513:'s, had a female servant named Xu Ani (徐阿尼), who worshipped cat spirits and was capable to have those spirits kill people for her. At this time, both Empress Dugu and Yang Su's wife, Lady Zheng, were seriously ill, and it was suspected that they were afflicted by cat spirits. Emperor Wen suspected Dugu Tuo and had Gao Jiong investigate and Gao Jiong reported that it was indeed Dugu Tuo who instigated the matter. Emperor Wen ordered Dugu Tuo and Lady Yang to commit suicide, but Empress Dugu went on a three-day hunger strike to save them, stating, "If Tuo had harmed the people, I would not dare to say anything, but his crime was on my account, and therefore I dare to beg you to spare his life." Dugu Tuo's younger brother, Dugu Zheng (獨孤整), also pleaded earnestly, and Emperor Wen spared them, reducing Dugu Tuo to commoner rank and forcing his wife to become a
521:
Empress Dugu found out, she had Lady Yuchi killed. In anger, he rode away from the palace on a horse, refused to return and said: "I am the emperor, but I don't have the freedom to do what I want". Gao Jiong and Yang Su had to track him down and urge him to return to the palace, with Gao Jiong stating, "Your
Majesty, how can you abandon the empire on account of a mere woman?" When Emperor Wen did return to the palace after midnight, Empress Dugu was waiting for him, wept, and begged him for forgiveness for her crime. Gao Jiong and Yang Su subsequently hosted a banquet for the couple, and their quarrel ended.
506:. When the frugal Emperor Wen saw how luxurious the palace was, he was unhappy and angrily stated, "Yang Su expanded the efforts of the people to construct this palace. The people will despise me." However, when the equally frugal Empress Dugu arrived at the palace as well, she advised her husband to comfort Yang Su, and when he subsequently summoned Yang Su to the palace, she stated, "You know that this old couple had little to enjoy, so you decorated this palace in this way. Is it not that in doing so, you are being both faithful and filial?" She then gave him a large award of money and silk.
312:, who, on account of his love and respect for her, as well as an oath they made while they were young, did not have any concubines for at least most of their marriage, an extreme rarity among Chinese emperors. She was very powerful and influential during her husband's reign and assisted the emperor in running the empire. However, she had a bipolar personality that made it quite difficult to judge her, sometimes cruel and domineering and sometimes kind and unassuming. She was heavily involved in Emperor Wen's decision to divert the order of succession from their oldest son
25:
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from all over the empire and carrying on its matters, the empress was by his side, helping him till midnight. Whenever the officials had a proposal and wanted to convey it directly to the emperor, the empress also sat next to his table and listened to the discussions and involved herself in the discussed issues. She excelled in her role as a wise counselor, a faithful wife, a virtuous assistant, and the mother of the empire.
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wife, but Gao Jiong declined, stating that he was getting old and beginning to lose his sexual urges and did not need to remarry — and soon thereafter, his concubine bore a son. Empress Dugu pointed out that, in effect, he was not truthful, and
Emperor Wen began to distance himself from Gao Jiong. Furthermore, in 598, when Gao Jiong, under Emperor Wen's duress, was forced to accompany
491:, the father of the first three Northern Zhou emperors). It is said that Princess Shenyang used witchcraft to curse Empress Dugu, so Emperor Wen immediately ordered Yang Zan to divorce Princess Shenyang, but Yang Zan refused. When Yang Zan died in 591, it was believed that Emperor Wen poisoned his own brother in retaliation for his wife's suffering.
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conferred with each other the important matters of state and rewards and punishments. It is difficult to say which decision was the idea of the emperor or the empress, or which one followed the other. It was not infrequent that when he hosted imperial meetings she would accompany him almost all the way into the meeting hall and she often asked
479:-building regime and state relief for landless farmers. However, it also caused a series of accidents with her husband. Once, when Emperor Wen wanted to reward the wife of his official Liu Song (劉嵩) with a gold-decorated dress, Empress Dugu had none to give. In a more awkward situation, when Emperor Wen needed a medicine for
417:, but who was retaining imperial powers, died suddenly. Yang Jian seized power as regent. It was at that time when Dugu Qieluo sent Yang Jian a message that stated, "This is like riding a wild beast. You will not be able to come off of it. You need to fight hard to stay on." After Yang Jian defeated the general
441:
Emperor Wen and
Empress Dugu became known as "the Two Holy Ones" inside the palace by officials, because the emperor was considered a holy person and because both of them managed government affairs together, this situation led to the name of two saints, "literally, two people who rule.". Because both
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Yang Jian and Dugu Qieluo loved each other dearly, and it was when they were both young that he swore an oath that he would never let another woman have his children. They ended up having five sons and five daughters. In 568, after Yang Zhong's death, Yang Jian inherited the title of Duke of Sui, and
520:
Over the years, the relationship between
Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu was still loving and collaborative. However, on one occasion, when he happened to see Yuchi Jiong's beautiful granddaughter who had been forced into slave labor after her grandfather's death, he had sexual relations with her. When
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to listen in on the meeting. When she believed that he made the wrong decisions, she would advise him to change. She would also usually wait near the meeting hall for the meeting to be done and then return with him to the palace. Even when the emperor was in his study receiving and reading memorials
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However, when
Empress Dugu heard that Gao Jiong, whom she had respected previously, refer to her as "a mere woman," she became secretly resentful of him. Later, she became particularly angry at Gao Jiong over his marital relations, as after his wife died, she suggested Emperor Wen find him another
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Despite her honored status, Empress Dugu was said to be humble and lived frugally. She cut the expenses of the palace, like the making of overly luxurious handicrafts and clothing. She also demanded less tributes from the provinces, which had been customary for empresses to receive. These measures
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not only because of his talent, but because his father Gao Bin (高賓) had served on her father's staff and was a trusted advisor for him. While she appreciated familial values, she did not tolerate criminal behaviour, even if it was exhibited by her own relatives. When her cousin Cui
Changren (崔長仁)
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Emperor Wen and
Empress Dugu lived in a unique monogamous relationship and in the same palace, which was unprecedented in Chinese history, because the emperor and empress had separate and indepent palaces for themselves. Because she was said to be studious and he listened to her, the couple often
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By 599, both
Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu were considering replacing Yang Yong with Yang Guang, but when she approached Gao Jiong with the issue, he stated firmly that the Crown Prince should not be replaced. Therefore, she suggested that Emperor Wen remove Gao Jiong, who was accused of crimes,
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Yang Guang soon entered into an alliance with Yang Su, with whom Yang Yong had a very poor relationship, and
Empress Dugu also told Yang Su to encourage Emperor Wen to depose Yang Yong. Subsequently, Yang Guang engaged Yang Yong's associate, Ji Wei (姬威), to falsely accuse Yang Yong of plotting
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of them were a harmonious couple who did not differentiate between each other and appeared together as much as possible, as if they were one soul, one heart with a common mindset, in two bodies. This situation set a precedent that in the future "Two Saints would preside over the court" (二聖臨朝,
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that required ground pepper — then an exceedingly expensive spice that was more expensive than gold and which ladies of the court used for cosmetic purposes — he sought the ground pepper from
Empress Dugu and found that she did not use it, on account of its cost.
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As she lost her parents early in her life, Empress Dugu was particularly touched when she saw officials with both parents, and she would pay due respect to the officials' parents when she saw them. When officials suggested that, in accordance with rules set in the
549:, including his favorite Consort Yun, and he did not have any sons with Crown Princess Yuan. When the Crown Princess died in 591 after a brief illness, Empress Dugu suspected Yang Yong and/or Consort Yun of poisoning her, and rebuked him. Her second son,
389:. On one occasion, when the erratic Emperor Xuan was angry with Empress Yang and ordered her to commit suicide, Dugu Qieluo found out and went into the palace, earnestly begging Emperor Xuan's forgiveness. Emperor Xuan relented and spared Empress Yang.
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In fall 602, Empress Dugu died, and Emperor Wen was greatly saddened and ordered a grand funeral, although he was comforted by Wang Shao (王劭), who submitted a petition in which he tried to use prophecies to show that Empress Dugu was, in fact, a
359:, the son of his subordinate general Yang Zhong (楊忠), arranged the marriage between him and Dugu Qieluo. She was only 13, and he was 16. Shortly thereafter, Dugu Xin became implicated in a plot organized by the general Zhao Gui (趙貴) against the
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committed crimes that called for the death penalty, Emperor Wen was initially considering pardoning on her account, but she stated that she could not, based on kinship, break the laws, and Cui Changren was executed.
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treason. In 600, after an investigation conducted by Yang Su, in which he manufactured evidence against Yang Yong, Emperor Wen deposed the Crown Prince and put him under house arrest, replacing him with Yang Guang.
533:, a campaign that he opposed, the campaign ended in failure, and Empress Dugu blamed him for the failure, particularly after Yang Liang, angry that Gao Jiong was not following his orders, complained to her.
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In 598, Empress Dugu and her younger half-brother, Dugu Tuo (獨孤陀), born of different mothers, were embroiled in a mysterious scandal. It was said that Dugu Tuo, whose wife was a sister of the official
466:, that their officials' marriages must be approved by the Empress, she declined, believing that it was very inappropriate for her to overly interfere in personal matters. She respected the official
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Another person who began to draw Empress Dugu's ire was her eldest son, Yang Yong, the Crown Prince. When he was young, she and her husband had selected for him a wife from the honored Yuan clan,
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removed from office and reduced to commoner rank. Meanwhile, Yang Guang continued to provoke his mother, falsely stating that he feared that Yang Yong would eventually put him to death.
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Yang Awu (楊阿五) (573–604), the Princess Lanling; married firstly Wang Fengxiao (王奉孝); remarried after Wang's death to Liu Shu (柳述), who later became Minister of Defense under Emperor Yang
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Empress Dugu had a poor relationship with her sister-in-law, the wife of Emperor Wen's brother, Yang Zan (楊瓚), the Prince of Teng — Northern Zhou's Princess Shenyang (daughter of
553:, the Prince of Jin, had ambitions of displacing his older brother, so he put on pretenses of living frugally (which pleased his both of parents) and loving no one but his wife
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recorded that she was 59 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. If this record is correct, by calculation, her birth year should be 544. As Dugu's daughter
573:. Emperor Wen never named another empress, though he began to engage in sexual relations with concubines, but those unions never conceived children.
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921:, she was 50 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. By calculation, her birth year should be 553. However, her biography in volume 14 of
770:(楊秀) (573–618), initially the Prince of Yue (created 581), later the Prince of Shu (created 581, reduced to commoner rank 602, killed by
545:'s imperial clan—a daughter of the official Yuan Xiaoju (元孝鉅). However, Yang Yong did not favor Crown Princess Yuan and instead had many
421:, who rose against him after he took power, he had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him in 581, ending Northern Zhou and establishing
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348:). Her mother, Lady Cui (崔氏), was a niece of Cui Yanmu (崔彦穆) and a member of the Cui clan of Qinghe, who were of Han Chinese.
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indicate that Empress Dugu's maternal grandfather was Cui Yanzhen (崔彦珍) (东南隅废普耀寺). According to Cui Yanmu's biographies in
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Lady Guo (郭氏), Dugu Xin's second wife, mother of Dugu Shan, Dugu Mu, Dugu Cang, Dugu Shun, Dugu Tuo, and Dugu Zheng
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Lady Dugu (獨孤氏), Dugu Xin's fourth daughter; married Li Bing, Duke Ren of Tang; posthumously honored under the
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975:东武城人，魏司空安阳侯林之九世孙也。曾祖𫖮，后魏平东府谘议参军。祖蔚，遭从兄司徒浩之难，南奔江左。仕宋，为给事黄门侍郎、汝南义阳二郡守。延兴初，复归于魏，拜颍川郡守，因家焉。后终于郢州刺史。
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era of Emperor Wen's reign. This date corresponds to 10 Sep 602 on the Gregorian calendar.
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helped the imperial treasury to focus on urgent and far more imporant matters, such as a
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Dugu Qieluo was one of the most honored women at the Northern Zhou court, as her
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In 595, the luxurious summer vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern
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era on account of being Empress Dugu's maternal great-grandfather. (崔彦穆，字彦穆，
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in 557, shortly after his daughter's marriage, and forced to commit suicide
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Princess Guangping, married Yuwen Jingli (宇文靜禮), son of Yuwen Qing (宇文慶)
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going by Dugu's birth year being 544; Yang Jian was born in July 541.
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Lady Dugu thereafter presumably carried the title of Duchess of Sui.
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indicated that she was 14 (by East Asian reckoning) at her wedding.
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as Emperor Wen. He named Dugu Qieluo empress and their oldest son,
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Dugu Tuo (獨孤陀), courtesy name Lixie (黎邪), married a sister of
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general (司馬) and superior officer to Yang Zhong, Duke of Sui,
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was born in 561, it is more likely that Dugu was born in 544.
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Dugu Ji (獨孤機), Duke of Teng (滕國公) and Provincial Governor of
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476:
751:
Yang Guang (楊廣) (569 – 10 April 618), initially the Duke of
764:(楊俊) (571–600), Prince Xiao of Qin (created 581, d. 600)
967:, his father Cui You was posthumously honored in the
725:, son and elder child of Empress Yuanzhen and Li Bing
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father; was implicated in a plot to overthrow regent
675:Dugu Zheng (獨孤整), served as Provincial Governor of
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Dugu Luo (獨孤羅) (534–599), courtesy name Luoren (羅仁)
351:In 557, shortly after Western Wei was succeeded by
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1333:
1220:
716:, son of Dugu Cang and his wife Lady Helan (賀蘭氏)
679:, later elevated to Marquess of Pingxiang (平鄉侯)
915:According to Dugu's biography in volume 36 of
700:(d. 558), Dugu Xin's eldest daughter, married
1206:
366:, and Yuwen Hu forced him to commit suicide.
205:Yang Lihua, Empress Tianyuan of Northern Zhou
950:day of the 8th month of the 2nd year of the
332:Dugu Qieluo was the seventh daughter of the
798:Princess Xiangguo, married Li Changya (李長雅)
529:, the Prince of Han, in a campaign against
446:) and "Emperor and Empress Co-rule" (帝后共治,
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1199:
719:Two other sons of Dugu Cang and Lady Helan
631:Dugu Xin's first wife, mother of Dugu Luo
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
355:, Dugu Xin, who was very impressed with
16:Empress of China's Sui dynasty (544–602)
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963:According to Cui Yanmu's biography in
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296:; 544 – September 10, 602), formally
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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965:Histories of the Northern Dynasties
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924:History of the Northern Dynasties
845:Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties
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234:Princess Wanan, Duchess of Chen
34:needs additional citations for
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557:(which pleased his mother).
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791:(楊麗華) (561–609), empress to
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977:父幼，位终永昌郡守。隋开皇初，以献皇后外曾祖
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855:in the 2013 TV series
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820:in the 1987 TV series
452:Empress Zetian of Zhou
308:. She was the wife of
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723:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
588:Paternal Grandfather
581:Further information:
1008:Dugu's biography in
890:Notes and references
316:to their second son
43:improve this article
1158:(Jiangling region)
1134:(Northern/Western)
1121:Empress Sima Lingji
1097:Dynasty established
902:(隋文献皇后独孤氏，讳伽罗，...)
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746:Emperor Yang of Sui
1169:Empress Shen Wuhua
979:，追赠上开府仪同三司、新州刺史。)
869:The Legend of Dugu
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661:Buddhist name
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652:Dugu Mu (獨孤穆)
651:
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623:Lady Cui (崔氏)
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60: –
59:
58:"Dugu Qieluo"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1283:N. Dynasties
1279:S. Dynasties
1239:Empress Xiao
1233:
1178:
1173:Chen dynasty
1154:
1145:Empress Wang
1130:
1111:Empress Xiao
1101:
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1009:
1004:
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993:Book of Zhou
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985:Chang'an Zhi
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843:
831:
821:
698:Empress Dugu
692:Tang dynasty
628:Stepmothers
583:Dugu sisters
567:
563:
559:
543:Northern Wei
540:
523:
519:
508:
493:
486:
473:
464:Zhou dynasty
460:
447:
443:
440:
431:
404:Emperor Jing
401:
387:Emperor Xuan
379:Emperor Ming
375:elder sister
372:
368:
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331:
297:
285:
281:
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130:
123:Chinese name
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1275:16 Kingdoms
1234:Dugu Qieluo
1223:Sui dynasty
1031:Book of Sui
1010:Book of Sui
918:Book of Sui
864:Hu Bingqing
772:Yuwen Huaji
609:Yang Jian's
605:Western Wei
603:(503–557),
571:Bodhisattva
423:Sui dynasty
419:Yuchi Jiong
334:Western Wei
322:Sui dynasty
310:Emperor Wen
306:Sui dynasty
286:Dugu Jialuo
282:Dugu Qieluo
182:(602-09-10)
151:Sui dynasty
141:Dugu Qieluo
127:family name
1362:602 deaths
1357:544 births
1336:Categories
1267:3 Kingdoms
1044:, vol. 14.
1034:, vol. 36.
999:era (581).
929:Yang Lihua
882:Queen Dugu
789:Yang Lihua
785:Daughters
778:Yang Liang
649:Futuo (伏陀)
551:Yang Guang
547:concubines
527:Yang Liang
411:Zhu Manyue
383:Yang Lihua
328:Early life
318:Yang Guang
69:newspapers
1093:New title
989:Histories
828:Joan Chen
742:Yang Yong
663:Damo (達磨)
489:Yuwen Tai
468:Gao Jiong
427:Yang Yong
408:concubine
357:Yang Jian
314:Yang Yong
99:July 2010
1185:589–602
1161:587–602
1137:581–602
1105:581–602
1054:, vols.
997:Kaihuang
969:Kaihuang
906:, vol.14
877:Joe Chen
853:Pan Hong
840:Song Jia
811:In media
768:Yang Xiu
762:Yang Jun
714:Cangzhou
709:Nephews
613:Yuwen Hu
601:Dugu Xin
599:General
531:Goguryeo
515:Buddhist
481:diarrhea
406:(by his
364:Yuwen Hu
338:Dugu Xin
336:general
275:Lady Cui
266:Dugu Xin
121:In this
1147:of the
981:Bei Shi
952:Renshou
904:Bei Shi
677:Youzhou
671:Yang Su
657:Xianbei
620:Mother
596:Father
591:Dugu Ku
511:Yang Su
504:Yang Su
500:Shaanxi
435:eunuchs
393:Empress
346:Xiongnu
342:Xianbei
304:of the
290:Chinese
149:of the
83:scholar
1307:W. Xia
1249:Xia →
753:Yanmen
730:Niece
577:Family
361:regent
292::
272:Mother
262:Father
253:(文獻皇后)
189:Spouse
157:Tenure
125:, the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1251:Shang
948:jiazi
857:Mulan
738:Sons
517:nun.
496:Baoji
477:canal
450:) by
200:Issue
90:JSTOR
76:books
1323:Qing
1319:Ming
1315:Yuan
1303:Song
1299:Liao
1291:Tang
1255:Zhou
991:and
774:618)
748:604)
294:獨孤伽羅
177:Died
169:Born
132:Dugu
62:news
1311:Jīn
1287:Sui
1271:Jìn
1263:Han
1259:Qin
1171:of
1123:of
1076:179
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284:or
172:544
129:is
45:by
1338::
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973:清河
498:,
324:.
1214:e
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288:(
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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