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towers, and a monumental city wall. The building dates of these features have not been confirmed, but might be somewhere between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. These large buildings appear to have been abandoned in the Iron IIc period. The site also featured a large necropolis to the northeast of the tel. This contained multi-generational burials with corresponding funerary offerings, and one had a clay coffin with an anthropomorphic lid. The necropolis appears to be contemporary with these building projects. Another name for Dibon was
Karchoh, and there is the possibility that in the 9th century the name Dibon referred to a tribe of which Mesha was the leader, and that the name Dibon was attached to the town later (see van der Steen and Smelik 2007)
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site remained inhabited and there were some building projects during this time. The inscription also suggests that the Romans maintained a road near the site, which might have been the King's
Highway. Later on in the Roman period and leading into the Byzantine period Dhiban's population began gradually increasing in size. It was even mentioned in
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In 106 the Romans incorporated
Nabataean territories into their own empire, including Dhiban. The Nabataean monumental buildings were abandoned and there were indications of a population decrease at the site. Coins, a multi-generational family tomb, and an inscription do, however, indicate that the
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The ancient settlement lies adjacent to the modern town. Excavations have revealed that the site was occupied intermittently over the past 5,000 years, its earliest occupation occurring in the Early Bronze Age in the third millennium BC. The site's extensive settlement history is in part due to its
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king from the 9th century BC, ruled from Dhiban, as his father did 30 years before him. So it was probably a
Moabite town from at least the late 10th century BC. Biblical texts suggest that Dhiban remained under Moabite control until the end of the Iron Age. Archaeological excavations conducted in
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The first substantial settlement at Dhiban's tel was during the Early Bronze Age. Archaeological evidence for a habitation of the tel between the Early Bronze Age and Iron Age has not yet been found. However, the disturbed archaeological context at the site means that this might not be definitive.
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periods. But several lines of evidence indicate that Dhiban became part of the
Nabataean empire in the mid-1st century BC. These include Nabataean-style ceramics, coins, and architecture (such as a temple with a Nabataean-like layout, Nabataean masonry, an aqueduct, retaining wall, and monumental
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king from the 9th century BCE, though its role in Mesha's reign has not been confirmed. In the Iron IIb period, Dhiban underwent at least three large building projects. The tel was artificially enlarged during this period and included several new architectural features, including retaining walls,
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tribe established modern Dhiban in the 1950s and both built upon preexisting structures and used them for raw materials. In the following years, the land surrounding the tel was distributed to the community for private ownership and the tel itself remains
Jordanian government property.
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The current excavation and restoration project is the Dhiban
Excavation and Development Project, co-directed by scholars at the University of Liverpool, Knox College, and the University of California, Berkeley. Work has been conducted in 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.
403:. Previously nomadic, the modern community settled the town in the 1950s. Dhiban's current population is about 15,000, with many working in the army, government agencies, or in seasonal agricultural production. A number of young people study in nearby universities in
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the 1950s revealed settlements dating back to the Early Bronze Age, as well as structures from the Iron Age. However, in the early sixth century BC, Dhiban suffered destruction at the hands of the
688:'s project in 1950–1953, led by F.V. Winnett and later by W.L. Reed. The ASOR effort, now led by William Morton, continued with seasons in 1955, 1956, and 1965.
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for
Transjordan from 1538 to 1596 neglected Dhiban, which implies that the settlement declined through the 16th century. Families of the pastoral nomadic
963:
Cordova, C., C. Foley, and A. Nowell (2005) Landforms, Sediments, Soil
Development, and Prehistoric Site Settings on the Madaba-Dhiban Plateau, Jordan.
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as a very large village in the 4th century AD. Excavations have uncovered two significant buildings from this time period—a bathhouse and two churches.
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Porter, Benjamin; Routledge, Bruce; Steen, Danielle; al-Kawamlha, Firas (2016). "The Power of Place: The Dhiban
Community through the Ages". In
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Dhiban might correspond with the town “Tpn” or “Tbn” found in Egyptian texts from the reigns of Thutmoses III, Amenhotep III, and Rameses II.
432:, a major commercial route in antiquity. The majority of evidence for this population is concentrated in a 15-hectare tel. The release of the
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1150:(2010). "Mesa von Moab im Kampf mit Israel und Juda (9. Jahrhundert)" [Mesha of Moab in War Against Israel and Judah (9th century)].
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in 1868 led to an upsurge in visitors to the town (including tourists and scholars) due to its ostensible confirmation of biblical passages.
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to the son of an Ayyubid prince. Dhiban prospered throughout the 1200s and 1300s. It lay on the region's main trade route and supplied
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The Mesha Inscription connected Dhiban with the biblical “Dibon” as well as implying that it was the capital of Mesha, a prominent
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This article is about a town and archaeological site in Jordan. For the town and archaeological site in eastern Syria, see
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The Political Ecology and Resilience of Medieval Peasant Communities in the Southern Levant: Micro-botanical Perspectives
646:. Periods of drought in the ensuing years exacerbated this decline, and Dhiban was abandoned during the early years of
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Ji, C., and J. Lee (2000) A Preliminary Report on the Dhiban Plateau Survey Project, 1999: The Versacare Expedition.
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825:. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 100.
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in 1910, mainly a surface examination. Scientific excavations began at the site in the mid-20th century with the
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The exact date of Dhiban's early Islamic period settlement is under debate and could be from the 7th–8th century
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providing water for irrigation, since the semi-arid climate made rainfall uncertain. The farmers practised
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Sauer, J. (1975) Review: The Excavation at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab: The Third Campaign 1952–1953.
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period. Several structures on the site have been dated to this period using coins and ceramics.
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period. The community thrived during this time and covered most of the tel by the 14th century
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Porter, B. et al. “Tall Dhiban 2004 Pilot Season: Prospection, Preservation, and Planning.”
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However, Dhiban appears to have declined in importance after 1356, when the nearby town of
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Ji, C. (2007) “The Iraq al-Amir and Dhiban Plateau Regional Surveys,” pp. 141–161 in
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and raised swine, sheep, goats, and cattle; they also caught fish, shellfish, and crabs.
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Tushingham, A., and P. Pedrette (1995) Mesha's Citadel complex (Qarhoh) at Dhiban. In
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On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches
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Crossing Jordan – North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan.
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Crossing Jordan: North American Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan
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The Excavations at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab: The First and Second Campaigns
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1134:, V, edited by Muna Zaghloul (Amman: Department of Antiquities): 151–59.
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Van der Steen and Smelik (2007) King Mesha and the tribe of Dibon. In:
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D. Mackenzie, "Dibon: The City of King Mesa and of the Moabite Stone,"
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T. Levy, P. M. Daviau, R. Younker and M. Shaer, eds. London: Equinox.
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W. Morton, "The 1954, 55, and 65 Excavations at Dhiban in Jordan," in
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Ancient Dhiban with modern settlement in the background, looking south
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Tushingham, A. (1990) Dhiban Reconsidered: King Mesha and his Works.
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to nearby towns. The town had a diverse agricultural economy, with
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1120:(Cambridge: Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research).
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A. Douglas Tushingham, "Excavations at Dibon in Moab, 1952–53,"
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and was allocated to either Gad or Reuben. According to the
1065:; Daviau, Michèle; Younker, Randall W.; Shaer, May (eds.).
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902:, edited by A. Dearman, Scholars Press, pp. 239–246, 1989
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F. V. Winnett, "Excavations at Dibon in Moab, 1950–51,"
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According to the Bible, the city was conquered by the
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Dhiban Excavation and Development Project Photostream
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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
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Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, polity, archaeology.
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1034:. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 153.
986:Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan
1200:Dhiban Excavation and Development Project website
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1111:Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan
994:Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan
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1132:Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
930:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
580:period, if not earlier during the 13th century
1205:Dhiban Excavation and Development Project Blog
861:Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement
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513:and remained uninhabited until Roman times.
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1140:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
680:The first work at Dhibon was conducted by
1152:Historisches Textbuch zum Alten Testament
1118:The Excavations at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab
1000:
900:Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1156:Historican Textbook of the Old Testament
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36:This article includes a list of general
1007:(Thesis). Austin: University of Texas.
823:Historical dictionary of ancient Israel
492:. Later, it fell into the hands of the
395:, approximately 70 kilometres south of
1418:Populated places in Madaba Governorate
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517:Mesha and the Iron Age Moabite Kingdom
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686:American Schools of Oriental Research
530:Hellenistic Dhiban and the Nabataeans
1438:Former populated places in West Asia
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469:. The name in Biblical Hebrew means
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268:20.35 km (7.86 sq mi)
260:10.24 km (3.95 sq mi)
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739:it is thought it is referred to as
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654:Late Islamic and Hashemite Periods
638:lost its status as capital of the
453:The Bible calls the city "Divon" (
85:City in Madaba Governorate, Jordan
42:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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564:Early and Middle Islamic Periods
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763:Ministry of Municipal Affairs
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821:Lemche, Niels Peter (2004).
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415:. Most inhabitants practise
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1221:American Center of Research
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587:In 1261, the Mamluk sultan
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1168:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
551:Roman and Byzantine Dhiban
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276:726 m (2,382 ft)
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1001:Laparidou, Sofia (2016).
927:Easton's Bible Dictionary
889:, no. 133, pp. 6–26, 1954
876:, no. 125, pp. 7–20, 1952
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449:Dhiban and the Israelites
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57:more precise citations.
1116:Tushingham, A. (1972)
922:Easton, Matthew George
1357:Dulaylat al Hama'idah
591:granted Dhiban as an
558:Eusebius’ Onomasticon
311: • Summer (
174:31.49889°N 35.78556°E
1397:Murayjimat Ibn Hamid
1377:Khirbet al-Mukhayyat
1362:Dulaylat al Mutayrat
1081:. pp. 315–322.
850:Laparidou, pp. 95–97
642:region in favour of
1392:Kufayrat Abu Khinan
1347:Buqaʽi al-Qababiyah
1285:Towns and villages:
1170:. p. 242-248.
996:49 (2005): 201-216.
500:found at the site,
461:), or "Divon Gad" (
170: /
1372:Khirbat as Sahilah
1262:Madaba Governorate
1044:Peeters Publishers
1013:10.15781/T2M61C81Q
798:Porter et al. 2016
607:supplemented with
393:Madaba Governorate
265: • Metro
214:Madaba Governorate
179:31.49889; 35.78556
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1387:Kufayr al Wakhyan
1382:Kufayr Abu Sarbut
1367:Halaq ash Shuqayq
1177:978-3-647-51693-6
1148:Weippert, Manfred
1088:978-1-315-47856-2
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980:978-1-84553-269-7
943:Missing or empty
936:cite encyclopedia
863:, pp. 57–79, 1913
832:978-0-8108-4848-1
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957:References
494:Israelites
440:Bronze Age
281:Population
228:Government
162:31°29′56″N
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1274:Capital:
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1079:Routledge
750:Footnotes
717:Alia Club
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