853:
820:
810:
762:
758:
716:
704:
604:
529:
111:
2473:
2375:
2280:
2029:
1879:
1874:
1851:
1791:
1620:
1492:
1149:
1077:
962:
957:
937:
908:
847:
Upper Akaroa
Harbour Seabed Bathymetry and Soft Sediments: A Baseline Mapping Study
754:
696:
586:
103:
913:
888:
2478:
2438:
2433:
2037:
1924:
1919:
1703:
1640:
1610:
1575:
1570:
1537:
1502:
1473:
1377:
1164:
1126:
1111:
1032:
Russell, R.C.H. (1960). "Coast
Erosion and Defence: Nine Questions and Answers".
845:
Hart, Deirdre E.; Todd, Derek J.; Nation, Thomas E.; McWilliams, Zara A. (2009).
574:
562:
428:
383:
2539:
2423:
2403:
2285:
2270:
2157:
2142:
2137:
2097:
2077:
1989:
1831:
1811:
1776:
1708:
1693:
1600:
1522:
1482:
1367:
1234:
1184:
1136:
1096:
1091:
700:
615:
424:
404:
99:
88:
65:
1421:
2683:
2620:
2615:
2600:
2585:
2534:
2529:
2295:
2260:
2214:
2174:
2169:
1929:
1801:
1761:
1507:
1487:
1372:
1254:
1214:
1159:
971:
922:
824:
766:
708:
556:
453:
440:
2610:
2360:
2345:
2335:
2184:
2115:
1984:
1949:
1864:
1806:
1681:
1580:
1542:
1517:
1305:
1116:
938:"Loess Deposits of the South Island, New Zealand, and Soils Formed on them"
568:
412:
146:
2519:
2443:
2147:
2110:
2057:
1781:
1766:
1741:
1615:
1321:
1272:
1239:
1229:
1121:
408:
2625:
2305:
2189:
2129:
2087:
1959:
1796:
1664:
1605:
1595:
1512:
1362:
1326:
1267:
1194:
1174:
388:
126:
begins with the deposition of organic material, mainly from plants, in
119:
84:
647:
Cape
Naturalist, the Journal of the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History
469:
2595:
2544:
2514:
2483:
2413:
2325:
2082:
1969:
1954:
1894:
1841:
1836:
1736:
1659:
1649:
1547:
1199:
1189:
1144:
492:
403:
scale. If these fine particles remain dispersed in the water column,
168:
57:
41:
679:
Jolliffe, I. P. (1978). "Littoral and offshore sediment transport".
553: – Process of chemical precipitation bonding sedimentary grains
122:) to deposit further calcium carbonate. Similarly, the formation of
2265:
2232:
1909:
1751:
1718:
1295:
1169:
1046:
598:
580:
538:
515:
500:
164:
139:
115:
95:
73:
69:
46:
589: – Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
2575:
2524:
2052:
2047:
2009:
1914:
1786:
1723:
1282:
1244:
1179:
1106:
508:
496:
483:
391:(also known as the frictional force, or drag force) of settling.
77:
2370:
2242:
2067:
2062:
2014:
2004:
1974:
1899:
1654:
1585:
1557:
1456:
1262:
1209:
1204:
160:
1005:"Distinguishing accretion from erosion-dominated muddy coasts"
987:
2468:
2453:
2408:
2152:
2125:
2072:
1939:
1934:
1904:
1889:
1698:
1468:
1452:
595: – Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition
479:
107:
887:
Heuff, Darlene N.; Spigel, Robert H.; Ross, Alex H. (2005).
809:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. pp. 105–147.
618: – Equation for the velocity of a body in viscous fluid
159:
The Null-point hypothesis has been quantitatively proven in
91:
in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment.
2498:
2463:
2019:
1979:
1944:
1300:
1009:
Muddy Coasts of the World: Processes, Deposits and
Function
123:
61:
478:
Hart et al. (2009) discovered through bathymetric survey,
2418:
1859:
1290:
801:
Masselink, Gerd; Hughes, Michael; Knight, Jasper (2011).
643:"Coastal Erosion on Cape Cod: Some Questions and Answers"
400:
338:
is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
844:
382:
In order to calculate the drag coefficient, the grain's
174:
419:
118:, the deposition of which induced chemical processes (
893:
New
Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
800:
189:
807:
Introduction to
Coastal Processes and Geomorphology
559: – Sedimentary rock strata at differing angles
394:
317:
2681:
516:Applications for coastal planning and management
1451:
1007:. In Healy, T.; Wang, Y.; Healy, J.-A. (eds.).
989:. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 120–134.
886:
577: – Sediment moved by the longshore current
87:surface material, which, at the loss of enough
984:
880:
1437:
1062:
942:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
378:is the particle's settling velocity (in m/s).
344:is the radius of the spherical object (in m),
796:
1393:List of rivers that have reversed direction
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
1444:
1430:
1069:
1055:
929:
674:
672:
961:
912:
495:(China), the moderate environment of the
314:
273:
773:
678:
532:, issuing building consents or building
468:
350:is the mass density of the fluid (kg/m),
145:
133:
40:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2043:International scale of river difficulty
1031:
1025:
998:
996:
935:
669:
138:The null-point hypothesis explains how
14:
2682:
840:
838:
836:
834:
732:
730:
728:
726:
640:
1425:
1050:
1002:
110:is made up partly of the microscopic
1076:
993:
736:
175:Deposition of non-cohesive sediments
978:
862:. ECan Report 09/44. Archived from
831:
723:
583: – Alluvial geological deposit
420:The occurrence of null point theory
151:the wave-generated hydraulic regime
56:is the geological process in which
24:
565: – Material of glacial origin
25:
2706:
1406:
1405:
395:Deposition of cohesive sediments
2200:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1102:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1112:Strahler number (stream order)
963:10.1080/00288306.1964.10428132
681:Progress in Physical Geography
634:
13:
1:
914:10.1080/00288330.2005.9517378
628:
2366:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2316:Hydrological transport model
2210:Storm Water Management Model
1011:. Elsevier. pp. 61–81.
759:10.1016/0025-3227(92)90170-M
369:is the drag coefficient, and
7:
624: – Geological deposits
544:
10:
2711:
1870:Antecedent drainage stream
701:10.1177/030913337800200204
641:Oldale, Robert N. (1999).
387:applicable to incorporate
358:gravitational acceleration
100:organically derived matter
29:
2634:
2606:River valley civilization
2568:
2507:
2489:Riparian-zone restoration
2389:
2251:
2223:
2124:
2096:
2028:
1850:
1717:
1634:
1556:
1467:
1401:
1350:
1314:
1281:
1253:
1135:
1084:
1034:Hydraulics Research Paper
2669:Countries without rivers
2644:Rivers by discharge rate
2356:Runoff model (reservoir)
2321:Infiltration (hydrology)
76:. Wind, ice, water, and
32:Depositional environment
2341:River Continuum Concept
2106:Agricultural wastewater
1225:River channel migration
936:Raeside, J. D. (1964).
653:: 70–76. Archived from
433:Canterbury, New Zealand
2664:River name etymologies
2591:Hydraulic civilization
2449:Floodplain restoration
2225:Point source pollution
2000:Sedimentary structures
1155:Bar (river morphology)
593:Sedimentary structures
475:
319:
163:Harbour, New Zealand,
152:
50:
2276:Discharge (hydrology)
2238:Industrial wastewater
1719:Sedimentary processes
1337:Erosion and tectonics
1332:Degradation (geology)
551:Cementation (geology)
472:
320:
149:
134:Null-point hypothesis
44:
18:Deposition (sediment)
2690:Deposition (geology)
2381:Volumetric flow rate
1965:Riffle-pool sequence
1358:Deposition (geology)
1085:Large-scale features
622:Superficial deposits
187:
114:skeletons of marine
2555:Whitewater kayaking
2550:Whitewater canoeing
2351:Runoff curve number
2195:Flood pulse concept
954:1964NZJGG...7..811R
905:2005NZJMF..39.1097H
751:1992MGeol.108..161H
693:1978PrPG....2..264J
522:dynamic equilibrium
450: /
313:
2581:Aquatic toxicology
2494:Stream restoration
2459:Infiltration basin
2311:Hydrological model
1827:Sediment transport
1650:Estavelle/Inversac
1528:Subterranean river
1388:Sediment transport
1342:River rejuvenation
1315:Regional processes
1003:Kirby, R. (2002).
612:- sediment sorting
476:
454:43.800°S 172.933°E
315:
299:
153:
104:chemical processes
51:
36:Sediment transport
2677:
2676:
2654:Whitewater rivers
2560:Whitewater slalom
2391:River engineering
2291:Groundwater model
2252:River measurement
2180:Flood forecasting
1995:Sedimentary basin
1852:Fluvial landforms
1757:Bed material load
1533:River bifurcation
1419:
1418:
1220:River bifurcation
1018:978-0-08-053707-8
859:978-1-86937-976-6
816:978-1-4441-2241-1
605:Shields parameter
530:beach nourishment
269:
237:
198:
112:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
2702:
2639:Rivers by length
2474:River morphology
2376:Wetted perimeter
2281:Drainage density
1792:Headward erosion
1621:Perennial stream
1493:Blackwater river
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1150:Avulsion (river)
1078:River morphology
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1000:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
965:
933:
927:
926:
916:
899:(5): 1097–1109.
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
868:
851:
842:
829:
828:
798:
771:
770:
734:
721:
720:
676:
667:
666:
664:
662:
638:
587:Sedimentary rock
465:
464:
462:
461:
460:
459:-43.800; 172.933
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
324:
322:
321:
316:
312:
307:
298:
297:
282:
281:
276:
270:
262:
251:
250:
238:
230:
222:
221:
212:
211:
199:
191:
21:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2649:Drainage basins
2630:
2564:
2503:
2479:Retention basin
2439:Erosion control
2434:Detention basin
2385:
2301:Hjulström curve
2253:
2247:
2219:
2163:Non-water flood
2120:
2092:
2038:Helicoidal flow
2024:
1925:Fluvial terrace
1920:Floating island
1846:
1721:
1713:
1704:Rhythmic spring
1638:
1630:
1611:Stream gradient
1552:
1538:River ecosystem
1503:Channel pattern
1471:
1463:
1450:
1420:
1415:
1397:
1378:Helicoidal flow
1346:
1310:
1277:
1249:
1165:Channel pattern
1137:Alluvial rivers
1131:
1127:River sinuosity
1080:
1075:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1001:
994:
983:
979:
934:
930:
885:
881:
872:
870:
866:
860:
849:
843:
832:
817:
799:
774:
735:
724:
677:
670:
660:
658:
639:
635:
631:
575:Longshore drift
563:Drift (geology)
547:
534:coastal defence
518:
491:tidal flats of
458:
456:
452:
449:
444:
441:
439:
437:
436:
429:Banks Peninsula
422:
411:bonding agent,
397:
384:Reynolds number
376:
367:
308:
303:
293:
289:
277:
272:
271:
261:
246:
242:
229:
217:
213:
207:
203:
190:
188:
185:
184:
177:
136:
106:. For example,
68:are added to a
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Stone skipping
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Drop structure
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Balancing lake
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Playfair's law
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Exner equation
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Bradshaw model
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:Urban flooding
2150:
2145:
2143:Crevasse splay
2140:
2138:100-year flood
2134:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:Surface runoff
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Stream capture
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:Rock-cut basin
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Suspended load
1829:
1824:
1822:Secondary flow
1819:
1814:
1812:Retrogradation
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Dissolved load
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1709:Spring horizon
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Mineral spring
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:list in the US
1672:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Stream channel
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Drainage basin
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Alluvial river
1479:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Playfair's law
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Exner equation
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1306:Current ripple
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Slip-off slope
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Meander cutoff
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:Drainage basin
1094:
1092:Alluvial plain
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1024:
1017:
992:
977:
948:(4): 811–838.
928:
879:
858:
830:
815:
772:
745:(2): 161–174.
739:Marine Geology
722:
687:(2): 264–308.
668:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
619:
613:
607:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
546:
543:
517:
514:
427:is located on
425:Akaroa Harbour
421:
418:
396:
393:
380:
379:
374:
370:
365:
361:
351:
345:
339:
326:
325:
311:
306:
302:
296:
292:
288:
285:
280:
275:
268:
265:
260:
257:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
233:
228:
225:
220:
216:
210:
206:
202:
197:
194:
176:
173:
135:
132:
89:kinetic energy
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2707:
2696:
2695:Sedimentology
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Surface water
2619:
2617:
2616:Sacred waters
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Riparian zone
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Body of water
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Riverboarding
2533:
2531:
2530:River surfing
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:and modelling
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2215:Return period
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Flood control
2173:
2171:
2170:Flood barrier
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Palaeochannel
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Granular flow
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Channel types
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Braided river
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Water erosion
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:Bedrock river
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Riparian zone
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Braided river
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
988:
981:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
869:on 2016-02-01
865:
861:
855:
848:
841:
839:
837:
835:
826:
822:
818:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
733:
731:
729:
727:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
657:on 2016-03-15
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:Cross-bedding
555:
552:
549:
548:
542:
540:
535:
531:
526:
523:
513:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
488:
485:
481:
471:
467:
463:
434:
430:
426:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
385:
377:
371:
368:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
309:
304:
300:
294:
290:
286:
283:
278:
266:
263:
258:
255:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
231:
226:
223:
218:
214:
208:
204:
200:
195:
192:
183:
182:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
157:
148:
144:
141:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2659:Flash floods
2611:River cruise
2508:River sports
2361:Stream gauge
2346:Rouse number
2336:Relief ratio
2185:Flood-meadow
2116:Urban runoff
2030:Fluvial flow
2015:River valley
1985:River island
1950:Meander scar
1865:Alluvial fan
1807:Progradation
1771:
1682:Karst spring
1626:Winterbourne
1581:Chalk stream
1543:River source
1518:Distributary
1357:
1117:River valley
1037:
1033:
1027:
1008:
986:
980:
945:
941:
931:
896:
892:
882:
871:. Retrieved
864:the original
806:
742:
738:
684:
680:
659:. Retrieved
655:the original
650:
646:
636:
569:Flocculation
527:
519:
505:
489:
477:
423:
413:flocculation
398:
381:
372:
363:
353:
347:
341:
335:
330:
327:
178:
158:
154:
137:
130:conditions.
93:
53:
52:
2520:Fly fishing
2444:Fish ladder
2429:Daylighting
2148:Flash flood
2111:First flush
2058:Plunge pool
1782:Downcutting
1767:Debris flow
1742:Aggradation
1616:Stream pool
1322:Aggradation
1273:Plunge pool
1240:Stream pool
1230:River mouth
1122:River delta
616:Stokes' law
474:Canterbury.
457: /
409:electrolyte
83:previously
2684:Categories
2626:Wild river
2306:Hydrograph
2296:Hack's law
2261:Baer's law
2205:Inundation
2190:Floodplain
2130:stormwater
2088:Whitewater
1960:Oxbow lake
1797:Knickpoint
1772:Deposition
1665:Hot spring
1606:Streamflow
1596:Stream bed
1513:Confluence
1373:Hack's law
1327:Base level
1268:Knickpoint
1195:Oxbow lake
1175:Floodplain
873:2016-05-31
661:15 October
629:References
405:Stokes law
389:Stokes Law
120:diagenesis
54:Deposition
2596:Limnology
2545:Triathlon
2515:Canyoning
2484:Revetment
2414:Check dam
2326:Main stem
2083:Waterfall
1970:Point bar
1955:Mouth bar
1895:Billabong
1842:Water gap
1837:Wash load
1817:Saltation
1737:Anabranch
1660:Holy well
1548:Tributary
1351:Mechanics
1200:Point bar
1190:Mouth bar
1145:Anabranch
972:0028-8306
923:0028-8330
825:795119869
767:0025-3227
717:128679961
709:0309-1333
493:Bohai Bay
287:π
284:ρ
253:ρ
240:π
215:ρ
201:π
169:Bohai Bay
128:anaerobic
85:weathered
81:transport
58:sediments
2399:Aqueduct
2266:Baseflow
2233:Effluent
1910:Cut bank
1875:Avulsion
1752:Bed load
1732:Abrasion
1411:Category
1296:Antidune
1283:Bedforms
1170:Cut bank
599:Settling
581:Overbank
545:See also
539:littoral
501:The Wash
445:172°56′E
167:, U.K.,
165:The Wash
140:sediment
116:plankton
96:friction
74:landmass
70:landform
47:Cape Cod
2576:Aquifer
2569:Related
2525:Rafting
2053:Meander
2048:Log jam
2010:Thalweg
1915:Estuary
1787:Erosion
1724:erosion
1636:Springs
1591:Current
1558:Streams
1498:Channel
1461:springs
1457:streams
1245:Thalweg
1180:Meander
1107:Estuary
950:Bibcode
901:Bibcode
747:Bibcode
689:Bibcode
610:Sorting
509:chenier
497:Jiangsu
484:pipette
442:43°48′S
356:is the
331:where:
78:gravity
45:Map of
2371:WAFLEX
2243:Sewage
2126:Floods
2068:Riffle
2063:Rapids
2005:Strath
1975:Ravine
1900:Canyon
1655:Geyser
1586:Coulee
1571:Bourne
1566:Arroyo
1469:Rivers
1453:Rivers
1263:Canyon
1210:Rapids
1205:Riffle
1015:
970:
921:
856:
823:
813:
765:
715:
707:
360:(m/s),
348:ρ
336:π
161:Akaroa
2469:Levee
2454:Flume
2409:Canal
2153:Flood
2073:Shoal
1940:Gully
1935:Gulch
1905:Chine
1890:Bayou
1747:Armor
1699:Ponor
1474:lists
867:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
713:S2CID
480:sieve
108:chalk
66:rocks
2499:Weir
2464:Leat
2128:and
2020:Wadi
1980:Rill
1945:Glen
1930:Gill
1880:Bank
1722:and
1687:list
1670:list
1641:list
1576:Burn
1459:and
1301:Dune
1013:ISBN
968:ISSN
919:ISSN
854:ISBN
821:OCLC
811:ISBN
763:ISSN
705:ISSN
663:2016
482:and
124:coal
64:and
62:soil
34:and
2419:Dam
1885:Bar
1860:Ait
1291:Ait
958:doi
909:doi
755:doi
743:108
697:doi
401:phi
102:or
72:or
2686::
1455:,
1036:.
995:^
966:.
956:.
944:.
940:.
917:.
907:.
897:39
895:.
891:.
833:^
819:.
805:.
775:^
761:.
753:.
741:.
725:^
711:.
703:.
695:.
683:.
671:^
651:25
649:.
645:.
435:,
431:,
60:,
1643:)
1639:(
1476:)
1472:(
1445:e
1438:t
1431:v
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
1040:.
1038:3
1021:.
974:.
960::
952::
946:7
925:.
911::
903::
876:.
827:.
769:.
757::
749::
719:.
699::
691::
685:2
665:.
375:s
373:w
366:d
364:C
354:g
342:R
310:2
305:s
301:w
295:2
291:R
279:d
274:C
267:2
264:1
259:+
256:g
248:3
244:R
235:3
232:4
227:=
224:g
219:s
209:3
205:R
196:3
193:4
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
