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1416:. During the 2011 drought, an estimated 50,000 to 150,000 people were reported to have died, though these figures and the extent of the crisis are disputed. In February 2012, the UN announced that the crisis was over due to a scaling up of relief efforts and a bumper harvest. Aid agencies subsequently shifted their emphasis to recovery efforts, including digging irrigation canals and distributing plant seeds. The 2020–2022 Horn of Africa drought has surpassed the horrific drought in 2010–2011 in both duration and severity. The Darfur conflict in
1240:. It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.
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tissues, stomatal closure, and reduced performance of photosynthetic machinery. This reduction in photosynthetic activity contributes to the reduction in plant growth and yields. Another factor influencing reduced plant growth and yields include the allocation of resources; following drought stress plants will allocate more resources to roots to aid in water uptake increasing root growth and reducing the growth of other plant parts while decreasing yields.
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552:. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common. Since water vapor becomes more energetic with increasing temperature, more water vapor is required to increase relative humidity values to 100% at higher temperatures (or to get the temperature to fall to the dew point). Periods of warmth quicken the pace of fruit and vegetable production, increase evaporation and transpiration from plants, and worsen drought conditions.
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758:. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts. These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100. Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past.
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girth has been shown to decrease in maize under water limiting conditions. Crop yield is also negatively effected by drought stress, the reduction in crop yield results from a decrease in photosynthetic rate, changes in leaf development, and altered allocation of resources all due to drought stress. Crop plants exposed to drought stress suffer from reductions in leaf water potential and transpiration rate.
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540:. The dry season greatly increases drought occurrence, and is characterized by its low humidity, with watering holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water in search of more fertile lands. Examples of such animals are
395:(sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes. The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model.
222:
has surpassed the horrific drought in 2010–2011 in both duration and severity. More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of
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adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water. In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind. Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region (deflation). Suspended particles
423:
on drought severity. Evaporative demand is particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. The SPEI calculation requires long-term and high-quality precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. These can be obtained from ground stations or gridded data based on reanalysis
1999:
In areas where people have limited understanding of the scientific basis of drought, beliefs about drought continue to reflect indigenous beliefs in the power of spirits and
Christian philosophies that see drought as a divine punishment. Such beliefs can influence people's thinking and affect their
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could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of the country.
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Plants need water for the uptake of nutrients from the soil, and for the transport of nutrients throughout the plant: drought conditions limit these functions leading to stunted growth. Drought stress also causes a decrease in photosynthetic activity in plants due to the reduction of photosynthetic
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again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of
442:
The application of multiple indices using different datasets helps to better manage and monitor droughts than using a single dataset, This is particularly the case in regions of the world where not enough data is available such as Africa and South
America. Using a single dataset can be limiting, as
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to the east
Pacific, it causes extensive drought in the western Pacific. Singapore experienced the driest February in 2014 since records began in 1869, with only 6.3 mm of rain falling in the month and temperatures hitting as high as 35 °C on 26 February. The years 1968 and 2005 had the
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aloft can prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or rainfall over one certain region. Once a region is within drought, feedback mechanisms such as local arid air, hot conditions which can promote warm core ridging, and minimal evapotranspiration can worsen drought conditions.
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Droughts occur mainly in areas where normal levels of rainfall are, in themselves, low. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficiently to reach the surface over a sufficient time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by a high level of reflected sunlight and above
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which results in poor growth. Development of leaves is also dependent upon turgor pressure, concentration of nutrients, and carbon assimilates all of which are reduced by drought conditions, thus drought stress lead to a decrease in leaf size and number. Plant height, biomass, leaf size and stem
2141:. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
609:. Winters during the El Niño are warmer and drier than average conditions in the Northwest, northern Midwest, and northern Mideast United States, so those regions experience reduced snowfalls. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south-central Africa, mainly in
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rainfall. Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation, while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation over a longer duration.
284:
Drought is a complex phenomenon − relating to the absence of water − which is difficult to monitor and define. By the early 1980s, over 150 definitions of "drought" had already been published. The range of definitions reflects differences in regions, needs, and disciplinary approaches.
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Economic losses as a result of droughts include lower agricultural, forests, game and fishing output, higher food-production costs, lower energy-production levels in hydro plants, losses caused by depleted water tourism and transport revenue, problems with water supply for the
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Effects vary according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food-sources. Areas with populations that depend on water sources as a major food-source are more vulnerable to famine.
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Water stress affects plant development and quality in a variety of ways: firstly drought can cause poor germination and impaired seedling development. At the same time plant growth relies on cellular division, cell enlargement, and differentiation. Drought stress impairs
316:
drought occurs when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought. As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the local population gradually
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also pointed out that "Warming over land drives an increase in atmospheric evaporative demand and in the severity of drought events" and "Increased atmospheric evaporative demand increases plant water stress, leading to agricultural and ecological drought".
427:
Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) and vegetation health index (VHI). The VCI and VHI are computed based on vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and temperature
438:
High-resolution drought information helps to better assess the spatial and temporal changes and variability in drought duration, severity, and magnitude at a much finer scale. This supports the development of site-specific adaptation measures.
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threshold. Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007
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within the wind may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.
293:
There are three major categories of drought based on where in the water cycle the moisture deficit occurs: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, and agricultural or ecological drought. A meteorological drought occurs due to lack of
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if it did not receive sufficient water by
October 2008. Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. Australian environmentalist
387:
Several indices have been defined to quantify and monitor drought at different spatial and temporal scales. A key property of drought indices is their spatial comparability, and they must be statistically robust. Drought indices include:
302:. Some organizations add another category: socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply. The socioeconomic drought is a similar concept to
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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
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10. Mosley LM, Zammit B, Leyden E, Heneker TM, Hipsey MR, Skinner D, and
Aldridge KT (2012). The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia). Water Resources Management 26:
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Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).
277:, a multi-agency partnership, drought is generally defined as "a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season or more), resulting in a water shortage". The National Weather Service office of the
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forces. Globally, people in many societies have been more likely to explain natural events like drought, famine and disease in terms of the supernatural than they are to explain social phenomena like war, murder, and theft.
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experienced the worst drought in 100 years. Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. The long
Australian
408:
Standardized precipitation index (SPI): It is computed based on precipitation, which makes it a simple and easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring and prediction of droughts in different parts of the world. The
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the world. These include
Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions.
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has increased the frequency and severity of drought events. Moreover, the occurrence and impact of droughts are aggravated by anthropogenic activities such as land use change and water management and demand.
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1968:. Beliefs about drought are further shaped by cultural factors including local knowledge, perceptions, values, beliefs and religion. In some places and times, droughts have been interpreted as the work of
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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
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Environmental effects of droughts include: lower surface and subterranean water-levels, lower flow-levels (with a decrease below the minimum leading to direct danger for amphibian life), increased
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Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).
3487:"Climate Change 2021 / The Physical Science Basis / Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers"
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Gebrechorkos, Solomon H.; Peng, Jian; Dyer, Ellen; Miralles, Diego G.; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Funk, Chris; Beck, Hylke E.; Asfaw, Dagmawi T.; Singer, Michael B.; Dadson, Simon J. (2023).
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experienced the worst drought in 100 years. A 2006 article reported results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists at the
Brazilian
298:. A hydrological drought is related to low runoff, streamflow, and reservoir storage. An agricultural or ecological drought is causing plant stress from a combination of evaporation and low
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A.J. Dore; M. Mousavi-Baygi; R.I. Smith; J. Hall; D. Fowler; T.W. Choularton (June 2006). "A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia".
2578:
Nandy, S.N. (2021) Analysis of drought vulnerability indices of Indian districts using Fuzzy logic approach. International Water Resources Association Journal (IWRA - India), 10(2): 11-17.
178:. Social and health costs include the negative effect on the health of people directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress caused by failed harvests,
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accumulation within food chains and water supply (some of which are among the most potent toxins known to science) can cause cancer with low exposure over the long term. High levels of
270:
defines a drought simply as "drier than normal conditions". This means that a drought is "a moisture deficit relative to the average water availability at a given location and season".
855:
4863:
4115:
Seka, Ayalkibet Mekonnen; Zhang, Jiahua; Prodhan, Foyez Ahmed; Ayele, Gebiaw Teshome; Finsa, Mekuanenet Mulunhie; Sharma, Til Prasad Pangali; Melesse, Assefa Mekonnen (2022).
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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from reaching interior Australia. In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole
4444:
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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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4893:
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6219:
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3705:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4389:
Abbate PE, Dardanelli JL, Cantarero MG, Maturano M, Melchiori RJ, Suero EE (2004). "Climatic and Water Availability Effects on Water-Use Efficiency in Wheat".
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Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.
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1338:. A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to
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2040:, said to be the "worst drought of the millennium" with eleven months without rain and temperatures of 5–7 °C above the average of the 20th century
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5309:"Explaining the uncertainty: understanding small-scale farmers' cultural beliefs and reasoning of drought causes in Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique"
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3426:
3401:"Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record"
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studies date back to 1900. There are three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic and social. Environmental effects include the drying of
4117:"Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review"
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Droughts can cause land degradation and loss of soil moisture, resulting in the destruction of cropland productivity. This can result in diminished
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released a report in 2004 stating that to date, there is still no convincing scientific proof of the efficacy of intentional weather modification.
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1084:). Droughts can also cause limitations of water supplies, increased water pollution levels, high food-costs, stress caused by failed harvests,
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Griffin-Nolan, Robert J.; Blumenthal, Dana M.; Collins, Scott L.; Farkas, Timothy E.; Hoffman, Ava M.; Mueller, Kevin E.; Ocheltree, Troy W.;
103:
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in Australia led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (
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83:
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due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. Drought is among the earliest documented climatic events, present in the
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570:(ENSO) phenomenon can sometimes play a significant role in drought. ENSO comprises two patterns of temperature anomalies in the central
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defines drought as "a deficiency of moisture that results in adverse impacts on people, animals, or vegetation over a sizeable area".
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Jackson, Joshua Conrad; Dillion, Danica; Bastian, Brock; Watts, Joseph; Buckner, William; DiMaggio, Nicholas; Gray, Kurt (May 2023).
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One can divide the impacts of droughts and water shortages into three groups: environmental, economic and social (including health).
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for people, less agricultural productivity and therefore more expensive food production. Another impact is shortages of water for
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is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the
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Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation: Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance
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Several impacts make their impacts worse. These are increased water demand, population growth and urban expansion in many areas.
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2004:, curricula sometimes give religious explanations of natural phenomena rather than scientific ones. Teaching explicitly denies
1954:
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Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviewss.
1218:, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years.
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419:(SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. The SPEI accounts also for the role of the increased atmospheric
3907:
3519:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
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Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P
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conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops.
147:
Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world, becoming more extreme and less predictable due to
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and for technological processes in metallurgy, mining, the chemical, paper, wood, foodstuff industries etc., disruption of
1028:. Drought in combination with high levels of grazing pressure can function as the tipping point for an ecosystem, causing
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2950:"An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations"
1834:. Failure to develop adequate drought mitigation strategies carries a grave human cost in the modern era, exacerbated by
817:
6156:
3308:"Bad Meteorology: The reason clouds form when air cools is because cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air"
2672:
Swain, S; et al. (2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India".
1469:. More than 10 million people in the region were at risk of famine due to a month-long heat wave that was hovering over
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Climate change affects many factors associated with droughts. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain
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in general. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when either increased
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1953:. Hunter-gatherer migrations in 9,500 BC Chile have been linked to the phenomenon, as has the exodus of early humans
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recommends this index for identifying and monitoring meteorological droughts in different climates and time periods.
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2265:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"
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searching for water have to take their livestock further south, to land mainly occupied by non-Arab farming people.
844:, and it has devastating impacts on the environment, economy, water resources, agriculture, and society worldwide.
5445:"Evolutionary stasis: creationism, evolution and climate change in the Accelerated Christian Education curriculum"
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582:. La Niña events are generally associated with drier and hotter conditions and further exacerbation of drought in
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Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...
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3031:"A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations"
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3536:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.
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There is a rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe that are concurrent with an increase in potential
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4014:. Ed. Emily Monosson. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
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1854:– a form of intentional weather modification to induce rainfall. This remains a hotly debated topic, as the
1088:, etc. Reduced water quality can occur because lower water-flows reduce dilution of pollutants and increase
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73:
2379:"Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions"
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There are negative effects on the health of people who are directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive
744:. In 2022, the state was experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by climate change.
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4180:"Livestock management promotes bush encroachment in savanna systems by altering plant–herbivore feedback"
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Markonis, Yannis; Kumar, Rohini; Hanel, Martin; Rakovec, Oldrich; Máca, Petr; AghaKouchak, Amir (2021).
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641:, and decreasing air quality dramatically. Drier-than-normal conditions are also in general observed in
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4992:"People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un"
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Taking drought into account Addressing chronic vulnerability among pastoralists in the Horn of Africa
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Agriculturally, people can effectively mitigate much of the impact of drought through irrigation and
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5179:"BBC - Weather Centre - Features - History and Religion - Weather in the Bible - Drought and Famine"
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settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago. Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented
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3017:(Date: 1968) Res. Paper SE-38. 32 pp. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
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https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iwra&volume=10&issue=2&article=002
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due to droughts, there are a range of options for people to access other sources of water, such as
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5369:"Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena"
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This explains why droughts and water scarcity operate as a factor which increases the gap between
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Decolonising Conflicts, Security, Peace, Gender, Environment and Development in the Anthropocene
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1936 and 1941 Sichuan Province China resulting in 5 million and 2.5 million deaths respectively.
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due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. People have viewed drought as a
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4069:"Parched village sues to shut tap at Coke / Drought-hit Indians say plant draining groundwater"
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144:. This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.
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4330:
Kahiluoto H, Kaseva J, Balek J, Olesen JE, Ruiz-Ramos M, Gobin A, et al. (January 2019).
3638:
3255:
3228:
1012:
means that average soil moisture will approximate the ninth driest year between 1850 and 1900.
7186:
6832:
6709:
6517:
5967:
5890:
5543:
5182:
4646:
4636:
3707:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210,
3201:
3174:
3108:
2357:
2037:
1942:
1896:
953:
594:. Meteorological scientists have observed that La Niñas have become more frequent over time.
5647:
Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine
4010:
2455:
7324:
7025:
6903:
6564:
6129:
6056:
5456:
5250:
4572:
4343:
4128:
3952:
3885:
3758:
3650:
3559:
3081:
3044:
2961:
2948:
Liu, Yi; Ren, Liliang; Ma, Mingwei; Yang, Xiaoli; Yuan, Fei; Jiang, Shanhu (January 2016).
2889:
2818:
2713:
2390:
2204:
1892:
1633:
1628:
1592:
1571:
1429:
1347:
1331:
1310:
1046:
974:
917:
646:
392:
53:
4178:
Koch, Franziska; Tietjen, Britta; Tielbörger, Katja; Allhoff, Korinna T. (November 2022).
2281:
2264:
2150:
446:
Careful monitoring of moisture levels can also help predict increased risk for wildfires.
8:
7234:
7042:
6817:
6041:
6036:
2591:
1981:
1960:
Droughts can be scientifically explained in terms of physical mechanisms, which underlie
1753:
1713:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1196:
salt-water shellfish and fresh-water supplies throughout the state of California in 2016.
783:
Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over-farming, excessive
187:
152:
5487:
5460:
5444:
5254:
5049:
4775:
4576:
4347:
4132:
3956:
3762:
3654:
3563:
3085:
3048:
2996:
2965:
2893:
2822:
2394:
2217:
2208:
2192:
1917:
1848:– many dams and their associated reservoirs supply additional water in times of drought.
7689:
6870:
6802:
6719:
6569:
6534:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6046:
5281:
5238:
4588:
4366:
4331:
4307:
4281:"Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options"
4280:
4248:
4209:
4160:
4116:
3674:
3588:
3547:
3253:
2695:
2500:
2421:
2378:
2340:
2313:
1723:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1658:
1462:
1454:
1100:
1009:
903:
894:
Further examples of common environmental and economic consequences of drought include:
721:
630:
506:
255:
141:
4756:
4509:
4279:
Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, et al. (29 June 2017).
4032:
3172:
2766:
2748:
2479:
1367:, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population. The long Australian
736:
132:
significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased
7669:
7633:
7343:
7277:
7104:
6767:
6512:
6278:
6061:
6024:
5811:
5765:
5492:
5474:
5423:
5398:
5390:
5330:
5286:
5268:
5158:
4650:
4615:
4592:
4539:
4489:
4371:
4312:
4213:
4201:
4164:
4152:
4144:
3970:
3666:
3593:
3575:
3333:
3285:
3261:
3234:
3207:
3180:
3155:
3145:
3114:
2977:
2949:
2846:
2806:
2685:
2426:
2408:
2377:
Bellizzi, Saverio; Lane, Chris; Elhakim, Mohamed; Nabeth, Pierre (12 November 2020).
2345:
2294:
2286:
2222:
2046:
1921–22 Soviet Union in which over 5 million perished from starvation due to drought.
1961:
1934:
1835:
1738:
1718:
1688:
1638:
1360:
1301:
and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.
1233:
1211:
1206:
1096:
1021:
957:
907:
876:
778:
680:
160:
4420:
4252:
3678:
3311:
3257:
Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought : A Global Study: A Global Study
2699:
7565:
7559:
7361:
7265:
7147:
6714:
6697:
6638:
6529:
6293:
6007:
5880:
5816:
5482:
5464:
5380:
5320:
5276:
5258:
5150:
4580:
4416:
4398:
4361:
4351:
4302:
4292:
4240:
4191:
4136:
3960:
3936:
3915:
3766:
3708:
3658:
3583:
3567:
3093:
3089:
3052:
2969:
2928:
2897:
2836:
2826:
2677:
2416:
2398:
2335:
2325:
2276:
2212:
2087:
2016:
1977:
1912:
1819:
1733:
1703:
1678:
1673:
1648:
1643:
1539:
1249:
1214:
is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the
1001:
983:
761:
597:
Conversely, during El Niño events, drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the
231:
64:
44:
5237:
Savelli, Elisa; Rusca, Maria; Cloke, Hannah; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano (May 2022).
5013:
4999:
3941:"Shifts in plant functional composition following long-term drought in grasslands"
3770:
2901:
7464:
7099:
7020:
6984:
6913:
6887:
6875:
6792:
6724:
6599:
6456:
6068:
6019:
5997:
5538:
4867:
4845:
4834:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4707:
4703:
4682:
4678:
4611:
4056:
4020:
3378:
2507:
2486:
2175:
2157:
2138:
1989:
1888:
1567:
1425:
1397:
1385:
1041:
884:
864:
841:
833:
685:
650:
606:
498:
486:
5625:
3404:
2681:
2480:
Drought Threatens Amazon Basin - Extreme conditions felt for second year running
2008:, that human agency is affecting climate, and that climate change is occurring.
2000:
resilience and ability to adapt to stress and respond to crises. In the case of
692:, droughts and heavy precipitation events, for various climate change scenarios.
309:
The different categories of droughts have different causes but similar effects:
7417:
7333:
7052:
6908:
6850:
6845:
6687:
6576:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6146:
6083:
5821:
5801:
5760:
5681:
5469:
5385:
5368:
5325:
5308:
4737:
4634:
4336:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4140:
3398:
2861:
2403:
2102:
2067:
2020:
1884:
1809:
1801:
1543:
1510:
1298:
1160:
1134:
1085:
1074:
1049:
increases in crops such as wheat while decreasing in others, such as potatoes.
626:
537:
459:
402:
303:
183:
179:
148:
5638:
5225:
4886:"Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity"
4584:
3920:
3712:
3662:
3057:
3030:
2973:
2831:
323:
drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as
7663:
7628:
7426:
7125:
7057:
6782:
6604:
6589:
6524:
6419:
5634:
5478:
5394:
5334:
5272:
5239:"Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects"
4402:
4205:
4148:
3974:
3670:
3579:
3159:
2981:
2850:
2552:"Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action"
2412:
2290:
2226:
2077:
2072:
2062:
1950:
1872:
1862:
1851:
1831:
1559:
1380:
1274:
1273:
argue in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of
1089:
788:
571:
482:
472:
443:
it may not capture the full spectrum of drought characteristics and impacts.
357:
299:
295:
5557:"Elf Monate ohne Regen: Die Angst vor der Megadürre des Jahres 1540 geht um"
5534:
The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case
4356:
4297:
3965:
3940:
3939:; Whitney, Kenneth D.; Knapp, Alan K. (September 2019). Jones, Holly (ed.).
3492:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23.
754:
Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases
625:. Direct effects of El Niño resulting in drier conditions occur in parts of
401:: an index that is calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, and other
7623:
7545:
7540:
7373:
7338:
7286:
7010:
6807:
6451:
6441:
6088:
5972:
5885:
5599:
5510:
5496:
5402:
5290:
4375:
4316:
4244:
4156:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3597:
3571:
2430:
2349:
2298:
1985:
1969:
1900:
1805:
1482:
1352:
1293:, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. According to the
1266:
1215:
1150:
1062:
888:
879:, worse health of trees and the appearance of pests and dendroid diseases.
765:
658:
598:
353:
239:
210:
194:
167:
4605:
3725:"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change"
3637:
Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12).
3254:
Vijendra K. Boken; Arthur P. Cracknell; Ronald L. Heathcote (2005-03-24).
3071:
2525:"Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change"
250:
7638:
7524:
7457:
7436:
7431:
7309:
7037:
6554:
6546:
5796:
4642:
2193:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"
2082:
2001:
1445:
1401:
1189:
1154:
1066:
940:
748:
657:
from June to August. As warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the
363:
313:
121:
5620:
5099:"Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?"
3685:
2841:
2674:
2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)
2312:
Stanke, C; Kerac, M; Prudhomme, C; Medlock, J; Murray, V (5 June 2013).
1404:
have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in
924:, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.
7319:
7069:
6446:
4973:
3783:
Daniel Tsegai, Miriam Medel, Patrick Augenstein, Zhuojing Huang (2022)
1946:
1876:
1547:
1526:
1478:
1364:
1282:
1185:
1017:
784:
642:
618:
549:
525:
519:
478:
371:
345:
341:
175:
171:
91:
4861:
Fatal Failure: Did Aid Agencies Let Up To 100,000 Somalis Die in 2011?
4445:"Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem"
4196:
4179:
3704:
3533:
3516:
3457:"February 2010 is driest month for S'pore since records began in 1869"
2933:
2916:
1392:
in a 2001 satellite image. The lake has shrunk by 95% since the 1960s.
696:
Globally, the occurrence of droughts has increased as a result of the
579:
575:
7648:
7643:
7591:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7299:
7294:
6014:
4974:"Methodists make appeal for famine threatened West Africa - Ekklesia"
3777:
3613:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years"
2049:
1928–30 Northwest China resulting in over 3 million deaths by famine.
2005:
1922:
1869:
and allow farmers to plant less water-dependent crops in drier years.
1584:
1498:
1389:
1327:
1261:
Amazon Rainforest § Impact of early 21st century Amazon droughts
1081:
1025:
935:
927:
913:
689:
634:
545:
367:
332:
320:
259:
198:
137:
117:
5263:
4560:
3934:
1008:
on soil moisture at 2 °C of global warming. A reduction of one
505:
carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses, and ridges of
7598:
7586:
7491:
7391:
5154:
4510:"Toxins from freshwater algae found in San Francisco Bay shellfish"
4488:(1st ed.). Oxford ; New York: Pergamon Press. p. 3.
3749:
Mishra, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (2011). "Drought modeling – A review".
3616:
3199:
3173:
Roland Paepe; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge; Saskia Jelgersma (1990).
1993:
1930:
1522:
1237:
1123:
1119:
872:
812:
654:
622:
614:
602:
349:
227:
133:
4486:
The constant catastrophe : malnutrition, famines, and drought
3785:
Drought in Numbers 2022 - restoration for readiness and resilience
2261:
1281:" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the
824:
684:
There will likely be multiplicative increases in the frequency of
348:
to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the
7581:
7555:
7452:
7383:
7304:
5650:
5594:
5350:"How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events"
4388:
4227:
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SM (March 2009).
1866:
1563:
1534:
1436:
1343:
1335:
1286:
1225:
1168:
1138:
1115:
1070:
1037:
949:
944:
931:
868:
792:
324:
156:
129:
125:
2917:"Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained"
2314:"Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence"
82:
Droughts cause a range of impacts and are often worsened by the
7005:
5608:
5236:
4796:"Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI"
3876:
3369:
2994:
1875:– Building canals or redirecting rivers as massive attempts at
1439:
1290:
1174:
1146:
1142:
943:, when drought hits an area suffering from desertification and
764:
can help reduce the impact of droughts. One example of this is
610:
541:
529:
87:
5644:
5416:
Spring, Úrsula Oswald; Brauch, Hans Günter (25 January 2021).
5050:"BBC NEWS - Science/Nature - Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed"
4050:
Drought affecting US hydroelectric production | Daily Estimate
3399:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2002-05-16).
2626:. NOAA | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
2190:
1542:
affecting the Ganges is of particular concern, as it provides
7412:
7366:
6919:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6002:
4536:
Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands
3787:, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
3331:
2860:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2856:
2749:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Dam project aims to save Aral Sea"
2024:
1938:
1530:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1417:
1339:
1221:
963:
206:
202:
99:
5032:"People's Daily Online - Glaciers melting at alarming speed"
4177:
2804:
1424:, was fueled by decades of drought; combination of drought,
1130:
Further examples of social and health consequences include:
7549:
4920:"U.N. Says Somalia Famine Has Ended, but Crisis Isn't Over"
4033:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Australians face snake invasion"
2311:
1929:
Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as
1474:
1433:
1421:
1277:
on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "
1229:
1149:– drought provides too little water to support food crops;
638:
502:
458:
Contraction and desiccation cracks in the dry earth of the
375:
356:
rule. Similar circumstances also place their largest lake,
328:
226:
Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as
7264:
5366:
5096:
4814:"Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources"
4635:
Arthur Getis; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000).
4329:
4229:"Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management"
4226:
3427:"Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up"
1980:
have been used in an attempt to prevent or avert drought.
454:
193:
Examples for regions with increased drought risks are the
140:
can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing
7095:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
5443:
Scaramanga, Jenna; Reiss, Michael J. (1 September 2023).
3545:
2376:
1957:
and into the rest of the world around 135,000 years ago.
1845:
1841:
Strategies for drought protection or mitigation include:
1432:
are among the causes of the Darfur conflict, because the
1179:
977:
1061:
The most negative impacts of drought for humans include
5068:"Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports"
4721:
Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF
4606:
K.E.K. Neuendorf; J.P. Mehl, Jr.; J.A. Jackson (2005).
3846:
3028:
662:
next driest Februaries, when 8.4 mm of rain fell.
3233:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206.
2862:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2807:"Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022"
2767:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Kazakh lake 'could dry up'"
555:
6936:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
5583:
4114:
3908:"Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists"
3636:
3548:"The rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe"
3479:
3179:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22.
3106:
2954:
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
2598:. NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System
2331:
10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004
1228:, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained,
850:
4278:
3798:"A biblical tragedy as Sea of Galilee faces drought"
2876:
Mishra, Ashok K.; Singh, Vijay P. (September 2010).
2501:
Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study
2043:
1900 India killing between 250,000 and 3.25 million.
1795:
3816:"Kenya: Deforestation exacerbates droughts, floods"
2098:
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
1224:is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous,
828:After years of drought and dust storms the town of
466:
417:
Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index
5354:Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences
3305:
2242:"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires"
1509:Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the
124:of affected regions, and causes harm to the local
5205:"Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought"
4558:
4529:
4332:"Decline in climate resilience of European wheat"
3639:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future"
2030:Drought might have been a contributing factor to
1355:, predicted that unless it made drastic changes,
366:or ecological droughts affect crop production or
7661:
7136:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
5147:Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research
4087:"Sweden closes nuclear plants over safety fears"
1243:
1182:over natural resources, including water and food
5442:
5014:"Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists"
3424:
3007:. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station
2721:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
859:Western red cedar dying from drought, USA, 2018
772:
424:as well as satellite and multi-source datasets.
5085:Water shortage worst in decades, official says
4913:
4911:
4728:, March 9, 2996. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
4710:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
4685:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
4483:
3981:
3332:Cooperative Extension Service (January 2014).
3206:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–49.
3203:The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña
688:events compared to the pre-industrial era for
477:Mechanisms of producing precipitation include
275:National Integrated Drought Information System
7250:
5871:History of climate change policy and politics
5666:
3610:
2362:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2197:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1992:. Many ancient practices are now a matter of
1600:
840:Drought is one of the most complex and major
102:; drought and high temperatures worsened the
5554:
5415:
4121:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2947:
2706:
1056:
672:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
84:effects of climate change on the water cycle
5988:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
5436:
5226:Drought pushed ancient African immigration
5097:Matt Weiser; Jeremy B. White (2014-06-01).
4908:
4877:
3849:"Emergency Tillage to Control Wind Erosion"
3748:
2875:
344:was awarded a large amount of money by the
7257:
7243:
7217:
7205:
6662:
5673:
5659:
5302:
5300:
4671:Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'
4638:Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition
3842:
3840:
3200:Joseph S. D'Aleo; Pamela G. Grube (2002).
3100:
2995:Keetch, John J.; Byram, George M. (1968).
2665:
2257:
2255:
1607:
1593:
27:Period with less precipitation than normal
6957:
6763:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5896:United Nations Climate Change conferences
5486:
5468:
5384:
5341:
5324:
5280:
5262:
4917:
4696:Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon
4365:
4355:
4306:
4296:
4195:
3964:
3919:
3587:
3056:
2997:"A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control"
2932:
2840:
2830:
2420:
2402:
2339:
2329:
2280:
2246:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
2216:
1488:
1334:or semi-arid lands commonly known as the
382:
6467:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
5360:
5347:
5230:
4442:
3260:. Oxford University Press. p. 349.
3226:
3176:Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought
2914:
2239:
2186:
2184:
1916:
1813:
1492:
1444:
1384:
1374:
1271:National Institute of Amazonian Research
1200:
1109:
1000:
997:Effects of climate change on agriculture
854:
823:
816:Pair of dead oryx in Namibia during the
811:
803:
735:
679:
676:Effects of climate change on agriculture
453:
249:
6823:National Adaptation Programme of Action
6612:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
5409:
5297:
5128:"Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought"
4484:García, R. V.; Escudero, J. C. (1981).
3837:
3790:
2871:
2869:
2252:
2233:
1856:United States National Research Council
1769:Droughts and famines in Russia and USSR
1577:
1550:for more than 500 million people.
990:
966:migration, which results in snake-bites
808:Global drought total economic loss risk
166:Economic impacts include disruption of
14:
7662:
6472:Economics of climate change mitigation
6435:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5948:
5776:Scientific consensus on climate change
5306:
4918:Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012).
4538:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588.
4532:"Geomorphological hazards in drylands"
3905:
3899:
2921:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
2800:
2676:. Vol. 2017. pp. 5505–5507.
2642:
2640:
1614:
182:, etc. Prolonged droughts have caused
7238:
7131:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6956:
6661:
6397:
5947:
5859:
5740:
5692:
5654:
5511:"Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile"
5449:Cultural Studies of Science Education
5422:. Springer Nature. pp. 385–410.
4883:
4776:Metropolis strives to meet its thirst
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
3499:from the original on 4 November 2021.
3139:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2671:
2614:
2612:
2574:
2572:
2546:
2544:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2473:
2305:
2282:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804
2181:
2169:Australian Drought and Climate Change
1996:while others may still be practiced.
1588:
1285:is on the brink of being turned into
209:. For example, in 2005, parts of the
7153:Representative Concentration Pathway
6094:Tipping points in the climate system
5770:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5307:Salite, Daniela (1 September 2019).
4561:"On the mode of origin of the loess"
4233:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
3454:
3433:from the original on 6 December 2023
3335:Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky
3220:
2866:
2654:. National Drought Mitigation Center
2442:
2440:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1562:, which gets much of its water from
730:Effects of climate change § Droughts
94:due to drought; droughts negatively
6924:Nationally determined contributions
6634:Individual action on climate change
5839:World energy supply and consumption
5144:
4828:
3906:Zimmer, Katarina (17 August 2023).
2637:
2448:"Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years"
2218:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235
556:El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
360:, at risk of completely drying out.
24:
7063:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
5680:
4259:
3912:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
3847:Vern Hofman; Dave Franzen (1997).
2777:
2609:
2569:
2541:
2513:
2491:
2470:
2240:Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019).
2011:Some historical droughts include:
1784:2010 China drought and dust storms
1582:Droughts in particular countries:
1232:, pale yellow or buff, windblown (
973:due to reduced water-flow through
902:, which can have an impact on net
851:Environmental and economic impacts
532:emerge due to the movement of the
25:
7716:
6990:Satellite temperature measurement
6595:forestry for carbon sequestration
5876:History of climate change science
5579:
4757:Australian rivers 'face disaster'
3855:Extension Service. Archived from
3306:Alistair B. Fraser (1994-11-27).
2437:
2114:
2034:between the 7th and 9th centuries
1796:Protection, mitigation and relief
1114:People displaced by a drought in
1073:, which lead to loss of life and
665:
411:World Meteorological Organization
7216:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7180:
6841:Climate Change Performance Index
6220:Destruction of cultural heritage
5633:
5619:
5607:
5593:
5548:
5526:
5503:
5348:Wrethman, Emily (4 April 2023).
5219:
5197:
5171:
5138:
5120:
3425:Seth Borenstein (May 28, 2022).
3029:Emmanouil N. Anagnostou (2004).
2855:
1553:
1040:and cell elongation via loss of
1018:crop growth or yield productions
728:This section is an excerpt from
467:General precipitation deficiency
220:2020–2022 Horn of Africa drought
72:
63:
52:
43:
6980:Instrumental temperature record
6931:Sustainable Development Goal 13
5090:
5078:
5060:
5042:
5024:
5006:
4984:
4966:
4937:
4884:Warah, Rasna (2 October 2011).
4853:
4806:
4788:
4769:
4750:
4747:, Geological Society of America
4731:
4713:
4688:
4663:
4628:
4599:
4565:Geological Magazine (Decade II)
4552:
4534:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.).
4523:
4502:
4477:
4465:from the original on 2022-10-09
4436:
4426:
4421:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010
4409:
4382:
4323:
4220:
4171:
4108:
4079:
4061:
4043:
4025:
4003:
3928:
3878:United States Geological Survey
3870:
3808:
3742:
3717:
3630:
3604:
3539:
3522:
3504:
3448:
3418:
3392:
3371:North Carolina State University
3363:
3352:from the original on 2022-10-09
3325:
3299:
3274:
3247:
3193:
3166:
3133:
3065:
3022:
2988:
2941:
2915:Van Loon, Anne F. (July 2015).
2908:
2759:
2741:
2730:from the original on 2022-10-09
2584:
1966:human impact on the environment
1921:A South Dakota farm during the
1566:in mountain ranges such as the
1363:could become the world's first
1254:
818:2018–19 Southern Africa drought
262:suffering from drought in 2006.
7685:Climate variability and change
7048:Climate variability and change
6398:
6079:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
4849:Overseas Development Institute
3882:"Dunes – Getting Started"
3701:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes
3643:Current Climate Change Reports
3513:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes
3113:. Academic Press. p. 66.
3107:Robert Penrose Pearce (2002).
3094:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043
2878:"A review of drought concepts"
2370:
2269:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2162:
2144:
1449:Affected areas in the western
1396:Recurring droughts leading to
922:wildfires in the United States
900:diversity of plant communities
875:, higher deflation intensity,
534:Intertropical Convergence Zone
524:Within the tropics, distinct,
234:or as something influenced by
13:
1:
7158:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
6693:Climate emergency declaration
5624:The dictionary definition of
5544:doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2
3853:North Dakota State University
3771:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049
3611:Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022).
3455:Chan, Joanne (3 March 2010).
3144:. San Diego: Academic Press.
3140:Houze, Robert A. Jr. (1993).
3110:Meteorology at the Millennium
2902:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012
2178:, retrieved on June 7th 2007.
2108:
2019:started 400 years ago in the
1861:Land use – Carefully planned
1244:Regions particularly affected
513:
288:
245:
159:, more and larger wildfires,
7619:Potentially hazardous object
7141:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6367:Middle East and North Africa
5693:
5313:Agriculture and Human Values
4945:"Thomson Reuters Foundation"
1945:'s arrival in and the later
1304:
1092:of remaining water sources.
1069:, famine, malnutrition, and
773:Erosion and human activities
714:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
568:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
562:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
268:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
128:. Annual dry seasons in the
7:
6215:Depopulation of settlements
5860:
5555:Andreas Frey (2018-08-04).
4443:Prokurat, Sergiusz (2015).
3036:Meteorological Applications
2682:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250
2523:Dunne, Daisy (2022-10-26).
2056:
1984:have ranged from dances to
1779:2021 Madagascar food crisis
1326:By far the largest part of
497:average prevalence of high
104:2020 bushfires in Australia
10:
7721:
6975:Global surface temperature
6866:Popular culture depictions
6778:Ecosystem-based adaptation
6508:Carbon capture and storage
6430:Carbon offsets and credits
5741:
5470:10.1007/s11422-023-10187-y
5386:10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0
5326:10.1007/s10460-019-09928-z
4837:and Sara Pavanello (2004)
4726:World Wide Fund for Nature
4559:F. von Richthofen (1882).
4530:Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011).
4285:Frontiers in Plant Science
4141:10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0
2404:10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z
1910:
1906:
1799:
1574:, also would be affected.
1378:
1308:
1258:
1247:
1204:
994:
934:, which further erode the
865:pollution of surface water
799:
776:
727:
669:
588:Southwestern United States
559:
517:
470:
399:Keetch-Byram Drought Index
29:
7695:Water and the environment
7611:
7574:
7533:
7515:
7484:
7477:
7445:
7411:
7404:
7382:
7352:
7318:
7285:
7276:
7187:Climate change portal
7174:
7113:
7080:Extreme event attribution
6998:
6967:
6963:
6952:
6896:
6831:
6753:
6703:School Strike for Climate
6675:
6671:
6657:
6626:
6582:Climate-smart agriculture
6543:
6500:
6410:
6406:
6393:
6317:
6170:
6117:
5960:
5956:
5943:
5866:
5855:
5784:
5753:
5749:
5736:
5719:Climate change adaptation
5714:Climate change mitigation
5709:Effects of climate change
5699:
5688:
4614:, New York. p. 779.
4585:10.1017/S001675680017164X
4452:Journal of Modern Science
3921:10.1146/knowable-081723-2
3713:10.1017/9781009157896.010
3663:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2
3058:10.1017/S1350482704001409
2974:10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4
2832:10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023
2811:Earth System Science Data
1620:
1513:of the Himalayan rivers.
1497:Drought-affected area in
1057:Social and health impacts
1006:Impacts of climate change
891:for municipal economies.
704:. In addition, increased
590:, and to some extent the
449:
434:Standardized runoff index
7675:Meteorological phenomena
7090:Global warming potential
6897:International agreements
6544:Preserving and enhancing
5978:Arctic methane emissions
5900:Years in climate change
5807:Greenhouse gas emissions
5704:Causes of climate change
4403:10.2135/cropsci2004.4740
4091:Greenpeace International
4055:October 2, 2011, at the
32:Drought (disambiguation)
7121:Climate change scenario
6773:Disaster risk reduction
6425:Carbon emission trading
6235:U.S. insurance industry
6205:Civilizational collapse
6052:sea surface temperature
4357:10.1073/pnas.1804387115
4298:10.3389/fpls.2017.01147
4009:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
3966:10.1111/1365-2745.13252
3282:"Wet & Dry Seasons"
3227:Bin Wang (2006-01-13).
3074:Atmospheric Environment
2620:"Definition of Drought"
2334:(inactive 2024-04-30).
2093:Permanent wilting point
2015:The longest drought in
1879:in drought-prone areas.
1838:population densities.
982:Shortages of water for
952:damage, affecting both
930:, themselves a sign of
698:increase in temperature
7114:Research and modelling
6798:Nature-based solutions
6618:Nature-based solutions
6560:Carbon dioxide removal
6477:Fossil fuel divestment
6462:Climate risk insurance
6372:Small island countries
5983:Arctic sea ice decline
5373:Nature Human Behaviour
5209:nationalgeographic.com
4844:March 7, 2012, at the
4818:nationalgeographic.com
3802:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk
3572:10.1126/sciadv.abb9668
3343:University of Kentucky
1964:and are influenced by
1926:
1827:
1818:Water distribution on
1789:Cape Town water crisis
1774:Droughts in California
1506:
1489:Himalayan river basins
1458:
1393:
1265:In 2005, parts of the
1194:San Francisco Bay Area
1127:
1118:arriving at a camp in
1013:
971:electricity production
860:
837:
821:
809:
745:
693:
463:
383:Indices and monitoring
263:
7075:Earth's energy budget
6958:Background and theory
6846:Climate crisis (term)
6518:Fossil fuel phase-out
6412:Economics and finance
6377:by individual country
6319:By country and region
6294:Security and conflict
6289:Psychological impacts
5968:Abrupt climate change
5891:Charles David Keeling
5724:By country and region
5532:Oliver Wetter et al:
4019:June 8, 2013, at the
2485:May 27, 2013, at the
2032:Classic Maya collapse
1920:
1865:can help to minimize
1817:
1496:
1448:
1388:
1379:Further information:
1375:East Africa and Sahel
1309:Further information:
1297:, the combination of
1201:Loss of fertile soils
1165:internal displacement
1113:
1004:
995:Further information:
858:
827:
815:
807:
739:
683:
560:Further information:
462:, northwestern Mexico
457:
253:
6904:Glasgow Climate Pact
6565:Carbon sequestration
6130:Mass mortality event
5616:at Wikimedia Commons
5562:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
5243:WIREs Climate Change
5215:on October 28, 2002.
4245:10.1051/agro:2008021
3751:Journal of Hydrology
3375:"Evapotranspiration"
2882:Journal of Hydrology
2714:"What is a Drought?"
2452:www.ens-newswire.com
2383:Environmental Health
2027:and still continues.
1893:rainwater harvesting
1578:By country or region
1348:Murray-Darling basin
1311:Drought in Australia
1157:and related diseases
1101:developing countries
1047:Water-use efficiency
991:Agricultural impacts
918:Australian bushfires
877:loss of biodiversity
867:, the drying out of
393:Palmer drought index
238:, or as a result of
161:loss of biodiversity
86:: a dry riverbed in
30:For other uses, see
7043:Climate sensitivity
6818:The Adaptation Fund
6274:Infectious diseases
6171:Social and economic
5461:2023CSSE...18..809S
5255:2022WIRCC..13E.761S
5087:, Los Angeles Times
4996:peopleandplanet.net
4874:. January 18, 2012.
4608:Glossary of Geology
4577:1882GeoM....9..293R
4348:2019PNAS..116..123K
4133:2022ESPR...2980237S
4127:(53): 80237–80256.
3957:2019JEcol.107.2133G
3763:2011JHyd..403..157M
3655:2018CCCR....4..164C
3564:2021SciA....7.9668M
3461:channelnewsasia.com
3086:2006AtmEn..40.3316D
3049:2004MeApp..11..291A
2966:2016SERRA..30..119L
2894:2010JHyd..391..202M
2823:2023ESSD...15.5449G
2395:2020EnvHe..19..114B
2209:2019AREPS..47..555B
2151:Living With Drought
2132:Water Cycle Changes
2038:1540 Central Europe
1897:stormwater recovery
1465:struck the western
706:climate variability
507:high pressure areas
337:locally significant
218:broke in 2010. The
188:humanitarian crisis
153:dendrochronological
7270:list by death toll
6614:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
6586:Forest management
6570:Direct air capture
6535:Sustainable energy
6492:Net zero emissions
6487:Low-carbon economy
6482:Green Climate Fund
6269:Indigenous peoples
6162:Plant biodiversity
5950:Effects and issues
5185:on 10 January 2004
5036:peopledaily.com.cn
5002:on 19 August 2007.
4924:The New York Times
4896:on 24 October 2012
4866:2013-12-25 at the
4824:on April 30, 2001.
4781:2021-09-06 at the
4762:2021-08-13 at the
4743:2010-06-15 at the
4702:2017-08-25 at the
4677:2017-08-25 at the
3945:Journal of Ecology
2648:"Types of Drought"
2506:2021-02-03 at the
2174:2018-07-26 at the
2156:2007-02-18 at the
2137:2022-09-29 at the
1982:Rainmaking rituals
1927:
1828:
1615:Drought by country
1558:The west coast of
1507:
1461:In 2012, a severe
1459:
1394:
1369:Millennial drought
1317:Millennium Drought
1167:and international
1128:
1030:woody encroachment
1014:
1010:standard deviation
908:ecosystem services
904:primary production
871:, more and larger
861:
838:
822:
810:
746:
722:evapotranspiration
702:evaporative demand
694:
631:Northern Australia
464:
421:evaporative demand
264:
216:Millennial drought
142:evapotranspiration
96:impact agriculture
7705:Natural disasters
7657:
7656:
7634:Geomagnetic storm
7607:
7606:
7473:
7472:
7400:
7399:
7344:Soil liquefaction
7266:Natural disasters
7232:
7231:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7105:Radiative forcing
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6768:Adaptive capacity
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6513:Energy transition
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6099:Tropical cyclones
6025:Urban heat island
5939:
5938:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5812:Carbon accounting
5766:Greenhouse effect
5732:
5731:
5612:Media related to
5513:. Extreme Science
5429:978-3-030-62316-6
5164:978-0-309-09053-7
5132:chinadaily.com.cn
4656:978-0-697-38506-2
4621:978-3-540-27951-8
4545:978-0-470-71076-0
4197:10.1111/oik.09462
3937:Smith, Melinda D.
3230:The Asian Monsoon
3120:978-0-12-548035-2
3080:(18): 3316–3326.
2934:10.1002/wat2.1085
2817:(12): 5449–5466.
2691:978-1-5090-4951-6
2624:www.ncei.noaa.gov
1962:natural disasters
1935:Epic of Gilgamesh
1761:
1760:
1546:and agricultural
1420:, also affecting
1361:Western Australia
1207:Aeolian processes
1022:carrying capacity
779:Aeolian processes
740:A dry lakebed in
16:(Redirected from
7712:
7566:Tropical cyclone
7560:Tornado outbreak
7482:
7481:
7409:
7408:
7362:Pyroclastic flow
7354:Volcano eruption
7283:
7282:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7220:
7219:
7208:
7207:
7196:
7195:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7148:Paleoclimatology
6965:
6964:
6954:
6953:
6715:Ecological grief
6698:Climate movement
6673:
6672:
6659:
6658:
6639:Plant-based diet
6530:Renewable energy
6408:
6407:
6395:
6394:
6230:Economic impacts
6152:Invasive species
6008:Coastal flooding
5958:
5957:
5945:
5944:
5881:Svante Arrhenius
5857:
5856:
5827:from agriculture
5817:Carbon footprint
5802:Greenhouse gases
5751:
5750:
5738:
5737:
5690:
5689:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5637:
5623:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5552:
5546:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5472:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5388:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5266:
5234:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5211:. Archived from
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5181:. Archived from
5175:
5169:
5168:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5105:. Archived from
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4998:. Archived from
4988:
4982:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4951:. Archived from
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4892:. Archived from
4890:The East African
4881:
4875:
4857:
4851:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4820:. Archived from
4810:
4804:
4803:
4800:earth-policy.org
4792:
4786:
4773:
4767:
4754:
4748:
4735:
4729:
4717:
4711:
4692:
4686:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4359:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4300:
4276:
4257:
4256:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4093:. Archived from
4083:
4077:
4076:
4065:
4059:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4029:
4023:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3999:on 11 July 2003.
3995:. Archived from
3985:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3951:(5): 2133–2148.
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3884:. Archived from
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3822:. Archived from
3812:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3757:(1–2): 157–175.
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3721:
3715:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3552:Science Advances
3543:
3537:
3530:Chapter 4: Water
3526:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3463:. Archived from
3452:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3403:. Archived from
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3377:. Archived from
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3310:. Archived from
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3284:. Archived from
3278:
3272:
3271:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2888:(1–2): 202–216.
2873:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2802:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2592:"Drought Basics"
2588:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2511:
2498:
2489:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2444:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2406:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2188:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2148:
2142:
2127:
2088:List of droughts
2017:recorded history
1990:human sacrifices
1937:and tied to the
1913:List of droughts
1889:wastewater reuse
1820:Marshall Islands
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1540:Drought in India
1453:belt during the
1365:ghost metropolis
1250:List of droughts
762:Land restoration
700:and atmospheric
499:pressure systems
232:natural disaster
76:
67:
56:
47:
21:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7700:Weather hazards
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7603:
7570:
7534:Cyclonic storms
7529:
7511:
7469:
7465:Limnic eruption
7441:
7415:
7396:
7384:Natural erosion
7378:
7348:
7322:
7314:
7272:
7263:
7233:
7228:
7181:
7179:
7162:
7109:
7100:Orbital forcing
6994:
6959:
6940:
6914:Paris Agreement
6892:
6888:Warming stripes
6827:
6793:Managed retreat
6788:Loss and damage
6749:
6683:Business action
6667:
6645:
6622:
6545:
6539:
6496:
6457:Climate finance
6402:
6381:
6313:
6166:
6142:Extinction risk
6118:Flora and fauna
6113:
6074:Permafrost thaw
6069:Ozone depletion
5998:Extreme weather
5952:
5935:
5862:
5843:
5780:
5745:
5728:
5695:
5684:
5679:
5604:
5592:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5553:
5549:
5539:Climatic Change
5531:
5527:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5365:
5361:
5346:
5342:
5305:
5298:
5264:10.1002/wcc.761
5235:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5143:
5139:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5112:
5110:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4916:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4882:
4878:
4868:Wayback Machine
4858:
4854:
4846:Wayback Machine
4835:Sara Pantuliano
4833:
4829:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4783:Wayback Machine
4774:
4770:
4764:Wayback Machine
4755:
4751:
4745:Wayback Machine
4736:
4732:
4718:
4714:
4708:The Independent
4704:Wayback Machine
4693:
4689:
4683:The Independent
4679:Wayback Machine
4668:
4664:
4657:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4612:Springer-Verlag
4604:
4600:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4414:
4410:
4387:
4383:
4328:
4324:
4277:
4260:
4225:
4221:
4176:
4172:
4113:
4109:
4100:
4098:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4057:Wayback Machine
4048:
4044:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4021:Wayback Machine
4008:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3933:
3929:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3697:
3686:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3558:(6): eabb9668.
3544:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3467:on 3 March 2010
3453:
3449:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3407:on Feb 19, 2015
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3152:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3070:
3066:
3027:
3023:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2946:
2942:
2913:
2909:
2874:
2867:
2803:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:. August 2006.
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2652:drought.unl.edu
2646:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2508:Wayback Machine
2499:
2492:
2487:Wayback Machine
2478:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2375:
2371:
2355:
2354:
2310:
2306:
2260:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2189:
2182:
2176:Wayback Machine
2167:
2163:
2158:Wayback Machine
2149:
2145:
2139:Wayback Machine
2128:
2115:
2111:
2059:
1915:
1909:
1885:water is scarce
1836:ever-increasing
1812:
1798:
1762:
1757:
1616:
1613:
1580:
1568:Rocky Mountains
1556:
1491:
1426:desertification
1398:desertification
1383:
1377:
1371:broke in 2010.
1313:
1307:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1209:
1203:
1163:, resulting in
1059:
1042:turgor pressure
999:
993:
853:
842:natural hazards
834:South Australia
802:
781:
775:
770:
769:
733:
686:extreme weather
678:
668:
651:New South Wales
607:Central America
564:
558:
522:
516:
475:
469:
452:
385:
291:
254:Fields outside
248:
184:mass migrations
110:
109:
108:
107:
90:; sandstorm in
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7718:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7584:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7479:
7478:Meteorological
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7334:Seismic hazard
7330:
7328:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7291:
7289:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7190:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7055:
7053:Cloud feedback
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6961:
6960:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6911:
6909:Kyoto Protocol
6906:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6863:
6861:Media coverage
6858:
6853:
6851:Climate spiral
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6740:Public opinion
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6695:
6690:
6688:Climate action
6685:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6600:REDD and REDD+
6597:
6592:
6584:
6579:
6577:Carbon farming
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6404:
6403:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6309:Water security
6306:
6304:Water scarcity
6301:
6299:Urban flooding
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6147:Forest dieback
6144:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6084:Sea level rise
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6057:stratification
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:Carbon leakage
5819:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5761:Climate system
5757:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5685:
5682:Climate change
5678:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5631:
5617:
5603:
5602:
5581:
5580:External links
5578:
5576:
5575:
5547:
5525:
5502:
5455:(3): 809–827.
5435:
5428:
5408:
5379:(5): 707–717.
5359:
5340:
5319:(3): 427–441.
5296:
5229:
5218:
5196:
5170:
5163:
5155:10.17226/10829
5137:
5119:
5089:
5077:
5059:
5041:
5023:
5005:
4983:
4978:ekklesia.co.uk
4965:
4936:
4907:
4876:
4852:
4827:
4805:
4787:
4768:
4749:
4730:
4712:
4687:
4662:
4655:
4627:
4620:
4598:
4571:(7): 293–305.
4551:
4544:
4522:
4501:
4494:
4476:
4435:
4425:
4408:
4397:(2): 474–483.
4381:
4342:(1): 123–128.
4322:
4258:
4239:(1): 185–212.
4219:
4170:
4107:
4078:
4060:
4042:
4024:
4012:Abiotic factor
4002:
3980:
3927:
3898:
3869:
3836:
3807:
3789:
3776:
3741:
3716:
3684:
3649:(2): 164–179.
3629:
3603:
3538:
3521:
3503:
3478:
3447:
3417:
3391:
3373:(2013-08-09).
3362:
3345:. p. 19.
3324:
3298:
3273:
3267:978-0198036784
3266:
3246:
3240:978-3540406105
3239:
3219:
3213:978-1573563789
3212:
3192:
3186:978-0792310174
3185:
3165:
3150:
3142:Cloud dynamics
3132:
3119:
3099:
3064:
3043:(4): 291–300.
3021:
2987:
2960:(1): 119–136.
2940:
2927:(4): 359–392.
2907:
2865:
2776:
2758:
2740:
2705:
2690:
2664:
2636:
2608:
2583:
2568:
2540:
2512:
2490:
2469:
2436:
2369:
2304:
2275:(1): 673–702.
2251:
2232:
2203:(1): 555–581.
2180:
2161:
2143:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:Water security
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Drought refuge
2065:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2021:Atacama Desert
1976:Historically,
1908:
1905:
1899:, or seawater
1881:
1880:
1870:
1859:
1849:
1810:Water security
1802:Water scarcity
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:United Kingdom
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1555:
1552:
1544:drinking water
1511:drainage basin
1490:
1487:
1430:overpopulation
1376:
1373:
1315:The 1997–2009
1306:
1303:
1299:climate change
1256:
1253:
1248:Main article:
1245:
1242:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1161:Mass migration
1158:
1135:Water scarcity
1086:water scarcity
1075:mass migration
1058:
1055:
992:
989:
988:
987:
980:
967:
961:
947:
938:
925:
911:
898:Alteration of
889:water supplies
852:
849:
836:was abandoned.
801:
798:
774:
771:
734:
726:
667:
666:Climate change
664:
653:, and eastern
627:Southeast Asia
592:U.S. Southeast
557:
554:
538:Monsoon trough
515:
512:
468:
465:
460:Sonoran desert
451:
448:
436:
435:
432:
429:
425:
414:
406:
403:meteorological
396:
384:
381:
380:
379:
361:
318:
314:Meteorological
304:water scarcity
290:
287:
247:
244:
236:human activity
180:water scarcity
168:water supplies
149:climate change
81:
80:
71:
70:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7717:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7680:Civil defense
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Meteor shower
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7567:
7564:
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7557:
7554:
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7547:
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7542:
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7536:
7532:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7427:Coastal flood
7425:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7225:
7224:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7126:Climate model
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7058:Cloud forcing
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6951:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6833:Communication
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:Vulnerability
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Flood control
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6656:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6605:reforestation
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:afforestation
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Nuclear power
6523:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Carbon budget
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6257:Mental health
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6188:United States
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:deoxygenation
6040:
6038:
6037:acidification
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5832:from wetlands
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Deforestation
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5630:at Wiktionary
5629:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5542:, June 2014,
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5517:September 25,
5512:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5227:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5109:on 2015-03-20
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5056:. 2004-11-10.
5055:
5051:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4980:. 2010-07-06.
4979:
4975:
4969:
4955:on 2007-12-13
4954:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4895:
4891:
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4880:
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4809:
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4780:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4495:9781483189666
4491:
4487:
4480:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4429:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4250:
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4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4097:on 2009-01-10
4096:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4075:. 2005-03-06.
4074:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4039:. 2007-01-20.
4038:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:"TFS Article"
3984:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3888:on 2012-04-27
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3859:on 2012-04-17
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3826:on 2011-09-27
3825:
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3803:
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3514:
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3495:
3488:
3482:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3432:
3429:. 9news.com.
3428:
3421:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3381:on 2015-02-19
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3314:on 2015-03-16
3313:
3309:
3302:
3288:on 2012-03-20
3287:
3283:
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3151:9780080502106
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2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2773:. 2004-01-15.
2772:
2768:
2762:
2755:. 2007-04-09.
2754:
2750:
2744:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
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2557:
2556:reliefweb.int
2553:
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2545:
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2519:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2458:on 2019-11-15
2457:
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2323:
2319:
2318:PLOS Currents
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
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2288:
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2278:
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2270:
2266:
2258:
2256:
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2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Food security
2076:
2074:
2073:Flash drought
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Aridity index
2061:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1955:out of Africa
1952:
1951:ancient Egypt
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1873:Transvasement
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:crop rotation
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:Cloud seeding
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:crop rotation
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:United States
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1572:Sierra Nevada
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:North America
1554:North America
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:Sahel drought
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:tipping point
1276:
1275:deforestation
1272:
1268:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:contamination
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
985:
981:
979:
976:
975:hydroelectric
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
951:
948:
946:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
926:
923:
919:
915:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
895:
892:
890:
886:
885:energy sector
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
857:
848:
845:
843:
835:
831:
826:
819:
814:
806:
797:
794:
790:
789:deforestation
786:
780:
767:
763:
759:
757:
750:
743:
738:
731:
725:
723:
718:
715:
710:
707:
703:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:, increasing
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Pacific Ocean
569:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
511:
508:
504:
500:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
474:
473:Precipitation
461:
456:
447:
444:
440:
433:
431:Deciles index
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
412:
407:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
389:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
335:fall below a
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
301:
300:soil moisture
297:
296:precipitation
286:
282:
280:
276:
273:According to
271:
269:
261:
257:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
223:the country.
221:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
66:
55:
46:
37:
33:
19:
7624:Impact event
7612:Astronomical
7546:Thunderstorm
7541:Bomb cyclone
7516:
7405:Hydrological
7374:Volcanic ash
7339:Seismic risk
7287:Mass wasting
7221:
7209:
7197:
7178:
7011:Carbon cycle
6968:Measurements
6663:Society and
6547:carbon sinks
6452:Climate debt
6442:Carbon price
6264:Human rights
6089:Season creep
6047:heat content
5992:
5973:Anoxic event
5886:James Hansen
5641:at Wikibooks
5626:
5567:. Retrieved
5560:
5550:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5515:. Retrieved
5505:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5418:
5411:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5316:
5312:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5221:
5213:the original
5208:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:the original
5173:
5146:
5145:NRC (2003).
5140:
5131:
5122:
5111:. Retrieved
5107:the original
5102:
5092:
5080:
5072:ScienceDaily
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
5000:the original
4995:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:the original
4949:alertnet.org
4948:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:
4898:. Retrieved
4894:the original
4889:
4879:
4871:
4855:
4830:
4822:the original
4817:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4771:
4752:
4733:
4720:
4715:
4695:
4690:
4670:
4665:
4637:
4630:
4607:
4601:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4535:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4504:
4485:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4455:
4451:
4438:
4428:
4411:
4394:
4391:Crop Science
4390:
4384:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4288:
4284:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4099:. Retrieved
4095:the original
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4011:
4005:
3997:the original
3992:
3983:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3911:
3901:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:the original
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:the original
3828:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3779:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3733:. Retrieved
3731:. 2023-03-13
3729:PBS NewsHour
3728:
3719:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3606:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3524:
3506:
3481:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:the original
3460:
3450:
3442:
3435:. Retrieved
3420:
3409:. Retrieved
3405:the original
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:the original
3365:
3354:. Retrieved
3334:
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3301:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3276:
3256:
3249:
3229:
3222:
3202:
3195:
3175:
3168:
3141:
3135:
3124:. Retrieved
3109:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3016:
3009:. Retrieved
3004:
3000:
2990:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2885:
2881:
2842:10754/693396
2814:
2810:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2708:
2673:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2651:
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2560:. Retrieved
2558:. 2022-09-21
2555:
2532:. Retrieved
2529:Carbon Brief
2528:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2451:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2358:cite journal
2321:
2317:
2307:
2272:
2268:
2245:
2235:
2200:
2196:
2164:
2146:
2010:
1998:
1986:scapegoating
1975:
1970:supernatural
1959:
1928:
1901:desalination
1882:
1840:
1829:
1806:Water supply
1791:in 2015–2018
1763:
1729:South Africa
1581:
1557:
1508:
1483:Burkina Faso
1460:
1455:2012 drought
1395:
1353:Tim Flannery
1325:
1314:
1267:Amazon basin
1264:
1255:Amazon basin
1220:
1216:Great Plains
1212:Wind erosion
1210:
1192:appeared in
1151:malnutrition
1139:crop failure
1129:
1105:
1094:
1079:
1063:crop failure
1060:
1051:
1034:
1015:
893:
881:
862:
846:
839:
782:
766:agroforestry
756:plant stress
753:
719:
711:
695:
659:Indian Ocean
637:, worsening
599:Amazon River
596:
565:
523:
495:
492:
476:
445:
441:
437:
386:
364:Agricultural
321:Hydrological
308:
292:
283:
272:
265:
240:supernatural
225:
211:Amazon basin
195:Amazon basin
192:
165:
146:
113:
111:
36:
7639:Solar flare
7525:Megadrought
7485:Temperature
7458:Megatsunami
7437:Storm surge
7432:Flash flood
7310:Debris flow
7038:Carbon sink
7016:atmospheric
6881:video games
6555:Blue carbon
6178:Agriculture
6157:Marine life
6104:Water cycle
6062:temperature
5797:Fossil fuel
5565:(in German)
5249:(3): e761.
4643:McGraw-Hill
3820:forests.org
2596:Drought.gov
2083:Leaf Sensor
2002:Creationism
1624:Afghanistan
1402:East Africa
1190:microcystin
1155:dehydration
1077:of people.
1067:food crisis
954:terrestrial
941:Dust storms
574:, known as
205:region and
122:agriculture
7664:Categories
7320:Earthquake
7278:Geological
7070:Cryosphere
7031:permafrost
6803:Resilience
6755:Adaptation
6730:Litigation
6720:Governance
6665:adaptation
6447:Carbon tax
6400:Mitigation
6337:Antarctica
6225:Disability
5569:2018-08-06
5189:5 November
5113:2015-02-18
5103:Fresno Bee
5018:rediff.com
4959:2007-07-31
4929:5 November
4785:, BBC News
4766:, BBC News
4645:. p.
4515:5 November
4433:3923–3946.
4101:2016-02-06
3892:2009-03-21
3863:2009-03-21
3830:2008-05-24
3735:2023-05-01
3501:Fig. SPM.6
3471:5 November
3411:2015-02-18
3385:2015-02-18
3356:2015-02-18
3318:2015-02-17
3292:2018-12-23
3126:2009-01-02
3011:August 11,
2734:2007-04-10
2658:2022-09-16
2630:2022-09-16
2602:2022-09-16
2562:2022-10-29
2534:2022-10-29
2462:5 November
2389:(1): 114.
2109:References
1911:See also:
1877:irrigation
1800:See also:
1764:See also:
1548:irrigation
1527:Bangladesh
1479:Mauritania
1283:rainforest
1259:See also:
1205:See also:
1186:Cyanotoxin
1082:heat waves
984:industrial
928:Dust Bowls
916:, such as
906:and other
785:irrigation
777:See also:
749:evaporates
742:California
690:heat waves
670:See also:
643:Queensland
635:bush fires
619:Mozambique
584:California
550:wildebeest
520:Dry season
518:See also:
514:Dry season
487:orographic
483:stratiform
479:convective
471:See also:
372:irrigation
368:ecosystems
346:World Bank
342:Kazakhstan
333:reservoirs
317:increases.
289:Categories
246:Definition
176:hydropower
172:irrigation
138:Heat waves
118:ecosystems
92:Somaliland
7690:Hydrology
7649:Hypernova
7644:Supernova
7592:Firestorm
7507:Heat wave
7502:Ice storm
7497:Cold wave
7300:Avalanche
7295:Landslide
7085:Feedbacks
6856:Education
6357:Caribbean
6352:Australia
6279:Migration
6242:Fisheries
6183:Livestock
6109:Wildfires
6015:Heat wave
5479:1871-1510
5395:2397-3374
5335:1572-8366
5273:1757-7780
4593:131245730
4214:253299539
4206:0030-1299
4165:252713722
4149:0944-1344
4037:bbc.co.uk
3975:0022-0477
3671:2198-6061
3580:2375-2548
3160:427392836
2982:1436-3240
2851:1866-3516
2510:, Reuters
2413:1476-069X
2291:1543-5008
2227:0084-6597
2006:evolution
1941:story of
1931:disasters
1923:Dust Bowl
1634:Australia
1629:Argentina
1499:Karnataka
1390:Lake Chad
1328:Australia
1305:Australia
1097:developed
1026:livestock
936:landscape
914:Wildfires
873:wildfires
649:, inland
645:, inland
546:elephants
428:datasets.
260:Australia
228:disasters
199:Australia
7670:Droughts
7599:ARkStorm
7587:Wildfire
7492:Blizzard
7392:Sinkhole
7211:Glossary
7199:Category
7021:biologic
6735:Politics
6627:Personal
6332:Americas
6195:Children
5961:Physical
5754:Overview
5694:Overview
5497:37360053
5488:10191816
5403:37012368
5291:35864922
4900:16 March
4864:Archived
4842:Archived
4779:Archived
4760:Archived
4741:Archived
4700:Archived
4675:Archived
4469:4 August
4460:Archived
4376:30584094
4317:28706531
4291:: 1147.
4253:12066792
4157:36197619
4053:Archived
4017:Archived
3993:tamu.edu
3880:(2004).
3679:53624756
3617:CBS News
3598:33536204
3494:Archived
3431:Archived
3347:Archived
2725:Archived
2700:26920225
2504:Archived
2483:Archived
2431:33183302
2350:23787891
2299:35231182
2172:Archived
2154:Archived
2135:Archived
2057:See also
1994:folklore
1939:Biblical
1754:Zimbabwe
1714:Pakistan
1669:Honduras
1664:Ethiopia
1654:Djibouti
1564:glaciers
1523:Pakistan
1505:in 2012.
1344:monsoons
1321:see list
1238:sediment
1169:refugees
1124:Ethiopia
1120:Dolo Ado
969:Reduced
960:wildlife
869:wetlands
655:Tasmania
647:Victoria
623:Botswana
615:Zimbabwe
603:Colombia
586:and the
528:and dry
405:factors.
358:Balkhash
350:Aral Sea
325:aquifers
256:Benambra
242:forces.
157:wetlands
151:, which
134:wildfire
18:Droughts
7582:Derecho
7556:Tornado
7517:Drought
7453:Tsunami
7305:Mudflow
7026:oceanic
6876:fiction
6725:Justice
6676:Society
6284:Poverty
5993:Drought
5861:History
5785:Sources
5645:GIDMaPS
5639:Drought
5627:drought
5614:Drought
5457:Bibcode
5282:9286479
5251:Bibcode
4573:Bibcode
4367:6320549
4344:Bibcode
4308:5489704
4129:Bibcode
3953:Bibcode
3759:Bibcode
3651:Bibcode
3589:7857689
3560:Bibcode
3437:June 4,
3082:Bibcode
3045:Bibcode
2962:Bibcode
2890:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2422:7659048
2391:Bibcode
2341:3682759
2248:. NASA.
2205:Bibcode
1978:rituals
1907:History
1867:erosion
1824:El Niño
1822:during
1724:Somalia
1709:Nigeria
1699:Myanmar
1694:Morocco
1684:Lesotho
1659:Eritrea
1535:Myanmar
1463:drought
1437:Baggara
1406:1984–85
1336:outback
1287:savanna
1234:Aeolian
1226:friable
1173:Social
1116:Somalia
1071:poverty
1038:mitosis
958:aquatic
950:Habitat
945:erosion
932:erosion
800:Impacts
793:erosion
601:Basin,
580:El Niño
576:La Niña
530:seasons
136:risks.
130:tropics
126:economy
114:drought
7006:Albedo
6999:Theory
6710:Denial
6501:Energy
6362:Europe
6342:Arctic
6327:Africa
6252:Health
6247:Gender
6200:Cities
6125:Biomes
6032:Oceans
6020:Marine
5743:Causes
5586:Portal
5536:. In:
5495:
5485:
5477:
5426:
5401:
5393:
5333:
5289:
5279:
5271:
5161:
4653:
4618:
4591:
4542:
4492:
4374:
4364:
4315:
4305:
4251:
4212:
4204:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4073:SFGate
3973:
3677:
3669:
3622:2 June
3596:
3586:
3578:
3532:. In:
3264:
3237:
3210:
3183:
3158:
3148:
3117:
2980:
2849:
2698:
2688:
2429:
2419:
2411:
2348:
2338:
2297:
2289:
2225:
1947:Exodus
1943:Joseph
1925:, 1936
1808:, and
1739:Turkey
1719:Russia
1689:Mexico
1639:Canada
1440:nomads
1332:desert
1291:desert
1175:unrest
1147:hunger
1143:famine
1126:, 2011
830:Farina
791:, and
621:, and
611:Zambia
605:, and
548:, and
542:zebras
485:, and
450:Causes
354:Soviet
352:under
201:, the
88:France
7575:Other
7446:Other
7413:Flood
7367:Lahar
7223:Index
6985:Proxy
6745:Women
6210:Crime
6137:Birds
6003:Flood
5600:Water
4589:S2CID
4463:(PDF)
4458:(3).
4448:(PDF)
4249:S2CID
4210:S2CID
4190:(3).
4184:Oikos
4161:S2CID
3703:. In
3675:S2CID
3515:. In
3497:(PDF)
3490:(PDF)
3350:(PDF)
3339:(PDF)
2728:(PDF)
2717:(PDF)
2696:S2CID
2025:Chile
1949:from
1883:When
1734:Spain
1704:Niger
1679:Kenya
1674:India
1649:China
1644:Chile
1531:Nepal
1519:China
1515:India
1503:India
1471:Niger
1467:Sahel
1451:Sahel
1418:Sudan
1357:Perth
1340:human
1230:silty
1222:Loess
986:users
964:Snake
503:winds
329:lakes
207:India
203:Sahel
100:Texas
7550:Hail
7418:List
7325:List
6808:Risk
6347:Asia
5929:2024
5924:2023
5919:2022
5914:2021
5909:2020
5904:2019
5519:2016
5493:PMID
5475:ISSN
5424:ISBN
5399:PMID
5391:ISSN
5331:ISSN
5287:PMID
5269:ISSN
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