25:
4500:
4311:-oriented grammatical and phonological structures, uses a number of consonant clusters in its words. Since it is designed to be as universal as possible, it allows a type of anaptyxis called "buffering" to be used if a speaker finds a cluster difficult or impossible to pronounce. A vowel sound that is nonexistent in Lojban (usually /ɪ/ as in
4321:) is added between two consonants to make the word easier to pronounce. Despite altering the phonetics of a word, the use of buffering is completely ignored by grammar. Also, the vowel sound used must not be confused with any existing Lojban vowel.
2151:). Some accounts distinguish between "intrusive" optional vowels, vowel-like releases of consonants as phonetic detail, and true epenthetic vowels that are required by the phonotactics of the language and are
4340:) (pronounced ) hard or impossible to pronounce, the vowel can be pronounced between the two consonants, resulting in the form . Nothing changes grammatically, including the word's spelling and the
4356:
is known as "movement epenthesis" and occurs, most commonly, during the boundary between signs while the hands move from the posture required by the first sign to that required by the next.
942:
While epenthesis most often occurs between two vowels or two consonants, it can also occur between a vowel and a consonant or at the ends of words. For example, the
Japanese prefix
2840:
French in fact presents three layers in the vocabulary in which initial vowel epenthesis is or is not applied, depending on the time a word came into the language:
814:, and a consonant or vowel may be added to make pronunciation easier. Epenthesis may be represented in writing, or it may be a feature only of the spoken language.
2229:
Similarly as above, a vowel may be inserted in the middle of a word to resolve an impermissible word-final consonant cluster. An example of this can be found in
4553:
1145:
4037:
4019:
In
Standard Finnish, consonant clusters may not be broken by epenthetic vowels; foreign words undergo consonant deletion rather than addition of vowels:
586:
2265:
4509:, 3.13 /r/, pp. 92–95, citing unpublished "The phonology of Japanese /r/: a panchronic account" by same author, originally from Ph.D. thesis
654:
1837:
analysis. As for a diachronic (historical) analysis, since epenthetic consonants are not used regularly in modern
Japanese, the epenthetic
1413:. However, a synchronic analysis, in keeping with the perception of most native speakers, would (though incorrectly) see it as epenthesis:
4694:
2176:
at the end of a word, often as a result of the common sound change where vowels at the end of a word are deleted. For example, in the
1189:
4581:
2334:
547:
4678:
4657:
4536:
670:) or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word. The opposite process, where one or more sounds are removed, is referred to as
2303:
3655:
3447:, and others try to approximate the nearest equivalents in Portuguese of the phonemes in the original language. The word
2799:'two-edged sword, typically used by cavalry' becomes the normal word for 'sword' in Romance languages with an inserted
4625:
3876:
In colloquial registers of
Brazilian Portuguese, is sometimes inserted between consonant clusters except those with
1338:
1307:
is inserted in inverted interrogative phrases between a verb ending in a vowel and a pronoun beginning with a vowel:
68:
46:
3627:
39:
4511:
Le statut phonologique de /r/ en japonais et en coréen : histoire, typologie, structure interne des segments
568:
129:
3766:
Epenthesis most often occurs within unfamiliar or complex consonant clusters. For example, in
English, the name
3849:
as "ath-e-lete". Some apparent occurrences of epenthesis, however, have a separate cause: the pronunciation of
4615:
4466:
4326:
3396:
296:
4117:
are of interest. In
Standard Finnish, they are slightly intensified before a consonant in a medial cluster:
3925:
3916:
3428:
3420:
3412:
4041:. However, modern loans may not end in consonants. Even if the word, such as a personal name, is native, a
3180:
Vocalic epenthesis typically occurs when words are borrowed from a language that has consonant clusters or
4289:
4046:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3858:
3807:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3566:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3503:
3464:
3440:
3436:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3368:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3199:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
2955:
2917:
2913:
2849:
2845:
2800:
2790:
2470:
2436:
2281:
2270:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2206:
2202:
2184:
2072:
1854:
1838:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1304:
582:
578:
3480:
3364:
3297:
3278:
3259:
3246:
3739:). The practice is no longer productive as of late 20th century and a few such words have changed back:
4709:
4412:
2355:
540:
4004:. The second is , connecting stems that have historically been consonant stems to their case endings:
2786:
311:
88:
4132:
4461:
4421:
4375:
2366:
1575:
479:
279:
251:
97:
33:
3935:
3833:
Epenthesis is sometimes used for humorous or childlike effect. For example, the cartoon character
1337:
is the original third-person verb inflection. It is incorrect to call it epenthesis unless viewed
4387:
3169:
3004:
2177:
1030:
823:
660:
449:
361:
211:
186:
176:
104:
474:
4425:
3530:
3484:
3475:
3444:
2238:
2187:
was added when final non-open vowels were dropped leaving /Cr/ clusters at the end, e.g. Latin
1632:
564:
454:
50:
261:
4719:
3606:
2848:
in inherited and commonly-used learned and semi-learned words, which then drop the following
2330:
850:
533:
4606:
Liddell, Scott; Johnson, Robert (2011), "American Sign
Language: The Phonological Base", in
3172:
analysis as the vowel was originally present in the suffix but has been lost in most words.
658:) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable (
4304:
3966:, there are two epenthetic vowels and two nativization vowels. One epenthetic vowel is the
3823:
3388:
807:
444:
244:
2958:
is not inserted and uncommon old learned borrowings are remolded to look more like Latin:
1888:
1584:
is often added as a transitional sound between the parts of a nasal + fricative sequence:
8:
2490:
2380:
1268:
922:
404:
216:
124:
4714:
4646:
4096:
3613:
3008:
2295:
1744:
1364:
858:
509:
484:
469:
366:
286:
4668:
4324:
An example of buffering in Lojban is that if a speaker finds the cluster in the word
1751:'s limit of two short syllables so the first syllable is lengthened by adding another
1548:
4674:
4653:
4621:
4532:
4471:
4431:
4128:
3609:
3209:
3108:
2494:
2446:
2290:
1857:
would then be not epenthetic but simply an archaic pronunciation. Another example is
1772:
811:
504:
494:
330:
231:
3115:
of a language. Regular or semi-regular epenthesis commonly occurs in languages with
1532:
3963:
3815:
3799:
3598:
3562:
3540:
3460:
3374:
2508:
2409:
2311:
2285:
2092:
1680:
1644:
1628:
1594:
1361:
1348:
1232:
1034:
854:
750:
605:
357:
1516:
1500:
1151:
1001:
4559:
3534:
3488:
3303:
3282:
2829:
2423:
2338:
2299:
2250:
2230:
1748:
1300:
149:
2020:
1867:
1785:
1484:
4417:
3943:
3845:
football fans in which
England is usually rendered as or the pronunciation of
3819:
3432:
3263:
3203:
2504:
2413:
2261:
1581:
1425:
1141:
650:
291:
191:
144:
139:
3469:
3187:
Languages use various vowels, but schwa is quite common when it is available:
2789:, a prothetic vowel was inserted at the beginning of any word that began with
2412:, in which former word-initial consonant clusters, which were still extant in
2310:
Vowel insertion in the middle of a word can be observed in the history of the
1462:
1007:
849:
A consonant may be placed between consonants in a consonant cluster where the
4703:
4607:
4486:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4353:
4341:
3971:
3795:
3753:
3181:
3120:
2315:
2075:
developed "as a default, epenthetic consonant in the intervocalic position".
1185:
499:
341:
320:
306:
266:
4620:(5 ed.), Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, pp. 315–316,
1379:
1319:('has he?'). There is no epenthesis from a historical perspective since the
688:
4481:
4407:
4089:
3939:
3543:
also does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word and typically uses
3112:
2319:
1842:
1444:
is inserted in between. For example, the comparative form of the adjective
822:
A consonant may be added to separate vowels in hiatus, as is the case with
803:
376:
301:
256:
134:
84:
16:
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
4135:, have epenthesis instead and use the preceding vowel in clusters of type
3951:
1468:
1446:
1013:
995:
4045:
is needed to connect a consonantal case ending to the word. The vowel is
3602:
3453:
2925:
2921:
2257:
1375:
1175:
1078:
519:
514:
434:
371:
3947:
1430:
989:
4611:
3967:
3463:
does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word, and typically uses
3233:
2859:
2194:
2068:
439:
400:
324:
2056:
2038:
1924:
1906:
4149:
4139:
3834:
3678:
3632:
3616:
2834:
2152:
1775:
use epenthetic consonants to separate vowels. An example is the word
1759:, and may have been the normal way of pronouncing a word starting in
1434:(which has several meanings) is attached to a word already ending in
1398:
1193:
732:
595:
489:
409:
383:
316:
226:
160:
3861:) in some North American dialects arises out of analogy with other -
2480:
vowel in sequences of a consonant followed by a flap. For instance,
4673:. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press.
4528:
4456:
4381:
4369:
4042:
1210:
666:
574:
464:
459:
429:
181:
117:
4161:. (In Finnish linguistics, the phenomenon is often referred to as
4178:
3842:
2758:
2156:
1405:
disappearing except if a following vowel required its retention:
879:
671:
390:
221:
204:
1081:
4476:
4436:
4393:
4300:
4247:
3493:
3191:
2989:
2898:
2880:
2862:
2816:
2365:) in modern Russian and Ukrainian. Other Slavic languages used
2197:
1755:. However, the pronunciation was often not written with double
1026:
395:
350:
2493:
carry an inherent vowel after each consonant. For example, in
1615:
4365:
4308:
3827:
3771:
3672:
3195:
3116:
2477:
2465:
2431:
2408:
Another environment can be observed in the history of Modern
2348:
2181:
2137:
1051:
736:
2761:
words also undergo anaptyxis, for example, the
English word
1659:
1653:
623:
3910:
is pronounced in a number of dialects). Examples would be
3565:
does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word with an
3377:
2369:
for the vowel and the syllable-final consonant, producing *
2104:
1689:
917:
A vowel may be placed between consonants to separate them.
762:
641:
626:
617:
3938:
of people from lower classes, such as those arriving from
3929:
3920:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3491:, copy vowels are often used as well, e.g. English/French
3802:
are some of the dialects that may insert a schwa between
3084:
3046:
3017:
was placed at the beginning of the word before the sound
2125:
2116:
2098:
1603:
783:
774:
756:
632:
608:
4181:
in
Finnish so there is usually no danger of confusion.)
3350:
is followed by a consonant or when a syllable ends with
2476:
In Spanish, as a phonetic detail, it is usual to find a
2269:'field, acre' would have ended up with an impermissible
3547:
to break up such clusters in borrowings except between
2005:
1999:
1993:
3513:
3498:
2460:
2454:
2426:
2388:
2383:
2360:
2342:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2101:
2095:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1650:
1609:
786:
780:
777:
759:
753:
635:
629:
620:
4390:: the addition of a sound to the beginning of a word
2440:
2417:
2394:
2274:
2113:
2107:
1612:
771:
765:
614:
573:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3734:
3716:
3660:
2110:
1683:
1656:
1647:
1606:
1600:
1597:
768:
611:
4645:
4552:Thompson, Phil; Armstrong, Eric (March 15, 2010).
4396:: the inclusion of a whole word within another one
3184:that are not permitted in the borrowing language.
3078:
3062:
3040:
3024:
3018:
3012:
2323:
1992:occurs only in the example; it can be analyzed as
4551:
3782:(), and many speakers insert a schwa between the
1178:
4701:
1271:
1133:
1127:
802:Epenthesis arises for a variety of reasons. The
587:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3467:to break up such clusters in borrowings: Latin
3134:) is inserted before the English plural suffix
3111:or vowel sequence that is not permitted by the
2047:
2029:
2011:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1915:
1897:
1879:
1858:
1776:
1156:
973:
958:
943:
4605:
4384:: the addition of a sound to the end of a word
3292:
3273:
3254:
3241:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2628:
2622:
2606:
2600:
2584:
2578:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2518:
2498:
2054:
2036:
2018:
1985:
1970:
1962:is common (occurring before a consonant), and
1955:
1940:
1922:
1904:
1886:
1865:
1827:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1783:
980:
965:
950:
912:
844:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4020:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3746:
3740:
3722:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3666:
3648:
3638:
3620:
3590:
3580:
2810:
2804:
2481:
2449:
2318:in medieval times. An example of this is the
1235:
806:of a given language may discourage vowels in
541:
4637:
3841:. Another example is found in the chants of
3507:
3359:
3286:
2995:
2977:
2965:
2947:
2935:
2904:
2886:
2868:
2822:
2374:
2241:
2216:
2162:
1932:. It exhibits epenthesis on both morphemes:
1845:. It is also possible that Old Japanese /ame
1352:
1342:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1121:
1115:
1099:
1093:
1060:
727:. Epenthesis may be divided into two types:
4295:
3728:
3710:
3574:
3267:
3142:when the root ends in a similar consonant:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2941:
2929:
2892:
2874:
2853:
2794:
2512:
2400:
2210:
2188:
1738:
1729:
1714:
1493:
1439:
1341:since the modern basic form of the verb is
1326:
1258:
1218:
1054:
4614:; Mulrooney, Kristin; et al. (eds.),
4579:
3770:is commonly pronounced with an epenthetic
3443:. Most speakers pronounce borrowings with
2416:, are regularly broken up: Middle Persian
1045:
1017:), is an example of terminal excrescence.
972:when it is followed by a consonant, as in
853:is different (such as if one consonant is
548:
534:
4652:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
4648:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics
4573:
4555:Glossonomia: Episode 7: Schwa [ə]
3942:in internal migrations to cities such as
2205:'black' (thus avoiding the impermissible
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
4378:: the reordering of sounds within a word
3371:vowels and a split of English diphthong
32:This article includes a list of general
4666:
4643:
4506:
3529:). Many other modern varieties such as
4702:
4252:. (An exception is that in Pohjanmaa,
3525:corresponds to Modern Standard Arabic
2280:), so it was resolved by inserting an
1960:, (gemination of following consonant))
970:, (gemination of following consonant))
4617:Linguistics of American Sign Language
3873:, etc.) rather than from epenthesis.
3537:allow word-initial clusters, however.
2920:in learned words borrowed during the
1351:process is therefore the addition of
4599:
4522:
4359:
3934:. Some dialects also use , which is
3514:
3499:
3395:, which, in most dialects, triggers
2780:
2461:
2427:
817:
577:. For the distinction between ,
18:
4347:
4288:. Also, in a small region in Savo,
4061:, or in the case of personal name,
3818:, a phenomenon that also occurs in
3474:
3102:
2450:
2242:
1878:A complex example of epenthesis is
1763:rather than a poetic modification.
1374:before a vowel. It originated from
13:
4531:: Assam Book Depot. pp. 3–4.
3761:
3342:depending on the source language.
2793:and another consonant, e.g. Latin
2172:Many languages insert a so-called
2085:Epenthesis of a vowel is known as
1294:
1042:is the epenthesis of a consonant.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4731:
4688:
3175:
2852:after the medieval period: Latin
2224:
937:
3497:(car horn) > Egyptian Arabic
3373:
3338:may also be used after borrowed
3003:Similarly, at some point in the
2373:in this case, as seen in Polish
2091:
1728:(accusative plural) > poetic
1707:
1679:
1643:
1593:
1569:
1401:analysis would see the original
749:
604:
23:
4036:
3619:followed by another consonant:
2757:) etc. in Assamese. Other, non-
2264:
1809:is added to separate the final
1667:often pronounced with an added
1623:often pronounced with an added
1498:. Similarly, the agent noun of
1144:
743:(in Sanskrit) or alternatively
569:International Phonetic Alphabet
130:Consonant voicing and devoicing
4545:
4516:
4167:; the same word can also mean
2486:'vinegar' may be but also .
2167:
1766:
1020:
1:
3957:
3107:Epenthesis often breaks up a
2497:, the inherent vowel is "o" (
2314:, which had a preference for
1771:A limited number of words in
1737:The three short syllables in
664:) or in the ending syllable (
4523:Deka, Dharma Singha (2019).
4493:
3837:says "pic-a-nic basket" for
3679:
3633:
3506:'car horn', but note French
3085:
3079:
3047:
3041:
2466:
2459:> modern Iranian Persian
2441:
2432:
2418:
2349:
2193:'(shiny) black' > * >
2080:
1894:, 'deep blue, ghastly pale')
1849:/ was once pronounced */same
905:
735:, and for the addition of a
677:
7:
4513:, Paris 7 University, 1993.
4400:
3735:
3717:
3661:
2954:then in the modern period,
2767:
2741:
2723:
2705:
2687:
2669:
2651:
2629:
2607:
2585:
2563:
2541:
2519:
2455:
2389:
2361:
2048:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1916:
1898:
1880:
1859:
1828:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1777:
974:
959:
944:
913:Breaking consonant clusters
845:Bridging consonant clusters
10:
4736:
4667:Labrune, Laurence (2012).
4580:Savolainen, Erkki (1998).
4229:. Ambiguities may result:
3814:() under the influence of
3673:
3626:
3138:and the past tense suffix
3063:
3025:
3019:
3013:
2343:
2138:
1573:
1188:
1024:
993:, often found in the form
653:
4670:The Phonology of Japanese
4638:General and cited sources
3930:
3921:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3882:
3729:
3711:
3654:
3360:
3293:
3274:
3255:
3242:
3194:uses a single vowel, the
2787:Western Romance languages
2773:
2753:
2747:
2735:
2729:
2717:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2663:
2657:
2645:
2623:
2601:
2579:
2557:
2535:
2513:
2499:
2384:
2354:
2055:
2037:
2019:
1986:
1971:
1956:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1887:
1866:
1784:
1530:), but the agent noun of
1466:, but the comparative of
1360:A similar example is the
981:
966:
951:
4588:(in Finnish). Internetix
4422:Co-articulated consonant
4352:A type of epenthesis in
4296:In constructed languages
3822:due to the influence of
3457:as in the example above.
3367:, with three epenthetic
3023:, leading to words like
2994:> remolded to modern
2988:> learned Old French
2844:insertion of epenthetic
2256:. In the development of
2026:, 'drizzle, light rain')
957:transforms regularly to
480:Compensatory lengthening
252:Compensatory lengthening
4644:Crowley, Terry (1997).
4325:
3936:deemed as stereotypical
3445:spelling pronunciations
3354:. For example, English
3314:is used after borrowed
3236:. For example, English
3005:Proto-Armenian language
2990:
2899:
2881:
2863:
2817:
2517:). Sanskrit words like
2333:inserted an epenthetic
2325:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2237:'heart' corresponds to
2198:
2178:Gallo-Romance languages
2163:Historical sound change
1492:and not the expected **
1397:in all positions, so a
1378:
1331:('he has'), and so the
1180:
1157:
1150:
1082:
1046:Historical sound change
1031:Linking and intrusive R
955:, 'pure …, complete …')
824:linking and intrusive R
797:
565:phonetic transcriptions
105:Quantitative metathesis
53:more precise citations.
4426:Secondary articulation
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4186:
4163:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:. Some dialects, like
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4035:) from Proto-Germanic
4021:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3906:; note syllable-final
3752:
3747:
3741:
3723:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3667:
3649:
3639:
3621:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3531:North Levantine Arabic
3508:
3485:Modern Standard Arabic
3468:
3287:
3268:
3011:, the prothetic vowel
2996:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2905:
2893:
2887:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2828:
2823:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2482:
2422:'brother' > modern
2401:
2395:
2375:
2239:Modern Standard Arabic
2217:
2211:
2189:
1739:
1730:
1715:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1440:
1429:
1428:, whenever the suffix
1353:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1325:is derived from Latin
1321:
1315:
1309:
1272:
1259:
1236:
1219:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1100:
1094:
1061:
1055:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
731:for the addition of a
687:
562:This article contains
4368:: the insertion of a
3896:) or syllable-ending
3671:< Byzantine Greek
3573:to such words: Latin
3512:> Egyptian Arabic
3249:in Japanese; English
3168:. However, this is a
3130:(here abbreviated as
2803:: Spanish/Portuguese
2331:East Slavic languages
2329:'town', in which the
2071:argues that Japanese
1574:Further information:
1393:), which retained an
987:. The English suffix
851:place of articulation
4305:constructed language
3824:Indo-Aryan languages
3389:Brazilian Portuguese
2491:Indo-Aryan languages
1576:Prince–prints merger
245:Transphonologization
3385:into two syllables.
2381:Old Church Slavonic
1912:, 'pure, complete')
1723:remnants, survivors
1671:sound, GA: or RP:
125:Consonant gradation
4292:is used instead.)
4177:, but it is not a
3605:to loanwords with
3232:, when it uses an
3009:Classical Armenian
2296:syllabic consonant
2294:(cf. the use of a
1745:dactylic hexameter
1365:indefinite article
1357:to the base form.
812:consonant clusters
510:Consonant mutation
485:Monophthongization
367:Consonant mutation
4710:Figures of speech
4695:Definition at BYU
4680:978-0-19-954583-4
4659:978-0-19-558378-6
4538:978-93-82384-00-7
4472:Pharyngealisation
4432:Consonant harmony
4360:Related phenomena
3569:in them and adds
3365:/sɯ.tʰɯ.ɾa.i.kʰɯ/
3119:. For example, a
3109:consonant cluster
2781:Beginning of word
2447:Early New Persian
2439:, Middle Persian
2393:, Serbo-Croatian
2004:(intervocalic) →
1703:often pronounced
1149:> Old English
857:and the other is
818:Separating vowels
558:
557:
505:Shm-reduplication
495:Rhinoglottophilia
331:Consonant harmony
232:Cluster reduction
79:
78:
71:
4727:
4684:
4663:
4651:
4631:
4630:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4520:
4514:
4504:
4348:In sign language
4339:
4336:
4333:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4276:, respectively:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4144:
4126:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3860:
3816:Celtic languages
3809:
3805:
3800:Scottish English
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3594:
3584:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3482:
3478:
3466:
3461:Classical Arabic
3442:
3438:
3430:
3429:/mɛkiˈdonawdʒis/
3422:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3201:
3167:
3156:
3152:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3103:Grammatical rule
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2879:> Old French
2878:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2485:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2353:), which became
2352:
2346:
2345:
2328:
2312:Slavic languages
2286:rhotic consonant
2283:
2279:
2272:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1821:and the initial
1819:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:, a compound of
1792:
1791:, 'spring rain')
1790:
1789:
1780:
1743:do not fit into
1742:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1497:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1438:, an additional
1392:
1389:
1386:
1370:, which becomes
1356:
1349:psycholinguistic
1346:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1313:('he has') >
1312:
1306:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1174:(Reconstructed)
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1140:(Reconstructed)
1137:
1131:
1126:> Portuguese
1125:
1119:
1103:
1097:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1035:Liaison (French)
986:
984:
983:
977:
971:
969:
968:
962:
956:
954:
953:
947:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
726:
723:
720:
713:
710:
707:
700:
697:
694:
657:
648:
647:
644:
643:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
584:
580:
550:
543:
536:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4681:
4660:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4604:
4600:
4591:
4589:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4560:York University
4550:
4546:
4539:
4521:
4517:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4403:
4362:
4350:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4298:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4155:, in Savo also
4085:
4082:
4079:
4043:paragogic vowel
4032:
4029:
4026:
3970:, found in the
3968:preceding vowel
3960:
3764:
3762:Informal speech
3535:Moroccan Arabic
3489:Egyptian Arabic
3399:of a preceding
3376:
3372:
3310:in most cases.
3224:, when it uses
3212:generally uses
3178:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3083:) from Iranian
3074:
3071:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3045:) from Iranian
3036:
3033:
3030:
2783:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2424:Iranian Persian
2341:, resulting in
2339:closed syllable
2273:final cluster (
2251:Egyptian Arabic
2231:Lebanese Arabic
2227:
2170:
2165:
2155:identical with
2148:
2145:
2142:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2052:
2034:
2016:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1920:
1902:
1884:
1873:, 'light rain')
1863:
1852:
1848:
1781:
1769:
1747:because of the
1725:
1722:
1719:
1710:
1682:
1678:
1646:
1642:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1297:
1295:Synchronic rule
1287:
1284:
1281:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1048:
1037:
1023:
985:, 'pure white')
978:
963:
948:
940:
915:
847:
820:
800:
752:
748:
724:
721:
718:
711:
708:
705:
698:
695:
692:
680:
640:
607:
603:
592:
591:
590:
554:
525:
524:
425:
417:
416:
415:
414:
386:
353:
336:
335:
312:Final devoicing
282:
272:
271:
247:
237:
236:
207:
197:
196:
172:
155:
154:
150:Debuccalization
120:
110:
109:
100:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4689:External links
4687:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4608:Valli, Clayton
4598:
4586:Suomen murteet
4572:
4544:
4537:
4525:Rosona Bisitra
4515:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Palatalization
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4418:Coarticulation
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4361:
4358:
4349:
4346:
4297:
4294:
3959:
3956:
3944:Rio de Janeiro
3820:Indian English
3810:in words like
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3596:
3560:
3538:
3458:
3397:palatalization
3386:
3301:
3207:
3204:Israeli Hebrew
3182:syllable codas
3177:
3176:Borrowed words
3174:
3104:
3101:
3001:
3000:
2952:
2910:
2855:stēlla, *stēla
2782:
2779:
2649:) etc. become
2445:'column' >
2414:Middle Persian
2316:open syllables
2262:Proto-Germanic
2226:
2225:Middle of word
2223:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2082:
2079:
2044:, 'fog, mist')
1850:
1846:
1841:could be from
1768:
1765:
1735:
1734:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1672:
1636:
1582:stop consonant
1580:In English, a
1571:
1568:
1339:synchronically
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1255:
1215:
1172:
1142:Proto-Germanic
1138:
1112:
1090:
1076:
1047:
1044:
1022:
1019:
939:
938:Other contexts
936:
935:
934:
914:
911:
910:
909:
891:
876:
846:
843:
842:
841:
819:
816:
799:
796:
696:in addition to
679:
676:
585:⟩, see
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
398:
393:
387:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
354:
349:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:Palatalization
294:
292:Coarticulation
289:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
192:Vowel breaking
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
145:L-vocalization
142:
140:Spirantization
137:
132:
127:
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4732:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4627:9781563685071
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4587:
4583:
4582:"Välivokaali"
4576:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4488:
4487:Vowel harmony
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Language game
4450:
4448:
4447:Labialisation
4445:
4443:
4442:Dissimilation
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:within a word
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4354:sign language
4345:
4343:
4342:syllabication
4329:
4328:
4322:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4188:
4184:For example,
4182:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4133:Ostrobothnian
4130:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3972:illative case
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:/ˈn(j)ukjəlɚ/
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:picnic basket
3836:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3796:Irish English
3793:
3773:
3769:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3725:
3719:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3561:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3483:'street'. In
3477:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3357:
3346:is used when
3305:
3302:
3289:
3284:
3270:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3235:
3216:except after
3211:
3208:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3149:
3145:
3122:
3121:reduced vowel
3118:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3049:
3043:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2912:insertion of
2911:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2815:, Old French
2813:
2807:
2797:
2788:
2778:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2743:
2725:
2707:
2689:
2671:
2653:
2631:
2609:
2587:
2565:
2543:
2521:
2511:, it is "a" (
2510:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2457:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2240:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2136:, from Greek
2133:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2032:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1908:
1900:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:Poetic device
1700:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1570:Variable rule
1567:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:Ancient Greek
1182:
1177:
1173:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:> English
1102:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1086:> English
1084:
1080:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
991:
976:
961:
946:
933:
931:
925:
924:
920:
919:
918:
907:
903:
901:
895:
892:
890:
888:
882:
881:
877:
875:
873:
867:
864:
863:
862:
860:
856:
852:
840:
838:
832:
829:
828:
827:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
795:
791:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
717:
704:
691:
690:
685:
675:
673:
669:
668:
663:
662:
656:
652:
646:
601:
597:
588:
576:
572:
570:
566:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Sulcalization
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
421:
420:
411:
408:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
359:
356:
355:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:Dissimilation
340:
339:
332:
329:
326:
322:
321:vowel harmony
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Labialization
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
276:
275:
268:
267:Floating tone
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
201:
200:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
119:
114:
113:
106:
103:
102:
99:
94:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4720:Phonotactics
4669:
4647:
4616:
4601:
4590:. Retrieved
4585:
4575:
4563:. Retrieved
4554:
4547:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4507:Labrune 2012
4502:
4482:Velarization
4413:Assimilation
4408:Assibilation
4351:
4323:
4299:
4194:Ostrobothnia
4183:
4121:
4099:consonants:
4095:Finnish has
4094:
4090:elative case
4018:
3961:
3940:rural flight
3926:/adivoˈɡadu/
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3811:
3791:
3774:between the
3767:
3765:
3751:< French
3700:
3690:
3644:
3603:close vowels
3586:
3570:
3492:
3473:>
3452:
3448:
3433:vocalization
3431:with normal
3424:
3416:
3408:
3355:
3250:
3237:
3228:, and after
3198:(pronounced
3186:
3179:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3113:phonotactics
3106:
3056:animal mouth
3034:animal mouth
3002:
2916:and keeping
2903:> modern
2885:> modern
2867:> modern
2839:
2821:> modern
2784:
2762:
2503:), while in
2488:
2475:
2407:
2370:
2337:to open the
2320:Proto-Slavic
2309:
2228:
2173:
2171:
2153:acoustically
2086:
2084:
2077:
2066:
1877:
1843:Old Japanese
1834:
1833:. That is a
1826:
1814:
1805:in which an
1770:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1736:
1675:
1668:
1639:
1624:
1589:
1579:
1550:
1486:
1435:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1298:
1274:
1264:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1155:, Old Saxon
1109:
1105:
1087:
1059:> French
1039:
1038:
941:
929:
927:
921:
916:
899:
897:
893:
886:
884:
878:
871:
869:
865:
848:
836:
834:
830:
826:in English.
821:
804:phonotactics
801:
744:
740:
728:
715:
702:
683:
681:
665:
659:
599:
593:
581:and ⟨
563:
377:Vowel hiatus
302:Velarization
280:Assimilation
257:Nasalization
169:
135:Assibilation
85:Sound change
65:
56:
37:
4612:Lucas, Ceil
4558:(Podcast).
4307:that seeks
4217:, and Savo
3917:/tisuˈnami/
3727:< Greek
3712:σταυροειδής
3709:< Greek
3653:< Greek
3625:< Greek
3334:, although
3260:/sɯtoɺiːto/
2926:Renaissance
2922:Middle Ages
2284:before the
2258:Old English
2168:End of word
1767:In Japanese
1525:salesperson
1376:Old English
1347:and so the
1176:Proto-Greek
1079:Old English
1040:Excrescence
1021:Excrescence
741:svarabhakti
729:excrescence
686:comes from
520:Chain shift
515:Vowel shift
435:Affrication
424:Other types
372:Tone sandhi
262:Tonogenesis
89:alternation
51:introducing
4704:Categories
4592:2010-08-26
4462:Metathesis
4376:Metathesis
4366:Infixation
4202:Pohojammaa
4083:about Bush
4052:(Inter)net
3958:In Finnish
3871:particular
3680:Skoutárion
3674:Σκουτάριον
3617:fricatives
3585:, English
3519:/beˈluːzæ/
3481:/sˤiraːtˤ/
3425:McDonald's
3421:/isˈtɾɛsi/
3281:; and the
3234:echo vowel
3170:synchronic
3155:/ˈɡlɑːsᵻz/
2860:Old French
2827:(see also
2809:, Catalan
2437:/bærɑˈdær/
2399:and Czech
2367:metathesis
2335:copy vowel
2195:Old French
2174:prop vowel
2069:hypothesis
2010:; akin to
1835:synchronic
1731:relliquiās
1541:to perform
1399:diachronic
1388:one, a, an
1269:Portuguese
1135:mensageiro
1070:to tremble
1025:See also:
684:epenthesis
600:epenthesis
440:Gemination
401:Synaeresis
170:Epenthesis
98:Metathesis
59:April 2009
34:references
4715:Phonology
4565:March 31,
4494:Citations
4388:Prothesis
4309:logically
4187:Pohjanmaa
3952:São Paulo
3867:binocular
3835:Yogi Bear
3718:stavridís
3691:steamboat
3645:set screw
3601:prefixes
3559:is added.
3504:/kæˈlæks/
3413:/ˈnɛʁdʒi/
3151:/ˈɡlæsᵻz/
2985:speciālis
2973:spatiālis
2961:scholāris
2891:'study',
2835:swordfish
2221:'cart').
2180:, a prop
2146:unfolding
2139:ἀνάπτυξις
2087:anaptyxis
2081:Anaptyxis
2062:, 'rain')
1930:, 'blue')
1740:reliquiās
1716:reliquiās
1561:performer
1533:uitvoeren
1260:audire(m)
1220:homine(m)
1110:passenger
1106:messenger
1056:tremulare
982:真っ白（まっしろ）
923:Hamtramck
894:*a-mrotos
866:something
745:anaptyxis
733:consonant
682:The word
678:Etymology
661:prothesis
655:ἐπένθεσις
596:phonology
490:Rhotacism
410:Synizesis
405:diaeresis
384:Synalepha
362:linking R
317:Metaphony
227:Haplology
212:Apheresis
187:Unpacking
177:Prothesis
161:Fortition
4529:Guwahati
4457:Lenition
4401:See also
4382:Paragoge
4370:morpheme
4076:Bushista
4038:*strandō
3948:Brasília
3922:advogado
3778:and the
3706:istavrit
3701:Scotland
3686:istimbot
3662:skoúmbri
3656:σκουμπρί
3640:setuskur
3614:alveolar
3610:clusters
3555:, when
3479:
3454:estresse
3358:becomes
3247:/kjappɯ/
3240:becomes
3210:Japanese
3166:/ˈbætᵻd/
2991:especiel
2967:scolaire
2909:'school'
2897:> OF
2873:'star',
2765:becomes
2495:Assamese
2471:/soˈtun/
2235:/ˈʔaləb/
2233:, where
2203:/ˈnegrə/
2159:vowels.
2157:phonemic
2013:kirisame
1957:真っ〜（まっ〜）
1778:harusame
1773:Japanese
1674:English
1638:English
1588:English
1517:verkoper
1501:verkopen
1211:ambrosia
1203:immortal
1195:ámbrotos
1190:ἄμβροτος
1129:mensagem
1123:messager
1101:passager
1095:messager
1062:trembler
999:, as in
975:masshiro
967:真っ〜（まっ〜）
859:alveolar
667:paragoge
579:/ /
575:Help:IPA
465:Iotacism
460:Betacism
450:Fronting
445:Clipping
430:Apophony
182:Paragoge
118:Lenition
4264:become
4179:phoneme
3974:ending
3964:Finnish
3931:abdômen
3913:tsunami
3865:words (
3855:nucular
3851:nuclear
3847:athlete
3843:England
3792:realtor
3696:İskoçya
3668:Üsküdar
3650:uskumru
3622:Isparta
3607:initial
3599:Turkish
3582:especie
3576:species
3563:Spanish
3541:Persian
3521:(where
3451:became
3298:/bahha/
3279:/ɡohho/
3148:glasses
3117:affixes
3094:mystery
2997:spécial
2979:spatial
2943:spatium
2931:speciēs
2924:or the
2876:studium
2864:esteile
2830:espadon
2785:In the
2759:Tatsama
2509:Marathi
2483:vinagre
2433:barādar
2410:Persian
1896:, from
1853:/; the
1627:sound,
1590:hamster
1549:uitvoer
1509:to sell
1362:English
1285:to hear
1233:Spanish
1181:amrotos
1117:message
1114:French
1092:French
1088:thunder
1002:amongst
928:Hamtram
880:hamster
831:drawing
722:putting
672:elision
567:in the
455:Raising
391:Elision
358:Liaison
222:Apocope
217:Syncope
205:Elision
47:improve
4677:
4656:
4624:
4535:
4477:Sandhi
4437:Crasis
4394:Tmesis
4301:Lojban
4248:salami
4239:strait
4226:vanaha
4214:ryhymä
4097:moraic
4001:taloon
3989:maahan
3977:-(h)*n
3883:atleta
3768:Dwight
3736:Smírni
3730:Σμύρνη
3634:Sparti
3628:Σπάρτη
3592:estrés
3587:stress
3509:blouse
3494:klaxon
3476:صِرَاط
3470:strāta
3449:stress
3417:stress
3356:strike
3304:Korean
3283:German
3262:; the
3251:street
3192:Hebrew
3163:batted
3061:), or
2949:espace
2937:espèce
2900:escole
2894:schola
2882:estude
2870:étoile
2818:espede
2812:espasa
2806:espada
2796:spatha
2630:dvaara
2608:harsha
2572:effort
2520:maaŋsa
2419:brādar
2350:gorodŭ
2344:городъ
2300:Gothic
2266:*akraz
2254:/ʔælb/
2247:/qalb/
2212:carrum
2209:, cf.
2207:/negr/
2190:nigrum
2023:（きりさめ）
2007:massao
1942:真〜（ま〜）
1891:（まっさお）
1881:massao
1860:kosame
1788:（はるさめ）
1749:dactyl
1713:Latin
1640:warmth
1631:: or
1463:zoeter
1316:a-t-il
1301:French
1257:Latin
1217:Latin
1208:; cf.
1166:to sow
1146:*sēaną
1033:, and
1027:Sandhi
1005:(from
952:真〜（ま〜）
855:labial
808:hiatus
716:thesis
583:
475:Merger
470:Fusion
396:Crasis
351:Sandhi
325:umlaut
287:Fusion
36:, but
4327:mlatu
4285:kiria
4279:kirja
4232:salmi
4220:vanha
4208:ryhmä
4172:schwa
4058:netti
4030:shore
4022:ranta
4013:nimen
4007:nim+n
3903:pasta
3893:prato
3863:cular
3828:Hindi
3826:like
3772:schwa
3754:sport
3748:ıspor
3745:<
3724:İzmir
3699:<
3689:<
3643:<
3589:>
3579:>
3515:بلوزة
3427:>
3419:>
3411:>
3391:uses
3361:스트라이크
3330:, or
3306:uses
3285:name
3266:name
3264:Dutch
3256:ストリート
3196:schwa
3144:glass
3072:dream
2976:>
2964:>
2946:>
2934:>
2906:école
2888:étude
2858:>
2774:গিলাছ
2768:gilas
2763:glass
2754:দুৱাৰ
2751:>
2748:দ্বাৰ
2742:duwar
2733:>
2724:horix
2715:>
2706:podum
2697:>
2688:zoton
2679:>
2670:roton
2661:>
2652:moŋoh
2646:দ্বাৰ
2594:lotus
2586:padma
2564:yatna
2550:jewel
2542:ratna
2505:Hindi
2489:Many
2478:schwa
2467:sotun
2456:sutūn
2428:برادر
2390:gradŭ
2385:градъ
2371:grodŭ
2362:gorod
2356:город
2326:gordŭ
2324:*
2322:form
2275:*
2215:>
2199:negre
2182:schwa
2028:from
2001:masao
1987:青（さお）
1972:青（あお）
1909:〜（ま〜）
1870:（こさめ）
1676:fence
1546:) is
1514:) is
1495:zurer
1482:) is
1460:) is
1455:sweet
1426:Dutch
1417:>
1409:>
1328:habet
1267:>
1263:>
1231:>
1229:homre
1227:>
1225:homne
1223:>
1184:>
1179:*
1158:sāian
1152:sāwan
1083:þunor
1052:Latin
1008:among
906:below
904:(see
902:rotos
874:thing
835:draw-
737:vowel
651:Greek
571:(IPA)
4675:ISBN
4654:ISBN
4622:ISBN
4567:2024
4533:ISBN
4303:, a
4273:-ri-
4270:and
4267:-li-
4261:-rj-
4258:and
4255:-lj-
4244:vs.
4164:švaa
4158:-nh-
4145:and
4131:and
4129:Savo
4111:and
4070:-sta
4064:Bush
3995:talo
3950:and
3928:and
3812:film
3806:and
3798:and
3786:and
3742:spor
3721:),
3551:and
3533:and
3500:كلكس
3487:and
3409:nerd
3328:/dʒ/
3324:/tʃ/
3288:Bach
3269:Gogh
3243:キャップ
3220:and
3140:-/d/
3136:-/z/
3080:eraz
3064:երազ
3042:erax
3026:երախ
3007:and
2837:').
2824:épée
2736:হৰিষ
2730:হৰ্ষ
2718:পদুম
2712:পদ্ম
2694:যত্ন
2676:ৰত্ন
2658:মাংস
2638:door
2624:হৰ্ষ
2602:পদ্ম
2580:যত্ন
2558:ৰত্ন
2536:মাংস
2528:meat
2507:and
2462:ستون
2451:ستون
2442:stūn
2402:hrad
2396:grad
2376:gród
2304:akrs
2291:æcer
2271:/kr/
2249:and
2218:char
2067:One
2059:（あめ）
2041:（きり）
2031:kiri
1995:maao
1950:ma'-
1927:（あお）
1817:haru
1799:and
1796:haru
1761:rel-
1485:zuur
1477:sour
1469:zuur
1447:zoet
1310:il a
1265:ouir
960:ma'-
889:ster
870:some
839:-ing
798:Uses
714:and
701:and
689:epi-
403:and
87:and
4335:cat
4316:hit
4290:/e/
4092:).
4047:/i/
3983:maa
3962:In
3908:/s/
3898:/s/
3888:/ɾ/
3886:),
3878:/l/
3853:as
3808:/m/
3804:/l/
3790:of
3788:/t/
3784:/l/
3780:/w/
3776:/d/
3683:),
3665:),
3637:),
3612:of
3567:/s/
3557:/o/
3553:/t/
3549:/s/
3545:/æ/
3527:/i/
3523:/e/
3465:/i/
3441:/w/
3439:to
3437:/l/
3435:of
3405:/d/
3403:or
3401:/t/
3393:/i/
3369:/ɯ/
3352:/ɲ/
3348:/ʃ/
3344:/u/
3340:/ʃ/
3336:/u/
3332:/ç/
3320:/ʒ/
3316:/ʃ/
3312:/i/
3308:/ɯ/
3294:バッハ
3275:ゴッホ
3238:cap
3230:/h/
3226:/o/
3222:/d/
3218:/t/
3214:/ɯ/
3202:in
3200:/ɛ/
3159:bat
3153:or
3132:/ᵻ/
3128:/ə/
3126:or
3124:/ɪ/
3099:).
3086:raz
3048:rax
2956:/e/
2918:/s/
2914:/e/
2850:/s/
2846:/e/
2801:/e/
2791:/s/
2777:).
2739:),
2721:),
2703:),
2700:যতন
2685:),
2682:ৰতন
2667:),
2664:মঙহ
2627:),
2616:joy
2605:),
2583:),
2561:),
2539:),
2307:).
2298:in
2282:/e/
2277:æcr
2243:قلب
2185:/ə/
2073:/r/
2049:ame
1980:sao
1935:ma-
1899:ma-
1889:真っ青
1855:/s/
1839:/s/
1829:ame
1825:of
1823:/a/
1813:of
1811:/u/
1807:/s/
1802:ame
1654:ɔːr
1566:).
1441:-d-
1431:-er
1424:In
1322:a-t
1305:/t/
1299:In
1249:man
1237:hom
1014:-st
996:-st
945:ma-
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885:ham
861:).
833:→
810:or
794:).
703:en-
594:In
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4610:;
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4424:,
4344:.
4282:→
4223:→
4211:→
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4199:→
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4138:-l
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4105:,
4073:→
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4016:.
4010:→
3998:→
3992:,
3986:→
3980::
3954:.
3946:,
3919:,
3869:,
3830:.
3794:.
3703:,
3693:,
3647:,
3571:e-
3423:;
3415:;
3407::
3378:aɪ
3326:,
3322:,
3318:,
3291:,
3272:,
3253:,
3206:).
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3157:;
3146:→
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3039:,
2982:,
2970:,
2940:,
2928::
2643:,
2621:,
2599:,
2577:,
2555:,
2533:,
2473:.
2405:.
2379:,
2288::
2260:,
2064:.
2046:+
2021:霧雨
1998:→
1977:→
1965:ao
1947:→
1917:ao
1914:+
1875:.
1868:小雨
1786:春雨
1757:ll
1635::
1633:RP
1629:GA
1616:ər
1553:er
1489:er
1436:-r
1421:.
1419:an
1407:an
1380:ān
1372:an
1303:,
1277:ir
1273:ou
1241:re
1132:,
1120:,
1108:,
1098:,
1029:,
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645:-/
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