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999:, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: "... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people." He was
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in the rest of the country to weaken public resistance by using every possible kind of action, including deliberately fueling criminality; fostering drug addiction; sponsoring terrorism, assassinations, blackmail, bribery, opium trafficking, and racketeering; and spreading every kind of corruption in the almost-ungovernable country. The extent of his activities and covert operations is still inadequately understood. According to
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870:, arbitrary confiscation of property, and unabashed extortion became common. Underground brothels, opium dens, gambling houses, and narcotics shops run by Japanese gendarmes competed with the state monopoly syndicate of opium. Many conscientious Japanese officers protested the conditions, but Tokyo ignored them and so they were silenced.
886:, he managed to addict millions of unsuspecting patients, expanding societal degeneration into areas which had been hitherto untouched by the increasing breakdown of Chinese society. The scheme also created a pool of addicted victims desperate to offer any kind of service to secure a daily dose of opium.
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Doihara's activity in China vastly exceeded the normal behaviour of an intelligence officer. As chief of the
Japanese secret services in China, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities, systematically exploiting the occupied areas and disrupting Chinese social structure
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to
Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To
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throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were
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was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers were added to the ever-growing crowds of drug addicts in the crippled country, simultaneously creating huge profits. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization
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After the occupation of
Manchuria, the Japanese secret service, under his supervision, soon turned Manchukuo into a vast criminal enterprise in which rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault, and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's
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by ordering
Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still
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Given the chaotic situation in China, the corruption
Doihara methodically spread did not take long to reach the very top. In 1938, Chiang had eight generals, all in command of Chinese divisions, executed when it was found that they were informers for Doihara's services. This heralded a wave of
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Doihara soon expanded his activity into the still unoccupied parts of China. By using about 80,000 paid
Chinese agents known as Chiang Mao Tao, he funded hundreds of criminal groups, using them for every kind of social disturbance, turnover, assassinations and sabotage inside unoccupied China.
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by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of
February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month, the
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if he would defect to the new
Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of
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policy in China, including
Manchukuo, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.
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executions of high-ranking
Chinese officials found guilty for every kind of dealing with Doihara during the next six years of the war. To many Westerners in touch with the Chinese leadership, the purges did not have lasting results.
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As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of large parts of China, the destabilization of the country, and the disintegration of the traditional structure of
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together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague
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Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a
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was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply "military advice". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000
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He hired an army of agents and sent them throughout China as representatives of various humanitarian organizations. They established thousands of health centers, mainly in the villages of the districts, for curing
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and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission.
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Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's
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The peace conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937-1941, vol. 67, Harvard East Asian Series, The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University, Harvard University Press, 1972
383:. He was attached to the IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to the
862:, his activity played a key role in shattering China's ability to confront Japan's expansion by generating chaotic conditions, which prevented any mass reaction in the invaded country.
406:, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made a military adviser to the
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A section of the Liǔtiáo railway where Suemori Komoto under Doihara's orders planted the bomb that triggered the Japanese invasion in Manchuria. The caption reads "railway fragment".
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Doihara spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the
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507:, a woman well-acquainted with the Emperor, who regarded her as a member of the Chinese Imperial Family, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline.
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After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the
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Through the organizations, he soon managed to control a large part of the opium traffic in China, using the money earned to fund his covert operations.
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and commanded the IJA 30th Infantry Regiment. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in
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For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname "Lawrence of Manchuria," a reference to
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In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General
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The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945, John M. Jennings, p.102, Praeger, 1997,
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Secret servants: a history of Japanese espionage, p.128, Ronald Sydney Seth, ASIN: B0007DM4XG, Straus and Cudahy, 1957
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During his trial before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. First in the front row from left to right
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before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the legendary spy
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to diminish reaction to the Japanese plans by using highly-unconventional methods. He became the mastermind of the
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Encyclopedia of War Crimes And Genocide, p.128, Facts on File, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood,
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by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General
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Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry
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Last writing of the Class-A War Criminals (Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Hideki Tojo and Akira Muto)
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Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business, pages 312-313, John G. Roberts, Weatherhill, 1991,
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blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the
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of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark "
364:. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 16th class of the
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regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the
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Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II
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From 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the
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as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.299, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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and the sponsor behind many underworld activities in Japanese-occupied China.
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Chinese and Russian populations. Robbery by soldiers and gendarmes of the
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402:. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of
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Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation
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People executed by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
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660: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945
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and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the
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Doihara in a press photo in Tokyo during 1936, by then a Lt. General
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women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the
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Japanese people convicted of the international crime of aggression
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He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian
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Harvest of poppy in Manchukuo used for opium production
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Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,
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Tales of Real Spies, p.47, Fergus Fleming, EDC, 1998,
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Encyclopedia of espionage, p.316, Ronald Sydney Seth,
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carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at
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After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for
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Japanese people convicted of crimes against humanity
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Kempeitai: the Japanese Secret Service, Then and Now
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
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Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to
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to justify their intervention. That resulted in the
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410:Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to
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1392:. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
1368:Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials
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322:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1659:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
988:International Military Tribunal of the Far East
837:in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the
622:had fought to liberate, not to oppress people.
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592:Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of
279:, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948)
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1361:. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.
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626:Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War
490:Next, Doihara took the task to return former
1390:Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial
585:and resumed the fight against the Japanese.
418:. The following year, he was transferred to
1699:People executed for crimes against humanity
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1359:Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War
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720:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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752:in North China. There, he served in the
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577:, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to
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43:This article includes a list of general
27:Japanese officer, war criminal 1883-1948
1508:Newspaper clippings about Kenji Doihara
1318:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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1591:Inspector General of Military Training
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1357:Hayashi, Saburo; Cox, Alvin D (1959).
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827:Inspector-General of Military Training
588:From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted
117:Lawrence of Manchuria, a reference to
1539:Commander, IJA Eastern District Army
1484:"Scholar, Simpleton & Inflation"
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658:adding citations to reliable sources
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368:in 1904. He was assigned to various
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897:anti-Bolshevik movement during the
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340:Doihara in army cadet uniform, 1903
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950:His arrest, accused for war crimes
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1370:. University Press of Kentucky.
814:, and commander in chief of the
806:. In 1944, he was appointed the
756:and spearheaded the campaign of
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1618:Commander, IJA 1st General Army
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645:needs additional citations for
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1276:Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945
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366:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
299:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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1421:Wasserstein, Bernard (1999).
1297:. Stanford University Press.
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984:Allied occupation authorities
297:, he was instrumental in the
1564:Commander, IJA 7th Area Army
1492:. 1932-04-25. Archived from
1476:The Generals of World War II
918:selling to their customers.
777:Army Aeronautical Department
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1622:Sept 1945 – Sept 1945
1512:20th Century Press Archives
1278:. Oxford University Press.
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390:He learned to speak fluent
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1342:. London: Arms and Armor.
1339:Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai
1089:. Routledge. p. 359.
942:Prosecution and conviction
901:and the withdrawal of the
831:Japanese Twelfth Area Army
816:Japanese Seventh Area Army
798:In 1943, Doihara was made
758:Northern and Eastern Henan
742:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
356:Kenji Doihara was born in
1679:Executed military leaders
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242:Second Sino-Japanese War
1293:Barrett, David (2001).
1260:Maga, Judgment at Tokyo
1003:on 23 December 1948 at
808:Governor of Johor State
789:Japanese Army Air Force
596:. After the seizure of
430:"Lawrence of Manchuria”
324:. He was found guilty,
256:Order of the Rising Sun
64:more precise citations.
1274:Beasley, W.G. (1991).
1085:Bisher, Jamie (2005).
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974:Kenji Doihara in 1948
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381:Siberian Intervention
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332:Early life and career
311:Manchurian drug trade
238:Siberian Intervention
198:Years of service
108:Doihara in c. 1941~45
1694:History of Manchuria
1427:. Houghton Mifflin.
1321:. Harper Perennial.
654:improve this article
483:in the northwest of
166:Execution by hanging
1689:People from Okayama
1470:Ammenthorp, Steen.
1017:Japanese war crimes
845:Criminal activities
773:Supreme War Council
769:Japanese Fifth Army
750:Japanese First Army
387:from 1927 to 1928.
162:Cause of death
1386:Minear, Richard H.
980:surrender of Japan
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860:Ronald Sydney Seth
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800:Commander in Chief
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362:Okayama Prefecture
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1625:Succeeded by
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1546:Succeeded by
1524:Military offices
1202:, Doubleday, 1974
1143:, Doubleday, 1974
1141:978-0-385-01609-4
1058:, pp. 88–89.
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1489:Time Magazine
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1005:Sugamo Prison
1002:
998:
997:Naoki Hoshino
993:
990:as a Class A
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895:White Russian
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710:November 2022
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671: –
670:
666:
665:Find sources:
659:
655:
649:
648:
643:This section
641:
637:
632:
631:
623:
621:
620:T.E. Lawrence
618:
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590:Major General
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477:Zhang Haipeng
474:
470:
469:Zhang Jinghui
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445:
436:
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424:Kwantung Army
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276:Doihara Kenji
265:
264:Kenji Doihara
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220:14th Division
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148:Sugamo Prison
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128:8 August 1883
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96:Doihara Kenji
93:
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52:
46:
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32:
31:
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1611:Gen Sugiyama
1589:
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1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
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1398:Toland, John
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992:war criminal
977:
936:
920:
909:armies from
891:White émigré
888:
880:tuberculosis
876:
872:
864:
856:
824:
822:until 1945.
797:
766:
739:
716:
707:
697:
690:
683:
676:
664:
652:Please help
647:verification
644:
610:
608:until 1936.
587:
563:
549:puppet state
542:coming from
509:
492:Qing dynasty
489:
441:
404:Zhang Zuolin
389:
378:
358:Okayama City
355:
350:Zhang Zuolin
315:
303:
295:World War II
283:army officer
263:
262:
246:World War II
234:Battles/wars
143:(1948-12-23)
76:
67:
48:
1654:1883 births
1649:1948 deaths
1056:Fuller 1992
1039:Deacon 1990
516:driven from
512:Ma Zhanshan
114:Nickname(s)
62:introducing
1643:Categories
1500:2008-08-14
1250:0275957594
1023:References
978:After the
927:Golden Bat
748:under the
680:newspapers
540:JirĹŤ Tamon
487:province.
408:Kuomintang
394:and other
318:war crimes
224:Fifth Army
176:Allegiance
45:references
820:Singapore
558:gendarmes
553:Manchukuo
523:Ding Chao
459:Generals
376:in 1912.
201:1904–1945
70:June 2020
1400:(1970).
1388:(1971).
1315:(2001).
1011:See also
915:brothels
907:Japanese
868:Kempetai
494:Emperor
485:Liaoning
453:invasion
420:Shenyang
370:infantry
216:Commands
186:Service/
1514:of the
1510:in the
911:Siberia
903:Entente
802:of the
787:in the
785:general
779:of the
694:scholar
617:Colonel
579:Qiqihar
527:warlord
519:Qiqihar
501:Yingkou
416:Tianjin
412:colonel
320:in the
293:during
289:in the
287:general
285:. As a
210:General
133:, Japan
131:Okayama
58:improve
18:Doihara
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1001:hanged
931:heroin
923:Mitsui
812:Malaya
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689:
682:
675:
667:
544:Mukden
481:Taonan
473:Harbin
461:Xi Qia
270:土肥原 賢二
252:Awards
188:branch
47:, but
1268:Books
884:opium
701:JSTOR
687:books
465:Jilin
152:Tokyo
1558:none
1450:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1069:ISBN
905:and
673:news
598:Rehe
566:army
496:Puyi
475:and
206:Rank
138:Died
125:Born
1516:ZBW
818:in
656:by
600:in
551:of
479:at
471:in
463:in
1645::
1486:.
1474:.
1046:^
1031:^
1007:.
841:.
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68:(
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20:)
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