961:
2112:
1494:
756:
911:
1228:
552:
27:
691:
780:. Speakers of local varieties typically read and write a related standard variety, use it for official purposes, hear it on radio and television, and consider it the standard form of their speech, so that any standardizing changes in their speech are towards that variety. In such cases the local variety is said to be dependent on, or heteronomous with respect to, the standard variety.
1845:), is representative of a dialect continuum. The divergence of Tajik was accelerated by the shift from the Perso-Arabic alphabet to a Cyrillic one under the Soviets. Western dialects of Persian show greater influence from Arabic and Oghuz Turkic languages, but Dari and Tajik tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary. Also the
1599:
dialect differs significantly from
Standard Serbian. Serbian is a Western South Slavic standard, but Torlakian is largely transitional with the Eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian). Collectively, the Torlakian dialects with Macedonian and Bulgarian share many grammatical features
1189:
when spoken and only partially so when written. One study concluded that, when concerning written language, Dutch speakers could translate 50.2% of the provided German words correctly, while the German subjects were able to translate 41.9% of the Dutch equivalents correctly. In terms of orthography,
3687:
lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and
Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding
1418:
Conventionally, on the basis of extralinguistic features (such as writing systems or the former western frontier of the Soviet Union), the North Slavic continuum is split into East and West Slavic continua. From the perspective of linguistic features alone, only two Slavic (dialect) continua can be
2131:
2000 years ago. Unlike Europe, however, Chinese political unity was restored in the late 6th century and has persisted (with interludes of division) until the present day. There are no equivalents of the local standard literary languages that developed in the numerous independent states of Europe.
740:
In a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicates a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries. In other
1350:
called an L-complex, i.e. an unbroken chain of local differentiation such that, in principle and with appropriate caveats, intelligibility (due to sharing of features) attenuates with distance. This is perhaps most evident today in Italy, where, especially in rural and small-town contexts, local
1142:
Though the internal dialect continua of both Dutch and German remain largely intact, the continuum which historically connected the Dutch, Frisian and German languages has largely disintegrated. Fragmentary areas of the Dutch-German border in which language change is more gradual than in other
807:
The choice of standard is often determined by a political boundary, which may cut across a dialect continuum. As a result, speakers on either side of the boundary may use almost identical varieties, but treat them as dependent on different standards, and thus part of different "languages". The
1806:. The dialects use different analogues from the Arabic language inventory and have been influenced by different substrate and superstrate languages. Adjacent dialects are mutually understandable to a large extent, but those from distant regions are more difficult to be understood.
608:, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the
2002:
are quite similar, with a high degree of mutual intelligibility between not only geographically adjacent varieties but also among some varieties some distance apart. Structurally, the Turkic languages are very close to one another, and they share basic features such as
1351:
Romance is still often employed at home and work, and geolinguistic distinctions are such that while native speakers from any two nearby towns can understand each other with ease, they can also spot from linguistic features that the other is from elsewhere.
783:
A standard variety together with its dependent varieties is commonly considered a "language", with the dependent varieties called "dialects" of the language, even if the standard is mutually intelligible with another standard from the same continuum. The
1630:, while the western dialect of common Old Slavic was still spoken across the modern Serbo-Croatian area in the 12th and early 13th centuries. An intermediate dialect linking western and eastern variations inevitably came into existence over time –
3614:
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen
Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25–27 Mai
1715:. Prior to the 19th and 20th centuries, the continuum existed throughout Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Many intermediate dialects have become extinct or have died out leaving major gaps between languages such as in the islands of
2162:, are particularly weak, due to the steady flow of northern features into these areas. Transitional varieties between the Wu, Gan and Mandarin groups have been variously classified, with some scholars assigning them to a separate
1690:
are considered as separate languages, there is no definite linguistic border or isogloss that separates them. This is now more difficult to recognize because many of the intervening languages have declined or become extinct.
2289:
Various Cree languages are used as languages of instruction and taught as subjects: Plains Cree, Eastern Cree, Montagnais, etc. Mutual intelligibility between some dialects can be low. There is no accepted standard dialect.
1369:
are a less arguable example of a dialect continuum. For many decades since Italy's unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the
Italian government.
2143:. Each of these groups contains numerous mutually unintelligible varieties. Moreover, in many cases the transitions between groups are smooth, as a result of centuries of interaction and multilingualism.
1362:, but it has occurred to some extent in all Western Romance speaking countries. Language change has also threatened the survival of stateless languages with existing literary standards, such as Occitan.
1185:, while the spoken form emerged later, based on North German pronunciations of the written standard. Being based on widely separated dialects, the Dutch and German standards do not show a high degree of
1382:. Outside Romania and Moldova, across the other south-east European countries, various Romanian language groups are to be found: pockets of various Romanian and Aromanian subgroups survive throughout
3210:. 2017. Map A4, Dialect Continua in Central Europe, 1910 (p 94) and Map A5, Dialect Continua in Central Europe, 2009 (p 95). In: Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, and Catherine Gibson, eds. 2017.
1809:
The difference between the written standard and the vernaculars is apparent also in the written language, and children have to be taught Modern
Standard Arabic in school to be able to read it.
3304:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 4.
3281:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 8.
1968:. They have been geographically separated from the other Turkic languages for an extensive period of time, and Chuvash language stands out as the most divergent from other Turkic languages.
1155:
area, but the historical chain in which dialects were only divided by minor isoglosses and negligible differences in vocabulary has seen a rapid and ever-increasing decline since the 1850s.
3122:
3231:
678:, and then serve as an authority for part of the continuum, e.g. within a particular political unit or geographical area. Since the early 20th century, the increasing dominance of
2412:
Unlike the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum, with distinct n/y/l/r/ð dialect characteristics and noticeable west–east k/č(ch) axis, the Ojibwe continuum is marked with
872:
3688:
between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible", leading Šipka "to consider it a pluricentric standard language
808:
various local dialects then tend to be leveled towards their respective standard varieties, disrupting the previous dialect continuum. Examples include the boundaries between
1825:, including distinct varieties spoken by both Jews and Christians, is a dialect continuum although greatly disrupted by population displacement during the twentieth century.
682:
and their standard languages has been steadily eliminating the nonstandard dialects that comprise dialect continua, making the boundaries ever more abrupt and well-defined.
839:
The choice may be a matter of national, regional or religious identity, and may be controversial. Examples of controversies are regions such as the disputed territory of
1358:, as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in France, owing to the French government's
1044:
comprise a classic example of a dialect continuum, encompassing Norway, Denmark, Sweden and coastal parts of
Finland. The Continental North Germanic standard languages (
3175:
2217:. They form the Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi dialect continuum, with around 117,410 speakers. The languages can be roughly classified into nine groups, from west to east:
759:
Local dialects of the West
Germanic continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German, depending on which side of the border they are spoken.
1331:. This continuum is sometimes presented as another example, but the major languages in the group (i.e. Portuguese, Spanish, French and Italian) have had separate
1342:
Focusing instead on the local
Romance lects that pre-existed the establishment of national or regional standard languages, all evidence and principles point to
3812:
2835:
Woolhiser, Curt (2011). "Border effects in
European dialect continua: dialect divergence and convergence". In Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
1542:
3612:
Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und
Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.).
2135:
Chinese dialectologists have divided the local varieties into a number of dialect groups, largely based on phonological developments in comparison with
3323:
Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Nonsense of Dialectology: Thoughts on Shtokavian].
800:, are often cited as examples. Conversely, a language defined in this way may include local varieties that are mutually unintelligible, such as the
3114:
3403:
2871:
1619:
is historical and natural, caused primarily by a one-time geographical distance between speakers. The two varieties started diverging early on (
2425:
766:
may be developed and codified at one or more locations in a continuum until they have independent cultural status (autonomy), a process the
1956:. The entire territory is inhabited by Turkic speaking peoples. There are three varieties of Turkic geographically outside the continuum:
3213:
Central Europe Through the Lens of Language and Politics: On the Sample Maps from the Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe
3587:
2139:. Most of these groups are found in the rugged terrain of the southeast, reflecting the greater variation in this area, particularly in
3430:
Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
949:
750:
1419:
distinguished, namely North and South, separated from each other by a band of non-Slavic languages: Romanian, Hungarian and German.
960:
659:
Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as
3136:
3786:
McManus, Damian (1994). "An Nua-Ghaeilge Chlasaiceach". In K. McCone; D. McManus; C. Ó Háinle; N. Williams; L. Breatnach (eds.).
3434:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
1056:) are close enough and intelligible enough for some to consider them to be dialects of the same language, but the Insular ones (
868:
91:
3734:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages].
3617:. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana; vol. 4 (in German). Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–219.
4410:
de Sousa, Hilário (2016). "Language contact in Nanning: Nanning Pinghua and Nanning Cantonese". In Chappell, Hilary M. (ed.).
1821:
languages descend from a dialect continuum that historically existed before the Islamicization of the Levant and Mesopotamia.
63:
4419:
4358:
4332:
4249:
4224:
4183:
4100:
4061:
3874:
3795:
3770:
3656:
3551:
3481:
3441:
3375:
3089:
3056:
3018:
2978:
2883:
2844:
2771:
2636:
2560:
579:
3731:
3009:
Niebaum, Herman (2008). "Het Oostnederlandse taallandschap tot het begin van de 19de eeuw". In Van der Kooij, Jurgen (ed.).
469:
3364:
Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
3167:
70:
1746:
The current Goidelic speaking areas of Ireland are also separated by extinct dialects but remain mutually intelligible.
44:
4480:
3204:
4024:
110:
4521:
3823:
77:
3470:
Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
1662:, sometimes mistaken for a single language, are a dialect continuum, albeit with some disconnections like between
1206:
in Scotland. Those of large areas north and south of the border are often mutually intelligible. In contrast, the
1092:
due to the pressures of modern education, standard languages, migration and weakening knowledge of the dialects.
879:
718:
696:
429:
2900:
Trudgill, Peter (1992). "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe".
894:
to the east. The standard was based on varieties that were most different from standard Bulgarian. Now known as
1865:
1572:
489:
434:
207:
48:
2063:
and, more widely, some of the Eastern and Northern dialects are sometimes grouped under Hindi. The Indo-Aryan
59:
931:
464:
155:
1546:
1488:
1335:
for longer than the languages in the Continental West Germanic group, and so are not commonly classified as
3732:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues"
3232:"The Triple Division of the Slavic Languages: A Linguistic Finding, a Product of Politics, or an Accident?"
3216:(Ser: Slavic Eurasia Papers, Vol 10). Sapporo, Japan: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University.
2754:(1968). "A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.).
2481:
1354:
In recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward
776:
409:
275:
3474:
Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
1276:
704:
Dialectologists record variation across a dialect continuum using maps of various features collected in a
4531:
4119:"Neighbour-nets portray the Chinese dialect continuum and the linguistic legacy of China's demic history"
2004:
1211:
529:
235:
3476:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 82–83.
3075:"Cross-border intelligibility – on the intelligibility of Low German among speakers of Danish and Dutch"
2348:. The Ojibwe continuum has 70,606 speakers. Roughly from northwest to southeast, it has these dialects:
2186:). There are sharper boundaries resulting from more recent expansion between Hakka and Yue, and between
2526:, spoken in northern Germany and parts of the Netherlands, formerly also in Denmark." (Definition from
1178:
3362:
3354:
4080:
2751:
1359:
572:
519:
419:
245:
1626:) and evolved separately ever since without major mutual influence, as evidenced by distinguishable
3865:
Kaye, Alan S.; Rosenhouse, Judith (1997). "Arabic Dialects and Maltese". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.).
2620:
1822:
424:
367:
182:
4213:
Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
2391:
2385:
2369:
1846:
1675:
1549:
785:
524:
362:
339:
37:
2606:
3047:
Henriksen, Carol; van der Auwera, Johan (1994). König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
1893:
1767:
1510:
1476:
1472:
1186:
1144:
605:
474:
441:
394:
310:
290:
270:
172:
150:
145:
84:
3393:
2438:, including the classification units "dialect cluster", "language cluster" and "dialect group"
1671:
4526:
3930:
3525:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2187:
1432:
1428:
1123:
1019:
1005:
601:
250:
3582:
3398:
667:
map variation of various language features across a dialect continuum, drawing lines called
3521:
3436:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
3350:
2345:
2297:
2221:
2202:
2120:
2024:
1889:
1877:
1292:
883:
625:
609:
565:
494:
404:
285:
230:
127:
3465:
1541:
are each based on a distinct dialect, but the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian
8:
2506:
2413:
2406:
2380:
2044:
2028:
1990:
The Turkic continuum makes internal genetic classification of the languages problematic.
1779:
1728:
1667:
1663:
1534:
1440:
1240:
1174:
895:
829:
722:(1902–10) pioneered the use of a trained fieldworker. These atlases typically consist of
663:. In this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Instead,
617:
335:
265:
240:
212:
3846:
Vol. 1-2 of Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache (3 ed.). J. Ricker
3790:(in Irish). Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College. pp. 335–445.
3700:
3144:
3074:
737:, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate.
733:, showing the areal distribution of various variants. A common tool in these maps is an
4289:
4151:
4138:
4118:
3997:
3958:
3911:
3678:
2913:
2599:
2594:
2576:
2355:
2267:
2128:
1933:
1860:
are best described as a dialect continuum. Geographically this continuum starts at the
1736:
1700:
1605:
1553:
1538:
1468:
1448:
1366:
1268:
1260:
1162:
1112:
1088:
formed a canonical dialect continuum, which has been gradually falling apart since the
1061:
1045:
1033:
919:
918:
Europe provides several examples of dialect continua, the largest of which involve the
891:
833:
793:
653:
645:
633:
555:
534:
504:
459:
414:
382:
372:
260:
255:
3977:
3711:]. Biblioteka Obrisi moderne (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing. p. 12.
2960:
2. Halbband. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, ISBN 3-11-009571-8, pp. 807–900.
2111:
1600:
that set them apart from all other Slavic languages, such as the complete loss of its
1501:
All South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum. It comprises, from West to East,
4516:
4481:"Cree Language and the Cree Indian Tribe (Iyiniwok, Eenou, Eeyou, Iynu, Kenistenoag)"
4466:
4415:
4354:
4328:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4179:
4156:
4096:
4057:
4030:
4020:
4001:
3962:
3950:
3903:
3870:
3791:
3766:
3743:
3712:
3682:
3670:
3662:
3652:
3618:
3565:
3557:
3547:
3495:
3487:
3477:
3447:
3437:
3389:
3381:
3371:
3332:
3305:
3282:
3256:
3085:
3052:
3014:
2974:
2879:
2840:
2767:
2632:
2556:
2441:
2375:
2360:
2341:
2124:
2076:
2072:
2068:
1984:
1799:
1687:
1631:
1576:
1464:
1379:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1182:
1166:
1077:
970:
923:
763:
675:
629:
551:
399:
377:
320:
3370:. Slavistishe Beiträge; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148.
4320:
4146:
4130:
3989:
3942:
3892:""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
3813:"Dialectal diversity in contemporary Gaelic: perceptions, discourses and responses"
3644:
3539:
3227:
3206:
2909:
2759:
2305:
2282:
2147:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2080:
1999:
1991:
1957:
1901:
1869:
1857:
1834:
1795:
1771:
1683:
1655:
1601:
1530:
1436:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1207:
1199:
1131:
1089:
1057:
1053:
1041:
927:
797:
705:
637:
621:
499:
330:
325:
300:
295:
280:
3993:
2956:
In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.):
2127:, which are similarly descended from a language spread by imperial expansion over
1095:
The transition from German dialects to Dutch variants followed two basic routes:
4084:
4053:
3841:
3573:
3503:
3274:
3082:
Low Saxon dialects across borders – Niedersächsische Dialekte über Grenzen hinweg
2513:, an East Slavic dialect group on the transition to West Slavic, is spoken there.
2337:
2293:
2190:
and Yue, but even here there has been considerable convergence in contact areas.
2163:
2088:
1972:
1965:
1945:
1708:
1679:
1639:
1522:
1493:
1460:
1456:
1391:
1347:
1280:
1170:
1135:
1085:
1049:
1037:
942:
899:
825:
821:
813:
801:
789:
709:
755:
4277:
3641:
Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages
3279:
Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans
3188:
2624:
2510:
2461:
2399:
2136:
2036:
1995:
1961:
1838:
1818:
1704:
1659:
1452:
1444:
1355:
1320:
1203:
1158:
1127:
1100:
1073:
1001:
979:
817:
809:
344:
3946:
3674:
2763:
2527:
2344:
of this continuum joins the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum through
964:
The varieties of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum after 1945:
4510:
4088:
3954:
3907:
3747:
3622:
3569:
3499:
3336:
3260:
3248:
2446:
2313:
2276:
2198:
2167:
2159:
2084:
2012:
2008:
1980:
1842:
1732:
1720:
1712:
1627:
1227:
910:
679:
4034:
3716:
3577:
3507:
3451:
3385:
3309:
3286:
4488:
4448:
4160:
4134:
2958:
Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung,
2486:
1932:. In the south, the continuum starts in northern Afghanistan, northward to
1909:
1905:
1569:
1015:
938:
713:
664:
387:
177:
3648:
1190:
22% of the vocabulary of Dutch and German is identical or near-identical.
3636:
3543:
2233:
2179:
2171:
2155:
1929:
1782:(or languages) branched from ancient Arabic dialects, from North Western
1740:
1108:
1064:) are not immediately intelligible to the other North Germanic speakers.
771:
726:, each showing local forms of a particular item at the survey locations.
604:
spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are
539:
514:
135:
4323:(1968) . "The users and uses of language". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.).
4293:
4142:
3915:
3891:
1654:
The other major language family in Europe besides Indo-European are the
1591:
dialects, as might the speakers of the two with each other. Likewise in
716:(from 1888), based on a postal survey of schoolmasters. The influential
674:
A variety within a dialect continuum may be developed and codified as a
16:
Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
2941:
Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance.
2523:
2247:
2227:
2151:
2055:. However, the term Hindi is also used for the different dialects from
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1881:
1514:
1346:
as having been, and to varying extents in some areas still being, what
1104:
1081:
992:
660:
509:
192:
3538:. Rotulus Universitas (in Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 74–77.
1998:
are generally classified as significantly distinct, but the remaining
2456:
2451:
2253:
2183:
2060:
1775:
1763:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1126:
dialects up until the 17th century, but faced external pressure from
1119:
988:
887:
484:
479:
315:
305:
197:
187:
3080:. In Lenz, Alexandra N.; Gooskens, Charlotte; Reker, Siemon (eds.).
1583:, native speakers of Shtokavian may struggle to understand distinct
741:
cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found.
26:
2631:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–19, 89–91.
2429:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2210:
2040:
1976:
1949:
1941:
1635:
1565:
1526:
1502:
1383:
1152:
1138:
which greatly influenced the vocabularies of these border dialects.
856:
852:
734:
668:
3666:
3561:
3491:
3137:"Italy : 5.1 General legislation : 5.1.9 Language laws"
2708:
2509:
is mistakenly excluded from North Slavic on the map, even though
2435:
2317:
2206:
2175:
2064:
1861:
1724:
1716:
1580:
1506:
1403:
1399:
1336:
840:
767:
3115:"Le Sénat dit non à la Charte européenne des langues régionales"
2732:
2696:
2684:
2662:
2660:
2645:
690:
3255:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
3237:. Vienna: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. 2005/1.
3143:. Council of Europe/ERICarts. 18 September 2013. Archived from
2792:
2329:
2309:
2301:
2214:
2140:
1953:
1873:
1783:
1759:
1643:
1592:
1557:
1518:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1148:
1115:
in which gradual but geographically compact changes took place.
844:
202:
4301:
3302:
In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans
3028:
2837:
The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide
2780:
2720:
3761:
Mac Eoin, Gearóid (1993). "Irish". In Ball, Martin J. (ed.).
2921:
2816:
2804:
2672:
2657:
2416:
along the west–east axis and ∅/n along the north–south axis.
2056:
2048:
2032:
1791:
1787:
1561:
864:
860:
613:
2052:
1937:
1897:
1885:
1803:
1604:
systems and adoption of features more commonly found among
1214:—but they are linked by a chain of intermediate varieties.
848:
640:
families in Europe. Terms used in older literature include
4280:(1998). "On distinguishing Hakka and non-Hakka dialects".
4429:
4258:
3195:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 36, 95-96, 124-125.
914:
Major dialect continua in Europe in the mid-20th century.
2119:
Chinese consists of hundreds of mutually unintelligible
1497:
South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups
671:
between areas that differ with respect to some feature.
4123:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3046:
1634:– spoken across a wide radius on which the tripoint of
1200:
Germanic dialects spoken on the island of Great Britain
941:
but was split into western and eastern portions by the
744:
4178:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
2182:
form a dialect continuum (excluding urban enclaves of
1202:
comprise areal varieties of English in England and of
1067:
937:
The Romance area spanned much of the territory of the
902:, but viewed by Bulgarians as a dialect of Bulgarian.
4379:
4367:
4192:
3643:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
4391:
3141:
Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe
3843:
Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache ...
3322:
2340:dialect continuum forms its own continuum, but the
882:, a standard was developed from local varieties of
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4075:
4073:
3073:Gooskens, Charlotte; Kürschner, Sebastian (2009).
2598:
2123:. The differences are similar to those within the
3072:
2522:In this context, "A group of related dialects of
1849:, a dialect of Persian, is spoken in Azerbaijan.
4508:
3788:Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
3357:[Pros and cons: "Serbo-Croatian" today]
3034:
2927:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2651:
2619:
1210:of Scots is very different from the dialects of
4070:
3361:. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.).
2583:. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 51.
1287:which is closely related to Italian; in Italy,
945:into the Balkans in the 7th and 8th centuries.
4083:(2003). "The Chinese dialects: phonology". In
3864:
1378:The eastern Romance continuum is dominated by
1111:, an area corresponding largely to the modern
4414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–189.
3709:Voice of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats
2994:Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2008, pp. 233.
2426:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
934:, the continent's largest language branches.
573:
3011:Handboek Nedersaksische taal- en letterkunde
2902:International Journal of Applied Linguistics
1944:autonomous region in Western China with the
1936:. In the east it extends to the Republic of
1373:
1222:
620:across north Africa and southwest Asia, the
2943:University of Groningen, 2009, pp. 232–234.
1489:Pluricentric language § Serbo-Croatian
1239:comprises, from West to East: in Portugal,
1161:was based on the dialects of the principal
1027:
4244:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
3004:
3002:
3000:
2575:
2031:form a dialect continuum. What is called "
950:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
751:Autonomy and heteronomy (sociolinguistics)
580:
566:
4150:
4019:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3299:
3226:
2834:
2553:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
2296:(Chippewa) is a group of closely related
1682:form a dialect continuum. Thus, although
1482:
1422:
948:The Slavic area was in turn split by the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4435:
4409:
4319:
4210:
4047:
4014:
3931:"Further Jewish Neo-Aramaic Innovations"
3896:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3839:
3760:
3464:
3355:"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute"
3273:
3084:. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 273–295.
2899:
2869:
2555:(6th ed.). Blackwell. p. 144.
2110:
1492:
1226:
959:
909:
754:
689:
4327:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 139–169.
3928:
3785:
3699:
3247:
3165:
3008:
2997:
2839:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 501–523.
2750:
2593:
2550:
2018:
1360:refusal to recognise minority languages
700:, recording local forms meaning "today"
4509:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4307:
4276:
4264:
4239:
4198:
4173:
4079:
3810:
3765:. London: Routledge. pp. 101–44.
3729:
3520:
3349:
3253:The Cambridge encyclopedia of language
2954:Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte.
2876:Language Contact and Language Conflict
1427:The North Slavic continuum covers the
1118:From Low Saxon to Northwestern Dutch (
4325:Readings in the Sociology of Language
4116:
3635:
3178:from the original on 23 October 2022.
3125:from the original on 3 December 2023.
2992:Dialecten op de grens van twee talen.
2756:Readings in the Sociology of Language
1694:
955:
4449:"LINGUIST List 6.744: Cree dialects"
4351:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3975:
3611:
3427:
3168:"Italiano e dialetto oggi in Italia"
3166:Cerruti, Massimo (26 January 2011).
2146:The boundaries between the northern
1575:with each other in their respective
1217:
1147:is present still exist, such as the
1122:): This sub-continuum also included
871:to the Indian Constitution contains
745:Relationship with standard varieties
685:
470:Conservative and innovative language
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
4353:. LINCOM Europa. pp. 223–224.
4348:
4050:Language Policy in the Soviet Union
4017:Language policy in the Soviet Union
3889:
3705:Govor nacije: jezik, nacija, Hrvati
2878:. Volda College. pp. 151–158.
2860:Woolhiser (2011), pp. 507, 516–517.
2166:group. The boundaries between Gan,
1649:
1552:are all based on the same dialect,
1413:
1193:
1068:Continental West Germanic continuum
13:
3978:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Iran"
2914:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x
2193:
14:
4543:
2489:, an analogous concept in ecology
2279:or Eastern Montagnais (n-dialect)
2067:also gave rise to languages like
1766:. The standard written language,
898:, it is the national standard of
847:usually regard their language as
3929:Mutzafi, Hezy (23 August 2018).
3593:from the original on 1 June 2012
3409:from the original on 1 June 2012
2973:19. Auflage. dtv, München 2019,
2872:"Norwegian as a Normal Language"
2758:. De Gruyter. pp. 531–545.
2605:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
873:a list of 22 scheduled languages
550:
25:
4473:
4459:
4441:
4403:
4342:
4313:
4270:
4233:
4204:
4167:
4110:
4041:
4008:
3969:
3922:
3883:
3869:. Routledge. pp. 263–311.
3858:
3833:
3804:
3779:
3754:
3723:
3693:
3629:
3605:
3514:
3458:
3421:
3343:
3316:
3293:
3267:
3241:
3220:
3198:
3182:
3159:
3129:
3107:
3098:
3066:
3040:
2984:
2963:
2946:
2933:
2893:
2863:
2854:
2828:
2744:
2516:
2500:
2230:or Woods/Rocky Cree (ð-dialect)
2115:Areas of Chinese dialect groups
2051:area, the other register being
1143:sections or a higher degree of
1130:and, after the collapse of the
952:in the 9th and 10th centuries.
880:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
719:Atlas linguistique de la France
697:Atlas linguistique de la France
36:needs additional citations for
4412:Diversity in Sinitic Languages
4282:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3193:A Glossary of Sociolinguistics
3104:Gooskens & Heeringa (2004)
3035:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
3013:. Van Gorcum. pp. 52–64.
2928:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2823:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2811:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2799:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2787:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2739:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2727:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2715:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2703:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2691:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2679:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2667:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2652:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2613:
2601:A Course in Modern Linguistics
2587:
2569:
2544:
2376:Chippewa (Southwestern Ojibwa)
2273:Western Montagnais (l-dialect)
2256:or James Bay Cree (y-dialect)
2201:is a group of closely related
1749:
878:During the time of the former
729:Secondary studies may include
1:
4095:. Routledge. pp. 72–83.
3994:10.1080/00210862.2020.1714430
2537:
2150:area and the central groups,
1620:
932:Indo-European language family
708:, beginning with an atlas of
4048:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003).
4015:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003).
3325:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
3051:. Routledge. pp. 1–18.
2482:Post-creole speech continuum
2400:Ottawa (Southeastern Ojibwa)
2304:, which is distributed from
1169:cities. The written form of
410:Functional discourse grammar
276:Ethnography of communication
7:
4349:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006).
3935:Journal of Jewish Languages
3730:Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003).
3300:Alexander, Ronelle (2000).
2971:dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache.
2874:. In Røyneland, Unn (ed.).
2419:
2174:are similarly indistinct.
2043:register of the colloquial
1451:; West Slavic languages of
1231:Romance languages in Europe
1212:English in southern England
851:, the national standard of
530:Second-language acquisition
10:
4548:
4240:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
4093:The Sino-Tibetan languages
2361:Oji-Cree (Northern Ojibwa)
2205:that are distributed from
2106:
1837:in its various varieties (
1828:
1812:
1780:modern vernacular dialects
1486:
886:, within a continuum with
863:, an official standard of
859:regard the same speech as
748:
208:Syntax–semantics interface
3947:10.1163/22134638-06011130
2764:10.1515/9783110805376.531
2035:" in India is frequently
1924:, to southern Regions of
1852:
1754:
1374:Eastern Romance continuum
1235:The western continuum of
1223:Western Romance continuum
905:
520:Philosophy of linguistics
420:Interactional linguistics
4485:www.native-languages.org
4310:, pp. 190, 206–207.
4211:Kurpaska, Maria (2010).
4117:Hamed, Mahé Ben (2005).
3840:Wahrmund, Adolf (1898).
3532:Language and Nationalism
2870:Trudgill, Peter (1997).
2493:
1823:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1028:North Germanic continuum
875:and Urdu is among them.
4522:Comparative linguistics
3976:Khan, Geoffrey (2020).
3811:McLeod, Wilson (2017).
3736:Revue des études slaves
2551:Crystal, David (2006).
2432:spread among linguists)
1676:Baltic-Finnic languages
1646:is relatively pivotal.
1550:Serbo-Croatian language
1435:. East Slavic includes
1103:to Southeastern Dutch (
4242:The Languages of China
4174:Norman, Jerry (1988).
4135:10.1098/rspb.2004.3015
3820:University of Aberdeen
3049:The Germanic Languages
2116:
1768:Modern Standard Arabic
1762:is a standard case of
1624: 11th century CE
1577:standardized varieties
1511:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1498:
1483:South Slavic continuum
1423:North Slavic continuum
1339:of a common language.
1323:; and in Switzerland,
1232:
1187:mutual intelligibility
1145:mutual intelligibility
1024:
915:
786:Scandinavian languages
760:
701:
694:Part of map 72 of the
612:across large parts of
357:Theoretical frameworks
311:Philosophy of language
291:History of linguistics
3867:The Semitic Languages
3649:10.1017/9781108685795
3428:Blum, Daniel (2002).
2472:Linkage (linguistics)
2467:Language secessionism
2188:Southwestern Mandarin
2114:
1496:
1487:Further information:
1433:West Slavic languages
1230:
963:
913:
758:
693:
606:mutually intelligible
251:Conversation analysis
4453:www.linguistlist.org
3890:Kim, Ronald (2008).
3829:on 14 February 2022.
3763:The Celtic Languages
3544:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
3527:Jezik i nacionalizam
2298:Algonquian languages
2203:Algonquian languages
2025:Indo-Aryan languages
2019:Indo-Aryan languages
1878:Azerbaijani language
1611:The barrier between
1573:communicate fluently
1086:High German dialects
884:Eastern South Slavic
626:varieties of Chinese
610:Indo-Aryan languages
495:Internet linguistics
405:Construction grammar
45:improve this article
4267:, pp. 183–190.
4129:(1567): 1015–1022.
3121:. 27 October 2015.
2752:Stewart, William A.
2595:Hockett, Charles F.
2577:Bloomfield, Leonard
2507:Carpathian Ruthenia
2381:Northwestern Ojibwa
2316:, distributed from
2242:Western Swampy Cree
2239:Eastern Swampy Cree
2129:substrate languages
2029:Indian subcontinent
1175:East Central German
1107:) in the so-called
628:, and parts of the
618:varieties of Arabic
430:Systemic functional
225:Applied linguistics
167:General linguistics
60:"Dialect continuum"
4532:Language geography
4219:. pp. 41–55.
3466:Gröschel, Bernhard
2262:Southern East Cree
2259:Northern East Cree
2117:
1770:, is based on the
1701:Goidelic languages
1695:Goidelic continuum
1678:spoken around the
1606:analytic languages
1543:standard varieties
1499:
1367:languages of Italy
1233:
1173:originated in the
1072:Historically, the
1025:
956:Germanic languages
916:
764:Standard varieties
761:
702:
654:Charles F. Hockett
646:Leonard Bloomfield
602:language varieties
535:Theory of language
505:Origin of language
460:Autonomy of syntax
415:Grammaticalization
261:Discourse analysis
256:Corpus linguistics
4438:, pp. 11–12.
4421:978-0-19-872379-0
4360:978-3-89586-629-6
4334:978-3-11-080537-6
4251:978-0-691-01468-5
4226:978-3-11-021914-2
4217:Walter de Gruyter
4185:978-0-521-29653-3
4102:978-0-7007-1129-1
4089:LaPolla, Randy J.
4063:978-1-4020-1298-3
3876:978-0-415-05767-7
3797:978-0-901519-90-0
3772:978-0-415-01035-1
3701:Škiljan, Dubravko
3658:978-953-313-086-6
3553:978-953-188-311-5
3483:978-3-929075-79-3
3443:978-3-89913-253-3
3377:978-3-87690-885-4
3228:Kamusella, Tomasz
3091:978-3-515-09372-9
3058:978-0-415-05768-4
3020:978-90-232-4329-8
2979:978-3-423-03025-0
2952:Peter Wiesinger:
2885:978-82-7661-078-9
2846:978-3-11-022025-4
2773:978-3-11-080537-6
2717:, pp. 91–93.
2705:, pp. 94–95.
2693:, pp. 93–94.
2654:, pp. 15–17.
2638:978-0-521-59646-6
2562:978-1-405-15296-9
2442:Dialect levelling
2342:Oji-Cree language
2336:. With Cree, the
2125:Romance languages
1864:in the west with
1800:Arabian Peninsula
1617:West South Slavic
1613:East South Slavic
1237:Romance languages
1218:Romance languages
1183:kingdom of Saxony
890:to the north and
843:, in which local
731:interpretive maps
686:Dialect geography
676:standard language
594:dialect continuum
590:
589:
378:Distributionalism
321:Psycholinguistics
121:
120:
113:
95:
4539:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4487:. Archived from
4477:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4085:Thurgood, Graham
4077:
4068:
4067:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3988:(3–4): 445–463.
3973:
3967:
3966:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3822:. Archived from
3817:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3537:
3522:Kordić, Snježana
3518:
3512:
3511:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3401:
3369:
3360:
3351:Kordić, Snježana
3347:
3341:
3340:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3275:Friedman, Victor
3271:
3265:
3264:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3207:Tomasz Kamusella
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3006:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2967:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2748:
2742:
2741:, pp. 9–12.
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2548:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2306:British Columbia
2000:Turkic languages
1858:Turkic languages
1835:Persian language
1796:Fertile Crescent
1772:Classical Arabic
1727:and also in the
1656:Uralic languages
1650:Uralic languages
1625:
1622:
1602:grammatical case
1414:Slavic languages
1344:Romania continua
1277:Franco-Provençal
1208:Orcadian dialect
1194:Anglic continuum
1132:Hanseatic League
1090:Late Middle Ages
1042:Swedish dialects
1013:
999:
986:
977:
968:
930:branches of the
706:linguistic atlas
622:Turkic languages
582:
575:
568:
554:
500:LGBT linguistics
490:Internationalism
465:Compositionality
326:Sociolinguistics
301:Neurolinguistics
296:Interlinguistics
281:Ethnomethodology
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4491:on 4 April 2011
4479:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4436:Halliday (1968)
4434:
4430:
4422:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4321:Halliday, M.A.K
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4278:Sagart, Laurent
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4209:
4205:
4201:, pp. 2–3.
4197:
4193:
4186:
4172:
4168:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4054:Springer-Verlag
4052:. Vol. 3.
4046:
4042:
4027:
4013:
4009:
3982:Iranian Studies
3974:
3970:
3927:
3923:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3759:
3755:
3728:
3724:
3698:
3694:
3659:
3634:
3630:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3554:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3484:
3463:
3459:
3444:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3378:
3367:
3358:
3348:
3344:
3321:
3317:
3298:
3294:
3272:
3268:
3246:
3242:
3235:(Working Paper)
3234:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3147:on 2 March 2014
3135:
3134:
3130:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2968:
2964:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:, pp. 3–4.
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2625:Trudgill, Peter
2618:
2614:
2592:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2422:
2328:communities in
2196:
2194:Cree and Ojibwa
2121:local varieties
2109:
2021:
1971:There are also
1946:Uyghur language
1884:, extends into
1855:
1831:
1815:
1757:
1752:
1709:Scottish Gaelic
1697:
1680:Gulf of Finland
1652:
1640:North Macedonia
1623:
1523:North Macedonia
1491:
1485:
1425:
1416:
1392:North Macedonia
1376:
1348:Charles Hockett
1255:, Castilian or
1225:
1220:
1196:
1171:Standard German
1136:Standard German
1070:
1030:
1023:
1011:
1009:
997:
995:
984:
982:
975:
973:
966:
958:
943:Slav Migrations
908:
900:North Macedonia
869:Eighth Schedule
867:. Even so, the
802:German dialects
753:
747:
710:German dialects
688:
665:dialectologists
600:is a series of
586:
545:
544:
455:
447:
446:
358:
350:
349:
345:Writing systems
236:Anthropological
226:
218:
217:
168:
160:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4503:
4502:
4472:
4458:
4455:. 29 May 1995.
4440:
4428:
4420:
4402:
4390:
4388:, p. 241.
4378:
4376:, p. 206.
4366:
4359:
4341:
4333:
4312:
4300:
4288:(2): 281–302.
4269:
4257:
4250:
4232:
4225:
4203:
4191:
4184:
4166:
4109:
4101:
4069:
4062:
4040:
4025:
4007:
3968:
3941:(2): 145–181.
3921:
3902:(3): 505–531.
3882:
3875:
3857:
3832:
3803:
3796:
3778:
3771:
3753:
3722:
3692:
3657:
3628:
3604:
3552:
3513:
3482:
3457:
3442:
3420:
3376:
3342:
3315:
3292:
3266:
3249:Crystal, David
3240:
3219:
3197:
3189:Peter Trudgill
3181:
3158:
3128:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3065:
3057:
3039:
3027:
3019:
2996:
2983:
2969:Werner König:
2962:
2945:
2932:
2920:
2908:(2): 167–177.
2892:
2884:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2772:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2656:
2644:
2637:
2621:Chambers, J.K.
2612:
2586:
2568:
2561:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2515:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Koine language
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2421:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:or Mississauga
2392:Eastern Ojibwa
2389:
2386:Central Ojibwa
2383:
2378:
2373:
2370:Western Ojibwa
2364:
2358:
2352:Ojibwa-Ottawa
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2195:
2192:
2137:Middle Chinese
2108:
2105:
2047:spoken in the
2037:Standard Hindi
2020:
2017:
1866:Balkan Turkish
1854:
1851:
1830:
1827:
1819:modern Aramaic
1814:
1811:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1729:Irish counties
1696:
1693:
1660:Sami languages
1651:
1648:
1556:. Therefore,
1484:
1481:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1375:
1372:
1311:Gallo-Picene,
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1195:
1192:
1159:Standard Dutch
1140:
1139:
1128:Standard Dutch
1116:
1101:Central German
1069:
1066:
1029:
1026:
1010:
1002:Central German
996:
983:
980:Low Franconian
974:
965:
957:
954:
907:
904:
828:, and between
749:Main article:
746:
743:
687:
684:
588:
587:
585:
584:
577:
570:
562:
559:
558:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Prescriptivism
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
132:
131:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4544:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4400:, p. 80.
4399:
4398:Norman (2003)
4394:
4387:
4386:Norman (1988)
4382:
4375:
4374:Norman (1988)
4370:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4336:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4308:Norman (1988)
4304:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4265:Norman (1988)
4261:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4199:Norman (1988)
4195:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4081:Norman, Jerry
4076:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4026:0-306-48083-2
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3738:(in French).
3737:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3589:
3584:
3583:CROSBI 475567
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3405:
3400:
3399:CROSBI 430499
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:(in German).
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3037:, p. 92.
3036:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2990:C. Giesbers:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2939:W. Heeringa:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:, p. 11.
2788:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2729:, p. 10.
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2681:, p. 27.
2680:
2675:
2669:, p. 25.
2668:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Macrolanguage
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Dialectometry
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2414:vowel syncope
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:United States
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2013:agglutination
2010:
2009:vowel harmony
2006:
2001:
1997:
1994:, Khalaj and
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:Lower Sorbian
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:; in France,
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1003:
994:
990:
981:
972:
962:
953:
951:
946:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
912:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
757:
752:
742:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
699:
698:
692:
683:
681:
680:nation-states
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:dialect chain
595:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
563:
561:
560:
557:
553:
549:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Descriptivism
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
443:
442:Structuralism
440:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
425:Prague circle
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
271:Documentation
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Computational
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
164:
163:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
140:
137:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4527:Dialectology
4495:10 September
4493:. Retrieved
4489:the original
4484:
4475:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4431:
4411:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4350:
4344:
4324:
4315:
4303:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4260:
4241:
4235:
4212:
4206:
4194:
4175:
4169:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4092:
4049:
4043:
4016:
4010:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3866:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3842:
3835:
3824:the original
3819:
3806:
3787:
3781:
3762:
3756:
3742:(2–3): 315.
3739:
3735:
3725:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3640:
3637:Šipka, Danko
3631:
3613:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3531:
3526:
3516:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3363:
3345:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3278:
3269:
3252:
3243:
3222:
3212:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3171:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3140:
3131:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3081:
3068:
3048:
3042:
3030:
3010:
2991:
2986:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2930:, p. 6.
2923:
2918:pp. 173–174.
2905:
2901:
2895:
2875:
2865:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2825:, p. 9.
2818:
2813:, p. 4.
2806:
2794:
2782:
2755:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2647:
2629:Dialectology
2628:
2615:
2600:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2552:
2546:
2518:
2502:
2487:Ring species
2411:
2388:or Nipissing
2372:or Saulteaux
2292:
2288:
2236:(n-dialect)
2197:
2145:
2134:
2118:
2041:Sanskritized
2023:Many of the
2022:
2007:word order,
1989:
1983:speakers in
1975:speakers in
1970:
1910:Turkmenistan
1906:Central Asia
1856:
1847:Tat language
1832:
1816:
1808:
1778:, while the
1758:
1745:
1698:
1653:
1628:Old Slavonic
1616:
1612:
1610:
1570:Montenegrins
1547:pluricentric
1500:
1426:
1417:
1377:
1365:The Romance
1364:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1243:; in Spain,
1234:
1197:
1177:used at the
1157:
1141:
1124:West Frisian
1094:
1071:
1031:
1016:Upper German
947:
939:Roman Empire
936:
917:
877:
838:
806:
782:
775:
762:
739:
730:
728:
724:display maps
723:
717:
714:Georg Wenker
703:
695:
673:
658:
649:
642:dialect area
641:
597:
593:
591:
388:Glossematics
368:Constituency
340:interpreting
178:Lexicography
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3151:26 February
2346:Swampy Cree
2285:(y-dialect)
2270:(r-dialect)
2250:(l-dialect)
2234:Swampy Cree
2224:(y-dialect)
2222:Plains Cree
1930:Afghanistan
1908:to include
1868:, includes
1750:Middle East
1737:Londonderry
1703:consist of
1529:. Standard
1429:East Slavic
1293:Piedmontese
1279:, standard
1113:Niederrhein
1109:Rhenish fan
1020:High German
1006:High German
772:Heinz Kloss
540:Terminology
515:Orthography
435:Usage-based
336:Translating
231:Acquisition
136:Linguistics
4511:Categories
3675:1061308790
3667:2018048005
3562:2011520778
3492:2009473660
3331:(2): 180.
3119:Franceinfo
2981:, pp. 230.
2538:References
2528:Wiktionary
2524:Low German
2407:Potawatomi
2312:, and the
2277:Innu-aimun
2248:Moose Cree
2228:Woods Cree
2045:Hindustani
1926:Tajikistan
1922:Kyrgyzstan
1918:Kazakhstan
1914:Uzbekistan
1882:Azerbaijan
1794:, and the
1672:Inari Sami
1554:Shtokavian
1535:Macedonian
1515:Montenegro
1441:Belarusian
1356:extinction
1241:Portuguese
1105:Limburgish
993:Low German
896:Macedonian
830:Belarusian
816:, between
669:isoglosses
510:Orismology
395:Functional
383:Generative
373:Dependency
193:Pragmatics
183:Morphology
173:Diachronic
71:newspapers
4002:216353456
3963:165973597
3955:2213-4638
3908:0003-0279
3748:0080-2557
3683:150383965
3623:243829127
3578:15270636W
3570:729837512
3508:15295665W
3500:428012015
3337:0044-2356
3261:300458429
3251:(1998) .
2457:Diglossia
2452:Diasystem
2363:or Severn
2356:Algonquin
2268:Atikamekw
2254:East Cree
2184:Cantonese
2061:Rajasthan
1948:and into
1934:Chuvashia
1928:and into
1904:, across
1764:diglossia
1632:Torlakian
1597:Torlakian
1589:Chakavian
1585:Kajkavian
1539:Bulgarian
1469:Kashubian
1449:Ukrainian
1333:standards
1269:Valencian
1261:Aragonese
1167:Hollandic
1163:Brabantic
1120:Hollandic
1082:Low Saxon
1062:Icelandic
1046:Norwegian
1034:Norwegian
1018:(part of
1004:(part of
989:Low Saxon
892:Bulgarian
888:Torlakian
834:Ukrainian
794:Norwegian
770:linguist
650:L-complex
485:Iconicity
480:Etymology
400:Cognitive
363:Formalist
316:Phonetics
306:Philology
198:Semantics
188:Phonology
4517:Dialects
4467:"Canada"
4294:23756757
4161:16024359
4143:30047639
4091:(eds.).
4035:53984252
3916:25608409
3717:55754615
3703:(2002).
3639:(2019).
3588:Archived
3524:(2010).
3468:(2009).
3452:51961066
3404:Archived
3386:56198470
3353:(2004).
3310:47186443
3287:46734277
3277:(1999).
3230:(2005).
3191:. 2003.
3176:Archived
3172:Treccani
3123:Archived
2627:(1998).
2597:(1958).
2581:Language
2579:(1935).
2430:aphorism
2420:See also
2334:Oklahoma
2326:diaspora
2322:Michigan
2211:Labrador
2148:Mandarin
2077:Maithili
2073:Assamese
2069:Gujarati
2065:Prakrits
1977:Moldavia
1950:Mongolia
1942:Xinjiang
1786:through
1688:Estonian
1636:Bulgaria
1566:Bosniaks
1527:Bulgaria
1503:Slovenia
1465:Silesian
1384:Bulgaria
1380:Romanian
1337:dialects
1317:Friulian
1313:Venetian
1305:Romagnol
1289:Ligurian
1285:Corsican
1253:Asturian
1245:Galician
1179:chancery
1153:Kerkrade
920:Germanic
855:, while
853:Pakistan
735:isogloss
634:Germanic
286:Forensic
266:Distance
213:Typology
128:a series
126:Part of
101:May 2016
4426:p. 162.
4176:Chinese
4152:1599877
3413:9 March
3394:3434516
2890:p. 152.
2851:p. 501.
2607:324–325
2436:Dialect
2366:Ojibwa
2324:, with
2318:Montana
2283:Naskapi
2207:Alberta
2176:Pinghua
2107:Chinese
2101:Punjabi
2097:Konkani
2093:Marathi
2081:Bengali
2027:of the
1992:Chuvash
1985:Georgia
1958:Chuvash
1902:Turkmen
1896:, into
1870:Turkish
1862:Balkans
1829:Persian
1813:Aramaic
1798:to the
1774:of the
1725:Kintyre
1717:Rathlin
1684:Finnish
1581:Croatia
1545:of the
1531:Slovene
1507:Croatia
1437:Russian
1404:Croatia
1400:Albania
1329:Romansh
1325:Lombard
1309:Italian
1301:Emilian
1297:Lombard
1273:Occitan
1265:Catalan
1257:Spanish
1249:Leonese
1181:of the
1134:, from
1078:Frisian
1058:Faroese
1054:Swedish
1014:
1000:
971:Frisian
924:Romance
845:Muslims
841:Kashmir
798:Swedish
774:called
630:Romance
241:Applied
151:History
146:Outline
85:scholar
4418:
4357:
4339:p. 12.
4331:
4298:p 299.
4292:
4248:
4223:
4182:
4159:
4149:
4141:
4107:p. 72.
4099:
4060:
4033:
4023:
4000:
3961:
3953:
3914:
3906:
3873:
3850:6 July
3794:
3769:
3746:
3715:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3655:
3621:
3597:15 May
3576:
3568:
3560:
3550:
3534:]
3506:
3498:
3490:
3480:
3450:
3440:
3392:
3384:
3374:
3335:
3308:
3285:
3259:
3088:
3063:p. 11.
3055:
3025:p. 54.
3017:
2977:
2882:
2843:
2770:
2635:
2559:
2338:Ojibwe
2330:Kansas
2310:Quebec
2302:Canada
2294:Ojibwa
2215:Canada
2141:Fujian
2089:Nepali
2039:, the
1973:Gagauz
1966:Dolgan
1954:Khoton
1940:, the
1894:Khalaj
1874:Turkey
1853:Turkic
1839:Tajiki
1784:Africa
1776:Qur'an
1760:Arabic
1755:Arabic
1733:Antrim
1674:. The
1658:. The
1644:Serbia
1595:, the
1593:Serbia
1558:Croats
1537:, and
1525:, and
1519:Serbia
1471:, and
1461:Slovak
1457:Polish
1408:Istria
1396:Greece
1388:Serbia
1281:French
1149:Aachen
1050:Danish
1038:Danish
1012:
998:
987:
985:
978:
976:
969:
967:
928:Slavic
906:Europe
857:Hindus
826:Polish
822:Slovak
814:German
790:Danish
777:ausbau
768:German
648:) and
638:Slavic
624:, the
556:Portal
454:Topics
203:Syntax
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4290:JSTOR
4139:JSTOR
3998:S2CID
3959:S2CID
3912:JSTOR
3827:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3707:[
3679:S2CID
3591:(PDF)
3536:(PDF)
3530:[
3472:[
3432:[
3407:(PDF)
3368:(PDF)
3359:(PDF)
3078:(PDF)
2511:Rusyn
2494:Notes
2168:Hakka
2160:Xiang
2057:Bihar
2049:Delhi
2033:Hindi
1996:Yakut
1962:Yakut
1952:with
1900:with
1890:Azeri
1888:with
1792:Sudan
1788:Egypt
1721:Arran
1705:Irish
1668:Skolt
1664:North
1579:. In
1562:Serbs
1473:Upper
1453:Czech
1445:Rusyn
1321:Ladin
1204:Scots
1099:From
1084:and
1074:Dutch
865:India
861:Hindi
818:Czech
810:Dutch
661:waves
614:India
156:Index
92:JSTOR
78:books
4497:2008
4416:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4329:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4221:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4157:PMID
4097:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4031:OCLC
4021:ISBN
3951:ISSN
3904:ISSN
3871:ISBN
3852:2011
3792:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3744:ISSN
3713:OCLC
3671:OCLC
3663:LCCN
3653:ISBN
3619:OCLC
3615:1995
3599:2019
3566:OCLC
3558:LCCN
3548:ISBN
3496:OCLC
3488:LCCN
3478:ISBN
3448:OCLC
3438:ISBN
3415:2017
3390:SSRN
3382:OCLC
3372:ISBN
3333:ISSN
3306:OCLC
3283:OCLC
3257:OCLC
3153:2014
3086:ISBN
3053:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2428:(an
2332:and
2199:Cree
2178:and
2170:and
2158:and
2099:and
2085:Odia
2053:Urdu
2011:and
1981:Urum
1979:and
1964:and
1938:Tuva
1898:Iraq
1892:and
1886:Iran
1876:and
1843:Dari
1841:and
1833:The
1817:All
1804:Iraq
1802:and
1741:Down
1739:and
1713:Manx
1711:and
1699:The
1686:and
1670:and
1642:and
1615:and
1568:and
1475:and
1447:and
1431:and
1406:(in
1402:and
1327:and
1283:and
1263:and
1198:The
1165:and
1060:and
1052:and
1040:and
1032:The
926:and
849:Urdu
832:and
824:and
812:and
796:and
636:and
338:and
331:Text
64:news
4147:PMC
4131:doi
4127:272
3990:doi
3943:doi
3900:128
3645:doi
3540:doi
2910:doi
2760:doi
2320:to
2308:to
2300:in
2213:in
2209:to
2180:Yue
2172:Min
2164:Hui
2156:Gan
2059:to
2005:SOV
1880:in
1872:in
1731:or
1723:or
1587:or
1410:).
1267:or
1251:or
712:by
656:).
596:or
47:by
4513::
4483:.
4451:.
4286:26
4284:.
4215:.
4155:.
4145:.
4137:.
4125:.
4121:.
4087:;
4072:^
4056:.
4029:.
3996:.
3986:53
3984:.
3980:.
3957:.
3949:.
3937:.
3933:.
3910:.
3898:.
3894:.
3818:.
3740:74
3685:.
3677:.
3669:.
3661:.
3651:.
3586:.
3580:.
3574:OL
3572:.
3564:.
3556:.
3546:.
3504:OL
3502:.
3494:.
3486:.
3446:.
3402:.
3396:.
3388:.
3380:.
3329:36
3174:.
3170:.
3139:.
3117:.
2999:^
2904:.
2766:.
2659:^
2623:;
2154:,
2152:Wu
2103:.
2095:,
2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
2079:,
2075:,
2071:,
2015:.
1987:.
1960:,
1920:,
1916:,
1912:,
1790:,
1743:.
1735:,
1719:,
1707:,
1666:,
1638:,
1621:c.
1608:.
1564:,
1560:,
1533:,
1521:,
1517:,
1513:,
1509:,
1505:,
1479:.
1467:,
1463:,
1459:,
1455:,
1443:,
1439:,
1398:,
1394:,
1390:,
1386:,
1319:,
1315:,
1307:,
1303:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1275:,
1259:,
1247:,
1080:,
1076:,
1048:,
1036:,
922:,
836:.
820:,
804:.
792:,
788:,
632:,
616:,
592:A
130:on
4499:.
4469:.
4424:.
4363:.
4337:.
4296:.
4254:.
4229:.
4188:.
4163:.
4133::
4105:.
4066:.
4037:.
4004:.
3992::
3965:.
3945::
3939:6
3918:.
3879:.
3854:.
3800:.
3775:.
3750:.
3719:.
3647::
3625:.
3601:.
3542::
3510:.
3454:.
3417:.
3339:.
3312:.
3289:.
3263:.
3155:.
3094:.
3061:.
3023:.
2916:.
2912::
2906:2
2888:.
2849:.
2776:.
2762::
2641:.
2609:.
2565:.
2530:)
1151:-
1022:)
1008:)
991:/
652:(
644:(
581:e
574:t
567:v
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
