802:(published in 1971), quotes from the Nestorian Chronicle from Saard (Séert) edited by Addai Scher (see: Patrologia Orientalis vol. IV, V and VII), compiled shortly after anno 1036 CE from extracts of old Syriac historical works no longer extant, saying: "… In later times there reigned over this country a Jewish king, whose name was Masrūq. His mother was a Jewess, of the inhabitants of Nisibis, who had been made a captive. Then one of the kings of Yaman had bought her and she had given birth to Masrūq and instructed him in Judaism. He reigned after his father and killed a number of the Christians. Bar Sāhde has told his history in his Chronicle."
789:(published in 1971), quotes from the Nestorian Chronicle from Saard (Séert) edited by Addai Scher (see: Patrologia Orientalis vol. IV, V and VII), compiled shortly after anno 1036 CE from extracts of old Syriac historical works no longer extant, saying: "… In later times there reigned over this country a Jewish king, whose name was Masrūq. His mother was a Jewess, of the inhabitants of Nisibis, who had been made a captive. Then one of the kings of Yaman had bought her and she had given birth to Masrūq and instructed him in Judaism. He reigned after his father and killed a number of the Christians. Bar Sāhde has told his history in his Chronicle."
436:). The city had revolted against the king and refused to deliver itself to the king. About 300 of the city’s inhabitants surrendered to the king’s forces under the assurances of an oath that no harm would come to them, and they were later bound. Those remaining in the city were burnt alive within their church. The death toll in that account is said to have reached about 2000. However, the Sabaean inscriptions describing the events report that by the month of Dhu-Madra'an (between July and September), there had been "1000 killed, 1500 prisoners and 10,000 head of cattle."
917:
334:, Dhu Nuwas announced that he would persecute the Christians living in his kingdom because Christian states were persecuting his fellow co-religionists in their realms. A letter survives written by Simon, the bishop of Beth Arsham in 524 CE, and recounts the persecution of Dimnon, who is probably Dhu Nuwas, in
475:
during the embassage to the land of the Ḥimyarites (Yemen) around 340 CE. This church was set on fire and razed to the ground, and its
Abyssinian inhabitants killed. Later, foreigners (presumably Christians) living in Hadhramaut were also put to death before the king's army advanced to Najran in the
403:
and al-Ḥīrha. He revealed the contents of the letter to the
Byzantine ambassadors, who were horrified by its contents. Word of the slaughter quickly spread throughout the Byzantine and Persian realms, and refugees from Najran, including a man named Daws Dhu Tha'laban, even reached the court of Roman
293:
Many modern historians, except for
Christopher Haas, have argued that her son's conversion was a matter of tactical opportunism since Judaism would have provided him with an ideological counterweight to the religion of his adversary, the Kingdom of Aksum and it also allowed him to curry favour with
566:
As for the real name of Dhu Nuwas, the archeological inscriptions already prove his real name to have been Yusuf As'ar Yath'ar. The Arab historians with the exception of Ibn Abbas all cite his real name as being Zur'ah while the name Yusuf comes later after his conversion to
Judaism. Some sources
416:
The name Yūsuf 'As'ar Yath'ar, which is believed to mean the same as Yūsūf Dhū Nuwās, appears in an old South
Arabian inscription from the 520s. Related inscriptions from the same period were also deciphered by Jamme and Ryckmans and show that in the ensuing wars with his non-Jewish subjects, the
772:, ed. Abū Suwaylim & al-Šawābika, Muḥammad, UAE 2000, p. 105–110), while the two stanzas which are shown here in brackets have been taken from al-‘Iqd al-ṯamīn (ibid., p. 714, n. 1). The two stanzas have also been included in an abridged version of the poem, Imrū al-Qays,
345:
Based on other contemporary sources, Dhu Nuwas, after seizing the throne of the Ḥimyarites around 518 or 522, attacked Najran and its inhabitants, captured them and, burned their churches. The destruction fell out on
Tuesday, during the 15th day of the lunar month
250:
Ibn Hisham explains the same sequence of events under the name of "Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās." Following this invasion, the supremacy of
Judaism in the Kingdom of Ḥimyar, as well as in all of Yemen, came to an abrupt end.
519:
Dhu Nuwas' family is not very well known. There is debate on who his father is; the earlier Arab scholars and the Jewish
Encyclopedia believed that Dhu Nuwas was the son of the earlier Himyarite king
614:
Who they stand with their master, King Yusuf Asar Yathar, when he burned the church and killed the
Habashah (Abyssinians) in Dhofar and war on (Habashah) in Ash'aran and Rakban (regions) and
555:
whom was purchased by and then married to an unnamed
Himyarite king; this indicates Dhu Nuwas was in fact a Himyarite prince. If so, that would place her origins within the
169:
reigning between 522–530 AD who came to renown on account of his persecutions of peoples of other religions, notably Christians, living in his kingdom. He was also known as
358:). After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacred its inhabitants who would not renounce Christianity. Earlier, the Himyarite monarch had attacked and killed the
936:
389:
to inform them of his deed and to encourage them to do likewise to the Christians under their dominion. Al-Mundhir received the letter in January 519 [
876:
1002:
1378:
657:
Booty of two hundred thousand camels, cows, sheep, and this Misnad (inscription) was written by Sharaḥ'īl Yaqbul dhu Yaz'an when camped in Najran
447:
family was both the tribal chief and the lieutenant of King Yusuf during the military campaigns; he was sent out by the king to take the city of
314:
as a retaliation for his persecutions of Christians. Unwilling to accept defeat after the capture of his queen and bounty along with the town of
417:
combined war booty (excluding deaths) from campaigns waged against the Abyssinians in Ẓafār, the fighters in ’Ašʻarān, Rakbān, Farasān, Muḥwān (
721:
On the sea from the side of Habashah (Abyssinia) And they set up a series of fortifications in the Bab al-Mandab and all who mentioned in this
421:), and the fighters and military units in Najran, amounted to 12,500 war trophies, 11,000 captives and 290,000 camels and bovines and sheep.
1312:
1373:
559:
and would illuminate possible political reasons for his later actions against the Christians of Arabia, who were natural allies of the
286:
and would illuminate possible political reasons for his later actions against the Christians of Arabia, who were natural allies of the
206:) and became known as "he of sidelocks." According to the Arab traditions, he took power after having killed his supposed predecessor,
824:
1089:
977:
1136:
715:على البحر من جهة الحبشة واقاموا سلسلة من التحصينات في باب المندب وجميع الذين ذكروا بهذا المسند قاتلوا وغنموا ورابطوا في هذه المهمة
259:, laments the death of two great men of Yemen, one of them being Dhū Nuwās, and regards him as the last of the Himyarite kings:
1280:
834:
1348:
432:, which siege lasted for six months, and the city taken and burnt on the 15th day of the seventh month (the lunar month of
1398:
247:, then under the leadership of Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās, who rose to power in 522, probably after he assassinated Dhu Shanatir.
1073:
1114:
1388:
567:
also state his name was Masruq. Either way, it is agreed upon that Dhu Nuwas had the name Yusuf during his rule.
374:
278:
source appears to suggest that the mother of Dhū Nuwās may have been a Jew hailing from the Mesopotamian city of
1012:
608:الذين ناصروا سيدهم الملك يوسف أسأر يثأر عندما أحرق الكنيسة وقتل الأحباش في ظفار وعلى حرب الأشاعرة وركبان وفرسان
594:
God who owns the heavens and the earth bless king Yusuf Asar Yathar, king of all nations and bless the Aqials
479:
King Yusuf As'ar Yath'ar, described in an inscription as the "king of all nations," led the major tribes of
1393:
722:
116:
266:
the betrayer of its generation, he that swalloweth up people? It has removed Dhū Nuwās from the fortresses
1383:
1234:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten: Istanbul 1956, p. 14 (French)
671:مع شعب همدان والعرب والمقاتلين اليزنيين وأعراب كندة ومراد ومذحج واخوته الأقيال الذين رابطوا مع الملك
1368:
1309:
631:وقد أفلح الملك في هذه المعركة في قتل 12500 اثناعشر الف وخمسمائة قتيل و11090 أحد عشر ألف وتسعين اسير
463:, which had been built by the Himyarite King some years earlier after the proselytizing mission of
233:
1217:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956 pp. 1–24; A. Jamme, W.F.,
851:
651:وغنم مئتي الف رأس من الابل والبقر والضان وقد كتب هذه المسند القيل شرحال ذي يزن عندما رابط في نجران
30:
1342:
1054:"Geopolitics and Georgian Identity in Late Antiquity: The Dangerous World of Vakhtang Gorgasali"
459:(al-Moḫâ) and the strait known as Bāb al-Mandab. It is to be noted that the Ethiopian church in
1363:
853:
South Arabia in the 5th and 6th centuries C.E. with reference to relations with Central Arabia
1053:
1037:
826:
The Covenants of the Prophet Muḥammad: From Shared Historical Memory to Peaceful Co-existence
464:
195:
588:ليبارك الله الذي له (ملك) السماوات والأرض الملك يوسف أسار يثأر ملك كل الشعوب وليبارك الأقيال
937:"DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Epigraph details"
535:
also reported that Dhu Nuwas' real name was Yusuf, son of Sharhabil, which was reported by
219:
8:
1245:
665:بشعب ذ همدن هجرن وعربن ونقرم بن ازانن واعرب كدت ومردم ومذحجم واقولن اخوتهو بعم ملكن قرنم
731:اوده ذ قفلو ابتهمو بثلثت عشر اورخم وليبركن رحمنن بنيهمو شرحبال يكمل وهعن اسار بني لحيعت
625:وكذه فلح لهفان ملكن بهيت سباتن خمس ماتو عثني عشر االفم مهرجتم واحد عشر االفم سبيم وتسعي
315:
1276:
1170:
1069:
1008:
898:
830:
637:
The king has succeeded in these battles in the killing of 12,500 and capturing 11,090
244:
166:
602:خصرو مراهمو ملكن يوسف اسار يثار كدهر قلسن وهرج احبشن بظفر وعلي حرب اشعرن وركبن وفرسن
369:
According to the Arab historians, Dhu Nuwas then proceeded to write a letter to the
1065:
888:
857:
690:
560:
528:
287:
252:
237:
225:
194:), describes the exploits of Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās. Ibn Hisham explains that Yūsuf was a
1318:
1315:
1270:
709:ببحرن بن حبشت ويصنعنن سسلت مدبن وككل ذذكرو بذل مسندن مهرجتم وغنمم ومقرنتم فكسباتم
615:
556:
359:
331:
283:
275:
148:
128:
104:
645:وثتي ماتن االفن ابلم وبقرم وضانم وتسطرو ذن مسندن قيل شرحال ذي يزن اقرن بعلي نجرن
924:وقال ابن عباس: كان بنجران ملك من ملوك حمير يقال له ذو نواس واسمه يوسف بن شرحبيل
737:وعادوا في تاريخ ثلاثة عشر وليبارك الرحمن ابناء شرحبال يكمل وهعن واسار بني لحيعت
472:
396:
210:, with a knife hidden in his shoe. The historicity of Dhū Nuwās is affirmed by
162:
1299:, Instituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente: Università di Roma, Rome 1966, p. 40.
1204:, Instituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente: Università di Roma, Rome 1966, p. 40.
428:, Dhu Nuwas sent an army of some 120,000 soldiers to lay siege to the city of
1357:
1221:, Instituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente: Università di Roma, Rome 1966, p. 40
1057:
902:
496:
492:
211:
45:
1090:"DHU NUWAS, ZUR'AH YUSUF IBN TUBAN AS'AD ABI KARIB - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
978:"DHU NUWAS, ZUR'AH YUSUF IBN TUBAN AS'AD ABI KARIB - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
961:
1162:
893:
582:ليبركن الن ذ لهو سمين وارضين ملكن يوسف اسار يثار ملك كل اشعبن وليبركن اقولن
544:
536:
524:
504:
500:
460:
456:
418:
400:
363:
351:
330:
According to a number of medieval historians, who depend on the account of
207:
34:
1174:
1246:"The Story of the Boy and the King (from Surah Burooj) : Ibn Kathir"
698:
678:
488:
484:
439:
Jacques Ryckmans, who deciphered the Sabaean inscriptions, writes in his
1039:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800,
1152:, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Inst. in het Nabije Oosten, 1956
877:"Religious statecraft: Constantinianism in the figure of Nagashi Kaleb"
861:
540:
355:
181:
306:, Dhu Nuwas chose to commit suicide by drowning in the sea, after the
744:
682:
532:
520:
444:
307:
303:
215:
552:
452:
405:
382:
378:
279:
240:
229:
186:
1004:
The Life of Muhammad, translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sira Rasul Allah
768:(concerning which, see the words of the editors of Imrū al-Qays,
370:
347:
319:
92:
82:
764:
The entire poem is brought down only in a-Ṭūsī's version of the
548:
508:
448:
433:
429:
386:
339:
335:
70:
770:
Dīwān imrī al-qays wa-mulḥaqātuh bi-šarḥ abī sa‘īd al-sukkarī
694:
480:
311:
224:). Procopius writes that in 525, the armies of the Christian
199:
156:
255:, the famous Yemeni poet from the same period, in his poem
408:
himself and begged him to avenge the martyred Christians.
1232:
La persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle
1215:
La persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle
391:
747:(god) bless Sharhabil Akmal and Wh'an and Asar Bni Lhi't
264:
Art thou not saddened how fate has become an ugly beast,
823:
Zein, Ibrahim Mohamed; El-Wakil, Ahmed (2022-12-30).
725:
they fought and took booty and camped in this mission
499:) and successfully defeated the Abyssinian forces in
701:
and his brothers the Aqials who camped with the king
531:, hence making him the great-grandson of Abu Karib.
471:, Epitome of Book III, chapter 4), had been seen by
1169:. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes. p. 54.
1062:
Georgian Christian Thought and Its Cultural Context
570:
1297:Sabaean and Ḥasaean Inscriptions from Saudi Arabia
1219:Sabaean and Ḥasaean Inscriptions from Saudi Arabia
1202:Sabaean and Ḥasaean Inscriptions from Saudi Arabia
1115:"Yosef Dhu Nuwas: A Sadducean King with Sidelocks"
1343:Dhu Nuwas, Zur'ah Yusuf ibn Tuban As'ad abi Karib
743:And they returned in the history of thirteen and
455:incursion along the coastal plains of Yemen near
282:. If so, that would place her origins within the
1355:
776:, Ed. al-Ayyūbī, Yāsīn, Beirut 1998, p. 472–473.
1243:
798:Irfan Shahid, in the Introduction to his book,
785:Irfan Shahid, in the Introduction to his book,
547:. His mother, however, was said to have been a
467:and another church built by him in Aden (see:
268:who once ruled in the strongholds and over men
1161:
1045:
915:
822:
735:
713:
669:
649:
629:
606:
586:
527:disagreed and stated that he was the son of
325:
1268:
1007:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14.
959:
856:(Thesis thesis). University of St Andrews.
395:], as he was receiving an embassy from
1189:A Social and Religious History of the Jews
318:, he deliberately rode his horse into the
1272:The Book of Crowns on the Kings of Himyar
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1000:
892:
849:
1137:Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies
1379:6th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1191:(vol. 3), Philadelphia 1957, pp. 67–68.
1150:La Persécution des Chrétiens Himyarites
1135:, translated by Amir Harrack (Toronto:
469:Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius
441:La persécution des chrétiens himyarites
1356:
1131:Simon's letter is part of Part III of
1112:
1042:Cambridge University Press, 2003 p.46.
1021:
874:
451:, and the king watched for a possible
354:counting (corresponding with year 524
850:Al-ʻAsalī, Khālid Sālih (July 1968).
411:
399:seeking to forge a peace between the
1167:The Martyrs of Najrân: New Documents
1051:
257:Taqūl Lī bint al-Kinda Lammā ‘Azafat
16:Himyarite King of Yemen (517–530 CE)
1345:- 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia article.
736:
714:
670:
650:
630:
607:
587:
514:
443:that Sarah'il Yaqbul-Yaz'an of the
140:
132:
108:
13:
14:
1410:
1374:Converts to Judaism from paganism
1336:
1275:(in Arabic). Gorgias Press, LLC.
426:Martyrs of Najran – New Documents
1052:Haas, Christopher (2014-03-13).
571:Inscriptions regarding Dhu Nuwas
190:(better known in English as the
1323:
1302:
1289:
1262:
1237:
1224:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1155:
1142:
1125:
1106:
1082:
792:
779:
1269:Al-Munabbih, Wahb bin (2009).
1244:AbdurRahman.org (2014-01-31).
994:
970:
953:
929:
909:
868:
843:
816:
758:
362:Christians who had settled in
119:: 𐩺𐩥𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧,
1:
809:
575:Najran inscription (518 CE):
424:According to ‘Irfan Shahid's
63:
963:History of Tabari - Volume 5
375:Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man
7:
543:and later on the historian
10:
1415:
1165:; Simeon, Arethas (1971).
1094:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
1001:Guillaume, Alfred (1955).
982:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
960:Umair Mirza (1998-01-01).
176:
157:
1399:Persecution of Christians
1068:. pp. 29–44, 36–39.
922:(in Arabic). p. 19.
350:, in the year 835 of the
326:Persecution of Christians
88:
76:
59:
51:
41:
26:
21:
1329:Jawad al-Ali Sabians p41
1036:Jonathan Porter Berkey,
829:. Taylor & Francis.
751:
557:Sassanid imperial sphere
297:
284:Sassanid imperial sphere
173:in the Arab traditions.
141:يُوْسُف ٱبْن شَرْحَبِيْل
1389:6th-century Arab people
1308:Bi'r Ḥimā Inscription:
1133:The Chronicle of Zuqnin
1060:; Basil Lourié (eds.).
1056:. In Tamar Nutsubidze;
881:HTS Theological Studies
875:Rukuni, Rugare (2020).
705:Eighth and ninth lines:
476:far north and took it.
243:to take control of the
236:at the request of the
165:, was a Jewish king of
1187:Salo Wittmayer Baron,
894:10.4102/hts.v76i4.5885
681:and the Arabs and the
294:the Sasanian emperor.
272:
578:The first line :
465:Theophilos the Indian
261:
919:The Complete History
37:in Arabian folklore)
1394:Persecution by Jews
1139:, 1999), pp. 78-84.
1119:Alsadiqin Institute
677:With the nation of
137:Yūsuf ibn Sharhabil
113:Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar
1230:Jacques Ryckmans,
1213:Jacques Ryckmans,
1148:Jacques Ryckmans,
916:Ali ibn Al-Athir.
774:Dīwān imrī al-qays
412:Military campaigns
1282:978-1-59333-515-1
1113:Abrahamson, Ben.
836:978-1-000-82096-6
800:Martyrs of Najran
787:Martyrs of Najran
685:fighters and the
245:Himyarite Kingdom
238:Byzantine emperor
218:(in the latter's
198:who grew out his
143:), also known as
98:
97:
31:Ma'dikarib Ya'fur
1406:
1384:6th-century Jews
1330:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1295:A. Jamme, W.F.,
1293:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1200:A. Jamme, W.F.,
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1058:Cornelia B. Horn
1049:
1043:
1034:
1019:
1018:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
974:
968:
967:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
933:
927:
926:
913:
907:
906:
896:
872:
866:
865:
847:
841:
840:
820:
803:
796:
790:
783:
777:
762:
739:
738:
717:
716:
673:
672:
653:
652:
633:
632:
610:
609:
590:
589:
561:Byzantine Empire
529:Sharhabil Yakkuf
515:Names and family
288:Byzantine Empire
226:Kingdom of Aksum
192:Life of Muhammad
160:
159:
142:
134:
121:Yws¹f ʾs¹ʾr Yṯʾr
110:
68:
65:
19:
18:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1369:Kings of Himyar
1354:
1353:
1349:Jewish Warriors
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1250:AbdurRahman.Org
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1050:
1046:
1035:
1022:
1015:
999:
995:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
958:
954:
945:
943:
935:
934:
930:
914:
910:
873:
869:
848:
844:
837:
821:
817:
812:
807:
806:
797:
793:
784:
780:
763:
759:
754:
733:
711:
706:
667:
662:
647:
642:
627:
622:
604:
599:
584:
579:
573:
517:
414:
332:John of Ephesus
328:
300:
271:
269:
267:
265:
179:
81:
69:
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1337:External links
1335:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1301:
1288:
1281:
1261:
1236:
1223:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1154:
1141:
1124:
1105:
1081:
1074:
1044:
1020:
1013:
993:
969:
952:
928:
908:
867:
842:
835:
814:
813:
811:
808:
805:
804:
791:
778:
756:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
727:
726:
703:
702:
689:('nomads') of
659:
658:
639:
638:
619:
618:
596:
595:
572:
569:
516:
513:
473:Constantius II
413:
410:
397:Constantinople
327:
324:
299:
296:
262:
178:
175:
163:Medieval Greek
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Yemenite Jews
1362:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Shahîd, Irfan
1158:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1075:9789004264274
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
997:
983:
979:
973:
965:
964:
956:
942:
938:
932:
925:
921:
920:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
854:
846:
838:
832:
828:
827:
819:
815:
801:
795:
788:
782:
775:
771:
767:
761:
757:
746:
742:
741:
740:
732:
724:
720:
719:
718:
710:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
674:
666:
661:Seventh line:
656:
655:
654:
646:
636:
635:
634:
626:
617:
613:
612:
611:
603:
593:
592:
591:
583:
576:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
409:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:According to
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
270:
260:
258:
254:
253:Imrū' al-Qays
248:
246:
242:
239:
235:
234:ancient Yemen
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:Philostorgius
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
154:
150:
146:
138:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:), real name
106:
102:
94:
91:
87:
84:
79:
75:
72:
67: 450 CE
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:Sumyafa Ashwa
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1325:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1271:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1061:
1047:
1038:
1003:
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
962:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:
931:
923:
918:
911:
884:
880:
870:
852:
845:
825:
818:
799:
794:
786:
781:
773:
769:
765:
760:
730:
728:
708:
704:
686:
664:
660:
644:
640:
624:
620:
601:
597:
581:
577:
574:
565:
545:Ibn al-Athir
537:Ibn al-Kalbi
525:Ibn al-Kalbi
518:
478:
468:
440:
438:
425:
423:
415:
401:Roman Empire
390:
368:
352:Seleucid era
344:
329:
310:had invaded
301:
292:
273:
263:
256:
249:
220:
208:Dhu Shanatir
203:
191:
185:
180:
170:
152:
144:
136:
124:
120:
112:
100:
99:
35:Dhu Shanatir
941:dasi.cnr.it
887:(4): 1–12.
862:10023/15321
641:Sixth line:
621:Fifth line:
598:Third line:
551:slave from
523:. However,
221:Persian War
196:convert Jew
125:Yosef Nu'as
27:Predecessor
1358:Categories
1255:2024-03-22
1099:2024-05-22
1014:0196360331
987:2024-04-20
946:2024-03-21
810:References
541:Al-Baydawi
360:Abyssinian
182:Ibn Hisham
109:ذُو نُوَاس
55:522–530 CE
33:(Succeeds
903:0259-9422
729:Sabaean:
707:Sabaean:
663:Sabaean:
643:Sabaean:
623:Sabaean:
600:Sabaean:
580:Sabaean:
533:Ibn Abbas
521:Abu Karib
445:Dhu Yazan
381:and King
308:Aksumites
304:Ibn Ishaq
216:Procopius
200:sidelocks
139:(Arabic:
133:יוסף נואס
101:Dhū Nuwās
42:Successor
22:Dhu Nuwas
734:Arabic:
712:Arabic:
699:Madh'hij
683:Yazaniin
668:Arabic:
648:Arabic:
628:Arabic:
605:Arabic:
585:Arabic:
489:Madh'hij
453:Aksumite
406:Justin I
404:Emperor
383:Kavadh I
379:al-Ḥīrah
241:Justin I
232:invaded
230:Ethiopia
89:Religion
679:Hamedan
616:Farasan
553:Nisibis
485:Hamedan
371:Lakhmid
320:Red Sea
280:Nisibis
214:and by
177:History
158:Δουναας
153:Dounaas
93:Judaism
83:Red Sea
1279:
1175:516915
1173:
1072:
1011:
901:
833:
745:Rahman
723:Musnad
549:Jewish
509:Najran
449:Najran
434:Tishri
430:Najran
387:Persia
348:Tishri
340:Arabia
336:Najran
276:Syriac
171:Zur'ah
167:Himyar
151:, and
149:Syriac
145:Masruq
135:), or
129:Hebrew
117:Musnad
105:Arabic
80:530 CE
71:Himyar
1066:Brill
766:dīwān
752:Notes
695:Murad
691:Kinda
687:A'rab
505:Mokhā
501:Ẓafâr
497:Murad
493:Kinda
481:Yemen
461:Ẓafar
457:Mokhā
419:Mocha
373:king
364:Zafar
316:Zafar
312:Yemen
298:Death
204:nuwās
187:Sīrah
161:) in
52:Reign
1277:ISBN
1171:OCLC
1070:ISBN
1009:ISBN
899:ISSN
831:ISBN
697:and
693:and
539:and
507:and
274:One
77:Died
60:Born
889:doi
858:hdl
392:sic
385:of
377:of
322:.
228:of
184:'s
147:in
123:),
1360::
1248:.
1117:.
1092:.
1064:.
1023:^
980:.
939:.
897:.
885:76
883:.
879:.
563:.
511:.
503:,
495:,
491:,
487:,
366:.
356:CE
342:.
338:,
290:.
131::
107::
64:c.
1319:4
1316:3
1313:2
1310:1
1285:.
1258:.
1177:.
1121:.
1102:.
1078:.
1017:.
990:.
966:.
949:.
905:.
891::
864:.
860::
839:.
483:(
202:(
155:(
127:(
115:(
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.