2713:
3409:
806:
they perform. The grazer food chain and the microbial food chain are inherently intertwined, as the dissolved organic carbon at the base of the microbial food chain originally comes from material excreted by grazers from the grazer food chain. Not only are the new forms of organic matter more palatable by macro plankton, but the process of conversion releases substrates which support bacterial growth. This in turn allows for the bacteria and macro plankton to support even higher trophic levels. This is a form of bottom-up control of aquatic food webs.
36:
1738:
3435:
519:
3423:
3041:
797:, the sediments at the bottom of the water. The benthic shunt is typically referred to in relation to freshwater aquatic environments, but the concept is relevant and takes place in marine habitats as well. The benthic shunt is basically energy and nutrient flow as directed by lower trophic level organisms, such as mycoplankton.
805:
Due to their significant contributions to nutrient cycling, mycoplankton play a large role in regulation of food webs. Aquatic fungi such as mycoplankton degrade and convert organic matter into other forms. In a way, mycoplankton contributions to aquatic food webs are the biogeochemical services that
814:
While mycoplankton are found in a variety of aquatic environments, their distribution, abundance, and diversity vary throughout these environments. There is typically a greater amount of diversity and a larger abundance of mycoplankton in coastal waters, due to the extra availability of nutrients.
757:
Mycoplankton are often found in higher abundances near the surface, as well as in shallow waters. This is indicative of a connection between mycoplankton and the upwelling of organic matter. Phytoplankton communities are also abundant in the
619:
due to nutritional runoff from terrestrial communities. Aquatic fungi are found in a myriad of ecosystems, from mangroves, to wetlands, to the open ocean. The greatest diversity and number of species of mycoplankton is found in
749:
cycling. Mycoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria mediate carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and other nutrient fluxes in marine ecosystems. The incorporation of dissolved organic carbon into microbe biomass is what is known as the
632:. Furthermore, this difference in distribution may vary between seasons due to nutrient availability. Aquatic fungi survive in a constant oxygen deficient environment, and therefore depend on oxygen diffusion by
745:
from plants, as well as other larger organisms. By working with other microbial communities, mycoplankton efficiently convert particulate organic matter to dissolved organic matter as part of
782:. Through the mycoloop phytoplankton are transformed such that they are able to be grazed upon by zooplankton. This function is performed by parasitic marine fungi (mycoplankton).
2872:
3364:
785:
The mycoflux is understudied, but believed to be a part of carbon capture in aquatic habitats. Functionally, this process involves aquatic fungi breaking down organic matter.
815:
There also exists variation in community composition and diversity at different depths. The control factors for the distribution of mycoplankton is thought to be variable.
2336:
778:
populations. The mycoloop is very similar to the microbial loop, as the basis of both is for microbes to make material accessible to organisms that occupy higher
2356:
1270:"Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data"
2867:
710:
Genome sequencing is a common way to assess and categorize aquatic fungi. Fungi are
Eukaryotes, and as such it is often the 18s rDNA which is sequenced.
502:
2897:
2346:
2389:
2737:
2482:
721:
era (390 million years ago). The methods and pathways of terrestrial fungi's adaption to the marine environment are still under study.
550:
615:
In a typical milliliter of seawater, there are approximately 10 to 10 fungal cells. This number is greater in coastal ecosystems and
2712:
2887:
2672:
1752:
2276:
1667:
1000:
897:
867:
3474:
2902:
3000:
2862:
729:
There are multiple biogeochemical cycles in the Earth's oceans in which
Mycoplankton play a role. They are a part of the
1631:
2892:
3464:
2527:
2382:
1213:"Molecular characterization of the spatial diversity and novel lineages of mycoplankton in Hawaiian coastal waters"
717:
era, 900-570 million years ago. It is hypothesized that mycoplankton evolved from terrestrial fungi, likely in the
1521:
Pang KL, Mitchell JI (December 2005). "Molecular approaches for assessing fungal diversity in marine substrata".
3354:
793:
Another process which mycoplankton take part in is known as the benthic shunt. This process takes place in the
543:
605:
406:
648:
There is a large amount of diversity among aquatic fungi. These fungi may be classified using three groups:
3374:
3359:
2341:
446:
3369:
2375:
2266:
1777:
135:
35:
2677:
2256:
1757:
1722:
497:
229:
104:
245:
2985:
2879:
2311:
762:
zone, which provides further evidence for the role of
Mycoplankton in consumption of organic matter.
536:
461:
234:
3459:
3438:
3231:
3226:
2522:
1973:
1845:
1832:
1449:
Grossart HP, Van den
Wyngaert S, Kagami M, Wurzbacher C, Cunliffe M, Rojas-Jimenez K (June 2019).
3139:
2950:
2844:
2572:
2562:
2251:
2231:
1697:
482:
451:
128:
733:
and other forms of nutrient cycling, including the mycoplankton specific mycoflux and mycoloop.
2965:
2955:
2657:
2642:
2261:
2113:
1624:
567:
456:
329:
3384:
3311:
3246:
3111:
3086:
3061:
2945:
2692:
2472:
2306:
2133:
2076:
1811:
1677:
3469:
3119:
3081:
2412:
2058:
1858:
1762:
1727:
1569:
1404:
1281:
1224:
1162:
1096:
1041:
929:
746:
386:
150:
1085:"Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: a targeted chemical defense against marine fungi"
8:
3341:
2995:
2804:
2762:
2532:
2492:
2301:
2236:
2003:
1992:
1869:
1852:
470:
391:
309:
1573:
1408:
1285:
1228:
1166:
1151:"Diversity and functions of microscopic fungi: a missing component in pelagic food webs"
1100:
1045:
1032:
Damare S, Raghukumar C (July 2008). "Fungi and macroaggregation in deep-sea sediments".
933:
741:
Mycoplankton, like all fungi, play an essential roll in the degradation of detritus and
3261:
3256:
3124:
3066:
2960:
2809:
2727:
2612:
2592:
2502:
2445:
1590:
1557:
1488:
1422:
1331:"First record of flamentous fungi in the coastal upwelling ecosystem off central Chile"
1304:
1269:
1250:
1186:
1065:
1014:
952:
917:
621:
586:
475:
411:
293:
1450:
1119:
1084:
3271:
3149:
3096:
3015:
2682:
2647:
2587:
2547:
2517:
2487:
2398:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2008:
1927:
1772:
1692:
1617:
1595:
1558:"Benthic bacterial and fungal productivity and carbon turnover in a freshwater marsh"
1538:
1480:
1352:
1309:
1242:
1178:
1124:
1057:
1006:
996:
957:
893:
863:
582:
523:
416:
197:
123:
1492:
1426:
1347:
1330:
1190:
1069:
1018:
3379:
3071:
2975:
2927:
2839:
2732:
2430:
2138:
2118:
2042:
1916:
1863:
1802:
1585:
1577:
1530:
1470:
1462:
1412:
1393:"Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria"
1342:
1299:
1289:
1268:
Panzer K, Yilmaz P, Weiß M, Reich L, Richter M, Wiese J, et al. (2015-07-30).
1254:
1232:
1170:
1114:
1104:
1049:
988:
947:
937:
664:
609:
598:
118:
77:
1581:
45:
3349:
3316:
3177:
3129:
3005:
2980:
2789:
2742:
2667:
2512:
2497:
2246:
2123:
1949:
1933:
1921:
1737:
1662:
1294:
1083:
Kubanek J, Jensen PR, Keifer PA, Sullards MC, Collins DO, Fenical W (June 2003).
942:
887:
857:
830:
441:
339:
298:
288:
181:
3213:
3167:
3162:
3134:
3101:
2970:
2829:
2757:
2747:
2597:
2542:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2316:
2047:
1962:
1838:
1089:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
751:
742:
730:
575:
401:
381:
349:
254:
186:
96:
82:
1466:
1417:
1392:
1174:
1053:
992:
918:"Distribution and diversity of planktonic fungi in the West Pacific Warm Pool"
3453:
3427:
3321:
3286:
3187:
3182:
3157:
2687:
2652:
2627:
2477:
2440:
2326:
2296:
2181:
2176:
1903:
1880:
1817:
1787:
1782:
1542:
1356:
1182:
1010:
779:
771:
704:
692:
682:
629:
594:
354:
208:
140:
53:
1150:
1109:
976:
3413:
3192:
3172:
3076:
2814:
2697:
2617:
2577:
2567:
2537:
2321:
2216:
2143:
2098:
2070:
1967:
1943:
1792:
1717:
1682:
1672:
1599:
1484:
1313:
1246:
1128:
1061:
961:
836:
794:
674:
625:
396:
344:
334:
274:
170:
145:
67:
1237:
1212:
3326:
3301:
3296:
3266:
3049:
3025:
2990:
2799:
2702:
2622:
2582:
2435:
2286:
2271:
2221:
2086:
1910:
1707:
1702:
1657:
1534:
1475:
775:
759:
714:
602:
492:
487:
436:
376:
368:
279:
58:
1448:
612:. Mycoplankton can be up to 20 mm in diameter and over 50 mm in length.
3306:
3241:
3030:
3010:
2794:
2767:
2552:
2465:
2171:
2108:
2037:
2029:
1827:
1822:
1767:
1375:
Aquatic fungi – Are they planktonic? Plankton
Dynamics of Indian Waters
700:
678:
637:
633:
202:
113:
3422:
3331:
3236:
3020:
2784:
2777:
2752:
2662:
2367:
2241:
2226:
2166:
2148:
2128:
2103:
2064:
2052:
1892:
718:
579:
699:
The majority of mycoplankton species are higher fungi, found in the
3281:
3091:
2637:
2632:
2557:
2291:
1997:
1956:
1938:
1712:
1649:
1640:
660:
656:
571:
218:
27:
916:
Wang X, Singh P, Gao Z, Zhang X, Johnson ZI, Wang G (2014-07-03).
3291:
3251:
3221:
3199:
2819:
2607:
2507:
2351:
2281:
2158:
1897:
616:
16:
Fungal members of the plankton communities of aquatic ecosystems
3040:
2410:
3276:
2602:
2013:
1984:
590:
213:
175:
824:
827: – Diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
593:
and yeasts that are associated with planktonic particles or
2772:
2331:
1609:
1325:
1323:
1082:
1377:. Jaipur, India: Pratiksha Publications. pp. 133–148.
2834:
2824:
713:
According to fossil records, fungi date back to the late
1320:
1148:
1505:
1267:
1149:Jobard M, Rasconi S, Sime-Ngando T (2010-06-01).
915:
673:– filamentous, modified to planktonic lifestyle (
601:, these aquatic fungi play a significant role in
3451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1031:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1366:
856:Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL, eds. (2014-08-27).
736:
724:
1555:
1390:
1210:
2673:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2383:
1625:
1433:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
981:Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
885:
855:
544:
1520:
1506:Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001).
1381:
1363:
881:
879:
2738:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
911:
909:
859:Freshwater Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms
2390:
2376:
1632:
1618:
1211:Gao Z, Johnson ZI, Wang G (January 2010).
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1135:
974:
770:Mycoplankton are important in controlling
551:
537:
1589:
1474:
1416:
1346:
1303:
1293:
1236:
1118:
1108:
951:
941:
886:Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL (2012-08-31).
876:
906:
833: – Carbon capture process in oceans
765:
1372:
1197:
889:Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms
3452:
2397:
1562:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1556:Buesing N, Gessner MO (January 2006).
862:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
691:– contain appendages of marine fungi (
2926:
2925:
2409:
2371:
1613:
800:
3001:Oceanic physical-biological process
2863:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
13:
14:
3486:
659:fungi, including mastigomycetes:
643:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3407:
3039:
2711:
2528:Colored dissolved organic matter
1736:
788:
518:
517:
34:
2873:Latin America and the Caribbean
1549:
1514:
1499:
1348:10.4067/s0717-65382004000200001
3355:Ecological values of mangroves
2898:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1261:
1076:
1025:
968:
849:
809:
655:– adapted to marine habitats (
1:
1668:High lipid content microalgae
1582:10.1128/AEM.72.1.596-605.2006
1451:"Fungi in aquatic ecosystems"
1391:Kiørboe T, Jackson G (2001).
842:
407:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
3375:Marine conservation activism
3360:Fisheries and climate change
1639:
1510:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1455:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1295:10.1371/journal.pone.0134377
943:10.1371/journal.pone.0101523
737:Cycling of organic nutrients
725:Biogeochemical contributions
628:depends on the abundance of
7:
3475:Oceanographical terminology
3370:Human impact on marine life
3247:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2483:Aquatic population dynamics
2267:Fish diseases and parasites
1778:Photosynthetic picoplankton
818:
136:Photosynthetic picoplankton
10:
3491:
2257:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
1758:Heterotrophic picoplankton
1397:Limnology and Oceanography
975:Raghukumar C, ed. (2012).
105:Heterotrophic picoplankton
3401:
3340:
3212:
3148:
3110:
3057:
3048:
3037:
2986:Marine primary production
2938:
2934:
2921:
2880:List of marine ecoregions
2855:
2720:
2709:
2423:
2419:
2405:
2312:Marine primary production
2209:
2157:
2094:
2085:
2028:
1983:
1888:
1879:
1801:
1745:
1734:
1647:
1467:10.1038/s41579-019-0175-8
1418:10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1309
1175:10.1007/s00027-010-0133-z
1054:10.1007/s00248-007-9334-y
993:10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5
977:"Biology of Marine Fungi"
462:Marine primary production
3232:Coastal biogeomorphology
3227:Marine coastal ecosystem
2232:Algal nutrient solutions
1974:Thalassiosira pseudonana
1846:Flavobacterium columnare
1833:Enteric redmouth disease
638:photosynthetic organisms
636:and oxygen generated by
3465:Biological oceanography
3140:Paradox of the plankton
2951:Diel vertical migration
2845:Freshwater swamp forest
2563:GIS and aquatic science
2411:General components and
2252:Diel vertical migration
1768:Microphyte (microalgae)
1753:Eukaryotic picoplankton
1698:Paradox of the plankton
1110:10.1073/pnas.1131855100
624:(< 1000 m), and the
585:. They are composed of
483:Paradox of the plankton
452:Diel vertical migration
2966:Large marine ecosystem
2658:Shoaling and schooling
2114:Gelatinous zooplankton
330:Gelatinous zooplankton
3385:Marine protected area
3312:Salt pannes and pools
3087:Marine larval ecology
3062:Census of Marine Life
2946:Deep scattering layer
2903:San Francisco Estuary
2868:Africa and Madagascar
2693:Underwater camouflage
2473:Aquatic biomonitoring
2413:freshwater ecosystems
2307:Marine microorganisms
2077:Velvet (fish disease)
1812:Aeromonas salmonicida
1678:Marine microorganisms
1238:10.1038/ismej.2009.87
892:. Walter de Gruyter.
766:Mycoloop and mycoflux
3120:Marine bacteriophage
3082:Marine invertebrates
2059:Pfiesteria piscicida
1859:Marine bacteriophage
1763:Marine microplankton
1535:10.1515/BOT.2005.046
387:Cyanobacterial bloom
151:Marine microplankton
2996:Ocean fertilization
2805:Trophic state index
2763:Lake stratification
2493:Aquatic respiration
2302:Ocean acidification
2237:Artificial seawater
2004:Coscinodiscophyceae
1870:Streptococcus iniae
1853:Pelagibacter ubique
1574:2006ApEnM..72..596B
1409:2001LimOc..46.1309K
1373:Sridhar KR (2009).
1335:Gayana (Concepción)
1286:2015PLoSO..1034377P
1229:2010ISMEJ...4..111G
1167:2010AqSci..72..255J
1101:2003PNAS..100.6916K
1046:2008MicEc..56..168D
934:2014PLoSO...9j1523W
471:Ocean fertilization
392:Harmful algal bloom
310:Freshwater plankton
22:Part of a series on
3262:Intertidal wetland
3257:Intertidal ecology
3125:Marine prokaryotes
3067:Deep-sea community
2961:Iron fertilization
2884:Specific examples
2810:Upland and lowland
2728:Freshwater biology
2593:Microbial food web
2503:Aquatic toxicology
2446:Aquatic adaptation
2399:Aquatic ecosystems
412:Great Calcite Belt
3447:
3446:
3428:Oceans portal
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3272:Hydrothermal vent
3208:
3207:
3097:Seashore wildlife
2928:Marine ecosystems
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2683:Thermal pollution
2648:Ramsar Convention
2588:Microbial ecology
2548:Fisheries science
2488:Aquatic predation
2365:
2364:
2205:
2204:
2192:Siphonostomatoida
2187:Poecilostomatoida
2139:Crustacean larvae
2043:Choanoflagellates
2024:
2023:
2014:Bacillariophyceae
2009:Fragilariophyceae
1928:Emiliania huxleyi
1773:Nanophytoplankton
1693:Milky seas effect
1095:(12): 6916–6921.
1034:Microbial Ecology
1002:978-3-642-23341-8
899:978-3-11-026406-7
869:978-3-11-033348-0
801:Role in food webs
689:Terrestrial fungi
561:
560:
417:Milky seas effect
124:Nanophytoplankton
3482:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3414:Lakes portal
3412:
3411:
3410:
3380:Marine pollution
3072:Deep-water coral
3055:
3054:
3043:
2976:Marine chemistry
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2840:Freshwater marsh
2733:Freshwater biome
2715:
2431:Acoustic ecology
2421:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2119:Hunting copepods
2092:
2091:
1917:Chaetocerotaceae
1886:
1885:
1803:Bacterioplankton
1740:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1403:(6): 1309–1318.
1388:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1217:The ISME Journal
1208:
1195:
1194:
1155:Aquatic Sciences
1146:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1029:
1023:
1022:
972:
966:
965:
955:
945:
913:
904:
903:
883:
874:
873:
853:
665:chytridiomycetes
626:vertical profile
610:nutrient cycling
599:bacterioplankton
553:
546:
539:
526:
521:
520:
182:coccolithophores
119:Microzooplankton
78:Bacterioplankton
38:
19:
18:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3460:Aquatic ecology
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3389:
3350:Coral bleaching
3336:
3317:Seagrass meadow
3214:Marine habitats
3204:
3178:Coral reef fish
3144:
3130:Marine protists
3106:
3044:
3035:
3006:Ocean turbidity
2981:Marine food web
2930:
2909:
2851:
2790:River ecosystem
2743:Freshwater fish
2716:
2707:
2513:Bioluminescence
2498:Aquatic science
2415:
2401:
2396:
2366:
2361:
2292:Marine mucilage
2247:Biological pump
2201:
2153:
2124:Ichthyoplankton
2081:
2048:Dinoflagellates
2020:
1979:
1950:Nannochloropsis
1934:Eustigmatophyte
1922:Coccolithophore
1875:
1797:
1741:
1732:
1663:CLAW hypothesis
1643:
1638:
1608:
1607:
1554:
1550:
1523:Botanica Marina
1519:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1447:
1434:
1389:
1382:
1371:
1364:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1280:(7): e0134377.
1266:
1262:
1209:
1198:
1147:
1136:
1081:
1077:
1030:
1026:
1003:
973:
969:
914:
907:
900:
884:
877:
870:
854:
850:
845:
831:Biological pump
821:
812:
803:
791:
768:
739:
727:
646:
574:communities of
570:members of the
557:
516:
509:
508:
507:
466:
442:CLAW hypothesis
431:
423:
422:
421:
371:
361:
360:
359:
340:Ichthyoplankton
324:
316:
315:
314:
305:
289:Marine plankton
284:
269:
261:
260:
259:
250:
241:
225:
205:
193:
187:dinoflagellates
178:
165:
157:
156:
155:
109:
99:
89:
88:
87:
63:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:Saltwater fish
3165:
3163:Marine reptile
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:Marine viruses
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3112:Microorganisms
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3102:Wild fisheries
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Thorson's rule
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Marine biology
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Brackish marsh
2827:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Lake ecosystem
2755:
2750:
2748:Hyporheic zone
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Microbial loop
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Eutrophication
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Cascade effect
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2451:Aquatic animal
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Pseudoplankton
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2210:Related topics
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2159:Copepod orders
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:Prasinophyceae
1960:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1839:Flavobacterium
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1568:(1): 596–605.
1548:
1529:(5): 332–347.
1513:
1498:
1461:(6): 339–354.
1432:
1380:
1362:
1319:
1260:
1223:(1): 111–120.
1196:
1161:(3): 255–268.
1134:
1075:
1040:(1): 168–177.
1024:
1001:
967:
928:(7): e101523.
905:
898:
875:
868:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
828:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
790:
787:
780:trophic levels
767:
764:
752:microbial loop
747:biogeochemical
743:organic matter
738:
735:
731:microbial loop
726:
723:
697:
696:
686:
683:basidiomycetes
668:
645:
644:Classification
642:
622:surface waters
606:mineralization
559:
558:
556:
555:
548:
541:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
511:
510:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
479:
478:
467:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
432:
430:Related topics
429:
428:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
402:Eutrophication
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Critical depth
379:
373:
372:
367:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
352:
350:Pseudoplankton
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
312:
306:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
285:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
251:
249:
248:
242:
240:
239:
238:
237:
226:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
209:foraminiferans
206:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
121:
116:
110:
108:
107:
101:
100:
95:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3487:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Sponge ground
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Marine biomes
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Demersal fish
3186:
3184:
3183:Deep-sea fish
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Marine mammal
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Trophic level
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Sediment trap
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Phytoplankton
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Aquatic plant
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Anoxic waters
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Tychoplankton
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Microbial mat
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Monstrilloida
2180:
2178:
2177:Harpacticoida
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Marine larvae
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1985:Diatom orders
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:Bacteriastrum
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Phytoplankton
1878:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Cyanobacteria
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Picoeukaryote
1786:
1784:
1783:Picobiliphyte
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1476:10026.1/18716
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
963:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
910:
901:
895:
891:
890:
882:
880:
871:
865:
861:
860:
852:
848:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
816:
807:
798:
796:
789:Benthic shunt
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:phytoplankton
763:
761:
755:
753:
748:
744:
734:
732:
722:
720:
716:
711:
708:
706:
705:Basidiomycota
702:
694:
693:trichomycetes
690:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:phytoplankton
627:
623:
618:
613:
611:
607:
604:
603:heterotrophic
600:
597:. Similar to
596:
595:phytoplankton
592:
588:
584:
581:
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569:
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356:
355:Tychoplankton
353:
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328:
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311:
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281:
278:
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273:
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265:
264:
256:
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247:
244:
243:
236:
235:cyanobacteria
233:
232:
231:
228:
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220:
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212:
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207:
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152:
149:
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144:
142:
141:Picoeukaryote
139:
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130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
106:
103:
102:
98:
93:
92:
84:
83:Virioplankton
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
55:
54:Phytoplankton
52:
51:
47:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
3342:Conservation
3193:Pelagic fish
3173:Coastal fish
3077:Marine fungi
2815:Water garden
2698:Water column
2643:Productivity
2618:Pelagic zone
2578:Macrobenthos
2568:Hydrobiology
2538:Ecohydrology
2322:Stromatolite
2217:Aeroplankton
2144:Salmon louse
2099:Chaetognatha
2071:Symbiodinium
2069:
2057:
1972:
1968:Raphidophyte
1955:
1948:
1944:Stramenopile
1926:
1909:
1902:
1868:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1810:
1793:Picoplankton
1718:Spring bloom
1688:Mycoplankton
1687:
1683:Meroplankton
1673:Holoplankton
1565:
1561:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1458:
1454:
1400:
1396:
1374:
1338:
1334:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1220:
1216:
1158:
1154:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1037:
1033:
1027:
984:
980:
970:
925:
921:
888:
858:
851:
837:Marine fungi
813:
804:
795:benthic zone
792:
784:
769:
756:
740:
728:
712:
709:
698:
688:
675:hyphomycetes
671:Higher fungi
670:
652:
647:
614:
589:free-living
568:saprotrophic
564:Mycoplankton
563:
562:
397:Spring bloom
345:Meroplankton
335:Holoplankton
275:Aeroplankton
203:radiolarians
146:Picoplankton
73:Mycoplankton
72:
68:Mixoplankton
46:Trophic mode
3470:Planktology
3327:Sponge reef
3302:Rocky shore
3297:Oyster reef
3267:Kelp forest
3150:Vertebrates
3050:Marine life
3026:Viral shunt
2991:Marine snow
2893:Maharashtra
2800:Stream pool
2703:Zooplankton
2623:Photic zone
2583:Meiobenthos
2436:Algal bloom
2287:Manta trawl
2272:Heterotroph
2222:Algaculture
2087:Zooplankton
2030:Flagellates
1911:Chaetoceros
1864:SAR11 clade
1723:Thin layers
1708:Planktology
1703:Planktivore
1658:Algal bloom
1341:(2). 2004.
810:Communities
776:zooplankton
715:Proterozoic
679:ascomycetes
653:Lower fungi
587:filamentous
498:Thin layers
493:Planktology
488:Planktivore
437:Algaculture
377:Algal bloom
323:Other types
294:prokaryotes
280:Geoplankton
164:By taxonomy
59:Zooplankton
3454:Categories
3307:Salt marsh
3242:Coral reef
3031:Whale fall
3011:Photophore
2888:Everglades
2856:Ecoregions
2795:Stream bed
2768:Macrophyte
2721:Freshwater
2553:Food chain
2466:Water bird
2282:Macroalgae
2242:Autotrophs
2172:Cyclopoida
2109:Ctenophora
2038:Brevetoxin
1828:Cyanotoxin
1823:Cyanobiont
843:References
701:Ascomycota
634:turbulence
583:ecosystems
580:freshwater
268:By habitat
198:Protozoans
129:calcareous
114:Microalgae
3332:Tide pool
3237:Cold seep
3021:Upwelling
2785:Rheotaxis
2778:Fish pond
2753:Limnology
2678:Substrate
2663:Siltation
2533:Dead zone
2227:Algal mat
2167:Calanoida
2149:Sea louse
2129:Jellyfish
2104:Ciguatera
2065:Saxitoxin
2053:Flagellum
2002:Classes:
1993:Centrales
1893:Auxospore
1543:1437-4323
1508:The Fungi
1357:0717-6538
1183:1420-9055
1011:0079-6484
719:Paleozoic
661:oomycetes
657:zoosporic
617:estuaries
3439:Category
3365:HERMIONE
3282:Mangrove
3092:Seagrass
2638:Pleuston
2633:Plankton
2613:Particle
2558:Food web
1998:Pennales
1957:Navicula
1939:Frustule
1713:Red tide
1650:plankton
1641:Plankton
1600:16391096
1493:77395296
1485:30872817
1427:86713938
1314:26226014
1274:PLOS ONE
1247:19641535
1191:36789070
1129:12756301
1070:21288251
1062:17994287
1019:39378040
962:24992154
922:PLOS ONE
819:See also
760:euphotic
572:plankton
524:Category
299:protists
230:Bacteria
219:ciliates
28:Plankton
3292:Mudflat
3252:Estuary
3222:Bay mud
3200:Seabird
2956:f-ratio
2939:General
2820:Wetland
2608:Neuston
2573:Hypoxia
2518:Biomass
2508:Benthos
2424:General
2352:MOCNESS
2262:f-ratio
2197:More...
1898:Axodine
1746:By size
1728:More...
1591:1352256
1570:Bibcode
1405:Bibcode
1305:4520555
1282:Bibcode
1255:2395339
1225:Bibcode
1163:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
1042:Bibcode
953:4081592
930:Bibcode
707:phyla.
457:f-ratio
255:Viruses
246:Archaea
214:amoebae
176:diatoms
97:By size
3277:Lagoon
2603:Nekton
2461:Mammal
2456:Insect
2347:AusCPR
2337:C-MORE
1648:About
1598:
1588:
1541:
1491:
1483:
1425:
1355:
1312:
1302:
1253:
1245:
1189:
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1127:
1120:165804
1117:
1068:
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1017:
1009:
999:
960:
950:
896:
866:
663:&
576:marine
522:
503:NAAMES
369:Blooms
2668:Spawn
1489:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1251:S2CID
1187:S2CID
1066:S2CID
1015:S2CID
825:Algae
591:fungi
171:Algae
2773:Pond
2357:SCAR
2332:Zoid
2277:HNLC
1596:PMID
1539:ISSN
1481:PMID
1353:ISSN
1310:PMID
1243:PMID
1179:ISSN
1125:PMID
1058:PMID
1007:ISSN
997:ISBN
958:PMID
894:ISBN
864:ISBN
774:and
703:and
608:and
578:and
566:are
476:iron
2835:Fen
2825:Bog
2342:CPR
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1531:doi
1471:hdl
1463:doi
1413:doi
1343:doi
1300:PMC
1290:doi
1233:doi
1171:doi
1115:PMC
1105:doi
1093:100
1050:doi
989:doi
948:PMC
938:doi
447:CPR
3456::
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1560:.
1537:.
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908:^
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552:e
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