400:, was also widely addressed in articles 126, 145, 146, 158 and 191. Article 145 says: "In whatsoever village a thief or brigand be found, that village shall be scattered and the brigand shall be hanged forthwith ... and the headmen of the village shall be brought before me and shall pay for all the brigand or thief hath done from the beginning and shall be punished as a thief and a brigand." and continues in article 146, "also prefects and lieutenants and bailiffs and reeves and headmen who administer villages and mountain hamlets. All these shall be punished in the manner written above if any thief or brigand be found in them." And article 126 states, "lf there be a robbery or theft on urban land around a town, let the neighborhood pay for it all." And finally article 158 requires that the localities bordering on an uninhabited hill jointly supervise that region and pay for damage from any robbery occurring there. Fine concludes that these articles demonstrate a weakness in the state's maintaining of order in rural and border areas, which caused it to pass responsibility down to local inhabitants, by threatening them with penalties, the state hoped to force the locality to assume this duty. Another reason for the strictness of the articles towards the locality was the belief that the brigand could not survive without local support, shelter, and food. Thus the brigand was seen as a local figure, locally supported, preying on strangers. As a result, the allegedly supporting locality shared his guilt and deserved to share the punishment. The strict articles were therefore intended to discourage a community from aiding brigands.
374:
cases articles may have been based on customary laws; in such cases the articles' contents were probably generally observed or practiced and thus can be taken as evidence about actual practices and conditions. However, an article could also reflect an innovation, a reform the ruler was trying to bring about through legislation. In this case it would not have reflected existing customs and we must then ask, was the ruler successful in realizing his reform or did it remain a dead letter? Thus a law code may at times more accurately depict an ideal than reality. And since certain—perhaps many—articles in Dusan's code may have been attempts to legislate change, attempts which may or may not have been successful (and even if successful in one place, possibly not in others), we must always be careful and avoid leaping to the conclusion that this or that article describes the way things were done in fourteenth-century Serbia.
318:
punishments; in which there is a strong
Byzantine influence, with executions and mutilations frequently replacing Serbia's traditional fines. It touched on crimes or insults and their punishment; settlement of civil suits (including ordeals and selection and role of juries); court procedure and judicial jurisdictions (defining which cases to be judged by which bodies among Church courts, the Emperor's court, courts of the Emperor's circuit judges, and judgement by a nobleman); and rights and obligations, including the right to freely carry out commerce (articles 120, 121), tax obligations (summary tax and timeframe to pay), grazing rights and their violation, service obligations to the Emperor, exemption from state dues (usually for the Church), obligations associated with land, and the obligation of the Church to perform charity.
48:
314:
omitted most of the ecclesiastical material and contained mainly secular articles; Serbia already had an ecclesiastical code in Saint Sava
Nomocanon. The secular articles of the abridged Serbian version of the Syntagma were drawn chiefly from Basil I's law code and the Novella's of Emperors who succeeded him; they focused on laws governing contracts, loans, inheritance, marriage, dowries etc. as well as on matters of criminal law. The second part, the Law of Justinian, was actually a shortened version of the 8th-century Farmer's Law, a code settling problems and disputes among peasants within a village.
566:
221:
639:
535:
469:
767:
365:(the latter two for their pastoralist lifestyle, than for ethnic reasons), and foreigners. The Code also guaranteed the authority and income of the state; it contained articles on taxes, obligations associated with land, and services and hospitality owed to the Emperor and his agents. Greek, "Latin" or Italian, Ragusan, Bulgarian, Vlach, Albanian and Serbian merchants can freely trade without interference and in transit they are free to transfer their goods.
297:, also influenced the code. Scholars A. Solovjev and Soulis conclude that the Council of 1349 issued a three-part comprehensive legal document, since most early manuscripts of the Code also contain two other texts: The first part was an abridgement of the Syntagma, the second part was the so-called "Code of Justinian" (a short compilation of Byzantine legal rules, mostly taken from the
313:
The first part, the
Syntagma, was an encyclopedic legal collection, provided in alphabetical order. It drew from religious and secular law; ecclesiastical articles made up a majority of the Byzantine original. The version of Dušan's manuscripts contained only a third of the original Greek version; it
329:
Many articles regarded the Church status, thus supplementing the existing canon law texts. The Church received a very privileged position, on the whole, though it was given the duty of charity in no uncertain terms: "And in all churches the poor shall be fed ... and should any one fail to feed them,
517:
work and formed a substantial part of the population. Commoners, who were the peasants, were not allowed to form or participate in any council. Those found to be involved in any council-related activities were subjected to severe punishment. The code prescribes that the punishment for participating
391:
The Code also maintained law and order, not limiting itself against crime and insults, but also gave responsibility to specific communities; it stated the existing custom that each territory was responsible and liable for keeping order; e.g. a frontier lord was responsible for defending his border:
364:
The code defined and allowed court procedure, jurisdictions, and punishment to depend upon the social class of the individual involved, supporting the existing class structure. Articles touched on the status in society and in court of clergy, nobility, commoners, serfs, slaves, Albanians and Vlachs
321:
The code also defined the different types of landholding (specifying the various rights and obligations that went with various categories of land), the rights of inheritance, the position of slaves, and the position of serfs. It defined the labor dues serfs owed to their lords (article 68) but also
373:
are also valuable sources on
Serbian social history. However, they must be used with caution. For a series of laws is not the same type of source as a visitor's description of a society. A law code does not describe how things actually functioned but only how they ought to have functioned. In some
317:
The third part, Dušan Code, added what was not covered in the other two parts and specific
Serbian situations. Since aspects of civil and criminal law were well covered in the two parts, Dušan's articles concerned with public law and legal procedures. The Code also provided more material on actual
597:, until its annexation by the Ottoman Empire in 1459. The code was used as a reference for Serbian communities under Turkish rule, which exercised considerable legal autonomy in civil cases. The code was used in the Serbian autonomical areas under the Republic of Venice, like
670:
255:, r. 1282–1321, Dušan's grandfather), which suggests that Milutin had issued a code whose text has not survived. Dušan's Code was thus a supplement to Milutin Code, as well as a supplement to the various Church law codes that also had authority in Serbia; in particular the
866:
Also, should any one give shelter to a man from a foreign land, and that man be a fugitive from his master or from justice holding our imperial letter of clemency, said letter shall not be contested; should he hold no such letter, he shall be returned wherefrom he hath
859:
Whoso escapeth from prison to the
Imperial Court, be he a serf of the Crown, or of the Church, or of a nobleman, shall by the act itself be set free; should he be bearing any gifts for the man to whom he hath escaped, he shall return them to the man from whom he hath
238:"We enact this Law by our Orthodox Synod, by His Holiness the Patriarch Kir Joanikije together with all the Archbishops and Clergy, small and great, and by me, the true-believing Emperor Stefan, and all the Lords, small and great, of this our Empire"
305:), and the third part was always Dušan Code itself. According to Fine, there is a possibility that the Code was written to supplement the first two parts, by adding items that were not covered, rather than to build a comprehensive legal system.
244:, which accompanied the Code, it said: "It is my desire to enact certain virtues and truest of laws of the Orthodox faith to be adhered to and observed". Emperor Dušan added a series of articles to it in 1353 or 1354, at a council in
334:. A clear-cut separation of Church and state was established in most matters, allowing Church courts to judge the Church's people and prohibiting the nobility from interfering with Church property and Church matters.
285:– nearly half of its articles reflect some influence, often modified for Serbia. The code had many articles concerning the Church, which reflects Byzantine Church law; Byzantine civil law codes, especially the
419:"). The župa consisted of villages, and their status, rights and obligations were regulated in the constitution. The ruling nobility possessed hereditary allodial estates, which were worked by dependent
392:"if any foreign army come and ravish the land of the Emperor, and again return through their land, those frontier lords shall pay all through whose territory they came." (Article 49). The control of
337:
Dušan Code did not look favorably upon the
Catholic Church, though he, as his predecessors, was friendly and respectable to foreign Catholics (Saxons and coastal merchants). He referred to the
403:
The monarch had wide autocratic powers, but was surrounded and advised by a permanent council of magnates and prelates. The court, chancellery and administration were rough copies of those of
863:
Whoso escapeth from the prison at our
Imperial Court to the patriarchal court shall be set free; also shall be set free any man who escapeth from the patriarchal prison to the Imperial Court.
727:
1811:
Golijan, Dragan, and Vladan
Stanković. "Dušan's Code-The Act Constitutional Nature And Foundation Of The Serbian State." International Journal of Economics & Law 13 (2015): 30–34.
611:
has argued that an article in Dušan Code can be considered speculatively as an early attempt to clamp down on the self-administered
Albanian customary law of the mountains (
322:
gave them the right to lay plaint against their master before the Emperor's court (article 139). The code also noted the special privileges of foreign communities (e.g. the
281:, had been translated into Serbian and had received legal authority by 1349, and its articles had influenced the text of the Code. Dušan's Code was heavily influenced by
513:
One aspect is the treatment of the position and rights of Serbia's peasants. In the context of the medieval social structure, peasants were the commoners who engaged in
241:
251:
It had a total of 201 articles. Four of them (79, 123, 152, 153), regarding various subjects, refers to the authority of the "Law of the Sainted King" (i.e.
1630:
Mošin, V. (1949). "Studenički rukopis – povodom šestogodišnjice Dušanova zakonika Vlastareva sintagma i Dušanov zakonik u Studeničkom 'Otečniku'".
346:
144:, or close to it; an advanced set of laws which regulated all aspects of life such as family relations, property rights, contracts, and crimes.
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1438:
179:. The assembly and clerics agreed on, and then ceremonially performed the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of
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196:
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managed to transfer the valuable texts to the church in his village of Dvorane. In 1779, priest Partenije Popović became a monk of the
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Commoners shall have no council. If anybody is found participating in council, let his ears be cut off, and let the leaders be singed.
1881:
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between Catholics and Orthodox unless the Catholic converted to Orthodoxy. He also had articles strongly penalizing "heretics" (
1685:
Radovanović, Milovan (2008). "Kosovo i Metohija: antropogeografske, istorijskogeografske, demografske i geopolitičke osnove".
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in a council would be cutting off the offender's ears, while the leaders or organizers of such councils would be subjected to
1871:
1781:
1550:
1526:
1502:
1164:
1891:
1664:"Šar mountain and its župas in South Serbia's Kosovo-Metohia region: Geographical position and multiethnic characteristics"
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1886:
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125:
72:
1822:
252:
17:
248:. This second part was half the size and at times cited issues from the first part, referring it to the "first Code".
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1728:
1705:
1620:
1583:
1481:
1330:
906:"Saint Sava Law (Nomocanon of Saint Sava) and Law of Stefan Dušan (Dušan's Code): Sources of law in medieval Serbia"
702:, found it at the house of the last descendant of the family, Jovan Dvoranac Popović in Prizren, who gave it to the
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1936:
1851:
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is not preserved, but around twenty copies of the transcript, ranging from the 14th to the 18th century, remain.
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192:
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1541:
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1941:
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be he Metropolitan, bishop, or abbot, he shall be deprived of his office" (article 28). The code also banned
1931:
1916:
692:
268:
684:
415:", the župas and krajištes were one and the same, with the župas on the borders were called krajištes ("
1901:
1446:
Burr, Malcolm (November 1949). "The Code of Stephan Dušan: Tsar and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks".
711:
590:
435:
749:, Bistrica and Prizren manuscripts, which have the most complete texts, date to the 15th century. The
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546:
480:
715:
583:
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The code continued as the constitution under the rule of Dušan's son, Stefan Uroš V, and during the
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manuscript, dating to around 1700, comprises only the last 12 articles and the Emperor's comments.
1926:
1494:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
565:
47:
1946:
1906:
683:, which generated 18 or 21 generations of village priests, were important in the preservation of
264:
124:– Law of the pious Emperor Stefan) is a compilation of several legal systems that was enacted by
108:
1717:
The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Emperor Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors
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1911:
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1407:
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1612:
1371:
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is notable with the articles 171 and 172, which regulated juridical independence, taken from
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220:
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885:
618:
Dušan Code regulated all social spheres, thus it is considered the second oldest preserved
302:
165:
1663:
8:
354:
168:
1594:
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found the Dušan's Code there, and in 1860 the Saint Archangels Charter was found in the
615:), and if so, this would be an early evidence that such customary laws were in effect.
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750:
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manuscript from 1373; which is not preserved in full; only 100 articles remain. The
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1671:
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1301:
1111:
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917:
273:
200:
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1356:
Legal Transplants and the Code of Serbian Tsar Stephan Dushan: A Comparative Study
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1573:
1512:
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1471:
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602:
429:; peasants owing labour services, formally bound by decree. The earlier title of
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294:
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Nikola Selaković, Dušanov zakonik i pravni translplanti: uporedno-pravna studija
1720:
723:
593:, it was used in all provinces. It was officially used in the successor state,
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204:
133:
1801:
1774:
Das albanische Gewohnheitsrecht aus der Perspektive der rechtlichen Volkskunde
1835:
1559:
Kršljanin, Nina (2012). "Class inequality in the penal law of Dušan's Code".
1346:
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282:
256:
129:
407:. The Code named the administrative hierarchy as following: "lands, cities,
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619:
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161:
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82:
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by Catholics among the Orthodox, Orthodox conversions to Catholicism, and
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1380:
766:
742:
698:(r. 1321–1331), in their direct property; the Russian consul in Prizren,
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350:
176:
1363:
722:, to where he brought several important books. In 1859, Prizren teacher
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468:
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1229:
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Today 24 manuscripts of Dusan Code are known. The oldest extant is the
623:
499:
Dušan Code is one of few sources on the position of Serbia's peasants.
86:
1738:
Sindik, I. (1951). "Dušanovo zakonodavstvo u Paštrovićima i Grblju".
132:, as well as elements of customary and canon law. It was used in the
1115:
731:
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706:. It is believed that one of the forefathers of the family was the
452:
425:
393:
358:
286:
233:
1611:. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press. p.
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Selected Monuments of Serbian Law from the 12th to 15th centuries
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The poorest hemp-spinstress shall be as free as a priest shall.
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342:
331:
229:
157:
153:
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The Code was promulgated at a state council on 21 May 1349 in
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207:
669:
1700:. Vol. III. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
714:(Dušan's endowment) near Prizren, and that he during the
1758:
Legislation of Stefan Dušan, Emperor of Serbs and Greeks
1412:
Slověne=Словѣне. International Journal of Slavic Studies
1381:"A prolusion on the history of the text of Dušan's Code"
1740:
Zbornik u čast šeste stogodišnjice Zakonika cara Dušana
301:, not to be confused with the Code that is part of the
745:
and Studenica manuscripts date from around 1418. The
113:
1216:
Dušan, Stephan (1950). "The Code of Stephan Dušan".
1668:
Zbornik radova Geografskog instituta "Jovan Cvijić"
1510:
1604:
1697:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
1277:
1275:
1833:
263:, enacted in 1219 with the establishment of the
1794:Законоправило Светога Саве и правни транспланти
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1353:
910:Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini
1641:Zakonik Stefana Dušana, cara srpskog 1349–1354
1272:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1144:
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224:Fresco detail of Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan.
361:). Only the Orthodox were called Christians.
119:
35:
1241:
1239:
968:
966:
814:And should such a letter contravene the Code
209:Bασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτoκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Pωμανίας
199:Joanikije II now solemnly crowned Dušan as "
1684:
1661:
1281:
1179:
1139:
817:And be at variance with the law and justice
1653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1575:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
1437:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1300:. Slovo srpsko. p. 45. Archived from
1036:
845:Or defend herself shall choose an attorney
805:Should our Imperial Majesty write a letter
433:was abolished and replaced with the Greek
55:Manuscript of the Dušan Code, 15th century
1800:(in Serbian), Alan Watson, archived from
1675:
1638:
1592:
1578:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1558:
1396:
1236:
1129:
1127:
1125:
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1110:p. 236; The Journal of Economic History,
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232:, the capital of the Serbian Empire. The
183:. The Archbishop from then on was titled
1466:
1328:
972:
802:Further commandeth our Imperial Majesty:
668:
564:
219:
201:Emperor and autocrat of Serbs and Romans
175:Simeon and various religious leaders of
1823:THE CODE OF SERBIAN TSAR STEPHAN DUSHAN
1602:
1535:
1266:
1185:
1108:The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant
1043:Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Nišu
903:
14:
1834:
1737:
1714:
1693:
1422:
1405:
1385:Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta
1378:
1254:
1120:
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1003:
978:
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832:And act withal as justice commandenth.
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1629:
1571:
1448:The Slavonic and East European Review
1354:Batrićević, Ana (December 22, 2006).
1218:The Slavonic and East European Review
1215:
575:The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex
160:, attended by the Serbian Archbishop
156:), Dušan convoked a huge assembly at
1514:Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe
1490:
1445:
1191:
1156:Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism
1133:
1094:
1024:
997:
957:
793:
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704:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
633:
529:
463:
1572:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993).
1491:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994),
1335:Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis
187:, although one document called him
24:
1772:Wilhelm-Stempin, Nikolaus (2009).
1039:"The church court in Dušan's code"
370:Articles like the ones just cited
25:
1958:
1816:
842:Any poor woman unable to litigate
128:in 1349. It drew upon Roman law,
1715:Soulis, George Christos (1995).
1497:, University of Michigan Press,
765:
637:
533:
467:
253:Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia
121:Закон благовјернаго цара Стефана
46:
27:14th-century Serbian set of laws
1287:
1260:
1248:
1209:
1197:
1173:
1882:Medieval legal codes of Serbia
1542:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1331:"The Code of Dušan, 1349–1354"
1100:
1030:
897:
848:Who shall speak on her behalf.
629:
570:Proglašenje Dušanovog zakonika
308:
126:Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
13:
1:
1764:Dušan's Code in 1349 and 1354
1662:Radovanović, Milovan (2002).
1224:(71). Malcolm Burr: 516–539.
891:
189:Patriarch of Serbs and Greeks
147:
140:. It is considered an early
1872:Medieval documents of Serbia
1742:(I). Beograd: SANU: 119–182.
1511:Hupchick, Dennis P. (1995).
811:Or out of mercy for any one,
808:Out of wrath, or out of love
720:Saint Mark Koriški Monastery
396:, a constant problem in the
287:late-9th-century compilation
73:Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan
7:
1892:Church Slavonic manuscripts
1545:, Oxford University Press,
1106:Traian Stoianovich; (1960)
1037:Stojanović, Stefan (2018).
904:Miletić, Branko A. (2019).
879:
784:using the Transwiki process
685:medieval Serbian literature
459:
345:" and to its adherents as "
114:
10:
1963:
1887:Medieval history of Serbia
1593:Novaković, Stojan (1898).
1427:. Beograd. pp. 72–73.
1321:
826:Shall not comply therewith
712:Saint Archangels Monastery
687:: they had the Charter of
591:fall of the Serbian Empire
423:, the equivalent of Greek
215:
208:
1408:"The Era of Dušan's Code"
756:
584:National Museum of Serbia
525:
384:The Late Medieval Balkans
257:Nomocanon of Saint Sava (
120:
103:
78:
68:
60:
45:
36:
32:
1922:South Slavic manuscripts
1793:
1776:. München: GRIN Verlag.
1694:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994).
1595:"Zakonik Stefana Dušana"
1347:10.1163/157181912x626920
1329:Angelini, Paolo (2012).
1159:. Verso. pp. 290–.
820:As set down in the Code,
679:The Popović family from
622:of Serbia. The original
508:On the Commoners Council
118:, known historically as
1867:Legal history of Serbia
1825:, by Radoman Stankovic
1607:Kosovo: A short history
1153:Perry Anderson (1996).
582:, oil on canvas, 1900,
265:Serbian Orthodox Church
191:, with the seat at the
1937:Serbian Cyrillic texts
1852:14th century in Serbia
1639:Novaković, S. (2004).
1603:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
1423:Bubalo, Đorđe (2010).
1406:Bubalo, Đorđe (2015).
1379:Bubalo, Đorđe (2013).
1056:10.5937/zrpfni1881487S
676:
586:
511:
456:(book VII, 1, 16–17).
376:
225:
1862:Defunct constitutions
1807:on September 30, 2011
1791:Zorić, Petar (2006),
923:10.5937/ZRFFP49-20654
672:
568:
501:
380:John Van Antwerp Fine
368:
339:Roman Catholic Church
277:, written in 1335 by
223:
1942:Cyrillic manuscripts
1877:Medieval legal codes
1677:10.2298/IJGI0251007R
1398:10.2298/ZRVI1350725B
886:Medieval Serbian law
303:Corpus Juris Civilis
181:Serbian Patriarchate
166:Archbishop of Ochrid
1932:Feudalism in Serbia
1917:Serbian manuscripts
1747:Soloviev, Alexander
1561:Strani pravni život
1476:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1364:10.2139/ssrn.953277
776:is a candidate for
728:St. Nicholas Church
674:Hilandar manuscript
443:, "head, master").
173:Bulgarian Patriarch
136:and the succeeding
1670:(51). SANU: 7–22.
1537:Kazhdan, Alexander
1519:Palgrave Macmillan
1257:, pp. 119–182
730:in the village of
689:Our Lady of Ljeviš
677:
649:. You can help by
587:
545:. You can help by
479:. You can help by
226:
152:On 16 April 1346 (
1902:Serbian Despotate
1783:978-3-640-40128-4
1552:978-0-19-504652-6
1528:978-0-312-12116-7
1504:978-0-472-08260-5
1468:Ćirković, Sima M.
1166:978-1-85984-107-5
876:
875:
791:
790:
667:
666:
595:Serbian Despotate
563:
562:
497:
496:
349:." He prohibited
279:Matthew Blastares
197:Serbian Patriarch
185:Serbian Patriarch
138:Serbian Despotate
112:
93:
92:
18:Dušan's Code
16:(Redirected from
1954:
1828:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1787:
1743:
1734:
1711:
1690:
1687:Službeni glasnik
1681:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1610:
1598:
1589:
1568:
1555:
1532:
1507:
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1400:
1375:
1350:
1316:
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1313:
1312:
1306:
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1291:
1285:
1282:Radovanović 2008
1279:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1233:
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1207:
1201:
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1189:
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1180:Radovanović 2002
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1137:
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1104:
1098:
1092:
1069:
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634:
558:
555:
537:
530:
509:
492:
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471:
464:
387:
274:Syntagma Canonum
211:
210:
193:Monastery of Peć
123:
122:
117:
107:
105:
50:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
21:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
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1953:
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1951:
1832:
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1819:
1814:
1804:
1797:
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1784:
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1708:
1646:
1645:
1623:
1599:(Public Domain)
1586:
1553:
1529:
1505:
1484:
1454:(70): 198–217.
1430:
1429:
1425:Dušanov zakonik
1324:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
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1121:
1116:10.2307/2114856
1105:
1101:
1093:
1072:
1049:(81): 487–495.
1035:
1031:
1023:
1004:
996:
979:
971:
964:
956:
947:
902:
898:
894:
882:
877:
829:But shall judge
787:
770:
759:
696:Stefan Dečanski
675:
663:
657:
654:
647:needs expansion
632:
559:
553:
550:
543:needs expansion
528:
510:
507:
493:
487:
484:
477:needs expansion
462:
389:
378:
355:mixed marriages
311:
269:Serbian Kingdom
236:is as follows:
218:
150:
115:Dušanov zakonik
104:Душанов законик
56:
38:Душанов законик
37:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1947:1349 in Europe
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Serbian Empire
1904:
1899:
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1818:
1817:External links
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1809:
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1769:
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1721:Dumbarton Oaks
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1636:
1627:
1621:
1600:
1590:
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1569:
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1539:, ed. (1991),
1533:
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1391:(2): 725–740.
1376:
1351:
1341:(1–2): 77–93.
1325:
1323:
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1271:
1259:
1247:
1245:Sedlar, p. 330
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916:(2): 155–174.
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580:Paja Jovanović
561:
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527:
524:
505:
495:
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417:frontier march
405:Constantinople
367:
347:half believers
341:as the "Latin
310:
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217:
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149:
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134:Serbian Empire
91:
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76:
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66:
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1920:
1918:
1915:
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1912:Law of Serbia
1910:
1908:
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1897:Serbian books
1895:
1893:
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1878:
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1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
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1860:
1858:
1857:Byzantine law
1855:
1853:
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1848:
1845:
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1707:0-295-97290-4
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1483:0-631-20471-7
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1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1418:(2): 119–146.
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
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1326:
1307:on 2014-02-21
1303:
1296:
1290:
1284:, p. 268
1283:
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1227:
1223:
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1212:
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1200:
1194:, p. 318
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1136:, p. 317
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1097:, p. 316
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1027:, p. 315
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1000:, p. 314
999:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
974:
973:Ćirković 2004
969:
967:
960:, p. 309
959:
954:
952:
950:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
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896:
887:
884:
883:
872:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:On Poor Women
838:
837:
836:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
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795:
785:
783:
779:
774:This section
772:
768:
763:
762:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Ottoman times
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
691:, written by
690:
686:
682:
671:
661:
658:February 2012
652:
648:
645:This section
643:
640:
636:
635:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
557:
554:February 2012
548:
544:
541:This section
539:
536:
532:
531:
523:
521:
516:
504:
500:
491:
488:February 2012
482:
478:
475:This section
473:
470:
466:
465:
457:
455:
454:
449:
448:transplanting
444:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:
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401:
399:
395:
388:
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372:
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348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
327:
325:
319:
315:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Byzantine law
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
260:
259:Zakonopravilo
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
213:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Byzantine law
127:
116:
110:
101:
97:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
31:
19:
1927:Stefan Dušan
1847:1350s in law
1842:1340s in law
1827:(in English)
1802:the original
1773:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1739:
1716:
1696:
1686:
1667:
1640:
1632:Starine JAZU
1631:
1606:
1574:
1564:
1560:
1540:
1513:
1493:
1472:
1451:
1447:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1388:
1384:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1309:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1289:
1269:, p. 54
1267:Malcolm 1998
1262:
1250:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1155:
1107:
1102:
1046:
1042:
1032:
975:, p. 68
913:
909:
899:
870:
856:On Prisoners
775:
736:
707:
693:Serbian King
678:
655:
651:adding to it
646:
620:constitution
617:
609:Noel Malcolm
607:
588:
573:
569:
551:
547:adding to it
542:
515:agricultural
512:
502:
498:
485:
481:adding to it
476:
451:
445:
440:
434:
430:
424:
420:
402:
390:
383:
382:, author of
377:
371:
369:
363:
336:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
299:Farmer's Law
272:
258:
250:
237:
227:
195:. The first
188:
162:Joanikije II
151:
142:constitution
95:
94:
83:Constitution
1597:. Belgrade.
1255:Sindik 1951
1182:, p. 5
630:Manuscripts
351:proselytism
309:Composition
177:Mount Athos
1836:Categories
1643:. Beograd.
1311:2012-02-24
892:References
823:The judges
799:On the Law
624:manuscript
603:Paštrovići
446:The legal
148:Background
96:Dušan Code
33:Dušan Code
1649:cite book
1473:The Serbs
1433:cite book
1192:Fine 1994
1134:Fine 1994
1095:Fine 1994
1065:0350-8501
1025:Fine 1994
998:Fine 1994
958:Fine 1994
940:199931759
932:0354-3293
782:Wikiquote
700:Jastrebov
413:krajištes
240:. In the
169:Nikolaj I
109:romanized
69:Author(s)
1567:: 41–68.
1470:(2004).
1206:(pp. 52)
880:See also
867:escaped.
860:escaped.
780:over to
747:Hilandar
520:singeing
506:—
460:Peasants
453:Basilika
441:kefalija
426:paroikoi
394:brigands
359:Bogomils
234:foreword
1460:4204107
1322:Sources
1295:"Slovo"
1230:4204151
778:copying
751:Rakovac
710:of the
681:Dvorane
436:kephale
398:Balkans
291:Basil I
242:Charter
216:History
111::
100:Serbian
79:Purpose
61:Created
53:Prizren
1780:
1766:(1929)
1760:(1928)
1754:(1926)
1727:
1704:
1619:
1582:
1549:
1525:
1501:
1480:
1458:
1372:953277
1370:
1228:
1163:
1063:
938:
930:
871:
757:Quotes
739:Struga
732:Koriša
599:Grbalj
526:Legacy
343:heresy
332:simony
324:Saxons
295:Leo VI
271:. The
246:Serres
230:Skopje
171:, the
164:, the
158:Skopje
154:Easter
1805:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1456:JSTOR
1305:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
1226:JSTOR
936:S2CID
743:Athos
708:elder
613:Kanun
431:župan
421:sebri
409:župas
205:Greek
1778:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1655:link
1617:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1439:link
1368:SSRN
1161:ISBN
1061:ISSN
928:ISSN
601:and
411:and
293:and
267:and
87:Code
64:1349
1672:doi
1393:doi
1360:doi
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1051:doi
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289:by
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106:,
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1565:3
1531:.
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1345::
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660:)
656:(
572:(
556:)
552:(
490:)
486:(
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261:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
