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680:, a few days after New Years in 1938, he rented a room in New York City from a French immigrant named Madame Carnot. Her son, Bernard Carnot, had been sent to Devil's Island in 1922 for a murder that he did not commit, and the Carnot family had since moved to the United States. Out of compassion and a sense of adventure, Willis set out to the penal colony to effect Bernard Carnot's escape, which he eventually accomplished. The subtitle of the book indicates that it documents the 'true story of the last escape from Devil's Island'.
273:
300:) moored in French harbours, until the bagnes rotted and sank. The prisoners were transferred to live on the adjacent pontoons. Prisoners relied on charity or their families for food, bedding and clothing. They were required to work 12 hours a day in the docks, earning 10–15 centimes, which they could spend on food and wine. Other prisoners were housed in prisons onshore, but conditions were reportedly so bad that many prisoners would beg to be transferred to the hulks.
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412:). This penal colony developed a reputation for harshness and brutality, and generated periodic calls for reform. Inter prisoner violence was common; tropical diseases were rife. Only a small minority of broken survivors returned to France to tell how horrible it was; they sometimes scared other potential criminals to go straight. This system was gradually phased out and closed completely in 1953.
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On 30 May 1854, France passed a new law of forced residency. It required convicts to stay in French Guiana after completion of sentence for a time equal to their forced labour time. If the original sentence exceeded eight years, they were forced to stay as residents for the remainder of their lives
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where he worked for nearly a year. In late 1930, he decided to return to France to argue for his freedom. However, it was a crime for a Devil's Island convict to return to France. He was sent back to French Guiana in 1931 to the prison colony. This time he was sent to Île Royale rather than Devil's
608:
Charrière's account aroused considerable controversy. French authorities disputed it and released penal colony records that contradicted his account. Charrière had never been imprisoned on Devil's Island. He had escaped from a mainland prison. French journalists or prison authorities disputed other
423:
An 1885 law provided for repeat offenders for minor crimes to be sent to the French Guiana prison system, previously reserved for serious offenders and political prisoners. A limited number of convicted women were also sent to French Guiana, with the intent that they marry freed male inmates to aid
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Alexander Miles's 1988 history of Devil's Island, including an analysis of Charrière's "memoir" based on the records of the penal colony, show that most of the latter account did not happen, were embellishments, or were feats ascribed to others. Although prisoners were not treated well, conditions
303:
By the early 19th century, the French urban population had increased from under six million to over 16 million, and crime kept pace. In 1832, legislation was passed mandating the state's provision of basic necessities to prisoners. Prison reform changed the previous reliance on corporal punishment
489:
system that provided access to Devil's Island from Royale Island deteriorated and Devil's Island is now closed to public access. It can be viewed from off shore by use of charter boats. The two larger islands in the Salut island group are open to the public, with some of the old prison buildings
372:
prisoners convicted of political crimes, such as espionage or conspiracy. France also continued to use the hulks, housing an average of 5,400 prisoners at a time, until they were finally closed around the end of the 19th century. The agricultural penal colonies continued to be used for juveniles
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Carnot was smuggled to Brazil aboard a supply ship, and was never reunited with his family, although they learned via Willis that he had gained his freedom. On the outbreak of WW2 he returned to Europe and joined the French forces. He is believed to have been killed in action shortly before the
355:
Since 1604, France had repeatedly failed to colonize French Guiana. The last attempt at colonization was in 1763. Some 75% of the 12,000 colonists who had been sent there died in their first year, often from tropical diseases. By the 1850s, the declining number of survivors were on the brink of
596:(1969) describes his successful escape from Devil's Island, with a companion, Sylvain. They used two sacks filled with coconuts to act as rafts. According to Charrière, the two men leaped into heavy seas from a cliff and drifted to the mainland over a period of three days. Sylvain died in
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Around the middle of the 19th century, an experiment was carried out in which 15 prostitutes were brought to Devil's Island, who were thought to encourage prisoners to live a dignified life and start a family. The women were guarded by nuns. No families were born, but the women offered
415:
Convicts who were lucky enough to have family or friends willing to send them money had to have it sent to them in care of a prison guard. The standard practice was for the guard to keep for himself a quarter of the amount sent and give the rest to the prisoner.
184:. It was notorious both for the staff's harsh treatment of detainees and the tropical climate and diseases that contributed to high mortality. The prison system had a death rate of 75 percent at its worst and was finally closed down in 1953.
600:
a short distance from the shore. From there, Charrière was to meet a man by the name of Cuic-Cuic who would help him continue and complete his escape to freedom; instead Charrière was caught again and served for a time in the Bagne at
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and were given land on which to settle. In time, a variety of penal regimes emerged, as convicts were divided into categories according to the severity of their crimes and the terms of their imprisonment or "forced residence" regime.
291:
fleet. Given the harsh conditions, this was virtually a death sentence. Following the decommissioning of the
Mediterranean galley fleet in 1666, the French detained the majority of prisoners in pairs, held in chains aboard galley
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series dedicated to it. Aired on Animal Planet (Discovery
Channel Network) in 2015, the episode documents Salmoni's exploration of the island together with talk of its flora & fauna, dangers, and past as host to a network of
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Since the late 20th century, the islands have become tourist destinations with areas of the former prisons open for tours. With the addition of tourism facilities, the islands receive more than 50,000 tourists each year.
319:
The French Navy, which had been given the task of managing the prison hulks, complained strongly about the cost of guarding the hulks and the disruption they caused to the work of the shipyards. Following his coup in 1851,
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in settlement and development of the colony. As the results were poor, the government discontinued the practice in 1907. On Devil's Island itself, the small prison facility did not usually house more than 12 persons.
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The vast majority of the more than 80,000 prisoners sent to the Devil's Island prison system never returned to France. Many died due to disease and harsh conditions. Sanitary systems were limited, and the region was
311:
In the 1840s, the state set up internal agricultural penal colonies as a place to receive prisoners, thereby removing them from urban environments and giving them work. Prisoners were commonly sentenced under
649:, or free prisoner, he was, as before in 1930, not allowed to return to France. He eventually made his way to the United States. He gained US citizenship in 1956. He died in California in 1959, age 59.
246:
In addition to the prisons on each of the three islands in the
Salvation Islands group, the French constructed three related prison facilities on the South American mainland: just across the straits at
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920:(1969), ostensibly described the extreme brutality of the penal colony. He claimed to be an escaped convict but was found never to have visited the island. The book was adapted as an American
723:). They must be evacuated during each launch. The islands host a variety of measurement apparatus for space launches and some buildings classified as historical monuments have been restored.
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In Rob Zombie's 2022 movie The
Munsters, Herman and Lilly vacation on the beach at Devil's Island Hotel. Herman wears a prison uniform that says Property of Devil's Island Penal Colony.
700:
In 1938, the French government stopped sending prisoners to Devil's Island. In 1953, the prison system was finally closed entirely. Most of the prisoners at the time were repatriated to
959:(A Plan for Escape, 1969), is set on Devil's Island. The novella tells of a French military officer sent to the archipelago and his interactions with the island's governor and staff.
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on 18 October 1936. Their native boat was nearly wrecked on the reef and the convicts were initially entertained as guests and treated for injuries at the
Municipal Hospital.
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elements of his book and said that he had invented many incidents or appropriated experiences of other prisoners. Critics said he should have admitted his book was fiction.
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Devil's Island and associated prisons eventually became one of the most infamous prison systems in history. While the prison system was in use (1852–1952), inmates included
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for life. He escaped in April 1901 and fled to New York City, where he remained for the rest of his life. He eventually wrote a book about his imprisonment called
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by which, on completion of their sentence, they were required to work as employees at the penal colony for an additional period equal to their original sentence.
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235:, where inmates were sent to be punished by solitary confinement in silence and darkness, for attempted escapes or offences committed in the penal colony.
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1334:
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Shortly after the release of
Belbenoît's book, which aroused public outrage about the conditions, the French government announced plans to close the
74:
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through hard labor, to imprisonment with a goal of punishment and deterrence. Imprisonment was considered a way to remove offenders from society.
571:
Four escapees from Devil's Island - François Frean, 37, Paul Renuci, 32, Raymond Vaude, 35, all French, and
Giovanni Batistoti, 35 - arrived in
1034:. He was a top tennis player in the late 19th century who was convicted of murder and sentenced to Devil's Island. He committed suicide there.
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delayed this operation but, from 1946 until 1953, one by one the prisons were closed. The Devil's Island facility was the last to be closed.
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as three convicts and a woman who escape from Devil's Island; they are led by Hunter's character, a possible personification of God.
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was unjustly convicted of treason and sent to Devil's Island on 5 January 1895. In 1938, the penal system was strongly criticized in
853:): "Did you ever hear of Pierre Villemars? .... He's on Devil's Island, they sent me here to get him, to bring him back here to
360:(Cayennes penal colony) at French Guiana; 3,000 convicts applied. Two categories of prisoners were eligible for transportation:
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1741:
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1283:
998:, Devil's Island has independently entered the 3004 Olympics; its athletes appear to be wearing striped prison uniforms.
1303:
1007:
744:
866:
directed by
Michael Curtiz is about five men who escape from Devil's Island to fight for Free France during World War Two.
719:. The islands are under the trajectory of the space rockets launched eastward from the CNES facility toward the sea (to
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is perhaps the most renowned escapee of the penal colony, who wrote about his experiences in two well-received memoirs:
1643:
1144:
1569:
1561:
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1218:"Les archives des bagnes de Cayenne et de Nouvelle-Calédonie : la sous-série colonies H aux archives nationales"
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572:
408:
The main part of the penal colony was a labour camp that stretched along the border with Dutch Guiana (present-day
1516:. Translated from the French by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 1941.
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in 1851) and the most hardened of thieves and murderers. The islands housed those convicted by juries rather than
386:
308:
of up to 75% had become a major problem; released and unemployed prisoners entered cities to seek a way to live.
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Prisoners convicted of felonies in the 17th and 18th centuries were sentenced to serve as oarsmen in the French
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256:
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20:
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Felix Milani travelled on the same ship over as Henri Charrière and wrote a book about his experiences titled
799:
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Island. He was put into solitary confinement for almost one year. In 1934, he was again released, but as a
533:
67:
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convicts be transferred overseas to colonies. Debate over where the convicts would be sent was prolonged.
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was sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. He escaped with twelve others, making their way to
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In 1965, the French government transferred responsibility for most of the islands to its newly-founded
427:
236:
1651:
640:(1938). After leaving the colony with temporary permission in 1930, he eventually made his way to the
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extinction. In 1852, Napoleon called for volunteer prisoners from the hulks to transfer to the new
325:
1731:
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tropical diseases. The only exit from the island prisons was by water, and few convicts escaped.
117:
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was a scandal extending for several years in late 19th and early 20th century France, exposing
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in the United States were considered, but the government eventually chose its own colony of
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was for political prisoners. In the 19th century; the most famous such prisoner was
Captain
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The prison system encompassed several locations, both on the mainland and in the off-shore
181:
908:(first broadcast on 11 November 1966), titled "Devil's Island", was set on Devil's Island.
8:
952:
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228:
227:; they were housed in moderate freedom due to the difficulty of escape from the island.
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that operated for 100 years, from 1852 to 1952, and officially closed in 1953, in the
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The song expresses the thoughts of a prisoner on Devil's Island about to be executed.
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285:
216:
166:
1357:
1726:
1536:
Hell's
Outpost: The True Story of Devil's Island By a Man Who Exiled Himself There.
762:
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to anyone who could offer them rum. Disputes arose among the men, and eventually a
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1627:
Damned and Damned Again: The True Story of the Last Escape from Devil's Island
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162:
1586:édition du chêne, 2002 (Ranked as "Best coffee table book of the year" by
1444:"The Realms of Deth – Megadeth Lyrics – Peace Sells... But Who's Buying?"
970:
833:
817:
556:
486:
437:
1390:
1217:
1064:'s adventure on Devil's Island was featured in the Season 4 premiere of
1705:
945:
854:
749:
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305:
39:
1543:
Isle of the Damned: Twenty Years in the Penal Colony of French Guinea
1324:. Victory book. Vol. 11. Salvationist Publishing & Supplies.
1080:
1038:
978:
597:
548:
176:
Opened in 1852, the Devil's Island system received convicts from the
1700:
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1002:
994:
989:
899:(first broadcast on 4 November 1966) takes place on Devil's Island.
883:
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409:
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was ruled out by the Navy as it was controlled by the French Army;
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François Frean, Paul Renuci, Raymond Vaude, and Giovanni Batistoti
1545:. Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951. Also published in England as
964:
661:
445:
402:
329:
252:
1079:
Devil's Island is mentioned in the plot of the 2015 sci-fi book
1058:, the title character accompanies a prisoner to Devil's Island.
453:
The horrors of the penal settlement were publicised during the
288:
277:
45:
1137:
Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854–1952
532:. In later life, he joined the American Army and survived the
672:
According to the second memoir of American sailor and writer
345:
333:
188:
1284:"The Virgin Islands Daily News – Google News Archive Search"
520:
After an attempt on 14 January 1858, to assassinate Emperor
490:
restored as museums. They have become tourist destinations.
1593:
716:
337:
223:
was the reception centre for the general population of the
664:
who wrote a book about his experiences on Devil's Island.
187:
Devil's Island was also notorious for being used for the
836:
also stars, playing a bounty hunter pursuing the others.
1037:
Devil's Island is the title of a song by musical group
638:
The Dry Guillotine: Fifteen Years Among the Living Dead
255:(which later became the capital of French Guiana), and
1322:
God's Man on Devil's Island: The story of Charles Péan
1030:
is the subject of a 2012 Irish theatrical play called
324:
ordered that the hulks be permanently closed and that
1665:
1299:
1297:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
752:, the Phantom is said to have escaped Devil's Island.
1304:"Papillon alive and well in a Paris retirement home"
797:
was cast as Dr. Charles Gaudet in the American film
708:. Some chose to stay and resettle in French Guiana.
1521:
Dry Guillotine: Fifteen Years among the Living Dead
1001:"Devils Island" is the title of a song by the band
1294:
1246:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009, p. 67.
1150:
199:, who had been accused of spying for Germany. The
1466:"Chatting with CheeryWild Productions | Love All"
1380:(1928), Chapter 6, "The Man From Devil's Island".
551:, was sent to Devil's Island in 1886. Originally
510:
1713:
605:. Once finally freed, he remained in Venezuela.
1468:. Entertainment.ie. 18 May 2012. Archived from
977:, saying "These are the people who introduced
582:
180:, who had been deported from all parts of the
1556:. Reprints: Hart-Davis Macgibbon Ltd. 1970.
1211:
1209:
1185:, posted at "trivia-library.com. Archive.org
44:The Dreyfus Tower on the Pointe des Roches,
1420:, 11 Oct. 1944. From 1:24:52 into the film.
555:, he later received a commuted sentence of
1436:
1215:
1041:, featured as a hidden track on the album
985:were not as bad as in Charrière's account.
962:In the fifth season of American TV series
755:Devil's Island is featured in the plot of
385:(such as 239 republicans who opposed
364:those civil-law prisoners sentenced under
38:
1615:Peter Dawnay Ltd., London, 1968. Hardback
1206:
1196:"Devil's Island Prison History and Facts"
401:-infested, with the insects transmitting
259:, 160 km (100 mi) to the west.
1494:. Irish Theatre Magazine. Archived from
790:), describing life in the prison system.
691:
493:
426:
271:
1319:
1255:
1014:Devil's Island has one full episode of
207:and corruption in the French military.
1714:
1131:
1129:
1127:
376:
1256:Overbye, Stine (2010). "Pirunsaari".
1165:"The Last Prisoner on Devil's Island"
874:is a 1955 American movie directed by
730:
267:
251:, 50 kilometres (30 mi) east in
195:, with the most famous being Captain
1644:"Devil's Island French Penal Colony"
1431:Devil's Island: Colony of the Damned
1351:
1124:
771:plays a Devil's Island prisoner in
652:
434:in his room on Devil's Island 1898,
373:until the last was closed in 1939.
13:
1538:Minton, Balch & Company, 1931.
1216:Krakovitch, Odile (January 1985).
515:
16:Prison of Cayenne in French Guiana
14:
1763:
1637:
717:National Centre for Space Studies
667:
624:
1737:Defunct prisons in French Guiana
1699:
1687:
1675:
1139:. University of Nebraska Press.
1008:Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?
890:as escapees from Devil's Island.
539:
1599:Dossier de presse Îles du Salut
1484:
1458:
1423:
1401:
1383:
1370:
1346:Dossier de presse Îles du Salut
1328:
1244:Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters.
1222:Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle
940:was released in 2017, starring
924:; released in 1973, it starred
612:
210:
1658:New International Encyclopedia
1531:. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971.
1313:
1276:
1249:
1236:
1188:
696:The hut in which Dreyfus lived
511:Alleged and successful escapes
507:epidemic raged on the island.
448:...; collection Fritz Lachmund
178:Prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni
1:
1752:20th century in French Guiana
1742:19th century in French Guiana
1620:Black Martinique, Red Guiana,
1112:
765:, an American mystery writer.
457:, as the French army captain
969:episode 23, "Party, Party",
687:
534:Battle of the Little Bighorn
7:
1613:The Man From Devil's Island
1523:. Reprint: Berkley (1975).
1446:. Megadeth.rockmetal.art.pl
1090:
973:extols Seattle's exclusive
893:The season 2, episode 8 of
737:Films set on Devil's Island
715:under the authority of the
583:Henri Charrière and Sylvain
109:Closed (tourist attraction)
10:
1768:
1534:W.E. Allison-Booth. 1931.
1258:Tieteen Kuvalehti Historia
742:In the 1925 American film
734:
684:liberation of Strasbourg.
387:Napoleon III's coup d'état
262:
18:
992:" of the animated comedy
322:Emperor Napoleon III
131:
123:
113:
105:
66:
56:
52:
37:
1646:, Salvation Army history
1564:(hbk); Perennial, 2001.
1054:, a short film starring
845:(1944), Paul de Bursac (
745:The Phantom of the Opera
678:Damned and Damned Again)
1625:Willis, William. 1959.
1519:Belbenoit, René. 1938.
1512:Belbenoit, René. 1940.
1433:, Ten Speed Press, 1988
1320:Larsson, Flora (1960).
143:penal colony of Cayenne
1652:"Devil's Island"
1391:"Strange Cargo (1940)"
1167:. 1981. Archived from
1135:Toth, Stephen (2006).
922:movie of the same name
849:) tells Harry Morgan (
784:Helvede hinsides havet
697:
450:
281:
1747:Former penal colonies
1547:Scars Are My Passport
1541:Seaton, George John.
1044:Tales of a GrassWidow
988:In the 2003 episode "
863:Passage to Marseilles
839:In the American film
773:Condemned (1929 film)
695:
494:Fifteen women to camp
430:
275:
153:), commonly known as
1409:To Have and Have Not
1028:Vere St. Leger Goold
1005:on their 1986 album
842:To Have and Have Not
603:El Dorado, Venezuela
590:'s bestselling book
182:Second French Empire
90:5.29222°N 52.58417°W
19:For other uses, see
1604:16 May 2011 at the
1579:, Tallandier, 2008.
1363:4 June 2008 at the
1358:"Les Îles du Salut"
1340:16 May 2011 at the
1308:Mail & Guardian
981:to Devil's Island!"
953:Adolfo Bioy Casares
788:Hell beyond the Sea
780:Aage Krarup Nielsen
761:(1928), a novel by
721:geostationary orbit
713:Guiana Space Centre
702:metropolitan France
577:U.S. Virgin Islands
383:political prisoners
377:Use as penal colony
229:Saint-Joseph Island
193:political prisoners
86: /
34:
1631:St. Martin's Press
1552:Charrière, Henry.
1376:Hammett, Dashiell
1107:George John Seaton
896:The Wild Wild West
731:In popular culture
706:the Salvation Army
698:
660:was a painter and
553:sentenced to death
478:. The outbreak of
451:
342:Dominican Republic
282:
268:Early penal system
95:5.29222; -52.58417
28:
1611:Rickards, Colin.
1429:Alexander Miles,
1416:. United States:
1200:prisonhistory.net
1181:Excerpt from the
951:Argentine author
480:World War II
476:bagne de Cayennes
449:
276:A prison hulk in
217:Salvation Islands
167:Salvation Islands
139:
138:
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1704:
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1582:Godfroy Marion,
1575:Godfroy Marion,
1500:
1499:
1498:on 5 March 2016.
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1183:People's Almanac
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1148:
1133:
763:Dashiell Hammett
658:Francis Lagrange
653:Francis Lagrange
436:
358:Bagne de Cayenne
257:St. Laurent
161:), was a French
151:Bagne de Cayenne
101:
100:
98:
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33:(Devil's Island)
30:Bagne de Cayenne
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1606:Wayback Machine
1514:@#!*% on Trial
1507:Further reading
1504:
1503:
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1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1472:on 4 March 2016
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1365:Wayback Machine
1356:
1352:
1342:Wayback Machine
1335:"Iles du salut"
1333:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1310:, 26 June 2005.
1302:
1295:
1288:news.google.com
1282:
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1250:
1242:Begley, Louis.
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1097:Charles DeRudio
1093:
1023:penitentiaries.
957:Plan de Evasion
912:Henri Charrière
905:The Time Tunnel
880:Humphrey Bogart
871:We're No Angels
851:Humphrey Bogart
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1474:. Retrieved
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1169:the original
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1086:
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1026:The life of
1019:
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25:
1228:15 November
975:Safari Club
955:'s novella
914:'s memoir,
834:Peter Lorre
818:Clark Gable
748:, starring
636:(1940) and
619:The Convict
557:hard labour
438:stereoscopy
391:magistrates
93: /
68:Coordinates
1716:Categories
1492:"Love All"
1113:References
946:Rami Malek
855:Martinique
826:Ian Hunter
750:Lon Chaney
735:See also:
306:Recidivism
221:Île Royale
191:of French
81:52°35′03″W
1584:Bagnards,
1450:14 August
1270:0806-5209
1264:: 50–57.
1224:. 1985–01
1102:Papillion
1081:Seveneves
1039:CocoRosie
979:badminton
806:Director
793:In 1939,
688:Aftermath
598:quicksand
549:anarchist
487:cable car
444:, Altona-
370:déportés,
366:doublage,
326:civil law
233:Reclusion
78:5°17′32″N
1602:Archived
1588:Le Monde
1577:Bagnards
1554:Papillon
1361:Archived
1338:Archived
1175:28 April
1091:See also
1032:Love All
1003:Megadeth
995:Futurama
990:Bend Her
938:Papillon
917:Papillon
884:Aldo Ray
786:(1933) (
593:Papillon
505:syphilis
465:'s book
442:F. Hamel
440:sold by
410:Suriname
399:mosquito
314:doublage
280:harbour.
231:was the
57:Location
1727:Cayenne
1668:Portals
1661:. 1905.
1476:10 June
965:Frasier
561:Revolte
446:Hamburg
403:endemic
330:Algeria
263:History
253:Cayenne
118:Maximum
1682:France
1572:(sbk).
1568:
1560:
1527:
1348:, CNES
1268:
1143:
934:remake
886:, and
828:, and
816:stars
662:forger
647:libéré
344:, and
340:, the
298:bagnes
289:galley
278:Toulon
249:Kourou
147:French
132:Closed
124:Opened
106:Status
46:Kourou
1622:1942.
1118:Notes
971:Niles
547:, an
346:Texas
334:Haiti
294:hulks
189:exile
1594:CNES
1566:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1478:2016
1452:2011
1395:IMDb
1266:ISSN
1230:2007
1177:2012
1141:ISBN
944:and
932:. A
928:and
485:The
368:and
338:Cuba
141:The
135:1953
127:1852
1706:Law
1070:on
1050:In
1018:'s
936:of
704:by
169:of
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