25:
894:. Final stressed vowels are by nature short, and short stressed vowels precede a consonant within a (phonetic) word only if that consonant ends the syllable. An item such as
721:
into , the voiceless equivalent of and also cross-linguistically rare though less so than . Another change turned to an affricate during the development of the
626:
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as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable; as an effect of reducing
587:
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89:
61:
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and to the almost universal corresponding stops and is relatively common. This has occurred in most continental
608:
169:
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686:, almost any change to the sound other than simple deletion would constitute fortition. It has changed into the
1475:
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In addition to language-internal development, fortition can also occur when a language acquires loanwords.
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of
Goidelic words. Thus initial fricatives of loanwords are strengthened to the corresponding
301:
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1390:
1341:() in many dialects of English, which effectively is fortition of fricative to affricate .
891:
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284:
8:
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variant or the nearest equivalent if the fricative is not part of the phoneme inventory.
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if a word-final stressed vowel precedes without intervening pause, in a process known as
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The extremely common approximant sound is sometimes subject to fortition; since it is a
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MacBain, A. (1911) An
Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. Gairm.
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with initial or hardened to and , respectively. Examples: Old Welsh
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Fortition also frequently occurs with voiceless versions of the common
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languages frequently display fortition in loanwords as most initial
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662:(i.e. becomes or becomes ). Although not as typical of
762:, usually sourced from combinations of with a voiceless
1337:. This is similar to the epenthetic stop in words like
1174:
1142:
1105:
1072:
1040:
1008:
976:
748:, among others. This has the result of reducing the
613:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
824:between vowels, but *r has undergone fortition to
1462:
886:Gemination of word-initial consonants occurs in
627:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1099:
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1280:
1421:Sach- und Sprachatlas Italiens, sub vocibus
1328:
1322:
1321:. In other languages, voiceless fricatives
1132:
1066:
1002:
966:
960:
925:(except for , and ) are disallowed in the
805:
789:
728:Fortition of the cross-linguistically rare
690:in a number of indigenous languages of the
1455:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.
588:
574:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1229:; voiceless stops become aspirated. In
1192:Post-nasal fortition is very common in
1187:
1463:
1457:3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
1441:The emergence of distinctive features
914:'s/he buys/is buying the pasta'.
1388:
902:of the following consonant, whereas
768:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
617:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
14:
1487:
906:'s/he buys/is buying' does not:
702:, and also in some varieties of
23:
609:International Phonetic Alphabet
170:Consonant voicing and devoicing
34:needs additional citations for
1433:
1424:
1415:
1382:
1:
1376:
715:voiceless palatal approximant
910:'s/he bought the pasta' but
898:'s/he bought' thus triggers
7:
1344:
677:
10:
1492:
1217:after a nasal prefix, and
708:Southern Ryukyuan language
1356:Final-obstruent devoicing
816:In the Cushitic language
717:, it has turned in some
520:Compensatory lengthening
292:Compensatory lengthening
1453:Crowley, Terry. (1997)
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961:
777:, words inherited from
605:phonetic transcriptions
145:Quantitative metathesis
1397:. Macmillan. pp.
1366:Historical linguistics
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730:interdental fricatives
696:Eskimo–Aleut languages
672:morphological leveling
636:articulatory phonetics
602:This article contains
1476:Linguistic morphology
1389:Carr, Philip (1996).
752:of the sounds and .
1371:Sesotho nasalization
1188:Post-nasal fortition
892:syntactic gemination
820:, *d has lenited to
285:Transphonologization
43:improve this article
1439:Jeff Mielke, 2008.
766:. The product is a
165:Consonant gradation
1351:Consonant mutation
1333:; see for example
1327:become affricates
734:Germanic languages
719:Germanic languages
550:Consonant mutation
525:Monophthongization
407:Consonant mutation
16:Consonantal change
1185:
1184:
746:Semitic languages
723:Romance languages
650:. For example, a
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545:Shm-reduplication
535:Rhinoglottophilia
371:Consonant harmony
272:Cluster reduction
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804:to Modern Welsh
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788:to Modern Welsh
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742:Uralic languages
738:English dialects
688:voiced fricative
642:, also known as
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1196:. For example,
1194:Bantu languages
1190:
938:Scottish Gaelic
912:compra la pasta
908:comprò la pasta
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1148:/t̪ʰɔʰkəs̪ətʲ/
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936:Examples from
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337:Palatalization
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540:Sulcalization
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382:Dissimilation
380:
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361:vowel harmony
358:
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347:Labialization
345:
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307:Floating tone
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1426:
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1338:
1275:as well. In
1191:
1168:
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911:
907:
903:
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876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
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798:
797:; Old Welsh
782:
779:Proto-Celtic
772:
754:
744:, and a few
736:and several
727:
725:from Latin.
681:
670:; or due to
664:sound change
643:
639:
633:
621:and ⟨
603:
417:Vowel hiatus
342:Velarization
320:Assimilation
297:Nasalization
200:
175:Assibilation
125:Sound change
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1361:Grimm's law
760:approximant
656:approximant
560:Chain shift
555:Vowel shift
475:Affrication
464:Other types
412:Tone sandhi
302:Tonogenesis
129:alternation
58:"Fortition"
1465:Categories
1408:0333519086
1377:References
1330:pf, ts, tl
1180:/kʲɔːl̪ˠə/
1014:/kʰujəl̪ˠ/
1007:‘wheel’ →
923:fricatives
900:gemination
750:markedness
740:, several
668:markedness
480:Gemination
441:Synaeresis
210:Epenthesis
138:Metathesis
69:newspapers
1471:Phonology
1393:Phonology
1111:/t̪ʰɾaːʎ/
1010:cuidheall
982:/pɛɾavɛɲ/
978:bearbhain
931:unlenited
764:obstruent
706:. In the
684:semivowel
652:fricative
640:fortition
530:Rhotacism
450:Synizesis
445:diaeresis
424:Synalepha
402:linking R
357:Metaphony
267:Haplology
252:Apheresis
227:Unpacking
217:Prothesis
201:Fortition
1345:See also
1324:f, s, hl
1303:becomes
1231:Shambala
1223:becomes
1144:tocasaid
1139:hogshead
1134:hogsheid
1113:(slave)
1078:/pɔun̪ˠ/
1046:/pal̪ˠə/
919:Goidelic
833:Friulian
711:Yonaguni
678:Examples
648:lenition
619:/ /
615:Help:IPA
505:Iotacism
500:Betacism
490:Fronting
485:Clipping
470:Apophony
222:Paragoge
158:Lenition
99:May 2019
1443:, p 139
1315:become
1291:become
1263:become
1245:become
1211:become
1198:Swahili
1166:English
973:vervain
968:werwane
962:vervane
888:Italian
875:; Lat.
869:iuvenis
867:; Lat.
757:lateral
704:Spanish
607:in the
495:Raising
431:Elision
398:Liaison
262:Apocope
257:Syncope
245:Elision
83:scholar
1405:
1309:, and
1277:Bukusu
1251:, and
1107:tràill
1068:fundus
904:compra
896:comprò
877:iunius
811:/r̥ɔs/
795:/ɬaʊ̯/
786:/laʊ̯/
692:Arctic
654:or an
623:
515:Merger
510:Fusion
436:Crasis
391:Sandhi
365:umlaut
327:Fusion
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1339:dance
1335:Xhosa
1176:geòla
1130:Scots
1125:/t̪ʰ/
1101:þrǣll
1097:Norse
1092:/t̪ʰ/
1064:Latin
1042:balla
1004:quhel
1000:Scots
958:Scots
879:>
873:doven
871:>
863:>
853:dobia
851:>
849:jobia
845:yoyba
839:>
818:Iraqw
802:/rɔs/
775:Welsh
611:(IPA)
90:JSTOR
76:books
1403:ISBN
1312:l, r
1285:and
1269:and
1257:and
1239:and
1205:and
1170:yawl
1161:/kʲ/
1141:’ →
1074:bonn
1036:wall
995:/kʰ/
975:’ →
857:doba
831:In
807:rhos
791:llaw
698:and
660:stop
443:and
127:and
62:news
1155:/j/
1119:/h/
1086:/θ/
1059:/p/
1053:/f/
1027:/p/
1021:/w/
989:/ʍ/
953:/p/
947:/v/
881:dun
865:dal
861:gel
841:/d/
837:/ʒ/
826:/d/
822:/r/
799:ros
783:lau
773:In
700:Ket
634:In
45:by
1467::
1445:ff
1401:.
1399:24
1297:,
1279:,
1260:gh
1233:,
1173:→
1159:→
1123:→
1104:→
1090:→
1071:→
1057:→
1039:→
1025:→
993:→
965:,
951:→
940::
883:.
859:;
855:,
847:,
843::
835:,
813:.
770:.
674:.
638:,
400:,
363:,
1411:.
1318:d
1306:j
1300:y
1294:b
1288:w
1282:v
1272:g
1266:p
1254:h
1248:d
1242:r
1236:l
1226:b
1220:w
1214:d
1208:r
1202:l
1137:‘
971:‘
629:.
589:e
582:t
575:v
367:)
359:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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