235:
247:
contaminated water. By compressing the steam produced by boiling water, 175 US gal (660 L; 146 imp gal) of fresh water could be extracted from seawater for every gallon (3.8 L; 0.83 imp gal) of fuel used. During World War II this equipment became standard on Allied ships and on trailer mounts for armies. This method was in widespread use in ships and portable water distilling units during the latter half of the century. Modern vessels now use
170:
20:
322:, and other nutrients in water can help to protect against nutritional deficiency. Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30 mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2–4
261:
the range of 200–800 μS/cm. The pH of distilled water is always slightly lower than 7 (neutral) due to the fact that distilled water will absorb small amounts of carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere which forms traces of carbonic acid and lowers the pH of distilled water to around 5.8 pH (very weakly acidic).
260:
Distilling water with commercial equipment will almost completely remove all dissolved minerals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, fluoride, potassium, iron, and zinc leaving a TDS of <1PPM, and reduce its electrical conductivity to <2 μS/cm. Typical tap water has electrical conductivity in
191:
would remove known and unknown non-volatile contaminants. Living things require specific minerals; adding distilled water to an ecosystem, such as an aquarium, would reduce the concentration of these minerals. Fish and other living things that have evolved to survive in lakes and oceans should be
386:
and may provide clinically important portions of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals". It encouraged people to "check the mineral content of their drinking water, whether tap or bottled, and choose water most appropriate for their needs". Since distilled water is devoid of minerals,
246:
was time-consuming and expensive in fuel. The saying was: "It takes one gallon of fuel to make one gallon of fresh water." Shortly before the war, Dr. R. V. Kleinschmidt developed a compression still, which became known as the
Kleinschmidt still, for extracting fresh water from seawater or
275:
Bottled distilled water can usually be found in supermarkets or pharmacies, and home water distillers are available as well. Water purification, such as distillation, is especially important in regions where water resources or tap water is not suitable for ingesting without boiling or chemical
353:
Water filtration and distillation devices are becoming increasingly common in households. Municipal water supplies often have minerals added or have trace impurities at levels which are regulated to be safe for consumption. Much of these additional impurities, such as
161:
Any non-volatile or mineral components in water are left behind when the water evaporates or boils away. Water escaping as steam, for example from a boiler of heating system or steam engine, leaves behind any dissolved materials leading to mineral deposits known as
365:
The drinking of distilled water as a replacement for drinking water has been both advocated and discouraged for health reasons. Distilled water lacks minerals and ions, such as calcium, that play key roles in biological functions, such as in nervous system
225:
for pressing clothes to minimize the build-up of limescale in hard water areas shortening the lifespan of steam irons. Some steam irons have built in filters to remove minerals from the water meaning standard tap water can be used.
139:
In general, non-purified water could cause or interfere with chemical reactions as well as leave mineral deposits after boiling away. One method of removing impurities from water and other fluids is
632:
610:
362:, and an estimated >75,000 other chemical compounds are not removed through conventional filtration; however, distillation and reverse osmosis eliminate nearly all of these impurities.
251:
to boil seawater, heating the water to between 70 and 80 °C (158 and 176 °F) and evaporating the water in a vacuum; this is then collected as condensation before being stored.
374:
published a study on the mineral contents of different waters available in the US. The study found that "drinking water sources available to North
Americans may contain high levels of
209:
Another application was to increase the density of the air to assist early airplane jet engines during takeoff in 'hot and high' atmospheric conditions, as was used on the early
541:
279:
Municipal water supplies almost always contain trace components at levels which are regulated to be safe for consumption. Some other components such as trace levels of
816:
Anjaneyulu, L.; Kumar, E. Arun; Sankannavar, Ravi; Rao, K. Kesava (13 June 2012). "Defluoridation of
Drinking Water and Rainwater Harvesting Using a Solar Still".
346:
have been observed. For fluoride the concentration recommended for dental health is 0.5–1.0 mg/L, with a maximum guideline value of 1.5 mg/L to avoid
199:(CPAP) machines to humidify air for breathing. Distilled water will not leave contaminants behind when the humidifier in the CPAP machine evaporates the water.
154:
used in cars and trucks. These ions are not acceptable in automotive cooling systems because they corrode internal engine components and deplete typical
195:
Controlled impurities as well as equipment reliability are critically important in medical applications where, for example, distilled water is used in
302:
Distillation removes all minerals from water. This results in demineralised water, which has not been proven to be healthier than drinking water. The
624:
606:
905:
869:
484:
575:
187:
Certain biological applications require controlled impurities, especially in experiments. For example, distilling water to be added to an
997:
306:
investigated the health effects of demineralised water in 1982, and its experiments in humans found that demineralised water increased
370:, and are normally found in potable water. The lack of naturally occurring minerals in distilled water has raised some concerns. The
697:
681:
654:
794:
287:
and other ions are not removed through conventional water filter treatments. However, distillation eliminates most impurities.
844:
196:
530:
Short of Fresh Water Causes Alarm — Captain
Williams's Invention to Make Salt Water Fresh — His 'Still' Described by him
899:
270:
132:
can be used instead of distilled water as a cheaper alternative. If exceptionally high-purity water is required,
110:
24:
922:
724:"The pH of water from various sources: an overview for recommendation for patients with atopic dermatitis"
411:
290:
Distilled water is also used for drinking water in arid seaside areas lacking sufficient freshwater, via
513:
79:
355:
864:
303:
202:
It is also possible for brewers to blend distilled water with hard water to mimic the soft waters of
163:
884:
488:
1042:
133:
96:
554:
1037:
151:
582:
1013:
1032:
394:(water with minerals) is associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects. As noted in the
8:
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948:
815:
748:
723:
445:
1005:
978:
964:
895:
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646:
521:
465:
248:
124:
In chemical and biological laboratories, as well as in industry, in some appliances,
59:
786:
968:
960:
825:
743:
739:
735:
457:
398:, consumption of hard drinking water is negatively correlated with atherosclerotic
347:
291:
83:
426:
416:
129:
88:
67:
461:
234:
173:
A boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.
1026:
469:
399:
335:
105:
982:
757:
525:
331:
140:
47:
1009:
845:"Health risks from drinking demineralised water (application/pdf Object)"
421:
367:
343:
311:
257:
can be relatively simple to design and build, with very cheap materials.
254:
243:
43:
169:
391:
210:
155:
95:
since at least about AD 200, when the process was clearly described by
829:
722:
Kulthanan, Kanokvalai; Nuchkull, Piyavadee; Varothai, Supenya (2013).
192:
expected to thrive at mineral ranges found in their original habitat.
116:
improvised a way to distill water, which he described in his journal.
16:
Water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation
379:
339:
327:
315:
280:
100:
66:
remain in the original container. Thus, distilled water is a type of
55:
109:
refers to the distillation of water. Captain Israel
Williams of the
949:"Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters"
542:
Pollution
Prevention Fact Sheet Antifreeze Recycling & Disposal
359:
307:
284:
188:
125:
92:
946:
926:
203:
150:
commonly found in tap water would drastically reduce lifespans of
19:
375:
319:
222:
181:
39:
998:"Mineral in the municipal water and atherosclerotic heart death"
387:
mineral intake through diet is needed to maintain good health.
383:
323:
51:
326:. At water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of
178:
35:
520:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 178ff.
147:
487:. The University of Adelaide. II.3, 358b16. Archived from
721:
62:
in the original water that do not boil below or near the
647:"How to Brew – By John Palmer – Reading a Water Report"
625:"CPAP Humidifier Frequently Asked Questions - CPAP.com"
271:
Water purification § Additional treatment options
925:. Watersystems.walton.com. 2010-11-05. Archived from
576:"Basic Aquarium System Set-Up Trout-in-the-Classroom"
679:
242:Until World War II, distilling seawater to produce
184:can use distilled water to avoid mineral deposits.
1024:
885:"Health risks from drinking demineralised water"
314:, with decreased serum potassium concentration.
80:Distillation § Desalination by distillation
947:Azoulay A.; Garzon P.; Eisenberg M. J. (2001).
894:. World Health Organization. pp. 148–159.
818:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
1004:. Vol. 93, no. 4. pp. 259–266.
544:. Utah Department of Environmental Quality, US
670:by John H. Brubaker, Jack Brubaker – page 163
581:. Department of Fish and Game. Archived from
229:
99:. Its history predates this, as a passage in
836:
264:
882:
555:"Distilled water | Empire City Auto Parts"
476:
972:
747:
233:
168:
18:
842:
283:may result from the treatment process.
1025:
668:Down the Susquehanna to the Chesapeake
448:(1945). "The Evolution of the Still".
444:
995:
797:from the original on February 2, 2015
680:Bonnier Corporation (February 1946).
482:
438:
216:
511:
372:Journal of General Internal Medicine
238:Typical laboratory distillation unit
197:continuous positive airway pressure
13:
23:Bottle for distilled water in the
14:
1054:
297:
1002:American Journal of Epidemiology
965:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x
911:from the original on 2016-02-18.
657:from the original on 2009-10-05.
635:from the original on 2014-07-05.
613:from the original on 2014-07-05.
607:"Distilled Water And CPAP Usage"
396:American Journal of Epidemiology
989:
940:
915:
876:
809:
779:
715:
690:
673:
661:
221:Distilled water can be used in
177:Low-volume humidifiers such as
119:
996:Voors, A. W. (April 1, 1971).
740:10.5415/apallergy.2013.3.3.155
639:
617:
599:
568:
547:
535:
505:
1:
923:"Walton International – Home"
787:"Drinking Water Contaminants"
700:. thefarm.org. Archived from
512:Trow, Charles Edward (1905).
432:
518:The old shipmasters of Salem
7:
892:Nutrients in Drinking Water
870:Nutrients in drinking-water
412:Atmospheric water generator
405:
84:Desalination § History
10:
1059:
356:volatile organic compounds
268:
230:Equipment to distill water
158:anti-corrosion additives.
77:
73:
865:World Health Organization
462:10.1080/00033794500201451
304:World Health Organization
265:Drinking distilled water
97:Alexander of Aphrodisias
91:has been distilled from
698:"Solar Water Distiller"
485:"Meteorology – Book II"
310:and the elimination of
249:flash-type evaporators
239:
174:
134:double distilled water
64:boiling point of water
28:
269:Further information:
237:
172:
130:reverse osmosis water
22:
1016:on October 12, 2007.
843:Kozisek, F. (2005).
728:Asia Pacific Allergy
953:J. Gen. Intern. Med
883:Kozisek F. (1980).
863:(Chapter 12 of the
446:Taylor, F. Sherwood
390:The consumption of
152:lead–acid batteries
765:Distilled Water pH
240:
217:Use in steam irons
175:
29:
830:10.1021/ie201692q
824:(23): 8040–8048.
450:Annals of Science
1050:
1018:
1017:
1012:. Archived from
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348:dental fluorosis
1058:
1057:
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1043:Water chemistry
1023:
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1021:
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683:Popular Science
678:
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510:
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481:
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443:
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427:Ultrapure water
417:Deionized water
408:
300:
273:
267:
232:
219:
126:deionized water
122:
86:
76:
32:Distilled water
17:
12:
11:
5:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1038:Drinking water
1035:
1020:
1019:
988:
959:(3): 168–175.
939:
914:
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875:
835:
808:
778:
734:(3): 155–160.
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598:
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336:urinary stones
299:
298:Health effects
296:
266:
263:
231:
228:
218:
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121:
118:
89:Drinking water
75:
72:
68:purified water
54:in a separate
38:that has been
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1044:
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929:on 2014-09-04
928:
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903:
901:92-4-159398-9
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872:
871:
866:
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791:water.epa.gov
788:
782:
767:
766:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
704:on 2009-08-19
703:
699:
693:
685:
684:
676:
669:
664:
656:
652:
651:howtobrew.com
648:
642:
634:
630:
626:
620:
612:
608:
602:
588:on 2015-09-23
584:
577:
571:
556:
550:
543:
538:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:"Chapter XVI"
508:
494:on 2010-04-26
490:
486:
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471:
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463:
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455:
451:
447:
441:
437:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
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410:
409:
403:
401:
400:heart disease
397:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
344:arthropathies
341:
337:
333:
332:kidney stones
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
294:of seawater.
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
272:
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149:
146:For example,
144:
142:
137:
135:
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117:
115:
113:
108:
107:
106:Meteorologica
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
25:Real Farmacia
21:
1033:Distillation
1014:the original
1001:
991:
956:
952:
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:the original
917:
891:
878:
868:
855:. Retrieved
851:
838:
821:
817:
811:
799:. Retrieved
790:
781:
770:, retrieved
764:
731:
727:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:the original
692:
682:
675:
667:
663:
650:
641:
628:
619:
609:. cpap.com.
601:
590:. Retrieved
583:the original
570:
559:. Retrieved
557:. 2020-06-19
549:
537:
529:
517:
507:
496:. Retrieved
489:the original
478:
453:
449:
440:
395:
392:"hard" water
389:
371:
364:
352:
312:electrolytes
301:
292:desalination
289:
278:
274:
259:
255:Solar stills
253:
241:
220:
208:
201:
194:
186:
176:
164:boiler scale
160:
145:
141:distillation
138:
123:
120:Applications
111:
104:
87:
31:
30:
857:October 25,
801:October 25,
772:22 February
483:Aristotle.
422:Heavy water
368:homeostasis
276:treatment.
244:fresh water
223:steam irons
1027:Categories
933:2011-12-11
708:2009-09-03
592:2015-01-03
561:2021-09-22
498:2010-06-14
456:(3): 186.
433:References
328:gallstones
211:Boeing 707
156:antifreeze
112:Friendship
78:See also:
60:Impurities
50:back into
470:0003-3790
380:magnesium
340:arthrosis
316:Magnesium
281:aluminium
136:is used.
101:Aristotle
56:container
48:condensed
27:in Madrid
983:11318912
906:Archived
795:Archived
793:. 2011.
758:23956962
655:Archived
633:Archived
629:cpap.com
611:Archived
406:See also
360:fluoride
308:diuresis
285:Fluoride
189:aquarium
182:humidors
93:seawater
1010:5550342
974:1495189
867:report
852:who.int
749:3736366
526:4669778
376:calcium
320:calcium
74:History
1008:
981:
971:
898:
768:, 2022
756:
746:
524:
468:
384:sodium
382:, and
342:, and
324:mmol/L
204:Pilsen
114:(1797)
82:, and
52:liquid
40:boiled
909:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
579:(PDF)
492:(PDF)
179:cigar
44:vapor
42:into
36:water
1006:PMID
979:PMID
896:ISBN
859:2011
803:2011
774:2023
754:PMID
522:OCLC
466:ISSN
148:ions
46:and
969:PMC
961:doi
826:doi
744:PMC
736:doi
458:doi
128:or
103:'s
34:is
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1000:.
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967:.
957:16
955:.
951:.
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330:,
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454:5
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