Eutrophication - Knowledge

1233: 6416: 1721: 767: 7112: 1245: 1099: 1662: 72: 8677: 756: 682: 882: 1770:). In a large-scale study, 114 lakes were monitored for the effectiveness of alum at phosphorus reduction. Across all lakes, alum effectively reduced the phosphorus for 11 years. While there was variety in longevity (21 years in deep lakes and 5.7 years in shallow lakes), the results express the effectiveness of alum at controlling phosphorus within lakes. Alum treatment is less effective in deep lakes, as well as lakes with substantial external phosphorus loading. 8639: 7138: 555: 7126: 832: 44: 1676:

an enforcement response and compliance costs parties responsible for nitrogen emission would otherwise incur. Several studies have shown that oysters and mussels can dramatically impact nitrogen levels in estuaries. Filter feeding activity is considered beneficial to water quality by controlling phytoplankton density and sequestering nutrients, which can be removed from the system through shellfish harvest, buried in the sediments, or lost through

786:, although this varies with location. Prior to their being phasing out in the 1970's, phosphate-containing detergents contributed to eutrophication. Since then, sewage and agriculture have emerged as the dominant phosphate sources. The main sources of nitrogen pollution are from agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and animal wastes, from sewage, and from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen originating from combustion or animal waste. 1561: 1271:, as the interface between freshwater and saltwater, can be both phosphorus and nitrogen limited and commonly exhibit symptoms of eutrophication. Eutrophication in estuaries often results in bottom water hypoxia or anoxia, leading to fish kills and habitat degradation. Upwelling in coastal systems also promotes increased productivity by conveying deep, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, where the nutrients can be assimilated by 828:

bodies, shallow waters being the most susceptible. In shore lines and shallow lakes, sediments are frequently resuspended by wind and waves which can result in nutrient release from sediments into the overlying water, enhancing eutrophication. The deterioration of water quality caused by cultural eutrophication can therefore negatively impact human uses including potable supply for consumption, industrial uses and recreation.

8687: 867:), becoming less nutrient rich with time as nutrient poor inputs slowly elute the nutrient richer water mass of the lake. This process may be seen in artificial lakes and reservoirs which tend to be highly eutrophic on first filling but may become more oligotrophic with time. The main difference between natural and anthropogenic eutrophication is that the natural process is very slow, occurring on geological time scales. 8668: 8660: 6744: 8652: 1387:. These areas of lower dissolved oxygen have increased globally in recent decades. They are usually connected with nutrient enrichment and resulting algal blooms. Climate change will generally tend to increase water column stratification and so exacerbate this oxygen depletion problem. An example of such coastal oxygen depletion is in the 1766:) is of practical interest.) Many materials have been investigated. The phosphate sorbent is commonly applied in the surface of the water body and it sinks to the bottom of the lake reducing phosphate, such sorbents have been applied worldwide to manage eutrophication and algal bloom (for example under the commercial name 790:

different limiting factors. Phosphorus is the limiting factor for plant growth in most freshwater ecosystems, and because phosphate adheres tightly to soil particles and sinks in areas such as wetlands and lakes, due to its prevalence nowadays more and more phosphorus is accumulating inside freshwater bodies. In

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offers an opportunity to mitigate, and adapt to climate change. Seaweed, such as kelp, also absorbs phosphorus and nitrogen and is thus helpful to remove excessive nutrients from polluted parts of the sea. Some cultivated seaweeds have very high productivity and could absorb large quantities of N, P,

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may alter the water flows across the shelf break. By contrast, inputs from land to coastal zones of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus have been increased by human activity globally. The extent of increases varies greatly from place to place depending on human activities in the catchments. A third

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conditions. This anoxic environment kills off aerobic organisms (e.g. fish and invertebrates) in the water body. This also affects terrestrial animals, restricting their access to affected water (e.g. as drinking sources). Selection for algal and aquatic plant species that can thrive in nutrient-rich

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It has been suggested that nitrogen removal by oyster reefs could generate net benefits for sources facing nitrogen emission restrictions, similar to other nutrient trading scenarios. Specifically, if oysters maintain nitrogen levels in estuaries below thresholds, then oysters effectively stave off

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may change due to increased nutrient loadings and changes in the proportions of key nutrients. In particular the increases in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, along with much smaller changes in silicon inputs, create changes in the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus to silicon. These changing nutrient

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and a range of other effects reducing biodiversity. Nutrients may become concentrated in an anoxic zone, often in deeper waters cut off by stratification of the water column and may only be made available again during autumn turn-over in temperate areas or in conditions of turbulent flow. The dead

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These increasing nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient inputs exert eutrophication pressures on coastal zones. These pressures vary geographically depending on the catchment activities and associated nutrient load. The geographical setting of the coastal zone is another important factor as it controls

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The limitation of productivity in any aquatic system varies with the rate of supply (from external sources) and removal (flushing out) of nutrients from the body of water. This means that some nutrients are more prevalent in certain areas than others and different ecosystems and environments have

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Nutrient Management Techniques - Anyone using fertilizers should apply fertilizer in the correct amount, at the right time of year, with the right method and placement. Organically fertilized fields can "significantly reduce harmful nitrate leaching" compared to conventionally fertilized fields.

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Nutrients are supplied to coastal waters from land via river and groundwater and also via the atmosphere. There is also an important source from the open ocean, via mixing of relatively nutrient rich deep ocean waters. Nutrient inputs from the ocean are little changed by human activity, although

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Because a body of water can have an effect on a range of people reaching far beyond that of the watershed, cooperation between different organizations is necessary to prevent the intrusion of contaminants that can lead to eutrophication. Agencies ranging from state governments to those of water

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Policy and regulations are a set of tools to minimize causes of eutrophication. Nonpoint sources of pollution are the primary contributors to eutrophication, and their effects can be minimized through common agricultural practices. Reducing the amount of pollutants that reach a watershed can be

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of lakes correspond well to phosphorus levels in water. Studies conducted in the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario have shown a relationship between the addition of phosphorus and the rate of eutrophication. Later stages of eutrophication lead to blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria limited

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to survive. The growth of dense algae in surface waters can shade the deeper water and reduce the viability of benthic shelter plants with resultant impacts on the wider ecosystem. Eutrophication also decreases the value of rivers, lakes and aesthetic enjoyment. Health problems can occur where

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There are several sources of excessive nutrients from human activity including run-off from fertilized fields, lawns, and golf courses, untreated sewage and wastewater and internal combustion of fuels creating nitrogen pollution. Cultural eutrophication can occur in fresh water and salt water

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Laws regulating the discharge and treatment of sewage have led to dramatic nutrient reductions to surrounding ecosystems. Because a major contributor to the nonpoint source nutrient loading of water bodies is untreated domestic sewage, it is necessary to provide treatment facilities to highly

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is a major cause of algal blooms and excess growth of other aquatic plants leading to overcrowding competition for sunlight, space, and oxygen. Increased competition for the added nutrients can cause potential disruption to entire ecosystems and food webs, as well as a loss of habitat, and

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eutrophication is the process that causes eutrophication because of human activity. The problem became more apparent following the introduction of chemical fertilizers in agriculture (green revolution of the mid-1900s). Phosphorus and nitrogen are the two main nutrients that cause cultural

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Finnish phosphorus removal measures started in the mid-1970s and have targeted rivers and lakes polluted by industrial and municipal discharges. These efforts have had a 90% removal efficiency. Still, some targeted point sources did not show a decrease in runoff despite reduction efforts.

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Eutrophication can be a natural process and occurs naturally through the gradual accumulation of sediment and nutrients. Naturally, eutrophication is usually caused by the natural accumulation of nutrients from dissolved phosphate minerals and dead plant matter in water.

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ratios drive changes in phytoplankton species composition, particularly disadvantaging silica rich phytoplankton species like diatoms compared to other species. This process leads to the development of nuisance algal blooms in areas such as the North Sea (see also

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plants and algae. Under eutrophic conditions, dissolved oxygen greatly increases during the day, but is greatly reduced after dark by the respiring algae and by microorganisms that feed on the increasing mass of dead algae. When dissolved oxygen levels decline to

1383:. In such areas the density structure of the water column severely restricts water column mixing and associated oxygenation of deep water. However, increases in the inputs of bacterially degradable organic matter to such isolated deep waters can exacerbate such 5536:

MacKay E, Maberly S, Pan G, Reitzel K, Bruere A, Corker N, Douglas G, Egemose S, Hamilton D, Hatton-Ellis T, Huser B, Li W, Meis S, Moss B, Lürling M, Phillips G, Yasseri S, Spears B (2014). "Geoengineering in lakes: Welcome attraction or fatal distraction?".

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Higgins SN, Paterson MJ, Hecky RE, Schindler DW, Venkiteswaran JJ, Findlay DL (November 27, 2017). "Biological Nitrogen Fixation Prevents the Response of a Eutrophic Lake to Reduced Loading of Nitrogen: Evidence from a 46-Year Whole-Lake Experiment".

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resource management and non-governmental organizations, going as low as the local population, are responsible for preventing eutrophication of water bodies. In the United States, the most well known inter-state effort to prevent eutrophication is the

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frequently lives in naturally eutrophic or hypereutrophic areas, and is adapted to living in such conditions. The eutrophication of areas outside its natural range partially explain the fish's success in colonizing these areas after being introduced.

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As a society, there are certain steps we can take to ensure the minimization of eutrophication, thereby reducing its harmful effects on humans and other living organisms in order to sustain a healthy norm of living, some of which are as follows:

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of the continental shelf. Phytoplankton productivity in coastal waters depends on both nutrient and light supply, with the latter an important limiting factor in waters near to shore where sediment resuspension often limits light penetration.

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Eutrophication impacts are in some cases higher from organic production than they are from conventional production. In Japan the amount of nitrogen produced by livestock is adequate to serve the fertilizer needs for the agriculture industry.

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eutrophication as they enrich the water, allowing for some aquatic plants, especially algae to grow rapidly and bloom in high densities. Algal blooms can shade out benthic plants thereby altering the overall plant community. When

1614:. Secondly, restoration may need more than a simple reversal of inputs since there are sometimes several stable but very different ecological states. Recovery of eutrophicated lakes is slow, often requiring several decades. 1586:(life below water). SDG 14 specifically has a target to: "by 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution". 1373:(HABs). Such blooms can occur naturally, but there is good evidence that these are increasing as a result of nutrient enrichment, although the causal linkage between nutrient enrichment and HABs is not straightforward. 1590:

achieved through the protection of its forest cover, reducing the amount of erosion leeching into a watershed. Also, through the efficient, controlled use of land using sustainable agricultural practices to minimize

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Räike A, Pietiläinen OP, Rekolainen S, Kauppila P, Pitkänen H, Niemi J, Raateland A, Vuorenmaa J (2003). "Trends of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations in Finnish rivers and lakes in 1975–2000".

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can be an important nutrient source in the open ocean. This could account for around one third of the ocean's external (non-recycled) nitrogen supply, and up to 3% of the annual new marine biological production.

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Paerl HW, Valdes LM, Joyner AR, Piehler MF, Lebo ME (2004). "Solving problems resulting from solutions: Evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina".

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Cooke, G. D., Welch, E. B., Martin, A. B., Fulmer, D. G., Hyde, J. B., & Schrieve, G. D. (1993). Effectiveness of Al, Ca, and Fe salts for control of internal phosphorus loading in shallow and deep lakes.

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and hypertrophic conditions. Thus, eutrophication has been defined as "degradation of water quality owing to enrichment by nutrients which results in excessive plant (principally algae) growth and decay."

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recognizes the damaging effects of eutrophication for marine environments. It has established a timeline for creating an Index of Coastal Eutrophication and Floating Plastic Debris Density (ICEP) within

1514:, most final effluents from sewage treatment works contain substantial concentrations of nitrogen as nitrate, nitrite or ammonia. Removal of these nutrients is an expensive and often difficult process. 863:

now recognise that climate change, geology, and other external influences are also critical in regulating the natural productivity of lakes. A few artificial lakes also demonstrate the reverse process (

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ILEC/Lake Biwa Research Institute . 1988–1993 Survey of the State of the World's Lakes. Volumes I-IV. International Lake Environment Committee, Otsu and United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.

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Spears BM, Maberly SC, Pan G, MacKay E, Bruere A, Corker N, Douglas G, Egemose S, Hamilton D, Hatton-Ellis T, Huser B, Li W, Meis S, Moss B, Lürling M, Phillips G, Yasseri S, Reitzel K (2014).

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where an area of seasonal anoxia more than 5000 square miles in area has developed since the 1950s. The increased primary production driving this anoxia is fueled by nutrients supplied by the

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Planting Field Buffers - By planting trees, shrubs and grasses along the edges of fields to help catch the runoff and absorb some nutrients before the water makes it to a nearby water body.

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Moore CM, Mills MM, Arrigo KR, Berman-Frank I, Bopp L, Boyd PW, Galbraith ED, Geider RJ, Guieu C, Jaccard SL, Jickells TD, La Roche J, Lenton TM, Mahowald NM, Marañón E (September 2013).

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Kaspar HF, Gillespie PA, Boyer IC, MacKenzie AL (1985). "Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand".

8388: 945:). Algal blooms limit the sunlight available to bottom-dwelling organisms and cause wide swings in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Oxygen is required by all aerobically 8613: 3824:

Huang J, Xu Cc, Ridoutt B, Wang Xc, Ren Pa (August 2017). "Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China".

8608: 6575: 1594:, the amount of soil runoff and nitrogen-based fertilizers reaching a watershed can be reduced. Waste disposal technology constitutes another factor in eutrophication prevention. 1070:), and reduced tourism income (decreases in perceived aesthetic value of the water body). Water treatment costs can be increased due to decreases in water transparency (increased 1610:

Reducing nutrient inputs is a crucial precondition for restoration. Still, there are two caveats: Firstly, it can take a long time, mainly because of the storage of nutrients in

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Newell RI, Fisher TR, Holyoke RR, Cornwell JC (2005). "Influence of eastern oysters on nitrogen and phosphorus regeneration in Chesapeake Bay, USA". In Dame R, Olenin S (eds.).

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Epe TS, Finsterle K, Yasseri S (2017). "Nine years of phosphorus management with lanthanum modified bentonite (Phoslock) in a eutrophic, shallow swimming lake in Germany".

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Kim JK, Kraemer GP, Yarish C (2014). "Field scale evaluation of seaweed aquaculture as a nutrient bioextraction strategy in Long Island Sound and the Bronx River Estuary".

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having an excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. It is believed that seaweed cultivation in large scale should be a good solution to the eutrophication problem in

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Year - Round Ground Cover - a cover crop will prevent periods of bare ground thus eliminating erosion and runoff of nutrients even after the growing season has occurred.

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is often regarded as the main culprit in cases of eutrophication in lakes subjected to "point source" pollution from sewage pipes. The concentration of algae and the

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and nutrients are deposited here instead of in water. Creating buffer zones near farms and roads is another possible way to prevent nutrients from traveling too far.

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Enhanced growth of aquatic vegetation, phytoplankton and algal blooms disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a variety of problems such as a lack of

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conditions can cause structural and functional disruption to entire aquatic ecosystems and their food webs, resulting in loss of habitat and species biodiversity.

4977:. US Dept Commerce, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 10-19; 12 p. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026. 1645:

Nutrient bioextraction is bioremediation involving cultured plants and animals. Nutrient bioextraction or bioharvesting is the practice of farming and harvesting

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of how soil from fertilized fields can turn into runoff after a storm, creating a flux of nutrients that flow into local bodies of water such as lakes and creeks.

5325: 802:) and its deposition in the water from the atmosphere has led to an increase in nitrogen levels, and also the heightened levels of eutrophication in the ocean. 6570: 1510:

can be upgraded for biological nutrient removal so that they discharge much less nitrogen and phosphorus to the receiving water body. However, even with good

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Nürnberg GK (2017). "Attempted management of cyanobacteria by Phoslock (Lanthanum-modified clay) in Canadian lakes: Water quality results and predictions".

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dilution of the nutrient load and oxygen exchange with the atmosphere. The effects of these eutrophication pressures can be seen in several different ways:

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Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (August 1998). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen".

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An algal bloom in Lake Valencia, the largest freshwater lake in Venezuela. Since 1976 the lake has been affected by eutrophication caused by wastewater.

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Kumazawa K (2002). "Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate pollution in groundwater in Japan: Present status and measures for sustainable agriculture".

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There are many ways to help fix cultural eutrophication caused by agriculture. Some recommendations issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture:

6600: 2400: 4721: 8626: 5590: 1680:. Foundational work toward the idea of improving marine water quality through shellfish cultivation was conducted by Odd Lindahl et al., using 4459:

Smith VH, Tilman GD, Nekola JC (1999). "Eutrophication: Impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems".

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Mussels are an example of organisms that act as nutrient biextractors. They consume the nitrogen in water, depleting algae of their nutrients.

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Conservation Tillage - By reducing frequency and intensity of tilling the land will enhance the chance of nutrients absorbing into the ground.

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are released which can kill animals and may pose a threat to humans. An example of algal toxins working their way into humans is the case of

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United Nations Environment Programme, Newsletter and Technical Publications. International Environmental Technology Centre. Ch.3.4 (2000).

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Callisto, Marcos; Molozzi, Joseline and Barbosa, José Lucena Etham (2014) "Eutrophication of Lakes" in A. A. Ansari, S. S. Gill (eds.),

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Seitzinger SP, Mayorga E, Bouwman AF, Kroeze C, Beusen AH, Billen G, Van Drecht G, Dumont E, Fekete BM, Garnier J, Harrison JA (2010).

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Jeppesen E, Søndergaard M, Jensen JP, Havens KE, Anneville O, Carvalho L, Coveney MF, Deneke R, Dokulil MT, Foy B, Gerdeaux D (2005).

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The National Oceanic Atmospheric Admiration in the United States has created a forecasting tool for regions such as the Great Lakes.

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Breitburg D, Levin LA, Oschlies A, Grégoire M, Chavez FP, Conley DJ, Garçon V, Gilbert D, Gutiérrez D, Isensee K, Jacinto GS (2018).

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Lürling M, Oosterhout Fv (2013). "Controlling eutrophication by combined bloom precipitation and sediment phosphorus inactivation".

5438:"Exploring Greater Manchester – a fieldwork guide: The fluvioglacial gravel ridges of Salford and flooding on the River Irwell" 4788: 4033:"A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean: Atmospheric nitrogen inputs" 1139:

and algae die in eutrophic water, their decompose further consumes dissolved oxygen. The depleted oxygen levels in turn may lead to

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are interfaces between a flowing body of water and land, and have been created near waterways in an attempt to filter pollutants;

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solely by the phosphorus concentration. Phosphorus-base eutrophication in fresh water lakes has been addressed in several cases.

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Jickells TD, Buitenhuis E, Altieri K, Baker AR, Capone D, Duce RA, Dentener F, Fennel K, Kanakidou M, LaRoche J, Lee K (2017).

1421:. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms (such as fish) may die, resulting in what is known as a "summer kill". 743:(ELA) in Ontario, Canada, in the 1970s provided the evidence that freshwater bodies are phosphorus-limited. ELA uses the whole 4691: 2327:

Elser JJ, Bracken ME, Cleland EE, Gruner DS, Harpole WS, Hillebrand H, Ngai JT, Seabloom EW, Shurin JB, Smith JE (July 2007).

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problem in European and North American lakes and reservoirs in the mid-20th century. Breakthrough research carried out at the

8603: 7341: 5421: 3128: 2922: 2329:"Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems" 1127:(blue-green algae). This outcome is favored when soluble nitrogen becomes limiting and phosphorus inputs remain significant. 4978: 3851: 1465:

coastal zones in the world, concentrated in coastal areas in Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and

7891: 7703: 7356: 6605: 5245:"Dollars and Sense: Economic Benefits and Impacts from two Oyster Reef Restoration Projects in the Northern Gulf of Mexico" 4947:. Vol. 47 (NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences ed.). Netherlands: Springer. pp. 93–120. 4912:"Dollars and Sense: Economic Benefits and Impacts from two Oyster Reef Restoration Projects in the Northern Gulf of Mexico" 4583: 2015: 962:

suffocate. As a result, creatures such as fish, shrimp, and especially immobile bottom dwellers die off. In extreme cases,

3497:"Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: Results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment" 1732:/eutrophication in localized situations is direct injection of compressed air, a technique used in the restoration of the 1267:

levels are more important than phosphorus levels for understanding and controlling eutrophication problems in salt water.

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Lindahl O, Hart R, Hernroth B, Kollberg S, Loo LO, Olrog L, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Svensson J, Svensson S, Syversen U (2005).

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Lawton L, G.A. Codd (1991). "Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins and their significance in UK and European waters".

2048: 5188: 4962:(Ecosystem Engineers: Concepts, Theory and Applications ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier-Academic Press. pp. 281–298. 1684:

in Sweden. In the United States, shellfish restoration projects have been conducted on the East, West and Gulf coasts.

8621: 8598: 7777: 7437: 5762:"Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake water quality" 5624:"Guiding principles for the development and application of solid-phase phosphorus adsorbents for freshwater ecosystems" 1259:, where nitrogenous sources are the main culprit. In coastal waters, nitrogen is commonly the key limiting nutrient of 1090:

in drinking water. Swimming in water affected by a harmful algal bloom can cause skin rashes and respiratory problems.

614:. Eutrophication may occur naturally or as a result of human actions. Manmade, or cultural, eutrophication occurs when 5514: 5317: 5066:"Influence of simulated bivalve biodeposition and microphytobenthos on sediment nitrogen dynamics: A laboratory study" 4584:

Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities

4214:"Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges" 8663: 8410: 8296: 7790: 7785: 6595: 5987:

Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake water quality

5008: 3028: 2841: 2223:, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ, Jenkins A, Grizzetti B, Galloway JN, Vitousek P (2013). 2188: 2120: 2078: 5189:

A Practitioners Guide to the Design and Monitoring of Shellfish Restoration Projects: An Ecosystem Services Approach

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from coal. In addition to runoff from land, wastes from fish farming and industrial ammonia discharges, atmospheric

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Qin B, Yang L, Chen F, Zhu G, Zhang L, Chen Y (October 1, 2006). "Mechanism and control of lake eutrophication".

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costs, commercial fishing and shellfish losses, recreational fishing losses (reductions in harvestable fish and

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to plants and animals. Freshwater algal blooms can pose a threat to livestock. When the algae die or are eaten,

7167: 7057: 579: 4858: 3606:"Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading – an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies" 3495:

Schindler DW, Hecky R, Findlay D, Stainton M, Parker B, Paterson M, Beaty K, Lyng M, Kasian SE (August 2008).

2426: 1526:, both from domestic and industrial sources, should be a primary concern for policy regarding eutrophication. 8671: 8646: 7951: 7281: 2721: 1578: 1224: 442: 3994:"Global river nutrient export: A scenario analysis of past and future trends: GLOBAL RIVER EXPORT SCENARIOS" 3143:"How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture" 2650: 8122: 7871: 7851: 7603: 7269: 7077: 7062: 4526:"Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced denitrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils" 4138: 2133:

Schindler D (1974). "Eutrophication and Recovery in Experimental Lakes: Implications for Lake Management".

1625:, which uses living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants. Examples include green belts, 482: 4999:

Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Sandra E. Shumway. (2011) "Bivalve shellfish aquaculture and eutrophication", in

4502: 8715: 8227: 7881: 7274: 7259: 7239: 7072: 6078: 1749: 1342: 876: 171: 71: 8655: 8555: 8478: 7886: 7716: 7546: 7264: 6380: 4742: 3258: 2328: 533: 265: 140: 281: 8358: 8316: 8278: 7843: 7637: 7311: 7160: 6688: 6582: 3661: 1828: 1618: 1522:, in which treatment of domestic waste water is a scarcity. The technology to safely and efficiently 1458: 766: 724: 693: 650: 639: 572: 497: 270: 17: 5985:

Huser BJ, Egemose S, Harper H, Hupfer M, Jensen H, Pilgrim KM, Reitzel K, Rydin E, Futter M (2016).

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Huser BJ, Egemose S, Harper H, Hupfer M, Jensen H, Pilgrim KM, Reitzel K, Rydin E, Futter M (2016).

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Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management

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Khan MN, Mohammad F (2014), Ansari AA, Gill SS (eds.), "Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions",

2220: 1789: 1414: 1162: 946: 8710: 8565: 8331: 7861: 7412: 7286: 7214: 6842: 6653: 6547: 6275: 6265: 5940:"Control of Lake Phosphorus with Aluminum Sulfate: Dose Determination and Application Techniques" 1729: 1462: 1376: 1144:

algae and organic load carried by the water inflows into a lake settle to the bottom and undergo

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Duce RA, et al. (2008). "Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean".

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Examples of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen-rich pollution to coastal waters include sea cage

8524: 7914: 7351: 6668: 6658: 6360: 6345: 5129: 3579: 3546: 1402: 1098: 646: 492: 365: 5697:"Editorial – A critical perspective on geo-engineering for eutrophication management in lakes" 4975:"International Workshop on Bioextractive Technologies for Nutrient Remediation Summary Report" 1178:

and zooplankton depending on the availability of adequate dissolved oxygen in the water body.

1038:), leading to these human foods acquiring the toxicity and poisoning humans. Examples include 8494: 8326: 8202: 8110: 7800: 7693: 7493: 7087: 7014: 6949: 6814: 6789: 6764: 6648: 6395: 6175: 5623: 5107:"Improving marine water quality by mussel farming: A profitable solution for Swedish society" 4415:"Eutrophication and cyanobacteria in South Africa's standing water bodies: A view from space" 3465: 3434: 1931: 1737: 1047: 747:

and long-term, whole-lake investigations of freshwater focusing on cultural eutrophication.

4818: 4743:"Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs: An Integrated Approach to Eutrophication." 1263:(unlike the freshwater systems where phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient). Therefore, 1250:

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) (blue) and areas with coastal hypoxia (red) in the world's ocean

1054:, where it is typically a predator fish that accumulates the toxin and then poisons humans. 8301: 7956: 7652: 6822: 6784: 6115: 6040: 5951: 5904: 5861: 5818: 5773: 5711: 5638: 5546: 5490: 5360: 5217: 5121: 5077: 5030: 4814: 4537: 4347: 4280: 3946: 3890: 3790: 3736: 3617: 3377: 3368:

Shumway SE (1990). "A Review of the Effects of Algal Blooms on Shellfish and Aquaculture".

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in England. For smaller-scale waters such as aquaculture ponds, pump aeration is standard.

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sources. Additionally, the introduction of bacteria and algae-inhibiting organisms such as

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There are multiple different ways to fix cultural eutrophication with raw sewage being a

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activity are increasing in many coastal areas worldwide due to increased nutrient inputs.

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to invade and out-compete original inhabitant species. This has been shown to occur in

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This article is about a process in aquatic ecosystems. For one of the main causes, see

6052: 5229: 4593:. Main Report. Defra Research Project IS0205. Bedford: Cranfield University and Defra. 4472: 3285: 3234: 3191: 8570: 8430: 8250: 8159: 8127: 8044: 7997: 7924: 7896: 7665: 7660: 7458: 7249: 6974: 6852: 6799: 6718: 6385: 6350: 6290: 6250: 6220: 6190: 6101: 6056: 5994: 5967: 5939: 5834: 5791: 5727: 5506: 5417: 5386: 5147: 5004: 4844: 4832: 4565: 4476: 4377: 4365: 4308: 4296: 4268: 4194: 4119: 4101: 3974: 3966: 3916: 3911: 3806: 3766: 3754: 3635: 3630: 3605: 3528: 3289: 3239: 3172: 3124: 3034: 3024: 2918: 2891: 2879: 2837: 2807: 2741: 2699: 2633: 2573: 2568: 2485: 2374: 2366: 2352: 2301: 2254: 2184: 2154: 2116: 2074: 1997: 1786: – Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts 1763: 1392: 1291: 1112: 966:

conditions ensue, promoting growth of bacteria. Zones where this occurs are known as

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Smith VH, Schindler DW (2009). "Eutrophication science: Where do we go from here?".

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Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms can have economic impacts due to increasing

8514: 8415: 8373: 8341: 8235: 8189: 8149: 8056: 8024: 7992: 7977: 7961: 7936: 7721: 7675: 7291: 7183: 7082: 6774: 6678: 6630: 6542: 6435: 6133: 6048: 5959: 5912: 5869: 5826: 5781: 5719: 5654: 5646: 5562: 5554: 5498: 5409: 5376: 5368: 5297: 5287: 5225: 5139: 5085: 5038: 4822: 4684:"14.1.1 Index of Coastal Eutrophication (ICEP) and Floating Plastic debris Density" 4683: 4655: 4647: 4612: 4555: 4545: 4468: 4426: 4355: 4288: 4235: 4225: 4184: 4109: 4093: 4066: 4052: 4044: 4005: 3958: 3906: 3898: 3833: 3798: 3744: 3694: 3653: 3625: 3518: 3508: 3385: 3331: 3281: 3229: 3211: 3162: 3154: 3116: 3086: 2910: 2871: 2799: 2733: 2694: 2689: 2675: 2625: 2563: 2555: 2475: 2467: 2356: 2348: 2293: 2244: 2236: 2204: 2146: 2111:

Rodhe, W. (1969) "Crystallization of Eutrophication Concepts in North Europe". In:

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to rivers and from offshore and is therefore much less affected by human activity.

1149: 987: 934: 791: 635: 154: 113: 5916: 5873: 4488: 4431: 4414: 3837: 2313: 1074:). There can also be issues with color and smell during drinking water treatment. 719:, meaning "well-nourished". Water bodies with very low nutrient levels are termed 81: 8378: 8288: 8254: 8139: 8093: 8019: 7946: 7866: 7769: 7711: 7566: 7386: 7301: 7052: 7019: 6880: 6832: 6708: 6683: 6492: 6445: 6370: 6215: 6200: 5830: 5786: 5761: 5723: 5463: 5413: 5349:"Nutrient removal from Chinese coastal waters by large-scale seaweed aquaculture" 5195: 4749: 4590: 3962: 3672: 2657: 2401:"Phosphorus Basics: Understanding Phosphorus Forms and Their Cycling in the Soil" 2150: 1693: 1677: 1523: 1299: 1195: 1063: 979: 778:

Eutrophication is caused by excessive concentrations of nutrients, most commonly

762:, once a component of many detergents, was a major contributor to eutrophication. 736: 728: 658: 477: 375: 334: 324: 217: 4974: 3120: 2914: 8691: 8425: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8103: 8088: 8039: 8029: 7941: 7795: 7551: 7522: 7371: 6916: 6870: 6865: 6837: 6804: 6673: 6532: 6460: 6450: 6300: 6163: 6158: 6153: 5143: 4292: 4097: 3501:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Eutrophication can have the following ecological effects: increased biomass of

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die off, their degradation by bacteria removes oxygen, potentially, generating

713: 417: 385: 290: 222: 132: 118: 5998: 5650: 5276:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 5090: 5065: 4616: 3698: 2875: 2559: 2040: 661:

can also help reduce nitrogen pollution, which in turn controls the growth of

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Xiao X, Agusti S, Lin F, Li K, Pan Y, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Wu J, Duarte CM (2017).

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poisoning. Biotoxins created during algal blooms are taken up by shellfish (

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Approaches for prevention and reversal of eutrophication include minimizing

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Eutrophication can cause harmful algal blooms like this one in a river near

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Studies have demonstrated seaweed's potential to improve nitrogen levels.

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Eutrophication may cause competitive release by making abundant a normally

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The Algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World's Freshwaters and Estuaries

1816: – Measure of the ability of water to sustain biological productivity 755: 8403: 8398: 8083: 8078: 8049: 8014: 7987: 7517: 7194: 7029: 7004: 6999: 6969: 6752: 6728: 6693: 6502: 6405: 6325: 6285: 6138: 4048: 4009: 3349:

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Eutrophication: An Overview of Status, Trends, Policies, and Strategies.

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of ecosystems. For instance, an increase in nitrogen might allow new,

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Nutrient pollution § Mitigation of nutrient pollutant discharges

1466: 1366: 1191: 1186: 1140: 1071: 1067: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1027: 922: 886: 844: 836: 779: 771: 654: 626:, and other nutrient sources are released into the environment. Such 5274:

Duarte CM, Wu J, Xiao X, Bruhn A, Krause-Jensen D (April 12, 2017).

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has shown more than 60% of the reservoirs surveyed were eutrophic.

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accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of

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to remove nitrogen and other nutrients from natural water bodies.

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Bartram, J., Wayne W. Carmichael, Ingrid Chorus, Gary Jones, and

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can remediate eutrophication. Of the several phosphate sorbents,

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Application of a phosphorus sorbent to a lake - The Netherlands

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areas, natural and constructed wetlands, and treatment ponds.

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Natural eutrophication has been well-characterized in lakes.

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Estuary § Implications of eutrophication on estuaries

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The Comparative Roles of Suspension Feeders in Ecosystems

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plants and animals and it is replenished in daylight by

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1156:. Some of the methane gas may be oxidised by anaerobic 5993:: Uppsala universitet, Limnologi Uppsala universitet. 5621: 5476: 4807:

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

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is the rapid growth of microscopic algae, creating an

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Causes and effects for different types of water bodies

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Williams, A.G., Audsley, E. and Sandars, D.L. (2006)

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Restoring oyster reefs to recover ecosystem services

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Natural Resources Facts - University of Rhode Island

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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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and bacterial growth, resulting in the depletion of

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Journal of the American Water Resources Association

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Manchester Geographical Society 5230:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.034 4885:"Nutrient Bioextraction Overview" 3547:"Climate gases from water bodies" 3303:from the original on May 11, 2013 3286:10.1038/scientificamerican0894-62 3147:Environmental Health Perspectives 2961:from the original on June 3, 2021 2618:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1841:International Nitrogen Initiative 1834: 1728:Another technique for combatting 1332:Effects of coastal eutrophication 1212: 1077: 638:in water and causing substantial 8685: 8675: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8638: 8637: 7230:Environmental impact of shipping 7137: 7136: 7124: 7110: 6742: 6414: 6231:Colored dissolved organic matter 6033:Science of the Total Environment 5978: 5888: 5845: 5802: 5753: 5688: 5615: 5583: 5529: 4419:South African Journal of Science 3631:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01415.x 2505:"Nitrous oxide Sources - Oceans" 2353:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x 2093: 1492:Minimizing pollution from sewage 1243: 1231: 680: 554: 553: 70: 8731:Environmental issues with water 7464:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6576:Latin America and the Caribbean 5470: 5456: 5429: 5397: 5340: 5310: 5267: 5236: 5201: 5187:Brumbaugh, R.D. et al. 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For one of the effects, see 13: 1: 7952:Electrical resistance heating 7427: 6053:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00622-8 5917:10.1080/10402381.2016.1263693 5897:Lake and Reservoir Management 5874:10.1080/10402381.2016.1265618 5854:Lake and Reservoir Management 4473:10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00091-3 4212:Glibert P, Burford M (2017). 3838:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.008 3826:Journal of Cleaner Production 2020:NCCOS Coastal Science Website 1846: 1701:, producing large amounts of 1579:Sustainable Development Goals 1476: 1381:Baltic for thousands of years 1185:which is needed for fish and 443:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt 7604:Persistent organic pollutant 7078:Marine conservation activism 7063:Fisheries and climate change 5831:10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.019 5787:10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.051 5724:10.1016/J.WATRES.2016.03.035 5414:10.1007/978-90-481-3385-7_22 4394:. San Diego: Academic Press. 4037:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3998:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3963:10.1126/science.281.5374.217 2937:Clair N. Sawyer (May 1966). 2151:10.1126/science.184.4139.897 889:in the northern part of the 7: 8614:Least polluted cities by PM 7240:Fish diseases and parasites 7073:Human impact on marine life 6950:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 6186:Aquatic population dynamics 5280:Frontiers in Marine Science 4589:September 25, 2018, at the 4432:10.17159/sajs.2015/20140193 3466:"The Effects: Human Health" 3435:"The Effects: Human Health" 3121:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_5 2982:"Phosphorus and Lake Aging" 2915:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_1 2503:Reay D (November 9, 2002). 1777: 1750:Chemical phosphorus removal 1506:of pollution. For example, 1005: 172:Photosynthetic picoplankton 10: 8752: 8556:Pollution haven hypothesis 8479:Brain health and pollution 7717:Ecological light pollution 7547:Internal combustion engine 5144:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131 5070:Limnology and Oceanography 4748:November 11, 2012, at the 4449:World Resources Institute. 4293:10.1038/s41558-020-00918-2 4098:10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 2804:10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.102 2630:10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.009 2534:Bristow L, Mohr W (2017). 1747: 1668: 1564:Eutrophication in a canal. 1495: 1480: 1385:oxygen depletion in oceans 1222: 1216: 1158:methane oxidation bacteria 997:. In Europe and Asia, the 874: 870: 141:Heterotrophic picoplankton 29: 8635: 8589: 8538: 8487: 8454: 8359:Nonpoint source pollution 8287: 8279:War and environmental law 8226: 8188: 8170: 7970: 7905: 7842: 7768: 7737: 7702: 7686: 7651: 7638:Volatile organic compound 7444: 7435: 7312:Nonpoint source pollution 7190: 7104: 7043: 6915: 6851: 6813: 6760: 6751: 6740: 6689:Marine primary production 6641: 6637: 6624: 6583:List of marine ecoregions 6558: 6423: 6412: 6126: 6122: 6108: 5651:10.1007/s10452-016-9575-2 5091:10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1367 3912:21.11116/0000-0001-CD7A-0 3699:10.1007/s10021-017-0204-2 3671:January 24, 2007, at the 3662:World Health Organization 3573:"Nature's Value Chain..." 2876:10.1007/s11434-006-2096-y 2569:21.11116/0000-0001-C1AA-5 2560:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.030 1894:Frontiers for Young Minds 1829:Water Framework Directive 1619:environmental remediation 1568: 1459:World Resources Institute 1132:biodiversity of species. 750: 640:environmental degradation 498:Marine primary production 7818:Marine mammals and sonar 7729:Radio spectrum pollution 7347:Plastic pellet pollution 6935:Coastal biogeomorphology 6930:Marine coastal ecosystem 5293:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 4231:10.5670/oceanog.2017.110 2856:Chinese Science Bulletin 2674:Smil V (November 2000). 2427:"Indicators: Phosphorus" 2209:10.1002/14356007.n10_n05 1790:Ecological Quality Ratio 1606:Reversal and remediation 1349:as a measure of overall 1320:key nutrient, dissolved 1163:Methylococcus capsulatus 1088:disinfection by-products 8726:Environmental chemistry 8664:WikiProject Environment 8622:Most polluted countries 8566:Polluter pays principle 8297:Agricultural wastewater 7215:Cultural eutrophication 6843:Paradox of the plankton 6654:Diel vertical migration 6548:Freshwater swamp forest 6266:GIS and aquatic science 6114:General components and 4819:2020E&ES..535a2001M 4640:Ecological Applications 4617:10.1023/A:1021198721003 4551:10.1073/pnas.0600359103 4461:Environmental Pollution 4190:10.5670/oceanog.2005.45 3903:10.1126/science.1150369 3750:10.1126/science.aam7240 3514:10.1073/pnas.0805108105 3257:Anderson D. M. (1994). 2662:Encyclopedia Britannica 2651:Cultural eutrophication 2203:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 1983:10.1073/pnas.0806112105 1907:10.3389/frym.2019.00041 1633:Algae Bloom Forecasting 1508:sewage treatment plants 1341:There is evidence from 1286:from the production of 958:levels, fish and other 806:Cultural eutrophication 741:Experimental Lakes Area 673:History and terminology 519:Paradox of the plankton 488:Diel vertical migration 8682:Environment portal 7915:Agricultural pollution 7352:Point source pollution 6669:Large marine ecosystem 6361:Shoaling and schooling 5249:The Nature Conservancy 5243:Kroeger T (May 2012). 4390:Wetzel, R. G. (2001). 3441:. EPA. March 1, 2021. 3405:"The Effects: Economy" 3217:10.1073/pnas.022447299 2472:10.1098/rspb.2012.1032 2241:10.1098/rstb.2013.0164 1822: – Types of plain 1725: 1666: 1657:Shellfish in estuaries 1641:Nutrient bioextraction 1565: 1413:can increase rates of 1152:such as methane and CO 1103: 929:Decreased biodiversity 894: 851:Natural eutrophication 847: 835:The eutrophication of 775: 763: 647:point source pollution 366:Gelatinous zooplankton 52: 8337:Industrial wastewater 8203:Clutter (advertising) 8111:Municipal solid waste 7957:Soil guideline values 7801:Sustainable transport 7694:Information pollution 7494:Open burning of waste 7088:Marine protected area 7015:Salt pannes and pools 6790:Marine larval ecology 6765:Census of Marine Life 6649:Deep scattering layer 6606:San Francisco Estuary 6571:Africa and Madagascar 6396:Underwater camouflage 6176:Aquatic biomonitoring 6116:freshwater ecosystems 5194:July 1, 2013, at the 4724:on September 30, 2020 4445:Selman, Mindy (2007) 4273:Nature Climate Change 4086:Nature Communications 2949:(5). Wiley: 737–744. 2454:Schindler DW (2012). 1956:Carpenter SR (2008). 1748:Further information: 1738:Manchester Ship Canal 1723: 1664: 1563: 1547:Riparian buffer zones 1496:Further information: 1481:Further information: 1426:Extent of the problem 1223:Further information: 1217:Further information: 1121:freshwater ecosystems 1101: 884: 875:Further information: 834: 769: 758: 665:, the main source of 620:industrial wastewater 46: 8609:Most polluted cities 8302:Biological pollution 8213:Overhead power lines 7362:Silver nanoparticles 6823:Marine bacteriophage 6785:Marine invertebrates 5603:on November 28, 2009 4049:10.1002/2016GB005586 4010:10.1029/2009GB003587 3945:Jickells TD (1998). 3585:on December 21, 2016 3159:10.1289/ehp.02110445 2656:May 4, 2015, at the 1784:Biogeochemical cycle 1520:developing countries 1371:harmful algal blooms 1345:that the amounts of 1343:satellite monitoring 1012:harmful algal blooms 974:New species invasion 893:, imaged from orbit. 667:harmful algae blooms 423:Cyanobacterial bloom 187:Marine microplankton 8672:WikiProject Ecology 8369:Ocean acidification 8274:Unexploded ordnance 8145:Post-consumer waste 8005:Foam food container 7983:Biodegradable waste 7557:Global distillation 7327:Ocean deoxygenation 7322:Ocean acidification 6699:Ocean fertilization 6508:Trophic state index 6466:Lake stratification 6196:Aquatic respiration 6045:2003ScTEn.310...47R 5956:1982JAWRA..18..389K 5909:2017LRMan..33..119E 5866:2017LRMan..33..163N 5823:2013WatRe..47.6527L 5778:2016WatRe..97..122H 5716:2016WatRe..97....1L 5643:2016AqEco..50..385D 5551:2014InWat...4..349M 5495:2014EnST...48.9977S 5365:2017NatSR...746613X 5222:2014Aquac.433..148K 5126:2005Ambio..34..131L 5082:2002LimOc..47.1367N 5035:1985MarBi..85..127K 4789:Nutrient Limitation 4542:2006PNAS..103.4522K 4352:2019LimOB..28..117R 4285:2020NatCC..10.1116L 3895:2008Sci...320..893D 3795:2004EnST...38.3068P 3741:2018Sci...359M7240B 3622:2005FrBio..50.1747J 3507:(32): 11254–11258. 3382:1990JWAS...21...65S 3278:1994SciAm.271b..62A 3266:Scientific American 3208:2002PNAS...99.1395B 3067:, Vol. 1, Elsevier, 2868:2006ChSBu..51.2401Q 2796:2002Ambio..31..102R 2552:2017CBio...27.R474B 2515:on December 7, 2023 2466:(1746): 4322–4333. 2345:2007EcolL..10.1135E 2290:2013NatGe...6..701M 2143:1974Sci...184..897S 1974:2008PNAS..10511039C 1968:(32): 11039–11040. 1814:Trophic state index 1694:Seaweed aquaculture 1512:secondary treatment 1483:Harmful algal bloom 1461:has identified 375 1358:species composition 1172:primary food source 1146:anaerobic digestion 988:competitive species 984:species composition 911:species composition 760:Sodium triphosphate 507:Ocean fertilization 428:Harmful algal bloom 346:Freshwater plankton 58:Part of a series on 36:harmful algal bloom 8716:Nutrient pollution 8692:Ecology portal 8576:Waste minimisation 8551:Industrial ecology 8546:Cleaner production 8364:Nutrient pollution 8241:Herbicidal warfare 8035:Construction waste 7671:Introduced species 7542:Indoor air quality 7469:Chlorofluorocarbon 7317:Nutrient pollution 7210:Aquatic toxicology 6965:Intertidal wetland 6960:Intertidal ecology 6828:Marine prokaryotes 6770:Deep-sea community 6664:Iron fertilization 6587:Specific examples 6513:Upland and lowland 6431:Freshwater biology 6296:Microbial food web 6206:Aquatic toxicology 6149:Aquatic adaptation 6102:Aquatic ecosystems 5559:10.5268/IW-4.4.769 5353:Scientific Reports 5043:10.1007/BF00397431 4910:Kroeger T (2012). 4524:Kramer SB (2006). 4509:. March 12, 2013. 3610:Freshwater Biology 3464:US EPA OW (2013). 3439:Nutrient Pollution 3403:US EPA OW (2013). 3091:10.1007/BF00028437 3017:Wetzel RG (2001). 2726:Biological Reviews 2235:(1621): 20130164. 1936:www.britannica.com 1726: 1671:Nutrient pollution 1667: 1566: 1434:are eutrophic; in 1356:The phytoplankton 1282:and discharges of 1135:When overproduced 1129:Nutrient pollution 1113:aquatic ecosystems 1107:Freshwater systems 1104: 1084:blue baby syndrome 1042:, neurotoxic, and 898:Ecological effects 895: 848: 776: 764: 745:ecosystem approach 692:. You can help by 651:nonpoint pollution 628:nutrient pollution 448:Great Calcite Belt 53: 32:nutrient pollution 8698: 8697: 8571:Pollution control 8251:Nuclear holocaust 8160:Thermal treatment 8128:Plastic pollution 8045:Mercury poisoning 7998:Battery recycling 7897:Radioactive waste 7666:Genetic pollution 7661:Biological hazard 7459:Air quality index 7395: 7394: 7250:Friendly Floatees 7150: 7149: 7131:Oceans portal 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 6975:Hydrothermal vent 6911: 6910: 6800:Seashore wildlife 6631:Marine ecosystems 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6386:Thermal pollution 6351:Ramsar Convention 6291:Microbial ecology 6251:Fisheries science 6191:Aquatic predation 5817:(17): 6527–6537. 5503:10.1021/es5036267 5489:(17): 9977–9979. 5466:. April 10, 2006. 5423:978-90-481-3384-0 5373:10.1038/srep46613 4714:"Goal 14 targets" 4536:(12): 4522–4527. 4507:United States EPA 4361:10.1002/lob.10351 4279:(12): 1116–1123. 3957:(5374): 217–222. 3803:10.1021/es0352350 3789:(11): 3068–3073. 3616:(10): 1747–1771. 3129:978-94-007-7814-6 2924:978-94-007-7814-6 2862:(19): 2401–2412. 2546:(11): R431–R510. 2339:(12): 1135–1142. 2278:Nature Geoscience 2069:Wetzel R (1975). 1888:Aczel MR (2019). 1792: – Directive 1764:aluminium sulfate 1411:primary producers 1393:Mississippi river 980:limiting nutrient 951:photosynthesizing 935:primary producers 861:Paleolimnologists 792:marine ecosystems 710: 709: 624:fertilizer runoff 597: 596: 453:Milky seas effect 160:Nanophytoplankton 16:(Redirected from 8743: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8679: 8670: 8669: 8662: 8661: 8654: 8653: 8641: 8640: 8515:Legacy pollution 8374:Oil exploitation 8236:Chemical warfare 8150:Waste management 8057:Industrial waste 8025:Biomedical waste 7993:Electronic waste 7978:Advertising mail 7962:Phytoremediation 7937:Land degradation 7722:Overillumination 7676:Invasive species 7422: 7415: 7408: 7399: 7398: 7292:Invasive species 7184:Marine pollution 7177: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7119: 7117:Lakes portal 7115: 7114: 7113: 7083:Marine pollution 6775:Deep-water coral 6758: 6757: 6746: 6679:Marine chemistry 6639: 6638: 6626: 6625: 6543:Freshwater marsh 6436:Freshwater biome 6418: 6134:Acoustic ecology 6124: 6123: 6110: 6109: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6027: 6021: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5701: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5596:. Archived from 5595: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5205: 5199: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5137: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5076:(5): 1367–1379. 5061: 5055: 5054: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4924:on March 4, 2016 4923: 4916: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4830: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4770:(9): 1452–1460. 4759: 4753: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4720:. Archived from 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4611:(2/3): 129–137. 4600: 4594: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4467:(1–3): 179–196. 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4192: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3889:(5878): 893–89. 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3752: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3693:(6): 1088–1100. 3681: 3675: 3654:Olav M. Skulberg 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3578:. Archived from 3577: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3516: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3219: 3202:(3): 1395–1398. 3187: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3138: 3132: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2851: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2671: 2665: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2613: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2571: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2511:. Archived from 2500: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2364: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2298:10.1038/ngeo1765 2269: 2263: 2262: 2252: 2217: 2211: 2197: 2191: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2130: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1985: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1909: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1860: 1825: 1798: 1795: 1707: 1592:land degradation 1524:reuse wastewater 1377:Oxygen depletion 1363:OSPAR Convention 1247: 1235: 1150:greenhouse gases 1058:Economic effects 919:dissolved oxygen 865:meiotrophication 705: 702: 684: 677: 636:dissolved oxygen 589: 582: 575: 562: 557: 556: 218:coccolithophores 155:Microzooplankton 114:Bacterioplankton 74: 55: 54: 21: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8736:Aquatic ecology 8721:Water pollution 8701: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8686: 8684: 8674: 8631: 8617: 8585: 8534: 8483: 8450: 8389:Pharmaceuticals 8379:Oil exploration 8283: 8255:Nuclear fallout 8222: 8184: 8166: 8140:Packaging waste 8094:Deep sea mining 8020:Hazardous waste 7966: 7947:Open defecation 7901: 7867:Nuclear fallout 7862:Nuclear fission 7838: 7764: 7733: 7704:Electromagnetic 7698: 7682: 7647: 7567:Ozone depletion 7440: 7431: 7426: 7396: 7391: 7387:Water pollution 7302:Mercury in fish 7186: 7181: 7151: 7146: 7123: 7122: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7092: 7053:Coral bleaching 7039: 7020:Seagrass meadow 6917:Marine habitats 6907: 6881:Coral reef fish 6847: 6833:Marine protists 6809: 6747: 6738: 6709:Ocean turbidity 6684:Marine food web 6633: 6612: 6554: 6493:River ecosystem 6446:Freshwater fish 6419: 6410: 6216:Bioluminescence 6201:Aquatic science 6118: 6104: 6099: 6069: 6068: 6028: 6024: 6010: 6006: 5983: 5979: 5936: 5932: 5893: 5889: 5850: 5846: 5807: 5803: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5631:Aquatic Ecology 5626: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5475: 5471: 5464:"Pond Aeration" 5462: 5461: 5457: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5402: 5398: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5237: 5206: 5202: 5196:Wayback Machine 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5135:10.1.1.589.3995 5109: 5103: 5099: 5062: 5058: 5019: 5015: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4952: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4760: 4756: 4750:Wayback Machine 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4652:10.2307/2641247 4636: 4632: 4601: 4597: 4591:Wayback Machine 4581: 4577: 4522: 4518: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4210: 4206: 4169: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4078: 4074: 4029: 4025: 3990: 3986: 3943: 3936: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3822: 3818: 3778: 3774: 3721: 3714: 3682: 3678: 3673:Wayback Machine 3651: 3647: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3366: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3188: 3184: 3139: 3135: 3110: 3106: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2980:Addy K (1996). 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2903: 2899: 2852: 2848: 2831: 2827: 2780: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2720:Moss B (1983). 2718: 2711: 2672: 2668: 2658:Wayback Machine 2649: 2645: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2540:Current Biology 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2497: 2452: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2333:Ecology Letters 2325: 2321: 2270: 2266: 2218: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2178: 2174: 2131: 2127: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1837: 1823: 1796: 1793: 1780: 1752: 1746: 1718: 1716:Geo-engineering 1706: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1688:Seaweed farming 1678:denitrification 1673: 1659: 1643: 1635: 1608: 1571: 1532: 1500: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1469:, particularly 1428: 1334: 1300:marine habitats 1251: 1248: 1239: 1236: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1196:water treatment 1155: 1109: 1096: 1080: 1064:water treatment 1060: 1008: 976: 931: 900: 879: 873: 853: 808: 753: 737:water pollution 706: 700: 697: 690:needs expansion 675: 630:usually causes 593: 552: 545: 544: 543: 502: 478:CLAW hypothesis 467: 459: 458: 457: 407: 397: 396: 395: 376:Ichthyoplankton 360: 352: 351: 350: 341: 325:Marine plankton 320: 305: 297: 296: 295: 286: 277: 261: 241: 229: 223:dinoflagellates 214: 201: 193: 192: 191: 145: 135: 125: 124: 123: 99: 84: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8749: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8711:Eutrophication 8696: 8695: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8604:Law by country 8601: 8595: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8426:Surface runoff 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8312:Eutrophication 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8269:Scorched earth 8266: 8263:nuclear winter 8259:nuclear famine 8248: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8104:Uranium mining 8101: 8096: 8091: 8089:Surface mining 8086: 8081: 8071: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8040:Lead poisoning 8037: 8032: 8030:Chemical waste 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7942:Bioremediation 7939: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7911: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857:Bioremediation 7854: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778:Transportation 7774: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7552:Global dimming 7549: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7523:Diesel exhaust 7515: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7372:Surface runoff 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7270:North Atlantic 7267: 7262: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:Eutrophication 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7120: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6871:Saltwater fish 6868: 6866:Marine reptile 6863: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6838:Marine viruses 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6815:Microorganisms 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6805:Wild fisheries 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6719:Thorson's rule 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6674:Marine biology 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Brackish marsh 6530: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6461:Lake ecosystem 6458: 6453: 6451:Hyporheic zone 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Microbial loop 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:Eutrophication 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6226:Cascade effect 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6154:Aquatic animal 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6039:(1–3): 47–59. 6022: 6004: 5977: 5950:(3): 389–395. 5930: 5903:(2): 119–129. 5887: 5860:(2): 163–170. 5844: 5811:Water Research 5801: 5766:Water Research 5752: 5704:Water Research 5687: 5637:(3): 385–405. 5614: 5582: 5545:(4): 349–356. 5528: 5469: 5455: 5428: 5422: 5396: 5339: 5309: 5266: 5235: 5200: 5180: 5120:(2): 131–138. 5097: 5056: 5029:(2): 127–136. 5023:Marine Biology 5013: 4992: 4965: 4950: 4935: 4902: 4876: 4850: 4793: 4781: 4754: 4735: 4705: 4688:UN Environment 4675: 4630: 4595: 4575: 4516: 4494: 4451: 4438: 4405: 4396: 4383: 4346:(4): 117–124. 4326: 4259: 4204: 4183:(2): 100–111. 4160: 4129: 4072: 4043:(2): 289–305. 4023: 3984: 3934: 3873: 3843: 3816: 3772: 3712: 3676: 3645: 3596: 3564: 3538: 3487: 3456: 3426: 3395: 3360: 3341: 3314: 3249: 3182: 3153:(5): 445–456. 3133: 3104: 3069: 3056: 3029: 3009: 2972: 2929: 2923: 2897: 2846: 2825: 2790:(2): 102–112. 2771: 2732:(4): 521–561. 2709: 2666: 2643: 2624:(4): 201–207. 2603: 2526: 2495: 2443: 2417: 2392: 2319: 2284:(9): 701–710. 2264: 2212: 2192: 2172: 2125: 2104: 2086: 2079: 2061: 2032: 2007: 1948: 1923: 1880: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1835:External links 1833: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1808:Nitrogen cycle 1805: 1799: 1787: 1779: 1776: 1745: 1742: 1717: 1714: 1710:coastal waters 1704: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1658: 1655: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1607: 1604: 1600:Chesapeake Bay 1577:framework for 1575:United Nations 1570: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1543: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1493: 1490: 1478: 1475: 1452:remote sensing 1446:, 41%; and in 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1403:stratification 1396: 1389:Gulf of Mexico 1374: 1354: 1333: 1330: 1317:climate change 1302:from enclosed 1292:fixed nitrogen 1257:coastal waters 1253: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1214: 1213:Coastal waters 1211: 1153: 1108: 1105: 1095: 1092: 1079: 1078:Health impacts 1076: 1059: 1056: 1007: 1004: 975: 972: 960:marine animals 930: 927: 899: 896: 872: 869: 852: 849: 807: 804: 770:An example in 752: 749: 708: 707: 687: 685: 674: 671: 608:microorganisms 600:Eutrophication 595: 594: 592: 591: 584: 577: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 547: 546: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 515: 514: 503: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 468: 466:Related topics 465: 464: 461: 460: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 438:Eutrophication 435: 430: 425: 420: 418:Critical depth 415: 409: 408: 403: 402: 399: 398: 394: 393: 388: 386:Pseudoplankton 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 342: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 321: 319: 318: 313: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 287: 285: 284: 278: 276: 275: 274: 273: 262: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 245:foraminiferans 242: 230: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 168: 167: 157: 152: 146: 144: 143: 137: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 67: 66: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8748: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8665: 8657: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8446:Water quality 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8208:Traffic signs 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8133:Microplastics 8131: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8123:Nanomaterials 8121: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8062:Lead smelting 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Radioactivity 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7834:Noise control 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582:Metal working 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Marine debris 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7275:South Pacific 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260:Great Pacific 7258: 7257: 7256: 7255:Garbage patch 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Anoxic waters 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7143: 7135: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Sponge ground 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6990:Marine biomes 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6891:Demersal fish 6889: 6887: 6886:Deep-sea fish 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Marine mammal 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391:Trophic level 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:Sediment trap 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Phytoplankton 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Aquatic plant 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6144:Anoxic waters 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6020:(1), 323-335. 6019: 6015: 6014:Hydrobiologia 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5539:Inland Waters 5532: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5009:0-8138-1413-8 5006: 5002: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4939: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4813:(1): 012001. 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4728:September 24, 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4148: 4144: 4143:oap.ospar.org 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3589:September 22, 3581: 3574: 3568: 3557:September 22, 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3376:(2): 65–104. 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:Hydrobiologia 3073: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3030:0-12-744760-1 3026: 3022: 3021: 3013: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2842:0-88864-484-1 2839: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2189:0-88864-484-1 2186: 2182: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2121:9780309017008 2118: 2114: 2108: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2080:0-7216-9240-0 2076: 2072: 2065: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1917:10044/1/71039 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Salford Docks 1731: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1623:biofiltration 1620: 1615: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:South America 1441: 1440:North America 1437: 1433: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:sedimentation 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1351:phytoplankton 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:marine waters 1258: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1206:trophic state 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1176:phytoplankton 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125:cyanobacteria 1122: 1118: 1114: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909: 906:, changes in 905: 904:phytoplankton 892: 888: 883: 878: 868: 866: 862: 857: 846: 842: 841:cyanobacteria 839:, which is a 838: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 813: 812:anthropogenic 803: 801: 797: 796:nitrous oxide 793: 787: 785: 781: 773: 768: 761: 757: 748: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715: 704: 701:February 2024 695: 691: 688:This section 686: 683: 679: 678: 670: 668: 664: 663:cyanobacteria 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 570: 568: 567: 561: 551: 550: 549: 548: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 513: 510: 509: 508: 505: 504: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 463: 462: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 406: 401: 400: 392: 391:Tychoplankton 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 356: 355: 347: 344: 343: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 301: 300: 292: 289: 288: 283: 280: 279: 272: 271:cyanobacteria 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 224: 221: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 197: 196: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 177:Picoeukaryote 175: 173: 170: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 142: 139: 138: 134: 129: 128: 120: 119:Virioplankton 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 96: 93: 91: 90:Phytoplankton 88: 87: 83: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 56: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8525:Point source 8467:Heavy metals 8441:Urban runoff 8421:Sulfur water 8399:Septic tanks 8311: 8245:Agent Orange 8099:Mining waste 7925:Manure waste 7755:Volcanic ash 7631:Black carbon 7587:Oil refining 7572:Particulates 7501:Construction 7382:Urban runoff 7342:Plastic bags 7265:Indian Ocean 7234: 7200:Anoxic event 7045:Conservation 6896:Pelagic fish 6876:Coastal fish 6780:Marine fungi 6518:Water garden 6401:Water column 6346:Productivity 6321:Pelagic zone 6281:Macrobenthos 6271:Hydrobiology 6245: 6241:Ecohydrology 6036: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6007: 5986: 5980: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5745:December 15, 5743:. Retrieved 5707: 5703: 5690: 5680:December 15, 5678:. Retrieved 5659:10072/406333 5634: 5630: 5617: 5605:. Retrieved 5598:the original 5585: 5568:10072/337267 5542: 5538: 5531: 5521:September 8, 5519:. Retrieved 5486: 5482: 5472: 5458: 5447:December 11, 5445:. Retrieved 5431: 5405: 5399: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5321: 5312: 5303:10754/623247 5283: 5279: 5269: 5257:. Retrieved 5248: 5238: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5117: 5113: 5100: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4995: 4985:February 15, 4983:. Retrieved 4968: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4919:the original 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4879: 4869:February 12, 4867:. Retrieved 4862: 4853: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4784: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4722:the original 4717: 4708: 4696:. Retrieved 4687: 4678: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4578: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4506: 4497: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4441: 4425:(5/6): 1–8. 4422: 4418: 4408: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4319:February 18, 4317:. Retrieved 4276: 4272: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4241:10072/377577 4224:(1): 58–69. 4221: 4218:Oceanography 4217: 4207: 4180: 4177:Oceanography 4176: 4151:. Retrieved 4142: 4132: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3954: 3950: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3855: 3846: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3732: 3728: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3666:WHO document 3657: 3648: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3580:the original 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3541: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3480:February 15, 3478:. Retrieved 3469: 3459: 3449:February 21, 3447:. Retrieved 3438: 3429: 3419:February 15, 3417:. Retrieved 3408: 3398: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3330:(4): 87–97. 3327: 3323: 3317: 3305:. Retrieved 3272:(2): 62–68. 3269: 3265: 3252: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3112: 3107: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3019: 3012: 3000:. Retrieved 2988: 2975: 2965:February 12, 2963:. Retrieved 2946: 2942: 2932: 2906: 2900: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2833: 2828: 2787: 2783: 2762:. Retrieved 2729: 2725: 2688:(1): 53–88. 2685: 2679: 2669: 2661: 2646: 2621: 2617: 2594:. Retrieved 2543: 2539: 2529: 2519:February 11, 2517:. Retrieved 2513:the original 2508: 2498: 2463: 2459: 2436:February 10, 2434:. Retrieved 2430: 2420: 2410:February 10, 2408:. Retrieved 2404: 2395: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2232: 2228: 2215: 2200: 2195: 2180: 2175: 2134: 2128: 2123:, pp. 50–64. 2112: 2107: 2089: 2070: 2064: 2053:, retrieved 2044: 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2019: 2010: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1939:. Retrieved 1935: 1926: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1871:. Retrieved 1868:www.usgs.gov 1867: 1772: 1753: 1736:area of the 1727: 1691: 1674: 1644: 1636: 1616: 1609: 1596: 1588: 1572: 1533: 1516: 1504:point source 1501: 1486: 1456: 1429: 1399:Hypolimnetic 1335: 1313: 1297: 1280:fish farming 1277: 1254: 1200: 1180: 1161: 1134: 1110: 1081: 1061: 1024:hepatotoxins 1009: 995:salt marshes 977: 932: 901: 858: 854: 826: 810:Cultural or 809: 800:fossil fuels 788: 777: 734: 721:oligotrophic 716: 711: 698: 694:adding to it 689: 644: 632:algal blooms 599: 598: 437: 433:Spring bloom 381:Meroplankton 371:Holoplankton 311:Aeroplankton 239:radiolarians 182:Picoplankton 109:Mycoplankton 104:Mixoplankton 82:Trophic mode 40: 8495:Area source 8404:Pit latrine 8327:Groundwater 8084:Gold mining 8079:Coal mining 8050:Toxic waste 8015:Green waste 7988:Brown waste 7971:Solid waste 7518:Exhaust gas 7195:Algal bloom 7030:Sponge reef 7005:Rocky shore 7000:Oyster reef 6970:Kelp forest 6853:Vertebrates 6753:Marine life 6729:Viral shunt 6694:Marine snow 6596:Maharashtra 6503:Stream pool 6406:Zooplankton 6326:Photic zone 6286:Meiobenthos 6139:Algal bloom 5772:: 122–132. 5216:: 148–156. 5210:Aquaculture 5173:November 1, 4698:October 14, 4252:February 9, 4153:February 9, 4092:(1): 6142. 4058:1874/348077 3832:: 171–179. 3470:www.epa.gov 3409:www.epa.gov 3259:"Red tides" 3085:: 107–150. 3049:February 8, 2764:February 8, 2431:www.epa.gov 2041:"eutrophia" 2025:February 9, 1941:February 9, 1873:February 9, 1419:hypolimnion 1415:respiration 1347:chlorophyll 1308:open waters 1168:zooplankton 1137:macrophytes 1117:algal bloom 1044:diarrhoetic 999:common carp 992:New England 943:algal bloom 891:Caspian Sea 725:mesotrophic 534:Thin layers 529:Planktology 524:Planktivore 473:Algaculture 413:Algal bloom 359:Other types 330:prokaryotes 316:Geoplankton 200:By taxonomy 95:Zooplankton 8705:Categories 8647:by country 8643:Categories 8581:Zero waste 8462:Pollutants 8416:Stagnation 8354:Monitoring 8322:Freshwater 8198:Air travel 8010:Food waste 7930:Pesticides 7920:Herbicides 7824:Industrial 7653:Biological 7513:Demolition 7506:Renovation 7489:Joss paper 7474:Combustion 7367:Stormwater 7220:Cyanotoxin 7010:Salt marsh 6945:Coral reef 6734:Whale fall 6714:Photophore 6591:Everglades 6559:Ecoregions 6498:Stream bed 6471:Macrophyte 6424:Freshwater 6256:Food chain 6169:Water bird 5999:1233676585 5991:Fjärdingen 4661:1813/60811 4646:(3): 559. 4004:(4): n/a. 3856:Ispat Guru 3687:Ecosystems 1847:References 1756:phosphorus 1669:See also: 1477:Prevention 1442:, 48%; 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