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259:. Due to their high levels of dissolved organic carbon, dystrophic lakes are significantly larger carbon sinks than clear lakes. The elevated levels of carbon concentrations in humic lakes are affected by vegetation patterns in the catchment area, the runoff from which is the main source of organic material. However, changes in these levels can also be attributed to shifts in precipitation, modifications of soil
96:. However, more recent research shows dystrophia can be associated with any of the trophic types. This is due to a wider possible pH range (acidic 4.0 to more neutral 8.0 on occasion) and other fluctuating properties like nutrient availability and chemical composition. Therefore, dystrophia can be categorized as a condition affecting trophic state rather than a trophic state in itself.
196:, it is bacterioplankton that controls for the rate of nutrient flux between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. The bacteria are found in high numbers and have great growth potentials despite dystrophic conditions. These bacteria drive the food web of humic lakes by providing energy and supplying usable forms of organic and inorganic carbon to other organisms, primarily to
155:, and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon. Because of different preexisting trophic status, lakes affected by dystrophia may differ strongly in their chemical composition from other dystrophic lakes. Studies of the chemical composition of dystrophic lakes have shown heightened levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and higher activities of
207:. Decomposition of organic matter by bacteria converts also organic nitrogen and phosphorus into their inorganic forms which are now available for uptake by primary producers which includes both large and small phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria). The biological activity of humic lakes is, however, dominated by bacterial
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that spread along the water surface. Despite the presence of ample nutrients, dystrophic lakes can be considered nutrient-poor, because their nutrients are trapped in organic matter, and therefore are unavailable to primary producers. The organic matter in dystrophic lakes is mainly allochthonous: it
151:, such as phytoplankton. Hydrochemical Dystrophy Index is a scale used to evaluate the dystrophy level of lakes. In 2016, Gorniak proposed a new set of rules for evaluating this index, using properties such as the surface water pH,
243:. The quality of the lake for use as drinking water also decreases as the carbon concentration and acidity increase. The fish that do adapt to the increased acidity may also not be fit for human consumption, due to the
398:
Drakare, S, Blomqvist, P, Bergstro, A, et al. 2003. Relationships between picophytoplankton and environmental variables in lakes along a gradient of water colour and nutrient content. Freshwater
Biology, 48(1),
376:
Taipale, S.J, Vuorio, K, Strandberg, U, et al. 2016. Lake eutrophication and brownification downgrade availability and transfer of essential fatty acids for human consumption. Environment
International, 96(1),
333:
Jasser, I. 1997. The dynamics and importance of picoplankton in shallow, dystrophic lake in comparison with surface waters of two deep lakes with contrasting trophic status. Hydrobiologia, 342/343(1),
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Drzymulska, D., Fiłoc, M., Kupryjanowicz, M., Szeroczyńska, K., & Zieliński, P. 2015. Postglacial shifts in lake trophic status based on a multiproxy study of a humic lake. Holocene, 25(3), 495-507.
147:, like EPA and DHA, are still present in the organisms in humic lakes, but are downgraded in nutritional quality by this acidic environment, resulting low nutritional quality of dystrophic lake's
367:
Korosi, J. B. and Smol, J. P. 2012. Contrasts between dystrophic and clearwater lakes in the long-term effects of acidification on cladoceran assemblages. Freshwater
Biology, 57(1), 2449–2464.
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Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, I. 2017. Microbial
Biomass and Enzymatic Activity of the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water in Two Dystrophic Lakes. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 66(1), 75-84.
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fish to establish themselves, leaving a simplified food web consisting mostly of plants, plankton, and bacteria. The dominance of the bacteria means that the dystrophic lakes have a higher
135:. Therefore, the lake’s naturally acidic pH is largely unaffected by industrial emissions. Dissolved organic carbon also reduces the entry of ultraviolet radiation and can reduce the
441:
Sobek, S. et al. 2006. A Carbon Budget of a Small Humic Lake: An
Example of the Importance of Lakes for Organic Matter Cycling in Boreal Catchments. Ambio, 35(8), 469-475.
411:
Newton, R.J. et al. 2006. Microbial community dynamics in a humic lake: differential persistence of common freshwater phylotypes. Environmental
Microbiology, 8(6), 956-970.
76:. Ample research has been performed on the many dystrophic lakes located in Eastern Poland, but dystrophic lakes can be found in many areas of the world.
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is terrestrially derived: organic matter removed in the catchment area gradually fills this aquatic environment. Due to this organic matter rich
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Examples of dystrophic lakes that have been studied by scientists include Lake Suchar II in Poland, lakes
Allgjuttern, Fiolen, and Brunnsjön in
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activity than the subsurface microlayers. The opposite is true when the lake is polyhumic. Both oligohumic and polyhumic lakes show higher
389:
Górniak, A. 2016. A new version of the
Hydrochemical Dystrophy Index to evaluate dystrophy in lakes. Ecological Indicators, 78(1), 566-573.
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Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, I, Jasser, I. 2011. Black box: what do we know about humic lakes? Polish
Journal of Ecology, 59(4), 647-664.
247:. Concentrations and mobility of heavy metals may also be altered as a result of changes in chemical composition of a humic lake.
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is expected to increase the supply of organic carbon to lakes and therefore change the character of some to the dystrophic one.
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Salonen, K, and
Jokinen, S. 1988. Flagellate grazing on bacteria in a small dystrophic lake. Hydrobiologia, 161(1), 203-209.
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in polyhumic lakes when compared with oligohumic lakes. In oligohumic lakes, the surface microlayers have higher levels of
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and organic acids. The presence of these substances causes the water to be brown in colour and have a generally low
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239:. Chemical composition changes that increase the lake’s acidity make it difficult for fish and other organisms to
453:"Comments on the phytoplankton and chemistry of three monomictic lakes in Westland National Park, New Zealand"
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of heavy metals by binding them. There is a significantly lowered calcium content in the water and
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Dystrophic lakes have a high level of dissolved organic carbon. This consists of contains organic
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92:, and hypereutrophic. Dystrophic lakes used to be classified as oligotrophic due to their low
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Larsen, S., Andersen, T., and Hessen, D. O. 2010. Global Change Biology, 17(2), 1186-1192.
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Lakes can be categorized according to the increasing productivity as
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Lake that contains high amounts of humic substances and organic acids
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of around 4.0-6.0. Due to these acidic conditions, there is little
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282:Examples of dystrophic lakes
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451:Flint, E. A. (1979).
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469:1979NZJB...17..127F
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58:biodiversity
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241:proliferate
221:respiration
205:flagellates
202:mixotrophic
194:environment
189:peat mosses
165:phosphatase
161:glucosidase
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513:Categories
298:References
268:deposition
223:rate than
209:metabolism
185:coniferous
125:carboxylic
18:Dystrophic
529:Limnology
237:ecosystem
149:producers
90:eutrophic
399:729-740.
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265:sulphate
213:food web
141:sediment
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288:Sweden
227:rate.
157:lipase
133:buffer
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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