25:
1240:
Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to a language. That happened in French, most of whose final consonants disappeared, but its final nasals made the preceding vowels become nasal, which introduced a new distinction into the language. An example is
1187:: is a voiced alveolar nasal fricative, with no airflow out of the mouth, and is the voiceless equivalent; is an oral fricative with simultaneous nasal frication. No known language makes use of nasal fricatives in non-disordered speech.
829:, where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality: oral e.g. vs lightly nasalized vs heavily nasalized , although Ladefoged and Maddieson believe that the lightly nasalized vowels are best described as oro-nasal
1113:⟩). Nasalized laterals such as (a nasalized lateral alveolar click) are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; nasalized lateral clicks are common in Southern African languages such as
859:
such as , or . Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through the mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the
1168:
769:
to different degrees, but only a minority of world languages around the world have nasal vowels as contrasting phonemes. That is the case, among others, of
733:
above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: is the nasalized equivalent of , and is the nasalized equivalent of . A subscript diacritic , called an
683:
1054:. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled. Some languages contrast
1205:
sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with a head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in
1688:
707:
is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is .
1030:
1097:
consonants. Nasal clicks are typically with a nasal or superscript nasal preceding the consonant (for example, velar-dental ⟨
1023:
has it allophonically; nasalized stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals. Nasal
813:. Nasality is usually seen as a binary feature, although surface variation in different degrees of nasality caused by neighboring
1647:
1175:. (Turbulence can also be produced at the posterior nasal port, or velopharyngeal port, when that port is narrowed – see
644:
871:
Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The
89:
1459:
2365:
833:. Note that Ladefoged and Maddieson's transcription of heavy nasalization with a double tilde might be confused with the
61:
1050:
A nasal trill has been described from some dialects of
Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in
1681:
1657:
1521:
1442:
1387:
108:
1179:. With anterior nasal fricatives, the velopharyngeal port is open.) A superimposed homothetic sign that resembles a
68:
924:
2360:
1938:
1712:
711:
665:
226:
1911:
46:
1537:
75:
1906:
393:
42:
1918:
1901:
1893:
1674:
896:
751:
marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde. For example, are more legible in most fonts than .
1138:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1071:
1055:
987:
964:
679:
675:
130:
1933:
1928:
1036:
57:
2198:
1923:
949:
while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal .
888:
637:
1845:
1790:
1040:
1028:
972:
942:
930:
922:
916:
914:
902:
894:
886:
408:
185:
1956:
1775:
1708:
1176:
1051:
1027:
are common allophonically. Many West
African languages have a nasal flap (or ) as an allophone of
956:, fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. In the
838:
576:
376:
348:
194:
2159:
2154:
2065:
546:
458:
308:
283:
273:
201:
35:
994:) nasalized approximant and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant. In
571:
2176:
1986:
1785:
1760:
1704:
1379:
1311:
1042:
661:
551:
358:
2345:
1765:
1742:
1720:
1226:
1184:
932:
630:
1371:
967:
often has the tongue not make full contact, resulting in a nasalized approximant, . That is
2203:
2166:
1878:
1437:. Translated by Bergin, Osborn. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 85.
976:
944:
541:
341:
82:
8:
2274:
2144:
2121:
1870:
1823:
1795:
1306:
1180:
778:
774:
501:
313:
221:
1234:
2355:
2350:
2139:
1972:
1780:
1737:
1578:
1020:
826:
748:
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581:
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463:
383:
1331:
2261:
2218:
2095:
2060:
1883:
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1383:
1372:
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427:
328:
2286:
2279:
2134:
2090:
2085:
1948:
1860:
1837:
1813:
1770:
1729:
1617:
1562:
1474:
1367:
983:
910:
882:
454:
1553:
Berry, J. (1955). "Some Notes on the
Phonology of the Nzema and Ahanta Dialects".
2251:
2149:
2129:
2070:
2038:
1855:
1639:
1291:
1248:
1218:
1206:
1156:
1059:
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814:
802:
786:
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770:
246:
1479:
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2223:
1202:
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1067:
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388:
288:
241:
236:
1566:
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1643:
1574:
1296:
1222:
1114:
1063:
957:
790:
596:
438:
417:
403:
363:
1225:, creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalization of
2319:
2238:
2208:
1621:
1230:
1172:
1016:
999:
473:
398:
231:
181:
2324:
2314:
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2191:
2048:
1301:
1094:
961:
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704:
616:
611:
531:
468:
2107:
1160:
1147:
Besides nasalized oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, or
810:
536:
497:
421:
266:
138:
878:
2296:
2102:
2053:
2013:
2008:
1995:
1164:
995:
991:
830:
692:
586:
506:
480:
413:
323:
257:
1411:
24:
2030:
2018:
1285:
1003:
875:
671:
561:
556:
526:
278:
214:
1608:
Hajek, John (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
2003:
1589:
1288:, a similar process in Gaelic that is often called "nasalization"
968:
938:
798:
487:
318:
301:
1493:
1348:
1666:
834:
736:
492:
447:
1609:
2043:
1262:
766:
715:
1066:. A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages,
1374:
Evolutionary
Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns
885:) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into
809:. Those nasal vowels contrast with their corresponding
1555:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
1539:
A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect
747:, is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears
670:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1201:Nasalization may be lost over time. There are also
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1638:
1595:
1499:
1417:
1354:
2337:
1429:
742:
684:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
16:Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
1682:
1516:, Oxford University Press, pp. 312–313,
1155:. They are sometimes produced by people with
638:
1242:
734:
1806:
1271:
1265:
1183:divided by a tilde is used for this in the
1689:
1675:
1212:
714:, nasalization is indicated by printing a
645:
631:
1478:
1402:
703:) is the production of a sound while the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1457:
1167:is produced not in the mouth but at the
1124:
855:By far the most common nasal sounds are
1511:
1366:
909:respectively, depending on accents) in
866:
2338:
1378:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1039:are common intervocalic allophones of
1670:
1607:
1552:
1535:
1405:Preliminaries of Linguistic Phonetics
1247:
1009:was a nasalized bilabial fricative .
820:
674:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1649:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1229:adjacent to phonemic or allophonic
1105:⟩ and uvular-dental ⟨
844:
13:
14:
2377:
1217:Vowels assimilate to surrounding
1190:
1163:in the airflow characteristic of
1696:
1514:Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance
825:There are languages, such as in
23:
1713:International Phonetic Alphabet
1601:
1546:
1529:
837:adoption of that diacritic for
754:
712:International Phonetic Alphabet
666:International Phonetic Alphabet
227:Consonant voicing and devoicing
34:needs additional citations for
1632:
1596:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1505:
1500:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1451:
1423:
1418:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1396:
1360:
1355:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1324:
1:
1317:
1077:Other languages, such as the
973:nasalized palatal approximant
1171:, the narrowest part of the
1089:, as well as several of the
1037:voiced retroflex nasal flaps
7:
1480:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470
1279:
1221:in many languages, such as
1121:is nasalized, it becomes .
10:
2382:
2366:Assimilation (linguistics)
1194:
1047:in South Asian languages.
848:
765:Many languages have nasal
758:
2295:
2260:
2237:
2175:
2120:
2081:
2029:
1994:
1985:
1965:
1947:
1892:
1869:
1836:
1751:
1728:
1719:
1702:
1567:10.1017/S0041977X00106421
1458:Smolders, Joshua (2016).
1403:Ladefoged, Peter (1971).
1149:anterior nasal fricatives
1136:
1131:
1015:has a phonemic nasalized
165:
152:
147:
137:
128:
123:
1512:Sampson, Rodney (1999),
1433:; Binchy, D. A. (1946).
1177:velopharyngeal fricative
839:velopharyngeal frication
577:Compensatory lengthening
349:Compensatory lengthening
1536:Heath, Jeffrey (2014).
1213:Contextual nasalization
662:phonetic transcriptions
202:Quantitative metathesis
2361:Historical linguistics
1705:Articulatory phonetics
1622:10.5281/zenodo.7385533
1614:WALS Online (v2020.3)
1460:"A Phonology of Ganza"
1435:A Grammar of Old Irish
1332:"nasal | speech sound"
1312:Prenasalized consonant
1272:
1266:
1243:
1035:before a nasal vowel;
743:
735:
659:This article contains
1879:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1652:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1185:extensions to the IPA
1125:True nasal fricatives
2204:Labio-palatalization
1610:"Vowel Nasalization"
1467:Linguistic Discovery
1151:, previously called
1109:⟩ or ⟨
1101:⟩ or ⟨
990:contrasts with the (
977:Athabaskan languages
867:Nasalized consonants
342:Transphonologization
43:improve this article
1894:Double articulation
1420:, pp. 298–299.
1169:anterior nasal port
817:has been observed.
222:Consonant gradation
1431:Thurneysen, Rudolf
1261:, ultimately from
827:Palantla Chinantec
821:Degree of nasality
607:Consonant mutation
582:Monophthongization
464:Consonant mutation
2333:
2332:
2219:Pharyngealization
2116:
2115:
1981:
1980:
1939:Uvular–epiglottal
1832:
1831:
1368:Blevins, Juliette
1249:[vɛ̃blɑ̃]
1157:disordered speech
1153:nareal fricatives
1145:
1144:
1079:Khoisan languages
1007:⟨m⟩
954:Coatzospan Mixtec
655:
654:
602:Shm-reduplication
592:Rhinoglottophilia
428:Consonant harmony
329:Cluster reduction
176:
175:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2373:
2287:Voice onset time
1992:
1991:
1912:Labial–retroflex
1804:
1803:
1726:
1725:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1640:Ladefoged, Peter
1626:
1625:
1605:
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1527:
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1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1219:nasal consonants
1141:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1073:
1057:
1046:
1034:
1008:
989:
966:
948:
936:
928:
920:
911:Standard Chinese
908:
900:
892:
883:Standard Chinese
857:nasal consonants
845:Nasal consonants
815:nasal consonants
746:
740:
732:
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724:
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178:
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133:
132:
121:
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114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2291:
2256:
2233:
2178:
2171:
2112:
2077:
2025:
1977:
1961:
1943:
1907:Labial–alveolar
1888:
1865:
1846:Alveolo-palatal
1828:
1802:
1791:Palato-alveolar
1747:
1715:
1709:Co-articulation
1698:
1695:
1660:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1498:
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1483:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1292:Nasal consonant
1282:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1137:
1132:Nasal fricative
1127:
1091:!Kung languages
1060:Toro-tegu Dogon
1006:
869:
853:
851:Nasal consonant
847:
823:
763:
757:
731:COMBINING TILDE
730:
726:
725:
720:
719:
689:
688:
687:
651:
622:
621:
522:
514:
513:
512:
511:
483:
450:
433:
432:
409:Final devoicing
379:
369:
368:
344:
334:
333:
304:
294:
293:
269:
252:
251:
247:Debuccalization
217:
207:
206:
197:
167:
159:
154:
129:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
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2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:Glottalization
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Palatalization
2196:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1957:Velopharyngeal
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Labial–palatal
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:Labial–coronal
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1776:Denti-alveolar
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1644:Maddieson, Ian
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1600:
1598:, p. 268.
1588:
1561:(1): 160–165.
1545:
1528:
1522:
1504:
1502:, p. 134.
1492:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1388:
1359:
1357:, p. 298.
1347:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1214:
1211:
1197:Denasalization
1195:Main article:
1192:
1191:Denasalization
1189:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1068:Nzema language
992:allophonically
881:(; in modern
873:Middle Chinese
868:
865:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
822:
819:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
682:⟩, see
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
642:
635:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
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604:
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589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
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559:
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544:
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529:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
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490:
484:
479:
478:
477:
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471:
466:
461:
451:
446:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Palatalization
391:
389:Coarticulation
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
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351:
345:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
289:Vowel breaking
286:
281:
276:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
242:L-vocalization
239:
237:Spirantization
234:
229:
224:
218:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
193:
192:
189:
188:
174:
173:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
58:"Nasalization"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
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2214:Uvularization
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:Labialization
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2174:
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2165:
2161:
2158:
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1934:Coronal–velar
1932:
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1929:Labial–uvular
1927:
1925:
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1659:0-631-19815-6
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1523:0-19-823848-7
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1473:(1): 86–144.
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1444:1-85500-161-6
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1407:. p. 35.
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1297:Nasal release
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1117:. Often when
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791:Gheg Albanian
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597:Sulcalization
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439:Dissimilation
437:
436:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:vowel harmony
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Labialization
402:
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365:
364:Floating tone
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2346:Nasalization
2239:Tongue shape
2229:Nasalization
2228:
2209:Velarization
2179:articulation
1949:Pathological
1924:Labial–velar
1807:Active place
1786:Postalveolar
1761:Linguolabial
1697:Articulation
1648:
1613:
1603:
1591:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1507:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1470:
1466:
1453:
1434:
1425:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1373:
1362:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1239:
1231:nasal vowels
1216:
1200:
1173:nasal cavity
1152:
1148:
1146:
1076:
1049:
1017:glottal stop
1011:
1000:Middle Irish
981:
951:
870:
854:
824:
764:
755:Nasal vowels
709:
701:nasalisation
700:
697:nasalization
696:
690:
678:and ⟨
660:
474:Vowel hiatus
399:Velarization
377:Assimilation
354:Nasalization
353:
232:Assibilation
182:Sound change
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2049:Approximant
1766:Interdental
1743:Labiodental
1633:Works cited
1302:Nasal vowel
1095:nasal click
986:, phonemic
962:velar nasal
811:oral vowels
761:Nasal vowel
617:Chain shift
612:Vowel shift
532:Affrication
521:Other types
469:Tone sandhi
359:Tonogenesis
186:alternation
2340:Categories
2177:Secondary
2167:Percussive
2135:Ingressive
2108:Continuant
1486:2017-01-16
1341:2022-07-23
1336:Britannica
1318:References
1256:white wine
1233:, such as
1165:fricatives
1161:turbulence
1093:, include
1070:contrasts
941:; / and /
831:diphthongs
779:Hindustani
775:Portuguese
718:diacritic
537:Gemination
498:Synaeresis
267:Epenthesis
195:Metathesis
160:̃
139:IPA Number
69:newspapers
2356:Phonology
2351:Phonetics
2297:Phonation
2275:Aspirated
2270:Voiceless
2145:Implosive
2130:Egressive
2122:Airstream
2103:Occlusive
2054:Semivowel
2014:Fricative
2009:Affricate
1996:Obstruent
1871:Laryngeal
1824:Subapical
1796:Retroflex
1583:162551544
1575:1474-0699
1244:vin blanc
1052:rhotacism
1021:Sundanese
975:in other
893:and (or
876:consonant
693:phonetics
587:Rhotacism
507:Synizesis
502:diaeresis
481:Synalepha
459:linking R
414:Metaphony
324:Haplology
309:Apheresis
284:Unpacking
274:Prothesis
258:Fortition
155:(decimal)
124:Nasalized
99:June 2010
2192:Rounding
2160:Ejective
2155:Pulmonic
2140:Ejective
2066:Tap/flap
2031:Sonorant
2019:Sibilant
1973:Bidental
1781:Alveolar
1738:Bilabial
1646:(1996).
1370:(2004).
1307:Nasality
1286:Eclipsis
1280:See also
1227:segments
1083:Khoekhoe
807:Cherokee
727:◌̃
676:/ /
672:Help:IPA
562:Iotacism
557:Betacism
547:Fronting
542:Clipping
527:Apophony
279:Paragoge
215:Lenition
166:Unicode
148:Encoding
2310:Breathy
2096:Lateral
2061:Vibrant
2004:Plosive
1884:Glottal
1851:Palatal
1819:Laminal
1753:Coronal
1273:blancum
1235:Apurinã
1203:denasal
1004:lenited
984:Umbundu
971:with a
969:cognate
939:Hokkien
799:Hokkien
710:In the
664:in the
552:Raising
488:Elision
455:Liaison
319:Apocope
314:Syncope
302:Elision
153:Entity
83:scholar
2320:Creaky
2280:Tenuis
2247:Sulcal
2091:Rhotic
2086:Liquid
1987:Manner
1861:Uvular
1838:Dorsal
1814:Apical
1771:Dental
1730:Labial
1656:
1581:
1573:
1520:
1441:
1386:
1207:Korean
1159:. The
1072:/l,l̃/
1056:/r,r̃/
1019:while
1002:, the
960:, the
835:extIPA
805:, and
803:Yoruba
787:Breton
783:Nepali
771:French
767:vowels
744:nosinė
737:ogonek
723:
721:U+0303
680:
572:Merger
567:Fusion
493:Crasis
448:Sandhi
422:umlaut
384:Fusion
172:U+0303
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2325:Stiff
2315:Slack
2305:Modal
2262:Voice
2252:Domed
2150:Click
2071:Trill
2044:Vowel
2039:Nasal
1966:Other
1856:Velar
1721:Place
1579:S2CID
1463:(pdf)
1267:vinum
1263:Latin
1181:colon
1058:like
1025:flaps
1013:Ganza
947:]
943:[
935:]
931:[
927:]
923:[
919:]
915:[
907:]
903:[
899:]
895:[
891:]
887:[
861:stops
795:Hmong
716:tilde
705:velum
668:(IPA)
168:(hex)
90:JSTOR
76:books
1654:ISBN
1571:ISSN
1518:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1270:and
1223:Thai
1115:Zulu
1087:Gǀui
1085:and
1064:Inor
1062:and
998:and
958:Hupa
929:and
901:and
749:tone
699:(or
500:and
184:and
62:news
1618:doi
1563:doi
1475:doi
1380:203
1119:/l/
1107:ɴ͡ǀ
1099:ŋ͡ǀ
1081:of
996:Old
988:/ṽ/
982:In
965:/ŋ/
952:In
945:n̠ʲ
937:in
741:or
691:In
143:424
45:by
2342::
1711:–
1707:–
1642:;
1616:.
1612:.
1577:.
1569:.
1559:17
1557:.
1471:14
1469:.
1465:.
1382:.
1334:.
1276:.
1237:.
1209:.
1139:◌͋
1111:ᶰǀ
1103:ᵑǀ
1074:.
979:.
913:;
863:.
841:.
801:,
797:,
793:,
789:,
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
695:,
457:,
420:,
131:◌̃
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1662:.
1624:.
1620::
1585:.
1565::
1542:.
1489:.
1477::
1447:.
1392:.
1344:.
1259:'
1253:'
1045:/
1043:ɳ
1041:/
1033:/
1031:ɾ
1029:/
933:n
925:ʑ
921:/
917:z
905:ɚ
897:ɻ
889:ʐ
879:日
686:.
646:e
639:t
632:v
424:)
416:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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