692:
55:
2360:
died during the course of their travels, and their travel journals were edited and published posthumously by editors who did not always understand the details. Burckhardt's journal was published first, in 1822, and served as the basis for the Moab segment of Edward
Robinson's map of Palestine published in 1841. Robinson's map depicts several strange features for the Moab segment, most of which can be traced to editorial mistakes in Burckhardt's journal and/or to entirely understandable misinterpretations of the journal on Robinson's part. Unfortunately, these strange features would linger on in maps of Palestine throughout the nineteenth century.
1055:
325:
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673:
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Among the travellers who traversed the whole
Moabite plateau including Moab proper prior to 1870 and whose published observations deserve special mention are Ulrich Seetzen (1805), Ludwig Burckhardt (1812), Charles Irby and James Mangles (1818), and Louis de Saulcy (1851). Both Seetzen and Burckhardt
1391:
was one of the four men who pretended to be gods. He was persuaded thereto particularly by the princes, who said to him. "Wert thou not a god thou couldst not come out alive from the Holy of Holies" (Ex R. viii. 3). He was assassinated by two of his servants, one of whom was the son of an
Ammonite
1283:
expresses the view that the prohibition applied only to male
Moabites, who were not allowed to marry born Jews or legitimate converts. Female Moabites, when converted to Judaism, were permitted to marry with only the normal prohibition of a convert marrying a kohen (priest) applying. However, the
257:) which explains the name, in obvious allusion to the account of Moab's parentage, as ἐκ τοῦ πατρός μου ("from my father"). Other etymologies which have been proposed regard it as a corruption of "seed of a father", or as a participial form from "to desire", thus connoting "the desirable (land)".
1464:
The book of
Zephaniah states that "Moab will assuredly be like Sodom, and the sons of Ammon like Gomorrah—Ground overgrown with weeds and full of salt mines, and a permanent desolation." (2:9). The prophecy regarding their defeat by the Israelites is linked to the conquests by the Jewish
746:(long hair collected and arranged) and not a braided hairstyle like the Shasu from later reliefs that contained the name Moab, with researchers debating whether this indicates a demographic change in Moab, or a change in the lifestyles of the Moabites.
1181:, however, he was completely victorious and regained all the territory of which Israel had deprived him. This battle is the last important date in the history of the Moabites as recorded in the Bible. In the year of Elisha's death they invaded Israel (
1172:
According to the biblical account, the crimson color deceived the
Moabites into thinking that the Israelites, and their allies, had attacked one another. Eager to acquire plunder, they were ambushed and defeated by the Israelites
1278:
The term "tenth generation" used in connection with that prohibition is considered an idiom, used for an unlimited time, as opposed to the third generation, which allows an
Egyptian convert to marry into the community. The
54:
2622:
1168:
directed the
Israelites to dig a series of ditches between themselves and the enemy, and during the night these channels were miraculously filled with water which appeared red as blood in the morning light.
1381:
to curse them. The difference in the responses of the two people led to God allowing the Jewish people to harass the
Moabites (but not go to war) but forbade them to even harass the Ammonites (
4022:
2465:
4017:
3026:
1216:). Two chapters of Isaiah (15 and 16) and one of Jeremiah (48) are devoted to the "burden of Moab". Its prosperity and pride, which the Israelites believed incurred the wrath of
749:
Another inscription from Luxor mentions that Ramses and his eldest son called the
Egyptians the "leader of Moab" and reprimanded him for trying to make an alliance with the
742:
sent troops to the area and suppressed the rebellion - in the inscriptions of Ramesses II, the Moabites are shown as having hairstyles identical to those of the resident
1088:. (1 Samuel 22:3,4) But here all friendly relations stop forever. The next time the name is mentioned is in the account of David's war, who made the Moabites tributary (
1602:, divided itself naturally into three distinct and independent portions: the enclosed corner or canton south of the Arnon, referred to in the Bible as "field of Moab" (
1255:. In that text, a Moabite king named Maccabeus joins forces with Edom and Amalek to attack Israel, later repenting of his sins and adopting the Israelite religion.
3019:
271:
in Hebrew and Arabic and the rest of the Semitic languages means "father". He writes that as a result of the immodesty of Moab's name, God did not command the
2566:
The other three were Pharaoh; Hiram and Nebuchadnezzar (Louis Ginzberg's The Legends of the Jews From Moses to Esther; Notes for Volumes Three and Four(p.423)
1084:
may be said to have been part Moabite. He committed his parents to the protection of the king of Moab (who may have been his kinsman), when hard pressed by
1005:), prevented by God from entering the Promised Land. He was buried in an unknown location in Moab and the Israelites spent a period of thirty days there in
2759:
2457:
3012:
711:
Despite a scarcity of archaeological evidence, the existence of the Kingdom of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite state has been deduced from a
2501:
1350:, are mentioned with no shade of reproach. The Talmudic explanation, however, is that the language of the law applies only to Moabite and Ammonite
1137:'s reckoning was in about 853 BCE, when the Moabites refused to pay tribute and asserted their independence, making war upon the kingdom of Judah (
1525:
1494:
785:
2263:
638:
532:
2738:
2435:
4007:
2893:
1288:, and Ezra and Nehemiah sought to compel a return to the law because men had been marrying women who had not been converted at all (
2316:
Miller, Max (1997). "Ancient Moab: Still Largely Unknown". In George Ernest Wright; Frank Moore Cross; Edward Fay Campbell (eds.).
1377:
76B explains that one of the reasons was the Ammonites did not greet the Children of Israel with friendship and the Moabites hired
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2695:
518:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
1102:). Moab may have been under the rule of an Israelite governor during this period; among the exiles who returned to Judea from
2947:
2439:, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983).
2410:
2347:
2287:"The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)"
3672:
3949:
1252:
907:
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The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands at the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far as
4012:
2968:
2819:
2798:
2732:
2444:
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is simply reporting the events in an impartial fashion, leaving any praise or condemnation to be done by the reader.
20:
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339:
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the relations of Moab with Israel were of a mixed character, sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceable. With the
957:
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1625:
761:
An 8th-century BCE inscription seems to indicate that the Kingdom of Moab expanded into the eastern part of the
1809:
598:
593:
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976:
3963:
3036:
2294:
1640:
1092:
1062:
983:
1831:
1505:
792:
1722:), which the Bible describes as "this detestation of Moab". The altar was not destroyed until the reign of
691:
3004:
2534:
858:
of Assyria allows Moab to benefit in return from the support of Assyria against the nomadic tribes of the
3893:
3667:
2998:
2993:
2497:
1606:
1126:
573:
557:
375:
215:
934:. The Bible refers to both the Moabites and Ammonites as Lot's sons, born of incest with his daughters (
911:
3048:
1415:
in a war against the Moabites, who were under tribute to Israel. The Moabites were subdued, but seeing
1236:). Moab would be dealt with during the time of the Messiah's rulership according to the prophets. The
1054:
972:, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary (
624:
304:
2196:
1838:
1233:
1037:
59:
A theoretical map of the region around 830 BCE. Moab is shown in purple on this map, between the
4042:
1396:); for God said: "Let the descendants of the two ungrateful families chastise the ungrateful Joash" (
578:
527:
513:
254:
1051:
and led an Israelite army against the Moabites at a ford of the Jordan river, killing many of them.
4037:
1977:
1652:
1301:
899:
734:
as a rebellious place that refuses to recognize Egypt's control over Canaan and, together with the
275:
to refrain from inflicting pain upon the Moabites in the manner in which he did with regard to the
3151:
2912:
2458:"Bible Gateway passage: Numbers 24:14, Numbers 24:17, Isaiah 11:14 - New American Standard Bible"
2388:
1820:
1798:
1770:, which is the only known extensive text in this language. In addition, there are the three line
1610:
537:
1598:
The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the
1138:
1988:
1561:
1497:(south). That these limits were not fixed, however, is plain from the lists of cities given in
1331:
1016:
According to the Book of Judges, the Israelites did not pass through the land of the Moabites (
1010:
1006:
804:
542:
2720:
2247:
1362:
wrote the Book of Ruth to settle the dispute as the rule had been forgotten since the time of
1225:
4027:
3697:
3645:
3294:
1805:
1450:
1401:
1263:
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Moabites were not hospitable to the Israelites who exited
1213:
1125:, Moab seems to have been absorbed into the northern realm. It continued in vassalage to the
1002:
998:
935:
895:
522:
27:
3260:
1205:
1182:
930:
and Lot's elder and younger daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of
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3763:
3309:
3176:
2920:
2392:
1942:
1771:
1285:
1229:
1190:
903:
863:
471:
8:
3832:
3794:
3640:
2926:
The Land of Moab: Travels and Discoveries on the East Side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan
2649:
2604:
1763:
1581:
1201:
1096:
1032:
they had at least one severe struggle, in union with their kindred the Ammonites and the
1017:
990:
777:
1221:
1174:
3883:
2903:
2416:
2339:
2331:
2115:
1747:
1687:). During the Iron Age, several Moabite cultic sites have been found in places such as
1470:
1458:
1454:
1355:
1323:
1209:
931:
104:
3201:
2687:
19:"Moabites" redirects here. For the belief that "Moabites" once inhabited Morocco, see
3898:
3873:
3581:
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2440:
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2015:
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2107:
1965:
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1759:
1743:
1434:
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482:
164:
94:
2236:
James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 1969
1845:
3923:
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3913:
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3223:
3114:
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2958:
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1089:
973:
712:
588:
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477:
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Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2020).
2249:
The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project
1651:
References to the religion of Moab are scant. Most of the Moabites followed the
3944:
3844:
3677:
3434:
3344:
3304:
3284:
3136:
3076:
2034:
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1305:
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927:
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859:
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547:
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447:
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243:
219:
1730:). The Moabite Stone also mentions (line 17) a female counterpart of Chemosh,
1719:
1684:
1680:
1405:
1343:
1289:
195:. The land is mountainous and lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the
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filled Israel with horror, and they withdrew and returned to their own land.
1382:
1335:
1044:
994:
820:
762:
699:
614:
467:
442:
3349:
2389:"No Citizenship for Ruth? Names as Access Permissions in the Scroll of Ruth"
2376:(2021 ed.). المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية: إدارة المناهج والكتب. p. 8.
1618:
960:), but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of
324:
3848:
3840:
3561:
3555:
3429:
3412:
3388:
3319:
3255:
3066:
3034:
2916:. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906, which cites to the following bibliography:
2215:
1715:
1710:
were offered to Chemosh, as by Mesha, who gave up his son and heir to him (
1692:
1603:
1420:
1367:
1134:
1069:
1048:
965:
847:
812:
280:
227:
1556:
to the south of Kiriathaim. The principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the
3712:
3623:
3613:
3469:
3398:
3329:
3324:
3156:
2322:. Vol. 60. American Schools of Oriental Research. pp. 194–204.
1767:
1622:
1589:
1553:
1427:
1178:
1157:
1107:
954:
827:
720:
677:
583:
508:
247:
204:
2663:
2644:
3868:
3800:
3781:
3598:
3366:
3274:
3196:
3106:
3061:
2335:
2119:
2095:
1933:
1812: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1473:. During that period, the Moabites were called the "Arabian Moabites".
1197:
1081:
942:
835:
743:
685:
503:
426:
401:
344:
272:
250:
231:
64:
60:
661:
3928:
3858:
3786:
3724:
3717:
3692:
3628:
3608:
3603:
3474:
3445:
3339:
3299:
3161:
2790:
Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan
1688:
1664:
1629:
1490:
1312:
1186:
1103:
1085:
1073:
946:
808:
800:
416:
385:
203:
is attested to by numerous archaeological findings, most notably the
3517:
3493:
2327:
2157:
2134:
2111:
1787:
1457:. Jeremiah prophesies that Moab's captivity will be returned in the
3815:
3775:
3587:
3573:
3417:
3377:
3371:
3125:
3119:
3071:
2173:
2081:
Verhandlungen des Zwölften Internationalen Orientalisten-Congresses
1703:
1599:
1533:
1529:
1502:
1297:
1122:
1111:
961:
816:
421:
360:
196:
2286:
1884:
The following is a list of rulers of the ancient kingdom of Moab.
3903:
3702:
3534:
3503:
3441:
3393:
3314:
3250:
3186:
3181:
3141:
3131:
1925:
1908:
1676:
1513:
1509:
1446:
1438:
1374:
1338:), and the marriage of the latter, after her husband's death, to
1315:
1164:, and with the King of Edom. According to the Bible, the prophet
1115:
1021:
886:
in 63 BCE, Moab lost its distinct identity through assimilation.
851:
843:
796:
781:
739:
208:
1271:
to curse them. As a consequence, male Moabites were excluded by
968:. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King
3888:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3744:
3739:
3651:
3618:
3544:
3498:
3479:
3407:
3334:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3235:
3229:
3206:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3040:
2939:
A History of Ancient Moab from the Ninth to First Centuries BCE
2630:
1723:
1718:
built a "high place" for Chemosh on the hill before Jerusalem (
1577:
1573:
1521:
1378:
1359:
1280:
1268:
1217:
1165:
1041:
1033:
1025:
883:
855:
839:
773:
192:
188:
150:
2685:
993:
with the Israelites at Moab before the Israelites entered the
672:
3754:
3734:
3729:
3707:
3657:
3633:
3539:
3527:
3522:
3487:
3464:
3383:
3354:
3289:
3245:
3191:
3171:
1899:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1517:
1442:
1416:
1397:
1347:
1327:
1272:
1264:
1149:
969:
950:
923:
867:
789:
766:
735:
716:
681:
666:
656:
652:
365:
276:
260:
223:
207:, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of
84:
2397:. Religion and Human Rights. Vol. 8. pp. 245–272.
2158:"On the Moabite Inscriptions of Ramesses II at Luxor Temple"
4023:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC
3662:
3511:
3455:
3450:
3240:
3213:
3166:
3146:
3086:
1679:, and the Bible refers to them as the "people of Chemosh" (
1363:
1339:
1185:) and later aided Nebuchadnezzar in his expedition against
1145:
1130:
823:), King of Moab, brings tribute to Sargon as his suzerain.
370:
211:
173:
1232:), and their contempt for Israel is once expressly noted (
242:
The etymology of the word Moab is uncertain. The earliest
4018:
States and territories established in the 13th century BC
3549:
2197:"New Moabite inscriptions and their historical relevance"
2135:"Did Ramesses II Wage Campaign against the Land of Moab?"
1445:, it was also due to their gross ingratitude even though
753:
so that they would help him get out of Egyptian control.
176:
1419:'s act of offering his own son (and singular heir) as a
1240:
states that Moab would become "a permanent desolation".
727:
among a series of nations conquered during a campaign.
1663:
says that they induced the Israelites to join in their
730:
Four inscriptions from the time of Ramesses II mention
665:
Moabite sarcophagus in Jordan Archaeological Museum in
2832:
with the language of the Mêša˓ inscription appear in
1400:, Ex. 262). Moab and Ammon were the two offspring of
191:
kingdom whose territory is today located in southern
1121:
At the disruption of the kingdom under the reign of
1020:), but conquered Sihon's kingdom and his capital at
179:
2960:
Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology
2760:"Virtual Karak Resources Project: Historical Study"
2096:"Some New Light on the Asiatic Wars of Ramesses II"
170:
167:
2371:
2285:LaBianca, Oystein S.; Younker, Randall W. (1995).
850:during his campaign against Egypt and the pharaoh
1476:
1404:'s incest with his two daughters as described in
1072:testifies to friendly relations between Moab and
3994:
1392:woman and the other the offspring of a Moabite (
1114:Ruth is regarded as a prototype of a convert to
862:, and in particular against the Qedarites. King
2284:
2156:Darnell, John Coleman; Jasnow, Richard (1993).
894:Early modern travellers in the region included
2593:. Brooklyn, New York: ArtScroll. p. 1187.
1520:are mentioned to the north of Beth-jeshimoth;
3020:
2725:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
2245:
2155:
2037:, region along the Jordan across from Jericho
1766:. Most of our knowledge of it comes from the
1441:for his arrogance and idolatry. According to
632:
2679:
2498:"Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I - III"
1485:the boundaries are given as being marked by
922:According to the biblical account, Moab and
826:Musuri, King of Moab, paid too a tribute to
723:, in the 13th century BCE. The statue lists
2727:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 395.
2605:"Zephaniah 2 Commentary: Gill's Exposition"
2293:. Leicester University Press. p. 114.
2291:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
2132:
1358:). The Talmud also states that the prophet
1177:). According to Mesha's inscription on the
807:a revolt against him by Moab together with
3027:
3013:
2786:
2436:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
1576:. In the north are a number of long, deep
1346:) who by her was the great-grandfather of
889:
866:seemed to have defeated Ammuladi, king of
639:
625:
53:
48:c. 13th century BCE – c. 400 BCE
2956:
2935:
2811:Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab
2662:
2056:Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab
1872:Learn how and when to remove this message
1762:, and was written using a variant of the
1354:(Hebrew, like all Semitic languages, has
738:of Mount Seir, conducted raids in Egypt.
2919:
2718:
2386:
1311:On the other hand, the marriages of the
1284:prohibition was not followed during the
1110:, whose name means "ruler of Moab". The
1053:
815:, which recounts the expedition against
765:after a successful campaign against the
690:
671:
660:
2929:(Second ed.). London: John Murray.
2807:
2714:
2712:
2642:
2093:
2053:
949:, from which country they expelled the
3995:
2645:"Iron Age Cultic Sites in Transjordan"
2315:
2246:Parker, Samuel; Betlyon, John (2006).
2204:Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages
2078:
2058:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. p. 1.
1706:, at times, especially in dire peril,
1675:). Their chief god seems to have been
1584:, famous as the scene of the death of
1258:
1243:Moab is also made reference to in the
1196:Allusions to Moab are frequent in the
917:
230:, Moab was often in conflict with its
3008:
2532:
2239:
1366:. Another interpretation is that the
1148:in about 853 BCE, the Moabites under
2963:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2709:
2365:
2194:
1981:
1952:
1810:adding citations to reliable sources
1781:
16:Ancient kingdom East of the Dead Sea
2394:Religion, Citizenship and Democracy
2278:
2100:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
780:(r. 745–727 BCE), the Moabite king
13:
3950:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
3035:Ancient states and regions in the
2780:
2535:"The Iniquities of Ammon and Moab"
2297:from the original on 9 August 2021
2266:from the original on 10 April 2023
1924:
1253:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
842:. They send building materials to
14:
4054:
2978:
1777:
1411:Jehoshaphet subsequently joined
267:to mean "from the father", since
21:Moorish Science Temple of America
4008:Ancient peoples of the Near East
2387:Ostmeyer, Karl-Heinrich (2021).
2094:Kitchen, K. A. (December 1964).
1786:
1657:ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
1300:, the son of an Ammonite woman,
1296:). The heir of King Solomon was
1275:law from marrying Jewish women.
784:(perhaps the Shalman who sacked
608:
323:
163:
2990:by Archibald Henry Sayce (1895)
2752:
2741:from the original on 2014-06-28
2698:from the original on 2018-12-11
2636:
2615:
2597:
2583:
2569:
2560:
2526:
2515:
2504:from the original on 2019-09-23
2490:
2479:
2468:from the original on 2021-11-08
2450:
2427:
2380:
2350:from the original on 2020-08-06
2309:
2252:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 573.
2162:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1797:needs additional citations for
1449:, Israel's ancestor, had saved
795:) is mentioned as tributary to
2719:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (2007).
2230:
2188:
2149:
2126:
2087:
2072:
2047:
1959:
1632:in the tropical depths of the
1477:Boundaries in the Hebrew Bible
1047:assassinated the Moabite king
811:, Judah, and Edom; but on the
291:= "his mother is his father".
1:
2808:Dearman, John Andrew (1989).
2643:Steiner, Margreet L. (2019).
2041:
1887:
1746:was spoken in Moab. It was a
1621:, called the "land of Moab" (
1613:north of the Arnon, opposite
1063:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
706:
3202:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
2631:https://www.encyclopedia.com
2533:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2015).
2403:10.1007/978-3-030-83277-3_13
1220:, are frequently mentioned (
1080:. By his descent from Ruth,
953:, the original inhabitants (
846:. Moab militarily supported
533:Establishment of the Emirate
237:
7:
2054:Dearman, J. Andrew (1989).
2028:
1737:
1646:
1106:were a clan descended from
756:
574:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
218:, an episode also noted in
10:
4059:
2936:MacDonald, Burton (2020).
2787:Bienkowski, Piotr (1992).
2374:التاريخ الجزء الأول الصف 8
2319:The Biblical Archaeologist
1992:
1156:, who allied himself with
1076:, one of the towns of the
1059:Ruth in the fields of Boaz
882:conquest of the Levant by
873:
650:
594:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
294:
222:. The Moabite capital was
25:
18:
3937:
3831:
3572:
3105:
3047:
2957:Routledge, Bruce (2004).
1969:
1628:) and the district below
1373:The Babylonian Talmud in
146:
142:
132:
128:c. 13th century BCE
122:
118:
110:
100:
90:
80:
72:
52:
47:
35:
4013:Semitic-speaking peoples
2999:Smith's Bible Dictionary
2627:Encyclopedia of Religion
2372:وزارة التربية والتعليم.
2289:. In Thomas Levy (ed.).
1653:ancient Semitic religion
1024:. After the conquest of
912:Louis Félicien de Saulcy
900:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
234:neighbours to the west.
2913:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2836:' Hebrew grammar, e.g.
2621:Holm, Tawny L. (2005).
2133:Na'aman, Nadav (2006).
1699:or Khirbet al-Mudayna.
1617:and up to the hills of
1453:, Moab's ancestor from
890:19th-century travellers
838:and other kings of the
538:Trans-Jordan memorandum
199:. The existence of the
3795:Luwian-Aramaean states
2542:Jewish Bible Quarterly
2195:Gass, Erasmus (2012).
1065:
964:, who had crossed the
703:
688:
669:
543:Emirate of Transjordan
287:as an abbreviation of
3979:31.50167°N 35.77667°E
3646:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3230:Canaanite city-states
2987:Patriarchal Palestine
1437:, Moab was exiled to
1326:to the Moabite women
1057:
1001:). Moses died there (
896:Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
694:
675:
664:
91:Common languages
28:Moab (disambiguation)
3929:Tanukhid confederacy
3764:New Kingdom of Egypt
2985:Gutenberg E-text of
2828:Many comparisons of
1806:improve this article
1772:El-Kerak Inscription
1286:Babylonian captivity
1247:, a book considered
904:Charles Leonard Irby
830:at the same time as
776:clay inscription of
684:'s wars against the
472:Kingdom of Jerusalem
427:Christian Ghassanids
26:For other uses, see
3975: /
3641:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3424:Paleo-Syrian states
2902:Jacobs, Joseph and
2664:10.3390/rel10030145
2591:Jeremiah 48, Tanach
2139:Göttinger Miszellen
1764:Phoenician alphabet
1750:closely related to
1259:In Jewish tradition
1144:After the death of
1133:which according to
1129:until the death of
1040:). The Benjaminite
918:Biblical narratives
778:Tiglath-pileser III
496:Emirate and mandate
226:. According to the
124:• Established
3984:31.50167; 35.77667
3884:Herodian Tetrarchy
2814:. Scholars Press.
2623:«Moabite Religion»
1748:Canaanite language
1471:Alexander Jannaeus
1383:Deuteronomy 23:3–4
1356:grammatical gender
1324:Mahlon and Chilion
1066:
1011:Deuteronomy 34:6–8
932:Sodom and Gomorrah
704:
698:on display at the
689:
670:
263:explains the word
105:Canaanite religion
3958:
3957:
3899:Nabataean Kingdom
3874:Hasmonean dynasty
3869:Ghassanid Kingdom
3582:Achaemenid Empire
3418:Ib'al Confederacy
3057:Kish civilization
2949:978-1-62837-268-7
2412:978-3-030-83277-3
1953:Explanatory notes
1882:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1774:and a few seals.
1714:). Nevertheless,
1609:). The more open
1433:According to the
1413:Jehoram of Israel
1294:Nehemiah 13:23–25
1238:book of Zephaniah
1198:prophetical books
1152:rebelled against
1139:2 Chronicles 22:1
1127:Kingdom of Israel
1030:tribe of Benjamin
832:Manasseh of Judah
819:, Kammusu-Nadbi (
649:
648:
615:Jordan portal
566:Post-independence
463:Fatimid Caliphate
458:Abbasid Caliphate
453:Umayyad Caliphate
156:
155:
134:• Collapsed
4050:
4043:Canaanite people
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3909:Palmyrene Empire
3879:Herodian kingdom
3853:Byzantine Empire
3668:Israel (Samaria)
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2974:
2953:
2930:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:Wilhelm Gesenius
2825:
2804:
2793:. J. R. Collis.
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2762:. Archived from
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2522:Deuteronomy 23:4
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2454:
2448:
2447:, 9780825438257.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2051:
2022:
1994:
1983:
1971:
1963:
1948:
1939:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1814:
1790:
1782:
1744:Moabite language
1708:human sacrifices
1435:Book of Jeremiah
1426:on the walls of
1214:Zephaniah 2:8–11
1162:Kingdom of Judah
999:Deuteronomy 29:1
989:God renewed his
936:Genesis 19:37–38
854:. The status of
836:Qosgabar of Edom
641:
634:
627:
613:
612:
611:
599:2011–12 protests
483:Mamluk Sultanate
394:Classical period
327:
317:
299:
298:
246:is found in the
187:) is an ancient
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
138: c. 400 BCE
57:
42:
33:
32:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4038:Former kingdoms
3993:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3933:
3924:Sasanian Empire
3919:Seleucid Empire
3914:Parthian Empire
3864:Emesene Dynasty
3827:
3673:Israel (united)
3588:Aramaean states
3568:
3115:Akkadian Empire
3101:
3043:
3033:
2981:
2971:
2950:
2921:Tristram, H. B.
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2830:Biblical Hebrew
2822:
2801:
2783:
2781:Further reading
2778:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2699:
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2680:
2641:
2637:
2629:. 30 Jul. 2022
2620:
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2456:
2455:
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2432:
2428:
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2385:
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2351:
2328:10.2307/3210621
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2216:10520/EJC126353
2199:
2193:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2131:
2127:
2112:10.2307/3855742
2092:
2088:
2079:Leyden (1904).
2077:
2073:
2066:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2031:
2026:
2025:
1978:Biblical Hebrew
1964:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1791:
1780:
1752:Biblical Hebrew
1740:
1661:Book of Numbers
1649:
1611:rolling country
1532:to the east of
1479:
1424:human sacrifice
1261:
920:
892:
876:
759:
713:colossal statue
709:
680:describes King
659:
645:
609:
607:
589:Black September
553:Adwan Rebellion
478:Ayyubid dynasty
353:Ancient history
315:
308:
297:
240:
201:Kingdom of Moab
166:
162:
135:
125:
68:
43:
40:
38:
37:Kingdom of Moab
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3945:Amarna letters
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3845:Roman Republic
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
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3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3374:
3372:Hittite Empire
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3126:Amorite states
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2980:
2979:External links
2977:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2900:
2826:
2820:
2805:
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2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2751:
2733:
2708:
2678:
2635:
2614:
2596:
2582:
2579:2 Kings 3:4–27
2568:
2559:
2525:
2514:
2489:
2478:
2449:
2433:Edwin Thiele,
2426:
2411:
2379:
2364:
2308:
2277:
2258:
2238:
2229:
2187:
2174:10.1086/373634
2168:(4): 263–274.
2148:
2125:
2086:
2083:. p. 261.
2071:
2064:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:Plains of Moab
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:c. 668-633 BCE
1940:
1938:c. 670-668 BCE
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1913:c. 744-727 BCE
1906:
1904:c. 870-840 BCE
1897:
1895:c. 900-870 BCE
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:List of rulers
1776:
1739:
1736:
1732:Ashtar-Chemosh
1648:
1645:
1487:Beth-jeshimoth
1478:
1475:
1394:2 Chron. 24:26
1320:tribe of Judah
1260:
1257:
1230:Zephaniah 2:10
1160:, King of the
1078:tribe of Judah
1038:Judges 3:12–30
919:
916:
891:
888:
875:
872:
860:Arabian desert
803:mentions on a
758:
755:
751:Hittite Empire
708:
705:
696:Al-Balu' Stele
647:
646:
644:
643:
636:
629:
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548:Kura rebellion
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488:Ottoman Empire
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448:Jund al-Urdunn
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3836:
3834:
3833:Classical Age
3830:
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3812:
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3807:
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3594:Aram-Damascus
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3152:First Babylon
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2970:9780812238013
2966:
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2951:
2945:
2942:. SBL Press.
2941:
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2904:Louis H. Gray
2901:
2898:
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2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:9781555403577
2817:
2813:
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2806:
2802:
2800:9780906090459
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2766:on 2012-09-17
2765:
2761:
2755:
2740:
2736:
2734:9780802837851
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2692:Glottolog 4.3
2689:
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2548:(2): 93–100.
2547:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2486:Zephaniah 2:9
2482:
2467:
2463:
2462:Bible Gateway
2459:
2453:
2446:
2445:0-8254-3825-X
2442:
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2065:9781555403577
2061:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2018:: 𓈗𓇋𓃀𓅱𓈉
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:, 𒈠𒀪𒁀𒀀𒀀
2005:
2002:: 𒈬𒀪𒁀𒀀𒀀
2001:
1997:
1990:
1989:Ancient Greek
1986:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
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1833:
1830:
1826:
1823: –
1822:
1818:
1817:Find sources:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:This section
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
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1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:2 Kings 23:13
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:According to
1700:
1698:
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1690:
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1678:
1674:
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1658:
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1634:Jordan valley
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1406:Gen. 19:30–38
1403:
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1306:1 Kings 14:21
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1045:Ehud ben Gera
1043:
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995:Promised Land
992:
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975:
971:
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948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
926:were born to
925:
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913:
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908:James Mangles
905:
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869:
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821:Chemosh-nadab
818:
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763:Jordan Valley
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468:Oultrejordain
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443:Bilad al-Sham
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292:
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282:
278:
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255:Genesis 19:37
252:
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217:
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210:
206:
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147:Today part of
145:
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89:
86:
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79:
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71:
66:
62:
56:
51:
46:
34:
29:
22:
4028:Torah places
3960:
3849:Roman Empire
3841:Ancient Rome
3793:
3768:
3687:
3650:
3586:
3554:
3510:
3486:
3422:
3376:
3228:
3124:
3067:Chagar Bazar
2997:
2986:
2959:
2938:
2925:
2911:
2810:
2789:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2724:
2700:. Retrieved
2691:
2681:
2654:
2648:
2638:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2545:
2541:
2528:
2517:
2506:. Retrieved
2492:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2434:
2429:
2393:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:. Retrieved
2318:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2290:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2248:
2241:
2232:
2210:(1): 45–78.
2207:
2203:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1973:
1961:
1920:, c. 704 BCE
1893:Kamōš-ayat,
1883:
1868:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1816:
1804:Please help
1799:verification
1796:
1741:
1720:1 Kings 11:7
1716:King Solomon
1712:2 Kings 3:27
1701:
1650:
1597:
1499:Isaiah 15–16
1493:(east), and
1483:Ezekiel 25:9
1480:
1463:
1432:
1421:propitiatory
1410:
1387:
1372:
1368:Book of Ruth
1351:
1344:Ruth 4:10–13
1310:
1277:
1262:
1242:
1226:Jer 48:11–29
1206:Ezek 25:8–11
1195:
1191:2 Kings 24:2
1171:
1143:
1135:E. R. Thiele
1120:
1097:1 Chronicles
1070:Book of Ruth
1067:
1058:
1018:Judges 11:18
1015:
988:
966:river Jordan
940:
921:
910:(1818), and
893:
877:
848:Assurbanipal
825:
813:Taylor prism
771:
760:
748:
731:
729:
724:
710:
558:Ikhwan raids
523:Arab Kingdom
380:
288:
284:
281:Fritz Hommel
268:
264:
259:
241:
228:Hebrew Bible
200:
158:
157:
3982: /
3614:Bit Bahiani
3399:Tell Hadidi
1918:Kamōš-nadab
1862:August 2023
1768:Mesha Stele
1673:Judges 10:6
1655:like other
1623:Deuteronomy
1590:Deuteronomy
1554:Kirhareseth
1459:end of days
1428:Kir of Moab
1316:Ephrathites
1179:Mesha Stele
1158:Jehoshaphat
1108:Pahath-Moab
955:Deuteronomy
828:Assarhaddon
721:Ramesses II
719:by pharaoh
715:erected at
678:Mesha stele
528:Interregnum
514:Sykes–Picot
509:Arab Revolt
435:Islamic era
345:Ghassulians
340:'Ain Ghazal
314:History of
248:Koine Greek
205:Mesha Stele
3997:Categories
3970:35°46′36″E
3967:31°30′06″N
3801:Carchemish
3782:Nabataeans
3599:Aram Rehob
3367:Carchemish
3177:Third Mari
3157:Third Ebla
3107:Bronze Age
3062:Tell Halaf
3049:Copper Age
2994:Moab entry
2770:2011-05-16
2745:2016-03-01
2702:2020-10-24
2657:(3): 145.
2508:2019-11-10
2472:2021-11-08
2354:2018-03-19
2042:References
1943:Kamōš-ʿaśa
1832:newspapers
1665:sacrifices
1659:, and the
1626:1:5; 32:49
1582:Mount Nebo
1572:, and the
1526:Beth-gamul
1495:Kiriathaim
1336:Ruth 1:2–4
1290:Ezra 9:1–2
1267:and hired
1245:2 Meqabyan
1234:Jer. 48:27
1210:Amos 2:1–3
1034:Amalekites
943:Wadi Mujib
878:After the
864:Kamōš-ʿaśa
805:clay prism
786:Beth-arbel
744:Canaanites
707:Bronze Age
686:Israelites
651:See also:
504:Hashemites
407:Hasmoneans
402:Nabataeans
332:Prehistory
273:Israelites
251:Septuagint
3894:Macedonia
3859:Commagene
3787:Qedarites
3725:Phoenicia
3693:Philistia
3609:Bit Agusi
3604:Bit-Adini
3446:Tall Bazi
3340:Phoenicia
3310:Jerusalem
3162:Ekallatum
2688:"Moabite"
2673:2077-1444
2650:Religions
2554:0792-3910
2421:245688505
2344:163824020
2224:0259-0131
2182:0022-2968
2106:: 47–70.
2010:, 𒈠𒀪𒀊
1689:Deir Alla
1685:Jer 48:46
1681:Num 21:29
1630:sea level
1491:Baal-meon
1489:(north),
1467:Hasmonean
1313:Bethlehem
1249:canonical
1202:Isa 25:10
1187:Jehoiakim
1175:2 Kings 3
1104:Babylonia
1086:King Saul
1074:Bethlehem
1003:Deut 34:5
947:Wadi Hasa
809:Philistia
801:Sargon II
767:Ammonites
417:Tanukhids
386:Qedarites
277:Ammonites
238:Etymology
232:Israelite
220:2 Kings 3
189:Levantine
101:Religion
3816:Palistin
3776:Itureans
3574:Iron Age
3378:Hurrians
3120:Alashiya
3072:Hamoukar
2923:(1874).
2739:Archived
2696:Archived
2609:Biblehub
2502:Archived
2466:Archived
2348:Archived
2295:Archived
2264:Archived
2145:: 63–69.
2029:See also
2016:Egyptian
2000:Assyrian
1972:
1926:Assyrian
1888:Iron Age
1756:Ammonite
1738:Language
1704:II Kings
1669:Num 25:2
1647:Religion
1600:Amorites
1560:are the
1534:Baalmeon
1530:Mephaath
1508:, where
1503:Jeremiah
1318:(of the
1298:Rehoboam
1222:Isa 16:6
1123:Rehoboam
1090:2 Samuel
1007:mourning
991:covenant
962:Amorites
914:(1851).
902:(1812),
898:(1805),
817:Hezekiah
757:Iron Age
584:1967 War
579:1948 War
422:Salihids
361:Amorites
305:a series
303:Part of
283:regards
197:Dead Sea
76:Monarchy
4033:Vayeira
3938:Sources
3904:Osroene
3703:Ascalon
3678:Jericho
3556:Nuhašše
3504:Suteans
3442:Armanum
3394:Mitanni
3389:Nuhašše
3350:Shechem
3330:Megiddo
3325:Lakisha
3315:Kenites
3305:Jericho
3285:Dimasqu
3256:Aštartu
3251:Ascalon
3187:Palmyra
3142:Andarig
3132:Alalakh
3077:Jericho
3039:of the
3037:history
2611:. 2023.
2336:3210621
2301:16 June
2120:3855742
1966:Moabite
1909:Salmanu
1846:scholar
1760:Edomite
1693:Damiyah
1677:Chemosh
1638:Numbers
1615:Jericho
1607:1:1,2,6
1578:ravines
1514:Elealeh
1510:Heshbon
1447:Abraham
1439:Babylon
1389:Jehoash
1375:Yevamot
1251:in the
1154:Jehoram
1116:Judaism
1112:Moabite
1022:Heshbon
974:Numbers
874:Decline
852:Taharqa
844:Nineveh
797:Assyria
782:Salmanu
772:In the
740:Pharaoh
295:History
289:Immo-ab
111:History
95:Moabite
81:Capital
67:rivers.
3889:Iturea
3821:Pattin
3811:Luhuti
3806:Kummuh
3745:Tartus
3698:Ashdod
3652:Canaan
3629:Sam'al
3624:Hamath
3619:Geshur
3545:Ugarit
3535:Tadmor
3518:ʿApiru
3499:Aḫlamū
3494:ʿApiru
3480:Tuttul
3435:Aleppo
3408:Naziba
3345:Qadesh
3335:Midian
3320:Kumidi
3295:Gibeon
3275:Beruta
3270:Hauran
3266:Bashan
3261:Azzati
3236:Amalek
3207:Yamhad
3197:Ṭābetu
3182:Mukish
3137:Amurru
3097:Urkesh
3092:Ugarit
3082:Byblos
3041:Levant
2967:
2946:
2908:"Moab"
2899:, etc.
2818:
2797:
2731:
2721:"Moab"
2671:
2552:
2443:
2419:
2409:
2342:
2334:
2270:3 July
2256:
2222:
2180:
2118:
2062:
2020:Mū'ībū
2004:Mu'abâ
1982:מוֹאָב
1970:𐤌𐤀𐤁
1936:, fl.
1934:Muṣuri
1928:period
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1821:"Moab"
1819:
1724:Josiah
1697:Ataruz
1619:Gilead
1593:34:1–8
1580:, and
1574:Nimrim
1564:, the
1552:, and
1536:; and
1528:, and
1522:Madaba
1516:, and
1379:Balaam
1360:Samuel
1302:Naamah
1292:, 12;
1281:Talmud
1269:Balaam
1166:Elisha
1042:shofet
1026:Canaan
981:Judges
884:Pompey
856:vassal
840:Levant
774:Nimrud
376:Israel
316:Jordan
307:on the
216:Israel
193:Jordan
151:Jordan
114:
73:Status
41:𐤌𐤀𐤁
3770:Arabs
3755:Sidon
3740:Gebal
3735:Arwad
3730:Amrit
3708:Ekron
3683:Judah
3658:Ammon
3634:Zobah
3540:Tunip
3528:Shutu
3523:Shasu
3488:Suhum
3475:Nagar
3465:Terqa
3461:Khana
3384:Urshu
3355:Sidon
3300:Hazor
3290:Gezer
3280:Gebal
3246:Arwad
3224:Barga
3192:Qatna
3172:Kurda
2576:Bible
2538:(PDF)
2417:S2CID
2340:S2CID
2332:JSTOR
2200:(PDF)
2116:JSTOR
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