564:
The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments. The first segment matches the original vowel, and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be
1379:
This change started as early as the 12th century in Upper
Bavarian and reached Moselle Franconian only in the 16th century. It did not affect Alemannic or Ripuarian dialects, which still retain the original long vowels.
898:
before a back vowel in the next syllable if the intervening consonant was of a certain nature. The specific nature of the consonants that trigger back umlaut or block it varied from dialect to dialect.
649:
Vowel breaking is a very common sound change in the history of the
English language, occurring at least three times (with some varieties adding a fourth) listed here in reverse chronological order:
779:
That is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of "vowel breaking" as described above: the original vowel breaks into a diphthong that assimilates to the following consonant, gaining a front
1647:. The middle vowel was subsequently lost if a triphthong was produced: Modern Catalan cuixa, vuit, llit (cf. Portuguese coxa, oito, leito). Vowel breaking was completely absent in
2574:
2617:
2627:
2664:. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.
804:
2640:
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on
Armenian linguistics, Cleveland's State University, Cleveland, Ohio, September 14–18, 1991
549:
Vowel breaking may be unconditioned or conditioned. It may be triggered by the presence of another sound, by stress, or in no particular way.
2001:, long vowels are generally diphthongized when followed by a consonant in the same syllable (even when a final is optionally made silent).
1983:
The diphthongs that resulted from the
Romance and the Romanian breakings were modified when they occurred after palatalized consonants.
808:
1561:
Vowel breaking is present in
Scottish Gaelic with the following changes occurring often but variably between dialects: Archaic Irish
2592:
2706:
496:
2687:
2536:
Robert B. Howell 1991. Old
English breaking and its Germanic analogues (Linguistische Arbeiten, 253.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer
600:
Vowel breaking is sometimes not assimilatory and is then not triggered by a neighboring sound. That was the case with the
2602:
1872:
2367:
1635:
became diphthongs only before a palatal consonant: Latin coxa 'thigh', octō 'eight', lectum 'bed' > Old
Catalan
17:
78:
1876:
245:
751:
2224:
2172:
2113:
2086:
2514:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
1889:
1885:
1683:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1604:
1597:
1384:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
788:
780:
773:
769:
765:
761:
739:
722:
703:
696:
633:
629:
613:
609:
578:
566:
2622:
589:
558:
489:
2643:
664:
658:
260:
37:
428:
228:
200:
46:
557:
Vowel breaking is sometimes defined as a subtype of diphthongization, when it refers to harmonic (
2495:
1992:
1542:
1508:
1474:
1428:
1365:
1326:
1287:
1248:
1209:
1170:
913:
820:
In prehistoric Old
English, breaking and retraction changed stressed short and long front vowels
398:
310:
160:
135:
125:
53:
423:
2311:
2248:
2196:
2137:
2098:
1454:
1408:
510:
403:
210:
2750:
2707:"Some Irregular Reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Vowels in the Rejang Language of Sumatra"
2490:
1118:
482:
817:, two forms of harmonic vowel breaking occurred: breaking and retraction and back mutation.
2415:
2307:
1608:
574:
393:
193:
2662:
Proto-Malayic: The
Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology
8:
2635:
2208:
2149:
2106:
1648:
353:
165:
73:
2632:
Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems
1114:
1077:
971:
933:
458:
433:
418:
315:
235:
561:) process that involves diphthongization triggered by a following vowel or consonant.
2713:
2683:
2598:
2260:
2102:
1881:
1586:
784:
692:
601:
582:
453:
443:
279:
180:
2673:
2665:
2094:
1792:
1720:
1695:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1533:
1499:
1465:
1419:
1392:
1356:
1317:
1278:
1239:
1200:
1161:
1084:
1069:
1034:
1027:
998:
953:
605:
306:
2363:
2306:
have vowel breaking processes, almost exclusively in syllable-final position. In
1612:
1525:
1445:
1399:
1383:
In Yiddish, the diphthongization applied not only to MHG long vowels but also to
1102:
1073:
1048:
960:
792:
570:
98:
757:
700:
240:
93:
88:
908:
588:
Thus, vowel breaking, in the restricted sense, can be viewed as an example of
2744:
1998:
448:
290:
269:
255:
215:
2558:
2427:
1590:
625:
526:
325:
250:
205:
83:
33:
1485:
671:
have developed a glide up to , and then in some areas back down to schwa:
624:
Vowel breaking sometimes occurs only in stressed syllables. For instance,
814:
668:
530:
468:
463:
383:
320:
1341:
1302:
1263:
1224:
1185:
1146:
2678:
1098:
538:
388:
349:
273:
118:
1006:
581:(a front vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is front (such as
2669:
2461:
were also broken in Sumatra. In Rejang, these vowels are broken into
1577:
Specifically, central dialects have more vowel breaking than others.
1491:
1097:
is an unconditioned sound change, whereas other scholars speak about
982:
534:
438:
358:
332:
265:
175:
109:
964:
569:(a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (such as
2272:
2215:
2156:
890:
In late prehistoric Old English, back mutation changed short front
413:
408:
378:
130:
66:
2109:
but that the other Indo-European languages kept the monophthongs:
805:
Phonological history of Old English § Breaking and retraction
2303:
1955:
Sometimes a word underwent both forms of breaking in succession:
1130:
1041:
989:
339:
170:
153:
729:
712:
1519:
1439:
1388:
344:
299:
27:
Process by which monophthongs become diphthongs and triphthongs
2279:
2251:
2199:
2163:
2140:
1133:, the diphthongization affected the long mid vowels as well:
2590:
663:
Vowel breaking is characteristic of the "Southern drawl" of
2563:
Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Kultur
809:
Phonological history of Old English § Back mutation
2547:
Diftongering med palatalt förslag i de nordiska språken
836:+ another consonant (short vowels only), and sometimes
1873:
History of Romanian § Breaking of stressed open e
1611:
position underwent breaking only in open syllables in
2289:
However, the hypothesis has not been widely adopted.
1547:
1513:
1479:
1433:
1370:
1331:
1292:
1253:
1214:
1175:
2426:
and merging of several word-final consonants into a
2241:
2229:
2189:
2177:
2130:
2118:
1689:
In the table below, words with breaking are bolded.
1459:
1413:
1093:
According to some scholars, the diphthongisation of
877:
864:
851:
845:
636:
changed to diphthongs only when they were stressed.
1651:. The result of breaking varies between languages:
764:was inserted between a front vowel and a following
772:was inserted between a back vowel and a following
2394:before any of word-final consonants above except
1884:underwent the general Romance breaking only with
2742:
2561:, "Zur Geschichte des germanischen Vocalismus",
2450:in most dialects of Rejang except Kebanagung).
2292:
1877:History of Romanian § Breaking of e and o
592:of a vowel to a following vowel or consonant.
2623:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung
490:
2648:Selected Papers on Indo-European Linguistics
1349:
1310:
1271:
1232:
1193:
1154:
1117:underwent breaking during the transition to
652:
1619:, but in both open and closed syllables in
768:(pronounced in this context), and a vowel
2735:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.
1908:It underwent a later breaking of stressed
639:
497:
483:
2701:
2699:
2677:
2297:
2527:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 268.
752:Middle English phonology § Breaking
2659:
14:
2743:
2696:
2093:had vowel-breaking before an original
2080:
1623:. Vowel breaking was mostly absent in
2737:3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
2591:Martin John Ball, James Fife (1993).
1108:
824:to short and long diphthongs spelled
2525:Singing and Communicating in English
1580:
686:
2453:Word-final Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
1537:
1503:
1469:
1449:
1423:
1403:
1360:
1321:
1282:
1243:
1204:
1165:
24:
1556:
25:
2762:
2597:. Psychology Press. p. 152.
840:(only for certain short vowels):
745:
577:), and the second segment may be
1986:
1391:(in stressed open syllables) or
909:Old Norse phonological processes
595:
2727:
1001:has both. The standard form is
776:(pronounced in this context).
552:
79:Consonant voicing and devoicing
2660:Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992).
2653:
2611:
2584:
2568:
2552:
2539:
2530:
2517:
2508:
2414:"egg"). This process has been
2058:(long ø is at end of syllable)
2048:(long o is at end of syllable)
2028:(long œ is at end of syllable)
1589:underwent vowel breaking. The
798:
13:
1:
2642:, Delmar (NY) 1992, 129-146;
2579:Acta Philologica Scandinavica
2501:
2634:, Heidelberg 1988, 257-279;
1924:before a mid or open vowel:
902:
894:to short diphthongs spelled
699:to diphthongs, which became
7:
2650:, Copenhagen 1999, 442-458.
2484:
2293:Non-Indo-European languages
2085:Some scholars believe that
1975:results from hypothetical *
1866:
1548:
1514:
1480:
1460:
1434:
1414:
1371:
1332:
1293:
1254:
1215:
1176:
10:
2767:
2252:
2242:
2230:
2200:
2190:
2178:
2141:
2131:
2119:
1990:
1870:
906:
878:
865:
852:
846:
802:
749:
656:
644:
665:Southern American English
659:Southern American English
653:Southern American English
619:
1113:The long high vowels of
1005:, while the dialects of
695:changed the long vowels
544:
429:Compensatory lengthening
201:Compensatory lengthening
2733:Crowley, Terry. (1997)
2496:Unpacking (linguistics)
2368:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
1993:Quebec French phonology
1342:
1303:
1264:
1225:
1186:
1147:
1060:"earth" → Proto-Norse *
730:
713:
640:Indo-European languages
616:changed to diphthongs.
54:Quantitative metathesis
2298:Austronesian languages
1529:
1350:
1311:
1272:
1233:
1194:
1155:
608:in which all cases of
511:historical linguistics
2491:Smoothing (phonetics)
1888:, as it did not have
1119:Early New High German
2636:Olsen, Birgit Anette
2594:The Celtic Languages
2064:→ ; or → ; but not
1963:> Early Romanian
1139:/ɛɪ̯ɔɪ̯ɛɪ̯aɪ̯aɪ̯ɔɪ̯/
735:> Modern English
718:> Modern English
194:Transphonologization
2626:91 (1977) 171-218;
2442:in Minangkabau, or
2087:Proto-Indo-European
2081:Proto-Indo-European
1573:→ Scottish Gaelic
1565:→ Scottish Gaelic
850:> Anglo-Frisian
74:Consonant gradation
2330:before word-final
2302:Some languages in
1569:and Archaic Irish
1115:Middle High German
1109:German and Yiddish
667:, where the short
459:Consonant mutation
434:Monophthongization
316:Consonant mutation
2689:978-0-85883-408-8
2523:Kathryn LaBouff,
2473:dialect, or into
2416:transphonologized
2012:(because short a)
1864:
1863:
1587:Romance languages
1581:Romance languages
1546:
1512:
1478:
1458:
1432:
1412:
1369:
1330:
1291:
1252:
1213:
1174:
1042:Norwegian Nynorsk
856:> Old English
828:when followed by
785:palatal consonant
693:Great Vowel Shift
687:Great Vowel Shift
602:Great Vowel Shift
507:
506:
454:Shm-reduplication
444:Rhinoglottophilia
280:Consonant harmony
181:Cluster reduction
16:(Redirected from
2758:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2712:. Archived from
2711:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2670:10.15144/PL-C119
2657:
2651:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2588:
2582:
2581:24 (1957) 33-45.
2572:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
1947:) > Romanian
1891:
1887:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1606:
1599:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1386:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
965:Norwegian Bokmål
948:"I" → (east) ON
940:. Examples are:
881:
880:
868:
867:
855:
854:
849:
848:
790:
782:
775:
771:
767:
763:
741:
733:
724:
716:
705:
698:
635:
631:
615:
611:
580:
568:
523:diphthongization
499:
492:
485:
30:
29:
21:
18:Diphthongization
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2658:
2654:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2565:6 (1879) 16-30.
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2487:
2300:
2295:
2234:
2195:"front side" →
2182:
2123:
2083:
2024:→ ; but not in
2008:→ ; but not in
1995:
1989:
1971:"stone" (where
1879:
1871:Main articles:
1869:
1675:in Italian and
1583:
1559:
1557:Scottish Gaelic
1111:
916:stressed short
911:
905:
844:Proto-Germanic
811:
803:Main articles:
801:
793:velar consonant
754:
748:
689:
661:
655:
647:
642:
622:
598:
555:
547:
503:
474:
473:
374:
366:
365:
364:
363:
335:
302:
285:
284:
261:Final devoicing
231:
221:
220:
196:
186:
185:
156:
146:
145:
121:
104:
103:
99:Debuccalization
69:
59:
58:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:on 2017-08-08.
2695:
2688:
2652:
2644:J.E. Rasmussen
2610:
2603:
2583:
2567:
2551:
2538:
2529:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2382:are broken to
2322:are broken to
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2232:
2222:
2214:"breast" (but
2180:
2170:
2121:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2013:
1991:Main article:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1967:> Romanian
1953:
1952:
1937:
1932:> Romanian
1906:
1905:
1900:> Romanian
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:Syllable shape
1582:
1579:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1523:
1489:
1443:
1377:
1376:
1337:
1298:
1259:
1220:
1181:
1135:/ɛːoːøːiːyːuː/
1110:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1054:
1016:
1015:
1014:
914:Proto-Germanic
907:Main article:
904:
901:
888:
887:
874:
861:
800:
797:
758:Middle English
750:Main article:
747:
746:Middle English
744:
743:
742:
725:
701:Modern English
688:
685:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
646:
643:
641:
638:
621:
618:
597:
594:
554:
551:
546:
543:
519:vowel fracture
515:vowel breaking
505:
504:
502:
501:
494:
487:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
347:
342:
336:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Palatalization
243:
241:Coarticulation
238:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
141:Vowel breaking
138:
133:
128:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
94:L-vocalization
91:
89:Spirantization
86:
81:
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
45:
44:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2763:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2604:9780415010351
2600:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2575:K. M. Nielsen
2571:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2545:J. Svensson,
2542:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:Proto-Malayic
2309:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:Quebec French
1994:
1987:Quebec French
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:"heart" → ON
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
941:
939:
936:except after
935:
932:regularly in
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
900:
897:
893:
885:
875:
872:
862:
859:
843:
842:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
810:
806:
796:
794:
786:
777:
759:
753:
738:
734:
732:
726:
721:
717:
715:
709:
708:
707:
702:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
650:
637:
627:
617:
607:
603:
596:Unconditioned
593:
591:
586:
584:
576:
572:
562:
560:
550:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
480:
478:
477:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:Sulcalization
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
360:
357:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:
304:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:Dissimilation
289:
288:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:vowel harmony
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Labialization
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
216:Floating tone
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
155:
150:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:
115:
114:
111:
108:
107:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
68:
63:
62:
55:
52:
51:
48:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
31:
19:
2751:Vowel shifts
2734:
2728:Bibliography
2714:the original
2661:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2549:, Lund 1944.
2546:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:glottal stop
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2240:
2228:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2176:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2117:
2090:
2084:
2074:
2073:→ ; but not
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:→ ; but not
2051:
2045:
2044:→ ; but not
2041:
2035:
2034:→ ; but not
2031:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1880:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:in Spanish,
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1601:
1594:
1593:open vowels
1591:Vulgar Latin
1584:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1495:
1387:in words of
1382:
1378:
1348:
1340:
1309:
1301:
1270:
1262:
1231:
1223:
1192:
1184:
1153:
1145:
1112:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1002:
992:
985:
978:
974:
967:
956:
949:
945:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
895:
891:
889:
883:
870:
857:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
812:
778:
755:
736:
728:
727:Old English
719:
711:
710:Old English
690:
680:
676:
672:
669:front vowels
662:
648:
626:Vulgar Latin
623:
599:
590:assimilation
587:
563:
559:assimilatory
556:
553:Assimilation
548:
527:sound change
522:
518:
514:
508:
326:Vowel hiatus
251:Velarization
229:Assimilation
206:Nasalization
140:
84:Assibilation
34:Sound change
2679:1885/145782
2481:elsewhere.
2418:by loss of
2362:"egg"). In
2308:Minangkabau
2191:protioHkʷom
1712:Portuguese
1686:in French.
1627:, in which
1180:("eternal")
1127:/aɪ̯ɔʏ̯aʊ̯/
924:or (before
815:Old English
799:Old English
531:monophthong
469:Chain shift
464:Vowel shift
384:Affrication
373:Other types
321:Tone sandhi
211:Tonogenesis
38:alternation
2628:J.S. Klein
2618:F. Normier
2502:References
2153:śāw-, śāy-
2136:"alive" →
2056:neutralité
1649:Portuguese
1552:("basket")
1336:("friend")
1297:("to cut")
1099:epenthesis
896:io, eo, ea
826:io, eo, ea
760:, a vowel
575:pharyngeal
539:triphthong
389:Gemination
350:Synaeresis
119:Epenthesis
47:Metathesis
2247:"long" →
2107:Tocharian
2095:laryngeal
2046:autrement
2038:(short o)
2026:fleuriste
1637:*/kuoiʃa/
1543:romanized
1509:romanized
1492:Old Czech
1475:romanized
1455:romanized
1429:romanized
1409:romanized
1366:romanized
1327:romanized
1288:romanized
1273:schneiden
1249:romanized
1210:romanized
1171:romanized
1078:Norwegian
983:Jutlandic
972:Icelandic
934:Old Norse
903:Old Norse
791:before a
783:before a
756:In early
628:open-mid
535:diphthong
439:Rhotacism
359:Synizesis
354:diaeresis
333:Synalepha
311:linking R
266:Metaphony
176:Haplology
161:Apheresis
136:Unpacking
126:Prothesis
110:Fortition
2745:Category
2485:See also
2219:prátīka-
2212:pratsāko
2207:"face",
2205:prósōpon
2201:πρόσωπον
2132:gʷioHwos
2103:Armenian
1951:"flower"
1882:Romanian
1867:Romanian
1715:Catalan
1709:Italian
1703:Spanish
1645:*/lieit/
1609:stressed
1395:origin:
1375:("skin")
1322:פֿרײַנד
1258:("nice")
1219:("high")
1123:/iːyːuː/
920:becomes
884:liornian
882:> OE
869:> OE
414:Iotacism
409:Betacism
399:Fronting
394:Clipping
379:Apophony
131:Paragoge
67:Lenition
2559:H. Paul
2471:Pesisir
2408:*tənoar
2370:vowels
2356:*təluar
2314:vowels
2304:Sumatra
2243:duaHros
2209:Toch. B
2150:Toch. B
2075:onzième
1801:stam, p
1729:tram, f
1706:French
1659:became
1641:*/uoit/
1625:Catalan
1621:Spanish
1617:Italian
1545::
1534:Yiddish
1511::
1500:Yiddish
1486:menorah
1477::
1466:Yiddish
1457::
1435:peysekh
1431::
1420:Yiddish
1411::
1368::
1357:Yiddish
1329::
1318:Yiddish
1294:shnaydn
1290::
1279:Yiddish
1251::
1240:Yiddish
1212::
1201:Yiddish
1173::
1166:אייביק
1162:Yiddish
1131:Yiddish
1085:Faroese
1070:Swedish
1035:Faroese
1028:Swedish
1007:Suðuroy
999:Faroese
990:Nynorsk
954:Swedish
938:w, r, l
892:i, e, æ
886:"learn"
879:*lizaną
873:"earth"
858:feallan
853:*fællan
847:*fallan
822:i, e, æ
645:English
606:English
583:palatal
533:into a
525:is the
404:Raising
340:Elision
307:Liaison
171:Apocope
166:Syncope
154:Elision
2686:
2646:, in:
2638:, in:
2630:, in:
2620:, in:
2601:
2404:*tənur
2390:, and
2378:, and
2366:, the
2364:Rejang
2352:*təlur
2310:, the
2179:protih
2089:(PIE)
2066:pincer
2052:neutre
2010:tardif
1969:piatră
1965:pietră
1959:Latin
1949:floare
1943:(stem
1939:Latin
1936:"gate"
1934:poartă
1928:Latin
1904:"skin"
1898:pellis
1896:Latin
1875:, and
1856:sta, p
1845:sta, p
1834:sta, p
1812:sta, p
1793:Closed
1783:dra, f
1772:dra, f
1761:tra, f
1751:rre, f
1740:dra, f
1700:Latin
1613:French
1526:Polish
1520:chrain
1515:khreyn
1481:mnoyre
1461:m'norá
1446:Hebrew
1440:Pesach
1415:pésach
1400:Hebrew
1393:Slavic
1389:Hebrew
1385:/ɛːoː/
1347:→ NHG
1333:fraynd
1312:Freund
1308:→ NHG
1304:vriunt
1283:שנײַדן
1269:→ NHG
1265:snîden
1230:→ NHG
1226:schœne
1191:→ NHG
1152:→ NHG
1103:umlaut
1074:Danish
1052:hjerte
1049:Danish
1045:hjarta
1038:hjarta
1031:hjärta
1024:hjarta
1020:hertōn
970:, and
961:Danish
860:"fall"
832:or by
807:, and
740:/haʊs/
704:/aɪaʊ/
697:/iːuː/
620:Stress
424:Merger
419:Fusion
345:Crasis
300:Sandhi
274:umlaut
236:Fusion
2717:(PDF)
2710:(PDF)
2412:tênoa
2410:>
2406:>
2360:talua
2358:>
2354:>
2283:dūrus
2276:dūrá-
2269:erkar
2257:dērós
2253:δηρός
2167:vīvus
2160:jīvá-
2155:(but
2099:Greek
2062:pince
2042:autre
2036:forte
2022:fleur
1961:petra
1945:flōr-
1930:porta
1902:piele
1823:te, p
1805:rtam
1585:Many
1549:koysh
1504:כריין
1496:chřěn
1470:מנורה
1450:מנורה
1255:sheyn
1244:שיין
1234:schön
1216:hoykh
1205:הויך
1177:eybik
1129:. In
1064:→ ON
1009:have
981:(but
946:ek(a)
871:eorþe
866:*erþō
737:house
723:/aɪs/
571:velar
545:Types
529:of a
521:, or
2684:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2477:and
2465:and
2457:and
2422:and
2398:and
2326:and
2318:and
2280:Lat.
2273:Skt.
2265:twār
2261:Arm.
2216:Skt.
2183:kʷom
2164:Lat.
2157:Skt.
2146:zōós
2142:ζωός
2120:gʷih
2105:and
2091:i, u
2071:onze
2032:fort
2016:père
2006:tard
1941:flōs
1920:and
1912:and
1860:rta
1849:rta
1838:rta
1827:rte
1816:rta
1733:cum
1721:Open
1679:and
1671:and
1663:and
1655:and
1631:and
1615:and
1600:and
1538:קויש
1530:kosz
1424:פּסח
1372:hoyt
1361:הויט
1351:Haut
1339:MHG
1300:MHG
1261:MHG
1222:MHG
1195:hoch
1187:hôch
1183:MHG
1156:ewig
1148:êwic
1144:MHG
1088:jørð
1081:jord
1066:jǫrð
1062:erþū
1058:erþō
1056:PG *
1018:PG *
986:æ, a
963:and
944:PG *
834:r, l
787:and
691:The
632:and
614:/uː/
612:and
610:/iː/
352:and
36:and
2674:hdl
2666:doi
2479:-êu
2475:-êi
2469:in
2467:-au
2463:-ai
2459:*-u
2455:*-i
2249:Gk.
2239:→ *
2235:ros
2231:duh
2225:PIE
2197:Gk.
2187:→ *
2173:PIE
2138:Gk.
2128:→ *
2124:wos
2114:PIE
2097:in
1997:In
1977:iea
1916:to
1890:/ɔ/
1886:/ɛ/
1776:go
1765:co
1744:go
1684:/ø/
1633:/ɔ/
1629:/ɛ/
1607:in
1605:/ɔ/
1598:/ɛ/
1404:פסח
1343:hût
1101:or
1011:jeg
995:).
968:jeg
957:jag
950:jak
876:PG
863:PG
813:In
789:/u/
781:/i/
774:/h/
770:/u/
766:/h/
762:/i/
731:hūs
720:ice
681:pit
677:pet
673:pat
634:/ɔ/
630:/ɛ/
604:in
585:).
579:/i/
573:or
567:/u/
537:or
509:In
2747::
2698:^
2682:.
2672:.
2577:,
2448:*h
2446:,
2444:*k
2440:*k
2438:,
2436:*t
2434:,
2432:*p
2424:*r
2420:*l
2400:*ŋ
2396:*k
2392:oa
2388:ea
2386:,
2384:êa
2374:,
2372:*ə
2348:*r
2346:,
2344:*ŋ
2342:,
2340:*l
2338:,
2336:*k
2334:,
2332:*h
2328:ua
2324:ia
2320:*u
2316:*i
2285:).
2278:,
2267:→
2259:,
2162:,
2148:,
2101:,
2018:→
1973:ia
1922:oa
1918:ea
1892::
1814:ue
1810:ie
1787:c
1763:uo
1759:ie
1753:eu
1749:ie
1742:ue
1738:ie
1681:eu
1677:ie
1673:uo
1669:ie
1665:ue
1661:ie
1643:,
1639:,
1575:uə
1571:oː
1567:iə
1563:eː
1540:,
1536::
1532:→
1528::
1522:")
1518:("
1506:,
1502::
1498:→
1494::
1488:")
1484:("
1472:,
1468::
1464:→
1452:,
1448::
1442:")
1438:("
1426:,
1422::
1418:→
1406:,
1402::
1363:,
1359::
1355:,
1324:,
1320::
1316:,
1285:,
1281::
1277:,
1246:,
1242::
1238:,
1207:,
1203::
1199:,
1168:,
1164::
1160:,
1137:→
1125:→
1121::
1105:.
1083:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1047:,
1040:,
1033:,
1026:,
1003:eg
993:eg
988:,
979:ég
977:→
975:ek
959:,
952:,
930:jǫ
928:)
922:ja
795:.
714:īs
706:.
683:.
679:,
675:,
541:.
517:,
513:,
309:,
272:,
2692:.
2676::
2668::
2607:.
2430:(
2402:(
2380:u
2376:i
2350:(
2271:(
2263:*
2233:2
2227:*
2221:)
2181:3
2175:*
2169:)
2122:3
2116:*
1979:)
1914:o
1910:e
1858:o
1854:e
1852:f
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1830:f
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1821:ê
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1095:e
1013:.
926:u
918:e
838:w
830:h
498:e
491:t
484:v
276:)
268:(
20:)
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