1085:(DOM) is available in many forms in the ocean, and is responsible for supporting the growth of bacteria and microorganisms in the ocean. The two main sources of this dissolved organic matter are; decomposition of higher trophic level organisms like plants and fish, and secondly DOM in runoffs that pass through soil with high levels of organic material. It is important to note that the age and quality of the DOM is important for its usability by microbes. The majority of the DOM in the oceans is refractory or semi-labile and is not available for biodegradation. As mentioned above the microbial pump is responsible for the production of refractory DOM which is unavailable for biodegradation and remains dissolved in the oceans for thousands of years. The turnover of labile DOM organic material is quite high due to scarcity, this is important for the support of multiple trophic levels in the microbial community. The uptake and respiration of DOM by heterotrophs closes the cycle by producing CO
760:
1243:
38:
4004:
1196:
929:
521:
728:
1234:
experiments show that protozoan grazing has a positive effect on bacterioplankton production suggesting that nitrogen regeneration by
Protozoa could be highly important for bacterial growth. Eukaryotic inhibitors did not prove to be useful to determine protozoan grazing rates on bacterioplankton, however they may help understand control mechanisms in the microbial food web.
1163:). Upon predation or death, particulate silica is released from diatoms but they need to be dissolved for recycling and reuptake by diatoms, otherwise silica will be exported out and deposited into sediment. Hence, the productivity of diatoms will be limited by silicon if dissolution rates are slow. However, it is known that bacterioplankton (i.e. members of
1259:
High temperatures caused by seasonality increases stratification and preventing vertical turbulent mixing which increases competition for light that favours buoyant cyanobacteria. Higher temperatures also reduce the viscosity of water which allows faster movement which also favors buoyant species of
1207:
grazing, and availability of substrate. Bacterial abundance and productivity are consistently related to algal abundance and productivity as well as organic carbon. Additionally, phosphorus directly influences both algal and bacterial abundance and in turn, algae and bacteria directly influence each
1263:
Climate studies are also indicating that with increasing hot waves the likelihood of detrimental cyanobacterial blooms will become more of a threat to eutrophic freshwater systems. Other implications of the increasing average air temperature due to climate change is that there might be an expansion
850:
Heterotrophic bacterioplankton rely on the available concentration of dissolved organic matter in the water column. Usually these organisms are saprophytic, absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. These heterotrophs also play a key role in the microbial loop and the remineralization of organic
837:
a and b and carotenoids. Green bacteria have different light harvesting pigments consisting of bacteriochlorophyll c, d and e. These organisms do not produce oxygen through photosynthesis or use water as a reducing agent. Many of these organisms use sulfur, hydrogen or other compounds as an energy
1273:
Further, as discussed in the biogeochemical cycling section, plankton are responsible for the recycling and movement of essential nutrients (i.e. nitrogen/carbon/DOM) which are essential building blocks for many of the organisms co-existing with bacterioplankton in these ecosystems. These recycled
911:
in the ocean occurs through the microbial pump. The microbial pump is responsible for the production of old recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which is >100 years old. Plankton in the ocean are incapable of breaking down this recalcitrant DOC and thus it remains in the oceans for 1000s
809:
is a very small in size and is found mainly in the euphotic zone of tropical waters. Factors including light, nutrients, and temperature can cause cyanobacteria to proliferate and form harmful blooms. Cyanobacteria blooms can cause hypoxia and produce high levels of toxins, impacting other aquatic
1233:
With using prokaryotic inhibitors seasonally, there is a positive relationship between bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoplankton grazing rates and only 40-45 % of bacterioplankton production was observed to be consumed by phagotrophic
Protozoa. Additionally, eukaryotic inhibitory
1224:
estuary, particularly in the summer. The amplitude of these fluctuations increases in response to artificial eutrophication with inorganic nutrients and decreases in response to predation. Losses of bacterioplankton by grazing is indirectly related to carbon balances and directly related to
1136:
results in the integration of carbon and sulfur into the organism itself as opposed to releasing the elements back to the environment. Bacterioplankton DMSP degradation is thought to be prevalent in marine surface waters, although the spatial distribution of the two aforementioned routes of
775:
are a large group of photosynthetic bacterioplankton, often growing as cells or in filamentous colonies. These organisms are the dominant group of bacterioplankton using oxygenic photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria, along with photosynthetic eukaryotes, are responsible for
1187:) significantly promote the dissolution of particulate silica, thus maintaining the significant biogenic silica production in the ocean photic zone. It is also suggested that this process helps regulate diatom productivity and its corresponding biogeochemical effects.
1208:
other's abundance In extremely oligotrophic environments, both bacterial and algal growth is limited by phosphorus, but because bacteria are better competitors they obtain a larger portion of the inorganic substrate and increase in abundance more rapidly than algae.
906:
and other nutrients into their biomass during photosynthesis. At the time of their death these phytoplankton, along with their incorporated carbon, sink to the bottom of the ocean where the carbon remains for thousands of years. The other biologically mediated
1229:
inhibitors. A surplus of substrate would cause increased flagellate biomass, increased grazing on bacterioplankton and therefore decreased bacterial biomass overall. Predation of ciliates is analogous to predation by flagellates on bacteria as well.
832:
Other photosynthetic bacterioplankton, including purple and green bacteria, undergo anoxygenic photosynthesis in anaerobic conditions. The pigments synthesized in these organisms are sensitive to oxygen. In purple bacteria the major pigments include
776:
approximately half of the total global primary production making them key players in the food web. They use photosynthesis to generate energy in the form of organic compounds and produce oxygen as a byproduct. Major light harvesting pigments include
1132:, plays a role in regulating global climate. Increased production of sulfate aerosols from DMS oxidation are capable of promoting cooling on a global scale, via the promotion of cloud formation. In contrast, the demethylation pathway from DMSP to
627:
in marine and aquatic ecosystems. They are both primary producers and primary consumers in these ecosystems and drive global biogeochemical cycling of elements essential for life (e.g., carbon and nitrogen). Many bacterioplankton species are
1219:
in laboratory experiments demonstrate that they are adapted to predation on bacteria-sized particles and occur in concentrations to control bacterial biomass. Tight fluctuations in numbers of bacteria and flagellates have been found in a
1255:
bloom in the year 2000 in Swan River estuary, Australia, and the
Oostvaarderplassen in the Netherlands in 2003. The detrimental effects of these blooms can range from heart malformation in fish to constraining copepod reproduction.
1250:
Bacterioplankton such as cyanobacteria are able to have toxic blooms in eutrophic lakes which can lead to the death of many organisms such as fish, birds, cattle, pets and humans. A few examples of these harmful blooms is the
1581:
Chisholm SW, Frankel SL, Goericke R, Olson RJ, Palenik B, Waterbury JB, et al. (1992-02-01). "Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b".
1819:
Kopylov AI, Kosolapov DB, Degermendzhy NN, Zotina TA, Romanenko AV (April 2002). "Phytoplankton, bacterial production and protozoan bacterivory in stratified, brackish-water Lake Shira (Khakasia, Siberia)".
912:
years without being respired. The two pumps work simultaneously, and the balance between them is believed to vary based on the availability of nutrients. Overall, the oceans act as a sink for atmospheric CO
2913:"Abundance and distribution of dimethylsulfoniopropionate degradation genes and the corresponding bacterial community structure at dimethyl sulfide hot spots in the tropical and subtropical pacific ocean"
1246:
A large harmful bloom of cyanobacteria, more commonly known as blue-green algae, spread across the lake in green filaments and strands that are clearly visible in this simulated-natural-colour image.
902:(BCP). The biological carbon pump is a vertical transmission pump driven mainly by the sinking of organic rich particles. Bacterial phytoplankton near the surface incorporate atmospheric CO
3560:
Huisman J, Sharples J, Stroom J, Visser PM, Kardinaal WE, Verspagen JM, et al. (2004). "Changes in turbulent mixing shift competition for light between phytoplankton species".
2365:
Ray M, Manu S, Rastogi G, Umapathy G (April 2024). "Cyanobacterial
Genomes from a Brackish Coastal Lagoon Reveal Potential for Novel Biogeochemical Functions and Their Evolution".
3782:
Srifa A, Phlips EJ, Cichra MF, Hendrickson JC (2016). "Phytoplankton dynamics in a subtropical lake dominated by cyanobacteria: Cyanobacteria 'Like it hot' and sometimes dry".
1144:-like gene in certain cyanobacteria genomes, suggesting DMSP producing ability. However, there has yet to be empirical confirmation of DMSP synthesis in cyanobacteria.
3011:
Bidle KD, Brzezinski MA, Long RA, Jones JL, Azam F (September 2003). "Diminished efficiency in the oceanic silica pump caused by bacteria-mediated silica dissolution".
3680:
SchΓ€r C, Vidale PL, LΓΌthi D, Frei C, HΓ€berli C, Liniger MA, et al. (January 2004). "The role of increasing temperature variability in
European summer heatwaves".
869:
is a diverse and widely-distributed clade which makes up a significant contribution of marine bacterioplankton, accounting up to roughly 20% of coastal waters and 15%
4602:
1633:
Chisholm SW, Olson RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB, Welschmeyer NA (July 1988). "A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone".
1028:
is anammox. Anammox, a process in which ammonia is combined with nitrite in order to produce diatomic nitrogen and water, could account for 30β50% of production of N
861:
clade, are the most abundant bacterioplankton in the oceans. Members of this group are found in waters with low nutrient availability and are preyed on by protists.
756:. Differences between these processes can be seen in the byproducts produced, the primary electron donor, and the light harvesting pigments used for energy capture.
1863:
Morris RM, RappΓ© MS, Connon SA, Vergin KL, Siebold WA, Carlson CA, et al. (December 2002). "SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities".
4622:
3522:
Walsby AE, Hayes PK, Boje R, Stal LJ (July 1997). "The selective advantage of buoyancy provided by gas vesicles for planktonic cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea".
3443:
Zi J, Pan X, MacIsaac HJ, Yang J, Xu R, Chen S, et al. (January 2018). "Cyanobacteria blooms induce embryonic heart failure in an endangered fish species".
2410:"The roles of the nitrate reductase NarGHJI, the nitrite reductase NirBD and the response regulator GlnR in nitrate assimilation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
916:
but also release some carbon back into the atmosphere. This occurs when bacterioplankton and other organisms in the ocean consume organic matter and respire CO
1495:
Colyer CL, Kinkade CS, Viskari PJ, Landers JP (June 2005). "Analysis of cyanobacterial pigments and proteins by electrophoretic and chromatographic methods".
976:). This ammonia can then be assimilated into organic matter like amino and nucleic acids, by both photoautrophic and heterotrophic plankton, it can also be
4658:
3428:
Kardinaal WE, Visser PM. "Cyanotoxines
Drijven tot Overlast: Inventarisatie van Microcystine Concentraties 2000β2004 in Nederlandse Oppervlakte Wateren".
504:
1260:
cyanobacteria. These species are also very competitive with the ability to create a surface cover preventing light to reach deeper species of plankton.
2321:
Reimann J, Jetten MS, Keltjens JT (2015). "Metal
Enzymes in "Impossible" Microorganisms Catalyzing the Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonium and Methane".
2504:"Dynamics and characterization of refractory dissolved organic matter produced by a pure bacterial culture in an experimental predator-prey system"
2868:
Moran MA, GonzΓ‘lez JM, Kiene RP (July 2003). "Linking a
Bacterial Taxon to Sulfur Cycling in the Sea: Studies of the Marine Roseobacter Group".
4612:
1024:
which is then released back into the atmosphere thus closing the cycle. Another important process involved in the regeneration of atmospheric N
2610:
Howard EC, Sun S, Biers EJ, Moran MA (September 2008). "Abundant and diverse bacteria involved in DMSP degradation in marine surface waters".
952:). There are many different nitrogen metabolism strategies employed by bacterioplankton. Starting with molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere (N
699:
depends on environmental variables like temperature, nutrient availability and predation. Like other small plankton, the bacterioplankton are
2559:
Kirchman DL, Suzuki Y, Garside C, Ducklow HW (1991). "High turnover rates of dissolved organic carbon during a spring phytoplankton bloom".
3296:"Trophic interactions between heterotrophic Protozoa and bacterioplankton in estuarine water analyzed with selective metabolic inhibitors"
1040:
552:
1274:
nutrients can be reused by primary producers, thus increasing the efficiency of the biological food web and minimizing energy waste.
936:
The nitrogen cycle in the oceans is mediated by microorganisms, many of which are bacteria, performing multiple conversions such as:
1538:
Johnson PW, Sieburth JM (September 1979). "Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the sea: A ubiquitous and diverse phototrophic biomass1".
874:
4018:
1270:
can be derived with a variety of methods including direct counts, flow cytometry, and conclusions drawn from metabolic measures.
2706:"Transformation of sulfur compounds by an abundant lineage of marine bacteria in the alpha-subclass of the class Proteobacteria"
4542:
3933:
3638:"The 2003 heat wave in Europe: a shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations"
3843:
1383:
759:
1066:, suggesting possible alternative strategies of acquiring nitrogen under varying environmental conditions. Nonetheless, the
668:
in the medium and taken directly from there, or bacteria may live and grow in association with particulate material such as
1070:
gene is also known to play a role in nitrogen assimilation and further studies are required to ascertain the function of
3897:
873:
surface oceans. Although many are heterotrophic, some are capable of performing a unique form of photosynthesis called
3244:"Trophic interactions between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacterioplankton in manipulated seawater enclosures1"
2813:"Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: its sources, role in the marine food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide"
2338:
2199:
2133:
1479:
1284:
1267:
696:
1215:
environments, heterotrophic nano-flagellates are the most probable consumers of bacterial cell production. Cultured
4643:
3393:
Atkins R, Rose T, Brown RS, Robb M (2001). "The
Microcystis cyanobacteria bloom in the Swan River--February 2000".
829:
is an example of cyanobacteria that is capable of fixing nitrogen through an alternative photosynthetic pathway.
3870:
545:
3111:"Ecology of Heterotrophic Microflagellates. IV. Quantitative Occurrence and Importance as Bacterial Consumers"
2968:
Bidle KD, Azam F (February 1999). "Accelerated dissolution of diatom silica by marine bacterial assemblages".
890:
Atmospheric carbon is sequestered into the ocean by three main pumps which have been known for 30 years: the
609:
408:
2151:"Biological or microbial carbon pump? The role of phytoplankton stoichiometry in ocean carbon sequestration"
4607:
448:
2190:
Follows M, Oguz T, et al. (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division.) (2004).
4532:
4043:
2071:"The microbial carbon pump concept: Potential biogeochemical significance in the globally changing ocean"
137:
3158:
Porter KG, Sherr EB, Sherr BF, Pace M, Sanders RW (August 1985). "Protozoa in Planktonic Food Webs1,2".
37:
4522:
4023:
3988:
3430:
Report for the National Institute for Inland Water Management and Wastewater Treatment, the Netherlands
1113:
823:
uses specialized cells called heterocysts to physically separate nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis.
732:
499:
231:
106:
1112:, are known to contribute significantly towards the sulfur cycle, primarily through the metabolism of
247:
4577:
3731:
Stott PA, Stone DA, Allen MR (December 2004). "Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003".
753:
538:
463:
236:
664:, and obtain energy by consuming organic material produced by other organisms. This material may be
4653:
4239:
4111:
4098:
1082:
748:
of aquatic food webs, supplying organic compounds to higher trophic levels. These bacteria undergo
665:
4517:
4497:
3963:
765:
484:
453:
130:
3195:"Population dynamics and trophic coupling in pelagic microorganisms in eutrophic coastal waters"
3059:"Large-scale variability and interactions among phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, and phosphorus"
2911:
Cui Y, Suzuki S, Omori Y, Wong SK, Ijichi M, Kaneko R, et al. (June 2015). Drake HL (ed.).
1242:
4527:
4379:
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of the cyanobacterial bloom season, extending from earlier in the spring to later in the fall.
1128:. The formation of DMS contributes to the sulfur flux into the atmosphere and according to the
458:
331:
4572:
4399:
4342:
4077:
3943:
2225:"Trichodesmium--a widespread marine cyanobacterium with unusual nitrogen fixation properties"
1772:"Trichodesmium--a widespread marine cyanobacterium with unusual nitrogen fixation properties"
945:
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4124:
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2515:
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2408:
Malm S, Tiffert Y, Micklinghoff J, Schultze S, Joost I, Weber I, et al. (April 2009).
2374:
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2082:
2070:
2020:
1927:
1872:
1736:
1642:
1591:
1547:
1420:
1342:
908:
792:. The majority of cyanobacteria found in marine environments are represented by the genera
388:
152:
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of seawater stained with a green dye to reveal bacterial cells and smaller viral particles
8:
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4502:
4269:
4258:
4135:
4118:
3488:"Consequences of a cyanobacteria bloom for copepod reproduction, mortality and sex ratio"
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2296:
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Zehr JP, Kudela RM (2011). "Nitrogen cycle of the open ocean: from genes to ecosystems".
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Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases
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1424:
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3597:"Algal games: the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in poorly mixed water columns"
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2008:
1981:
1956:
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1615:
1520:
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1043:(DNRA) activity in certain cyanobacteria. Namely, the study found the presence of the
920:, and as a result of the solubility equilibrium between the ocean and the atmosphere.
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2098:
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1986:
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1837:
1801:
1787:
1713:
1701:
1658:
1607:
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1436:
1409:"Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components"
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125:
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Photosynthetic bacterioplankton are responsible for a large proportion of the total
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2090:
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1976:
1968:
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1670:
1650:
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are a major group of phytoplankton in which most have a requirement for silicon as
1117:
1048:
852:
685:
624:
120:
3464:
47:
4512:
4389:
4215:
4199:
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4003:
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2094:
1916:"Bacterial production in fresh and saltwater ecosystems: a cross-system overview"
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941:
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2325:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 15. Springer, Cham. pp. 257β313.
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Variations in bacterioplankton abundance are usually a result of temperature,
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4146:
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142:
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source to drive photosynthesis. Most of these bacterioplankton are found in
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is cosmopolitan, having been reported across temperate and tropical waters.
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4409:
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4233:
4209:
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JΓΆhnk KD, Huisman J, Sharples J, Sommeijer B, Visser PM, Stroom JM (2008).
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2409:
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2348:
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2050:
1990:
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1805:
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1125:
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398:
346:
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276:
172:
147:
74:
69:
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1972:
1440:
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281:
60:
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3752:
3701:
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3242:
BjΓΈrnsen PK, Riemann B, Horsted SJ, Nielsen TG, Pock-Sten J (May 1988).
3228:
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928:
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4303:
4295:
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4033:
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EngstrΓΆm-Γst J, Brutemark A, Vehmaa A, Motwani NH, Katajisto T (2015).
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3135:
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2450:
1940:
1915:
1603:
1226:
1216:
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957:
789:
689:
661:
617:
204:
115:
2766:"Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate"
727:
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3906:
2069:
Legendre L, Rivkin RB, Weinbauer MG, Guidi L, Uitz J (2015-05-01).
1327:
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by bacterioplankton, in which both have contrasting effects on the
819:
708:
613:
573:
220:
29:
16:
Bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column
3485:
2989:
1818:
4617:
4547:
4424:
4163:
1406:
992:
for energy production by nitrifying bacteria. Finally the use of
949:
2149:
Polimene L, Sailley S, Clark D, Mitra A, Allen JI (2017-03-01).
1407:
Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (July 1998).
1116:(DMSP). DMSP can be catabolized either via means of cleavage to
1055:. Moreover, the study indicated that the cyanobacteria that had
4279:
4250:
2407:
2223:
Bergman B, Sandh G, Lin S, Larsson J, Carpenter EJ (May 2013).
1770:
Bergman B, Sandh G, Lin S, Larsson J, Carpenter EJ (May 2013).
1462:
Peschek GA, Bernroitner M, Sari S, Pairer M, Obinger C (2011).
1199:
Schematic of the food chain in the freshwaters of Lake Ontario.
1152:
215:
177:
3347:
2764:
Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (April 1987).
3345:
3241:
2763:
2497:
1103:
932:
A schematic showing the cycling of nitrogen within the ocean.
605:
590:
582:
3781:
3294:
Sherr BF, Sherr EB, Andrew TL, Fallon RD, Newell SY (1986).
2558:
2451:"A cross-system analysis of labile dissolved organic carbon"
2068:
1632:
1580:
1461:
1140:
Similar to DNRA, the same study indicated the presence of a
4597:
3875:
3559:
2655:"Bacterial Catabolism of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)"
1494:
1047:
gene, which is a marker for DNRA function, in the families
763:
Transmission electron micrograph showing the cyanobacteria
640:. Photosynthetic bacterioplankton are often categorized as
3348:"Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria"
1039:
of 83 species of cyanobacteria has suggested the possible
576:
that drifts in the water column. The name comes from the
2148:
3010:
1729:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
1862:
3293:
2364:
2222:
1957:"Evolutionary ecology of the marine Roseobacter clade"
1769:
2320:
1684:
Reynolds CS, Walsby AE (1975-11-01). "Water-Blooms".
3679:
3157:
2448:
3521:
3392:
2609:
2006:
1361:
1359:
1268:
Estimates of bacterioplankton abundance and density
842:, including stagnant and hypersaline environments.
3831:
3594:
2910:
2867:
2704:GonzΓ‘lez JM, Kiene RP, Moran MA (September 1999).
2703:
2652:
810:organisms as well as causing illnesses in humans.
739:
3442:
2115:
845:
711:), and their numbers are also controlled through
672:. Bacterioplankton play critical roles in global
4635:
3192:
2007:Buchan A, GonzΓ‘lez JM, Moran MA (October 2005).
1356:
3730:
1913:
1537:
1683:
877:, which requires rather than produces oxygen.
3891:
3555:
3553:
3517:
3515:
3341:
3339:
855:(synonym SAR11), also known as members of an
546:
2009:"Overview of the marine roseobacter lineage"
1727:Agnihotri VK (2014). "Anabaena flos-aquae".
4659:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
3427:
2189:
1077:
1041:dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
660:. Other heterotrophic bacterioplankton are
598:
3898:
3884:
3838:. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall College.
3550:
3512:
3336:
2274:
1961:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1237:
553:
539:
3664:
3620:
3503:
3319:
3267:
3218:
3134:
3082:
2967:
2944:
2844:
2737:
2680:
2670:
2535:
2474:
2449:SΓΈndergaard M, Middelboe M (1995-03-09).
2425:
2248:
2194:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2166:
2040:
1980:
1939:
1795:
1726:
880:
3635:
2653:Reisch CR, Moran MA, Whitman WB (2011).
1954:
1365:
1241:
1194:
927:
758:
726:
596:), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter", and
3829:
3108:
1464:Bioenergetic Processes of Cyanobacteria
1190:
4636:
3056:
2917:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2817:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2759:
2757:
2710:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2508:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2360:
2358:
2013:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1497:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1466:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 3β70.
3879:
3289:
3287:
3104:
3102:
3052:
3050:
2316:
2314:
2270:
2268:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2002:
2000:
1096:Bacterioplankton, such as members of
2810:
2297:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142819
1914:Cole JJ, Findlay S, Pace ML (1988).
1137:degradation exhibit high variation.
851:compounds like carbon and nitrogen.
2754:
2355:
948:, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (
623:Bacterioplankton occupy a range of
608:term coined in the 19th century by
13:
3822:
3595:Klausmeier CA, Litchman E (2001).
3284:
3172:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb04036.x
3099:
3047:
2311:
2265:
2192:The ocean carbon cycle and climate
2126:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00604-5
2057:
1997:
1698:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1975.tb01060.x
1159:to form their cell wall (known as
813:Some Cyanobacteria are capable of
14:
4670:
3854:
2116:De La Rocha CL, Passow U (2014).
1955:Luo H, Moran MA (December 2014).
1285:Bacterioplankton counting methods
4002:
3871:Marine Bacterioplankton Database
3536:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00754.x
3372:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01510.x
3193:Andersen P, SΓΈrensen HM (1986).
2837:10.1128/AEM.68.12.5804-5815.2002
2632:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01665.x
2241:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00352.x
2033:10.1128/AEM.71.10.5665-5677.2005
1788:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00352.x
1020:reduces the nitrogen back into N
964:into usable forms like ammonia (
632:, and derive energy from either
520:
519:
36:
3861:Typical Marine bacterioplankton
3775:
3724:
3673:
3629:
3588:
3479:
3436:
3421:
3386:
3235:
3186:
3151:
3004:
2961:
2904:
2861:
2804:
2730:10.1128/AEM.65.9.3810-3819.1999
2697:
2646:
2603:
2552:
2491:
2442:
2401:
2277:Annual Review of Marine Science
2216:
2183:
2142:
2109:
1948:
1907:
1856:
1812:
1763:
1366:Mann NH, Carr NG, eds. (1992).
740:Photosynthetic bacterioplankton
722:
3300:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3199:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3115:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2455:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2367:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1920:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1720:
1677:
1626:
1574:
1531:
1488:
1455:
1400:
875:aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy
846:Heterotrophic bacterioplankton
1:
3934:High lipid content microalgae
3465:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.007
1349:
610:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
409:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
3905:
3645:Geophysical Research Letters
3492:Journal of Plankton Research
3395:Water Science and Technology
2155:Journal of Plankton Research
2095:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.008
1749:10.1080/10643389.2013.803797
1433:10.1126/science.281.5374.237
591:
7:
4533:Fish diseases and parasites
4044:Photosynthetic picoplankton
3866:A list of Seawater Bacteria
3160:The Journal of Protozoology
2331:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_7
1472:10.1007/978-94-007-0388-9_1
1277:
1018:terminal electron acceptors
923:
138:Photosynthetic picoplankton
10:
4675:
4523:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
4024:Heterotrophic picoplankton
3601:Limnology and Oceanography
3248:Limnology and Oceanography
3063:Limnology and Oceanography
3013:Limnology and Oceanography
2612:Environmental Microbiology
2387:10.1007/s00239-024-10159-y
1540:Limnology and Oceanography
1368:Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
1114:dimethylsulfoniopropionate
733:epifluorescence microscope
612:. They are found in both
583:
107:Heterotrophic picoplankton
4578:Marine primary production
4475:
4423:
4360:
4351:
4294:
4249:
4154:
4145:
4067:
4011:
4000:
3913:
3834:Introductory Oceanography
3804:10.1007/s10452-016-9565-4
3622:10.4319/lo.2001.46.8.1998
3269:10.4319/lo.1988.33.3.0409
3084:10.4319/lo.1990.35.7.1437
3033:10.4319/lo.2003.48.5.1855
2811:Yoch DC (December 2002).
2659:Frontiers in Microbiology
2502:, Taghon GL (June 2006).
2229:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1776:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1560:10.4319/lo.1979.24.5.0928
1509:10.1007/s00216-004-3020-4
1376:10.1007/978-1-4757-1332-9
1147:
1091:
885:
754:anoxygenic photosynthesis
464:Marine primary production
4498:Algal nutrient solutions
4240:Thalassiosira pseudonana
4112:Flavobacterium columnare
4099:Enteric redmouth disease
3057:Currie DJ (1990-11-01).
2672:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00172
2118:Treatise on Geochemistry
2075:Progress in Oceanography
1584:Archives of Microbiology
1083:Dissolved organic matter
1078:Dissolved organic matter
4644:Biological oceanography
4518:Diel vertical migration
4034:Microphyte (microalgae)
4019:Eukaryotic picoplankton
3964:Paradox of the plankton
2870:Geomicrobiology Journal
2498:Gruber DF, Simjouw JP,
1834:10.1023/a:1015611023296
1238:Ecological significance
909:sequestration of carbon
766:Synechococcus elongatus
485:Paradox of the plankton
454:Diel vertical migration
4380:Gelatinous zooplankton
2890:10.1080/01490450303901
2427:10.1099/mic.0.023275-0
1247:
1200:
933:
900:biological carbon pump
881:Biogeochemical cycling
769:
736:
599:
332:Gelatinous zooplankton
4573:Marine microorganisms
4343:Velvet (fish disease)
4078:Aeromonas salmonicida
3944:Marine microorganisms
3505:10.1093/plankt/fbv004
3407:10.2166/wst.2001.0518
3352:Global Change Biology
2168:10.1093/plankt/fbw091
1973:10.1128/MMBR.00020-14
1245:
1198:
1059:are largely also non-
956:), which is fixed by
931:
762:
730:
4325:Pfiesteria piscicida
4125:Marine bacteriophage
4029:Marine microplankton
3666:10.1029/2003gl018857
2937:10.1128/AEM.03873-14
2528:10.1128/aem.02882-05
1343:Marine bacteriophage
1191:Trophic interactions
644:, and include major
389:Cyanobacterial bloom
153:Marine microplankton
4568:Ocean acidification
4503:Artificial seawater
4270:Coscinodiscophyceae
4136:Streptococcus iniae
4119:Pelagibacter ubique
3830:Thurman HV (1997).
3796:2016AqEco..50..163S
3753:10.1038/nature03089
3745:2004Natur.432..610S
3702:10.1038/nature02300
3694:2004Natur.427..332S
3657:2004GeoRL..31.2202B
3636:Beniston M (2004).
3613:2001LimOc..46.1998K
3574:2004Ecol...85.2960H
3524:The New Phytologist
3457:2018AqTox.194...78Z
3364:2008GCBio..14..495J
3312:1986MEPS...32..169S
3260:1988LimOc..33..409B
3211:1986MEPS...33...99A
3127:1982MEPS....9...35F
3075:1990LimOc..35.1437C
3025:2003LimOc..48.1855B
2982:1999Natur.397..508B
2929:2015ApEnM..81.4184C
2882:2003GmbJ...20..375M
2829:2002ApEnM..68.5804Y
2782:1987Natur.326..655C
2722:1999ApEnM..65.3810G
2624:2008EnvMi..10.2397H
2573:1991Natur.352..612K
2520:2006ApEnM..72.4184G
2467:1995MEPS..118..283S
2420:(Pt 4): 1332β1339.
2379:2024JMolE..92..121R
2289:2011ARMS....3..197Z
2120:. pp. 93β122.
2087:2015PrOce.134..432L
2025:2005ApEnM..71.5665B
1932:1988MEPS...43....1C
1885:10.1038/nature01240
1877:2002Natur.420..806M
1741:2014CREST..44.1995A
1647:1988Natur.334..340C
1596:1992ArMic.157..297C
1552:1979LimOc..24..928J
1425:1998Sci...281..237F
1185:Gammaproteobacteria
1180:Alphaproteobacteria
1109:Gammaproteobacteria
858:Alphaproteobacteria
835:bacteriochlorophyll
473:Ocean fertilization
394:Harmful algal bloom
312:Freshwater plankton
24:Part of a series on
3445:Aquatic Toxicology
3321:10.3354/meps032169
3220:10.3354/meps033099
3136:10.3354/meps009035
3109:Fenchel T (1982).
2476:10.3354/meps118283
1941:10.3354/meps043001
1686:Biological Reviews
1604:10.1007/bf00245165
1248:
1201:
1074:in cyanobacteria.
934:
770:
746:primary production
737:
414:Great Calcite Belt
4631:
4630:
4471:
4470:
4458:Siphonostomatoida
4453:Poecilostomatoida
4405:Crustacean larvae
4309:Choanoflagellates
4290:
4289:
4280:Bacillariophyceae
4275:Fragilariophyceae
4194:Emiliania huxleyi
4039:Nanophytoplankton
3959:Milky seas effect
3845:978-0-13-262072-7
3739:(7017): 610β614.
3688:(6972): 332β336.
3568:(11): 2960β2970.
2976:(6719): 508β512.
2923:(12): 4184β4194.
2823:(12): 5804β5815.
2776:(6114): 655β661.
2567:(6336): 612β614.
2019:(10): 5665β5677.
1871:(6917): 806β810.
1735:(18): 1995β2037.
1641:(6180): 340β343.
1419:(5374): 237β240.
1385:978-1-4757-1334-3
938:nitrogen fixation
815:nitrogen fixation
695:Bacterioplankton
674:nitrogen fixation
642:picophytoplankton
625:ecological niches
572:component of the
563:
562:
419:Milky seas effect
126:Nanophytoplankton
4666:
4385:Hunting copepods
4358:
4357:
4183:Chaetocerotaceae
4152:
4151:
4069:Bacterioplankton
4006:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3849:
3837:
3816:
3815:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3642:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3607:(8): 1998β2007.
3592:
3586:
3585:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3306:(2/3): 169β179.
3291:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3069:(7): 1437β1455.
3054:
3045:
3044:
3019:(5): 1855β1868.
3008:
3002:
3001:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2790:10.1038/326655a0
2761:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2716:(9): 3810β3819.
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2618:(9): 2397β2410.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2581:10.1038/352612a0
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2514:(6): 4184β4191.
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1655:10.1038/334340a0
1630:
1624:
1623:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1363:
1303:Polynucleobacter
1049:Leptolyngbyaceae
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1001:
991:
990:
989:
975:
974:
973:
853:Pelagibacterales
686:remineralisation
602:
594:
586:
585:
566:Bacterioplankton
555:
548:
541:
528:
523:
522:
184:coccolithophores
121:Microzooplankton
80:Bacterioplankton
40:
21:
20:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4654:Aquatic ecology
4634:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4558:Marine mucilage
4513:Biological pump
4467:
4419:
4390:Ichthyoplankton
4347:
4314:Dinoflagellates
4286:
4245:
4216:Nannochloropsis
4200:Eustigmatophyte
4188:Coccolithophore
4141:
4063:
4007:
3998:
3929:CLAW hypothesis
3909:
3904:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3825:
3823:Further reading
3820:
3819:
3784:Aquatic Ecology
3780:
3776:
3729:
3725:
3678:
3674:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3593:
3589:
3582:10.1890/03-0763
3558:
3551:
3520:
3513:
3484:
3480:
3441:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3391:
3387:
3344:
3337:
3292:
3285:
3240:
3236:
3191:
3187:
3156:
3152:
3107:
3100:
3055:
3048:
3009:
3005:
2966:
2962:
2909:
2905:
2866:
2862:
2809:
2805:
2762:
2755:
2702:
2698:
2651:
2647:
2608:
2604:
2557:
2553:
2496:
2492:
2447:
2443:
2406:
2402:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2319:
2312:
2273:
2266:
2221:
2217:
2202:
2188:
2184:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2114:
2110:
2067:
2058:
2005:
1998:
1953:
1949:
1912:
1908:
1861:
1857:
1822:Aquatic Ecology
1817:
1813:
1768:
1764:
1725:
1721:
1682:
1678:
1631:
1627:
1579:
1575:
1536:
1532:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1460:
1456:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1338:Marine bacteria
1280:
1240:
1193:
1157:biogenic silica
1150:
1130:CLAW hypothesis
1118:dimethylsulfide
1094:
1088:
1080:
1064:nitrogen fixers
1035:An analysis on
1031:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
993:
988:
985:
984:
983:
981:
972:
969:
968:
967:
965:
955:
942:denitrification
926:
919:
915:
905:
892:solubility pump
888:
883:
848:
807:Prochlorococcus
803:. Synechococcus
801:Prochlorococcus
742:
725:
682:denitrification
651:Prochlorococcus
648:groups such as
559:
518:
511:
510:
509:
468:
444:CLAW hypothesis
433:
425:
424:
423:
373:
363:
362:
361:
342:Ichthyoplankton
326:
318:
317:
316:
307:
291:Marine plankton
286:
271:
263:
262:
261:
252:
243:
227:
207:
195:
189:dinoflagellates
180:
167:
159:
158:
157:
111:
101:
91:
90:
89:
65:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4583:Pseudoplankton
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4476:Related topics
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4425:Copepod orders
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4229:Prasinophyceae
4226:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4105:Flavobacterium
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3855:External links
3853:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3790:(2): 163β174.
3774:
3723:
3672:
3628:
3587:
3549:
3530:(3): 407β417.
3511:
3498:(2): 388β398.
3478:
3435:
3420:
3401:(9): 107β114.
3385:
3358:(3): 495β512.
3335:
3283:
3254:(3): 409β420.
3234:
3185:
3166:(3): 409β415.
3150:
3098:
3046:
3003:
2960:
2903:
2876:(4): 375β388.
2860:
2803:
2753:
2696:
2645:
2602:
2551:
2490:
2441:
2400:
2373:(2): 121β137.
2354:
2339:
2310:
2283:(1): 197β225.
2264:
2235:(3): 286β302.
2215:
2200:
2182:
2141:
2134:
2108:
2056:
1996:
1967:(4): 573β587.
1947:
1906:
1855:
1828:(2): 205β218.
1811:
1782:(3): 286β302.
1762:
1719:
1692:(4): 437β481.
1676:
1625:
1590:(3): 297β300.
1573:
1546:(5): 928β935.
1530:
1503:(3): 559β569.
1487:
1480:
1454:
1399:
1384:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1239:
1236:
1192:
1189:
1170:Flavobacterium
1149:
1146:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1032:in the ocean.
1029:
1025:
1021:
1010:
998:
986:
970:
953:
925:
922:
917:
913:
903:
896:carbonate pump
887:
884:
882:
879:
847:
844:
782:phycoerytherin
741:
738:
731:Image from an
724:
721:
717:bacteriophages
690:methanogenesis
646:cyanobacterial
638:chemosynthesis
634:photosynthesis
568:refers to the
561:
560:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
469:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
434:
432:Related topics
431:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Eutrophication
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Critical depth
381:
375:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
354:
352:Pseudoplankton
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
308:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
287:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
253:
251:
250:
244:
242:
241:
240:
239:
228:
226:
225:
224:
223:
218:
213:
211:foraminiferans
208:
196:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
134:
133:
123:
118:
112:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4671:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Tychoplankton
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Microbial mat
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Monstrilloida
4446:
4444:
4443:Harpacticoida
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Marine larvae
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4251:Diatom orders
4248:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:Bacteriastrum
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Phytoplankton
4144:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Cyanobacteria
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Picoeukaryote
4052:
4050:
4049:Picobiliphyte
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:(2): L02202.
3650:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:(2): 99β109.
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:10.1038/17351
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:Seitzinger SP
2494:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:9783319124148
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:9781402020872
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2135:9780080983004
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1481:9789400703520
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Phytoplankton
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:Limnohabitans
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:Cyanobacteria
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:demethylation
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1019:
979:
963:
962:trichodesmium
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
930:
921:
910:
901:
897:
893:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
860:
859:
854:
843:
841:
840:anoxic waters
836:
830:
828:
827:
826:Trichodesmium
822:
821:
816:
811:
808:
804:
802:
797:
796:
795:Synechococcus
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
773:Cyanobacteria
768:
767:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
734:
729:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:nitrification
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
657:Synechococcus
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
595:
593:
587:
579:
578:Ancient Greek
575:
571:
567:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:
534:
533:
527:
517:
516:
515:
514:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
429:
428:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
367:
366:
358:
357:Tychoplankton
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
322:
321:
313:
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
267:
266:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
245:
238:
237:cyanobacteria
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
190:
187:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
163:
162:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Picoeukaryote
141:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
108:
105:
104:
100:
95:
94:
86:
85:Virioplankton
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
57:
56:Phytoplankton
54:
53:
49:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4588:Stromatolite
4483:Aeroplankton
4410:Salmon louse
4365:Chaetognatha
4337:Symbiodinium
4335:
4323:
4238:
4234:Raphidophyte
4221:
4214:
4210:Stramenopile
4192:
4175:
4168:
4134:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4076:
4068:
4059:Picoplankton
3984:Spring bloom
3954:Mycoplankton
3949:Meroplankton
3939:Holoplankton
3833:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3648:
3644:
3631:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3565:
3561:
3527:
3523:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3355:
3351:
3303:
3299:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3121:(1): 35β42.
3118:
3114:
3066:
3062:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2773:
2769:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2511:
2507:
2493:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2417:
2414:Microbiology
2413:
2403:
2370:
2366:
2322:
2280:
2276:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2191:
2185:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2117:
2111:
2078:
2074:
2016:
2012:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1463:
1457:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1367:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1296:Pelagibacter
1294:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1232:
1210:
1202:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:methanethiol
1126:sulfur cycle
1107:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1044:
1034:
946:assimilation
935:
889:
864:
863:
856:
849:
831:
824:
818:
817:. The genus
812:
806:
799:
793:
778:chlorophylls
771:
764:
743:
723:Major groups
694:
662:saprotrophic
655:
649:
622:
597:
589:
581:
565:
564:
399:Spring bloom
347:Meroplankton
337:Holoplankton
277:Aeroplankton
205:radiolarians
148:Picoplankton
79:
75:Mycoplankton
70:Mixoplankton
48:Trophic mode
18:
4649:Planktology
4553:Manta trawl
4538:Heterotroph
4488:Algaculture
4353:Zooplankton
4296:Flagellates
4177:Chaetoceros
4130:SAR11 clade
3989:Thin layers
3974:Planktology
3969:Planktivore
3924:Algal bloom
2461:: 283β294.
2081:: 432β450.
1333:Zooplankton
1317:Roseobacter
1253:Microcystis
1227:prokaryotic
1217:flagellates
1205:zooplankton
1174:Bacteroides
1099:Roseobacter
1053:Nostocaceae
1037:metagenomes
958:diazotrophs
871:mixed layer
866:Roseobacter
790:carotenoids
786:phycocyanin
705:zooplankton
670:marine snow
630:autotrophic
500:Thin layers
495:Planktology
490:Planktivore
439:Algaculture
379:Algal bloom
325:Other types
296:prokaryotes
282:Geoplankton
166:By taxonomy
61:Zooplankton
4638:Categories
4548:Macroalgae
4508:Autotrophs
4438:Cyclopoida
4375:Ctenophora
4304:Brevetoxin
4094:Cyanotoxin
4089:Cyanobiont
1350:References
1211:In marine
1061:heterocyst
898:, and the
709:protozoans
618:freshwater
270:By habitat
200:Protozoans
131:calcareous
116:Microalgae
4493:Algal mat
4433:Calanoida
4415:Sea louse
4395:Jellyfish
4370:Ciguatera
4331:Saxitoxin
4319:Flagellum
4268:Classes:
4259:Centrales
4159:Auxospore
3451:: 78β85.
3278:1939-5590
3180:1550-7408
3093:1939-5590
3041:0024-3590
2998:0028-0836
2898:0149-0451
2798:0028-0836
2589:1476-4687
2485:0171-8630
2177:0142-7873
2103:0079-6611
1842:1386-2588
1714:221529895
1706:1469-185X
1663:1476-4687
1612:0302-8933
1568:1939-5590
1222:eutrophic
1166:Cytophaga
1120:(DMS) or
978:nitrified
713:infection
707:(usually
697:abundance
666:dissolved
600:bacterium
570:bacterial
4264:Pennales
4223:Navicula
4205:Frustule
3979:Red tide
3916:plankton
3907:Plankton
3812:10528364
3769:13882658
3761:15577907
3710:14716318
3544:33863010
3473:29169051
3432:: 23 pp.
3415:11419118
3380:54079634
3330:24824977
3229:24821288
3145:24814568
2955:25862229
2855:12450799
2748:10473380
2691:21886640
2640:18510552
2546:16751530
2436:19332834
2395:38489069
2349:25707470
2305:21329204
2259:22928644
2210:54974524
2051:16204474
1991:25428935
1926:: 1β10.
1893:12490947
1850:20520535
1806:22928644
1757:84472933
1620:32682912
1525:35388030
1517:15714301
1449:45140824
1328:Plankton
1278:See also
1161:frustule
960:such as
924:Nitrogen
820:Anabaena
750:oxygenic
703:upon by
614:seawater
592:planktos
584:ΟλανκΟΞΏΟ
574:plankton
526:Category
301:protists
232:Bacteria
221:ciliates
30:Plankton
4618:MOCNESS
4528:f-ratio
4463:More...
4164:Axodine
4012:By size
3994:More...
3792:Bibcode
3741:Bibcode
3718:4431020
3690:Bibcode
3653:Bibcode
3609:Bibcode
3570:Bibcode
3562:Ecology
3453:Bibcode
3360:Bibcode
3308:Bibcode
3256:Bibcode
3207:Bibcode
3123:Bibcode
3071:Bibcode
3021:Bibcode
2978:Bibcode
2946:4524131
2925:Bibcode
2878:Bibcode
2825:Bibcode
2778:Bibcode
2718:Bibcode
2682:3155054
2665:: 172.
2620:Bibcode
2597:4285758
2569:Bibcode
2537:1489638
2516:Bibcode
2463:Bibcode
2375:Bibcode
2285:Bibcode
2250:3655545
2083:Bibcode
2042:1265941
2021:Bibcode
1982:4248658
1928:Bibcode
1901:4360530
1873:Bibcode
1797:3655545
1737:Bibcode
1671:4373102
1643:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1441:9657713
1421:Bibcode
1413:Science
1394:6924271
1213:pelagic
1153:Diatoms
950:anammox
459:f-ratio
257:Viruses
248:Archaea
216:amoebae
178:diatoms
99:By size
4613:AusCPR
4603:C-MORE
3914:About
3842:
3810:
3767:
3759:
3733:Nature
3716:
3708:
3682:Nature
3542:
3471:
3413:
3378:
3328:
3276:
3227:
3178:
3143:
3091:
3039:
2996:
2970:Nature
2953:
2943:
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2853:
2846:134419
2843:
2796:
2770:Nature
2746:
2736:
2689:
2679:
2638:
2595:
2587:
2561:Nature
2544:
2534:
2483:
2434:
2393:
2347:
2337:
2303:
2257:
2247:
2208:
2198:
2175:
2132:
2101:
2049:
2039:
1989:
1979:
1899:
1891:
1865:Nature
1848:
1840:
1804:
1794:
1755:
1712:
1704:
1669:
1661:
1635:Nature
1618:
1610:
1566:
1523:
1515:
1478:
1447:
1439:
1392:
1382:
1183:, and
1148:Silica
1106:, and
1092:Sulfur
894:, the
886:Carbon
701:preyed
524:
505:NAAMES
371:Blooms
3808:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3714:S2CID
3641:(PDF)
3376:S2CID
3326:JSTOR
3225:JSTOR
3141:JSTOR
2739:99705
2593:S2CID
2161:(2).
1897:S2CID
1846:S2CID
1753:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1445:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1104:SAR11
1072:NirBD
1068:NirBD
1057:NirBD
1045:NirBD
606:Latin
580:word
173:Algae
4623:SCAR
4598:Zoid
4543:HNLC
3840:ISBN
3757:PMID
3706:PMID
3540:PMID
3469:PMID
3411:PMID
3274:ISSN
3176:ISSN
3089:ISSN
3037:ISSN
2994:ISSN
2951:PMID
2894:ISSN
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2794:ISSN
2744:PMID
2687:PMID
2636:PMID
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2481:ISSN
2432:PMID
2391:PMID
2345:PMID
2335:ISBN
2301:PMID
2255:PMID
2206:OCLC
2196:ISBN
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2130:ISBN
2099:ISSN
2047:PMID
1987:PMID
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1659:ISSN
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1564:ISSN
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3617:doi
3578:doi
3532:doi
3528:136
3500:doi
3461:doi
3449:194
3403:doi
3368:doi
3316:doi
3264:doi
3215:doi
3168:doi
3131:doi
3079:doi
3029:doi
2986:doi
2974:397
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2786:doi
2774:326
2734:PMC
2726:doi
2677:PMC
2667:doi
2628:doi
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2565:352
2532:PMC
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2471:doi
2459:118
2422:doi
2418:155
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2327:doi
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2245:PMC
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2163:doi
2122:doi
2091:doi
2079:134
2037:PMC
2029:doi
1977:PMC
1969:doi
1936:doi
1881:doi
1869:420
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1792:PMC
1784:doi
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1694:doi
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