609:
celebrate his victory over Israel. Apart from this text, however, we have only two other fragmentary ninth century inscriptions, with various seals to represent later
Moabite. The better preserved of these two inscriptions seems to be a fragment of another inscription by Mesha… the second preserves only a few letters which can be made into a couple of conjectured words…. our knowledge of the grammar and other linguistic features of Moabite is dependent almost completely on one inscription alone.
477:; it has been transliterated as well as translated by Alvierra Niccani. Others are followed by a plural noun. Numeral phrases can stand in apposition with a noun (phrase) coming before or after. This is seen in KAI's line 17: “ymh.wḥṣy.ymy.bnh.’rb’nšt,” meaning, “his days and half the days of his son, for forty years.”
464:
In numbered examples, non-Roman script representations are signaled by arrows, namely ⟶ or ⟵, to indicate the text's direction of writing as it is presented in the volume. As for
Ugaritic, Hebrew (epigraphic and Tiberian), Phoenician, and Moabite, the arrow will typically point in the same direction
523:
A lexical isogloss exists between the
Northwest Semitic languages Aramaic, Hebrew and Moabite. For example, the verb 'to be', from the root(s) *HWY/HYY. The coastal languages, Phoenician and Ugaritic, both used the root *KWN, and that seems to be the case in the mother tongue of the Amarna scribes
608:
The major problem with the study of the
Moabite language is the lack of material upon which to base a study. We are fortunate to have a major inscription in the Mesha Stone . This is a basalt stele found in Diban, Transjordan, dating from sometime after 850 BC, set up by Mesha, king of Moab, to
532:
A syntactic feature that
Aramaic, Hebrew and Moabite share is the syntagma of the narrative preterit. Supported by three inscriptions, prefix preterite narrative sequences are found in Moabite as well as Old Southern Aramaic and Hebrew. First, it was discerned in the Old Aramaic inscription of
494:
a vertical stroke, /, appears 37 times. However, its function is the subject of disagreement among researchers. Van Zyl claims that the strokes are used to divide clauses. Similarly, Segert explains that they can be seen as tools for the punctuation of sentences. A. Poebel offers a different
545:
with and without the sequential conjunction. This feature is absent in
Phoenician, a language that is certain to be Canaanite, which suggests that the classification of Moabite as a Canaanite dialect does not apply.
495:
explanation and states that vertical strokes are used to separate sentences forming a mentally cohesive group. According to
Andersen the only two parallels that can be found in accordance with the stroke are in the
436:). Vowel values and diphthongs, which had potential to vary wildly between Semitic languages, were also largely typical of other Semitic tongues: there is inconsistent evidence to suggest that
456:. On the other hand, although Moabite itself had begun to diverge, the script used in the 9th century BC did not differ from the script used in Hebrew inscriptions at that time.
452:, another characteristic shared by Hebrew and later Phoenician. Moabite differed only dialectally from Hebrew, and Moabite religion and culture was related to that of the
1119:
269:
The following table presents the first four lines of the inscription of Mesha Stele including its transliteration and
English translation by Alviero Niccacci.
1129:
444:
much like in Hebrew and later
Phoenician, at the same time, there is evidence to suggest that the diphthongs /aw/ and /ay/ eventually contracted to
1084:
951:
499:. Rather, he suggest that a dot fulfills the function as a word divider based on its occurrence in a variety of Old Aramaic inscriptions, the
770:
1134:
474:
263:
1124:
646:"Biblical War Revealed on 2,800-Year-Old Stone Altar: The altar reveals new details about a rebellion against the Kingdom of Israel"
473:
The absolute numeral precedes singular (collective) nouns, for instance “thirty years” is expressed as “šlšn.št” in line 2 of
886:
808:
631:
595:
679:
515:
has been revised the past few years. Dialects of
Canaanite, including Moabite, show differences from one another.
262:
and a few seals. The inscription on Mesha Stele is also referred to as “Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften” (
982:
Das appositionell bestimmte Pronomen der 1. Pers. Sing. in den westsemitischen Inschriften und im Alten Testament
537:
by king of Hamath and proclaimed to be of Canaanite influence on an Aramaic text. Second, it occurred in the
562:
151:
1109:
231:
189:
76:
1104:
645:
326:[𐤕𐤉 𐤟 𐤀𐤇𐤓 𐤟 𐤀𐤁𐤉 | 𐤅𐤀𐤏𐤔 𐤟 𐤄𐤁𐤌𐤕 𐤟 𐤆𐤀𐤕 𐤟 𐤋𐤊𐤌𐤔 𐤟 𐤁𐤒𐤓𐤇𐤄 | 𐤁[𐤌𐤎 𐤟 𐤉
71:
701:
1114:
266:), which is German for “Canaanite and Aramaic Inscriptions.” It is to be read from right to left.
258:, which is the only known extensive text in the language. In addition, there is the three-line
66:
669:
246:
An altar inscription written in Moabite and dated to 800 BCE was revealed in an excavation in
621:
538:
56:
620:
Simon B.Parker, 'Moabite, Ammonite and Edomite' in John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie (eds.),
259:
204:
334:-ed after my father. I made this high place for Kemosh in Qerihoh. high pl(ace of salv-)
8:
366:
251:
235:
227:
185:
115:
81:
310:𐤉𐤁𐤍𐤉 | 𐤀𐤁𐤉 𐤟 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤟 𐤏𐤋 𐤟 𐤌𐤀𐤁 𐤟 𐤔𐤋𐤔𐤍 𐤟 𐤔𐤕 𐤟 𐤅𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤟 𐤌𐤋𐤊
1078:
1021:
945:
918:
751:
689:
500:
203:
The body of Canaanite epigraphy found in the region is described as Moabite; this is a
167:
1013:
882:
814:
804:
743:
675:
627:
591:
572:
425:
223:
215:
61:
389:
219:
856:
798:
585:
534:
382:
362:
361:
The main features distinguishing Moabite from fellow Canaanite languages such as
48:
496:
247:
108:
818:
1098:
1017:
747:
542:
144:
832:
965:
Segert, Stanislav (1961). "Die Sprache der moabitischen Königsinschrift".
294:𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤟 𐤌𐤔𐤏 𐤟 𐤁𐤍 𐤟 𐤊𐤌𐤔 ? ? 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤟 𐤌𐤀𐤁 𐤟 𐤄𐤃
135:
491:
255:
208:
1025:
1001:
922:
755:
731:
906:
453:
567:
160:
128:
1043:(2nd ed.). Leiden - Boston - Cologne: The Context of Scripture.
1058:. Jerusalem: Carta's Atlas of the Biblical World. pp. 220–221.
879:
The Semantics of Word Division in Northwest Semitic Writing Systems
623:
Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages,
715:
Compston, H.F.B. (1919). "The Inscription on the Stele of Mesha".
732:"The Stele of Mesha and the Bible: Verbal System and Narrativity"
318:-bonite. My father ruled over Moab for thirty years, and I rul-
512:
393:
197:
31:
420:"town of Israel"); and retention of a verb form with infixed
590:. Forschungen zum Alten Testament. Eisenbrauns. p. 33.
193:
192:, formerly spoken in the region described in the Bible as
524:
from Canaan as well; and it is also standard in Arabic.
416:) but retains in the construct state nominal form (e.g.
506:
342:...𐤔𐤏 𐤟 𐤊𐤉 𐤟 𐤄𐤔𐤏𐤍𐤉 𐤟 𐤌𐤊𐤋 𐤟 𐤄𐤔𐤋𐤊𐤍
800:
Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E.
214:
Moabite, together with the similarly poorly-attested
396:(Central Semitic); retention of the feminine ending
302:
I am Mesha, son of Kemosh(x), king of Moab, the Di-
777:, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
330:-ty.ʾhr.ʾb / wʾ.ʿś.hbmt.zʾt.lkmš.bqrḥh / bm(tʾ.y-)
350:-ation because he saved me from all predators...
1096:
1002:"Whence Came the Israelites and Their Language?"
541:. Finally the prefix preterite, appeared in the
796:
184:, is an extinct sub-language or dialect of the
254:. Most knowledge about Moabite comes from the
1120:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC
881:. United Kingdom: OXBOW BOOKS. p. 53.
674:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 395.
400:or "-ah", which Biblical Hebrew reduces to
1130:Languages extinct in the 1st millennium BC
1083:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
643:
1041:The Inscription of Zakkur, King of Hamath
984:. University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
577:
16:Ancient Semitic language of Moab (Jordan)
904:
769:Compston, Herbert Fuller Bright (1919),
768:
729:
714:
667:
250:. It was written using a variant of the
1038:
935:
876:
556:
1097:
1068:
1053:
999:
979:
964:
900:
898:
771:"The Moabite Text in Phœnician Script"
663:
661:
485:
314:-ybny.ʾby.mlk.ʿl.mʾb.šlšn.št.wʾnk.mlk-
995:
993:
991:
775:The Inscription on the Stele of Méšaʿ
583:
527:
511:The geography of the dialects of the
503:and other texts of the early Hebrew.
792:
790:
507:Classification as Canaanite dialects
1135:1st-millennium BC disestablishments
895:
658:
200:) in the early 1st millennium BC.
13:
988:
432:"I began to fight", from the root
14:
1146:
857:"isbn:0805446796 - Sök på Google"
787:
762:
723:
1125:1st-millennium BC establishments
41:early half of 1st millennium BCE
30:Formerly spoken in northwestern
1062:
1047:
1032:
973:
958:
929:
870:
849:
825:
298:ʾnk.mšʿ.bn.kmš(...).mlk.mʾb.hd-
877:Crellin, Robert S. D. (2022).
708:
668:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (2007).
637:
614:
587:Diversity in Pre-Exilic Hebrew
480:
1:
905:Anderson, Francis I. (1966).
803:Eisenbrauns. pp. 31–39.
549:
392:(also Northwest Semitic) and
196:(modern day central-western
7:
518:
490:In the inscriptions on the
468:
424:, also found in Arabic and
234:, together with Hebrew and
232:northwest Semitic languages
190:Northwest Semitic languages
10:
1151:
1006:Israel Exploration Journal
730:Niccacci, Alviero (1994).
412:, "town", Biblical Hebrew
356:
346:-šʿ.ky.hšʿny.mkl.hšʿlkn...
241:
1054:Rainey, Anson F. (2006).
1000:Rainey, Anson F. (2007).
644:Owen Jarus (2019-08-22).
465:as the original writing.
459:
207:limited primarily to the
188:, themselves a branch of
158:
142:
126:
121:
105:
45:
37:
26:
21:
797:W. Randall Garr (2004).
837:Encyclopedia Britannica
1039:Millard, A.R. (2000).
940:. Leiden. p. 185.
936:Van Zyl, A.H. (1960).
980:Poebel, Arno (1932).
539:Deir Alla Inscription
1071:Aramäische Grammatik
260:El-Kerak Inscription
180:, also known as the
1110:Canaanite languages
1069:Segert, S. (1975).
486:Sentence boundaries
273:
252:Phoenician alphabet
186:Canaanite languages
116:Phoenician alphabet
925:– via JSTOR.
833:"Moabite | people"
584:Young, I. (2011).
528:Syntactic features
501:Siloam Inscription
272:
222:, belonged to the
1056:The Sacred Bridge
967:Archiv Orientální
888:978-1-78925-678-9
810:978-1-57506-091-0
632:978-0-884-14384-0
597:978-3-16-151676-4
573:the Linguist List
369:are: a plural in
354:
353:
280:Line Inscription
224:dialect continuum
211:and a few seals.
205:very small corpus
174:
173:
77:Northwest Semitic
1142:
1105:Moabite language
1089:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
997:
986:
985:
977:
971:
970:
962:
956:
955:
949:
941:
933:
927:
926:
907:"Moabite Syntax"
902:
893:
892:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
829:
823:
822:
794:
785:
784:
783:
782:
766:
760:
759:
727:
721:
720:
712:
706:
705:
699:
695:
693:
685:
665:
656:
655:
653:
652:
641:
635:
634:pp.43-59 p.46ff.
626:SBL Press, 2019
618:
612:
611:
605:
604:
581:
575:
560:
283:Transliteration
274:
271:
178:Moabite language
170:
154:
138:
131:
111:
51:
19:
18:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1115:Hebrew language
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1033:
998:
989:
978:
974:
963:
959:
943:
942:
934:
930:
903:
896:
889:
875:
871:
862:
860:
855:
854:
850:
841:
839:
831:
830:
826:
811:
795:
788:
780:
778:
767:
763:
728:
724:
713:
709:
697:
696:
687:
686:
682:
666:
659:
650:
648:
642:
638:
619:
615:
602:
600:
598:
582:
578:
561:
557:
552:
530:
521:
509:
488:
483:
471:
462:
383:Biblical Hebrew
359:
244:
228:Canaanite group
182:Moabite dialect
166:
150:
147:
134:
127:
112:
107:
101:
72:Central Semitic
52:
49:Language family
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1061:
1046:
1031:
987:
972:
957:
928:
894:
887:
869:
848:
824:
809:
786:
761:
742:(3): 226–248.
722:
707:
680:
657:
636:
613:
596:
576:
554:
553:
551:
548:
529:
526:
520:
517:
508:
505:
497:Gezer Calendar
487:
484:
482:
479:
470:
467:
461:
458:
418:qiryát yisrael
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
248:Khirbat Ataruz
243:
240:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
148:
143:
140:
139:
132:
124:
123:
122:Language codes
119:
118:
113:
109:Writing system
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
55:
53:
46:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
983:
976:
968:
961:
953:
947:
939:
932:
924:
920:
917:(2): 81–120.
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
890:
884:
880:
873:
858:
852:
838:
834:
828:
820:
816:
812:
806:
802:
801:
793:
791:
776:
772:
765:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
718:
711:
703:
691:
683:
681:9780802837851
677:
673:
672:
664:
662:
647:
640:
633:
629:
625:
624:
617:
610:
599:
593:
589:
588:
580:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
555:
547:
544:
543:Tel Dan stele
540:
536:
525:
516:
514:
504:
502:
498:
493:
478:
476:
466:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
349:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
169:
165:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
146:
145:Linguist List
141:
137:
133:
130:
125:
120:
117:
114:
110:
104:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1012:(1): 41–64.
1009:
1005:
981:
975:
966:
960:
938:The Moabites
937:
931:
914:
910:
878:
872:
861:. Retrieved
859:(in Swedish)
851:
840:. Retrieved
836:
827:
799:
779:, retrieved
774:
764:
739:
735:
725:
716:
710:
670:
649:. Retrieved
639:
622:
616:
607:
601:. Retrieved
586:
579:
566:
558:
531:
522:
510:
489:
472:
463:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
385:
381:"kings" for
378:
374:
373:rather than
370:
360:
345:
329:
313:
297:
286:Translation
277:Line Number
268:
245:
213:
202:
181:
177:
175:
159:
86:
67:West Semitic
57:Afro-Asiatic
698:|work=
492:Mesha Stele
481:Controversy
440:shifted to
404:only (e.g.
256:Mesha Stele
209:Mesha Stele
1099:Categories
1073:. Leipzig.
863:2018-04-13
842:2018-04-13
819:1025228731
781:2022-10-24
736:Orientalia
651:2019-08-24
603:2023-06-03
550:References
454:Israelites
367:Phoenician
236:Phoenician
1079:cite book
1018:0021-2059
946:cite book
911:Orentalia
748:0030-5367
717:MacMillan
700:ignored (
690:cite book
568:MultiTree
161:Glottolog
129:ISO 639-3
82:Canaanite
1026:27927155
923:43073932
756:43076168
519:Isogloss
469:Numerals
426:Akkadian
388:), like
216:Ammonite
168:moab1234
563:Moabite
430:w-’ltḥm
390:Aramaic
386:məlākîm
357:Grammar
242:History
226:of the
220:Edomite
87:Moabite
62:Semitic
22:Moabite
1024:
1016:
969:: 235.
921:
885:
817:
807:
754:
746:
678:
630:
594:
535:Zakkur
513:Levant
460:Arrows
414:qiryāh
410:qiryah
406:qiryat
394:Arabic
377:(e.g.
363:Hebrew
198:Jordan
32:Jordan
27:Region
1022:JSTOR
919:JSTOR
752:JSTOR
1085:link
1014:ISSN
952:link
883:ISBN
815:OCLC
805:ISBN
744:ISSN
702:help
676:ISBN
671:Moab
628:ISBN
592:ISBN
448:and
379:mlkn
365:and
218:and
194:Moab
176:The
571:on
565:at
475:KAI
434:lḥm
422:-t-
408:or
402:-āh
398:-at
375:-îm
371:-în
264:KAI
230:of
152:obm
136:obm
38:Era
1101::
1081:}}
1077:{{
1020:.
1010:57
1008:.
1004:.
990:^
948:}}
944:{{
915:35
913:.
909:.
897:^
835:.
813:.
789:^
773:,
750:.
740:63
738:.
734:.
694::
692:}}
688:{{
660:^
606:.
339:4
323:3
307:2
291:1
238:.
1087:)
1028:.
954:)
891:.
866:.
845:.
821:.
758:.
719:.
704:)
684:.
654:.
450:ē
446:ō
442:ō
438:ā
428:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.