1721:
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2003:
1008:
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507:
51:
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1968:
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996:, or virtual ones. In both cases, to verify a structure's expected seismic performance, some researchers prefer to deal with so called "real time-histories" though the last cannot be "real" for a hypothetical earthquake specified by either a building code or by some particular research requirements. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to engage an earthquake simulation which is the seismic input that possesses only essential features of a real event.
2558:
741:
modeling of structural components such as beams, columns, beam-column joints, shear walls etc. Thus, experimental results play an important role in determining the modeling parameters of individual components, especially those that are subject to significant non-linear deformations. The individual components are then assembled to create a full non-linear model of the structure. Thus created models are analyzed to evaluate the performance of buildings.
530:
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1427:. The main disadvantage being that friction surfaces can wear over time and for this reason they are not recommended for dissipating wind loads. When used in seismic applications wear is not a problem and there is no required maintenance. They have a rectangular hysteretic loop and as long as the building is sufficiently elastic they tend to settle back to their original positions after an earthquake.
665:
1186:
2510:
2677:
1492:
3051:) is a common term used for earthquake loss estimation, but it lacks a precise definition. In 1999, ASTM E2026 'Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes' was produced in order to standardize the nomenclature for seismic loss estimation, as well as establish guidelines as to the review process and qualifications of the reviewer.
2145:
955:
planning, performance, analysis, and publication of research experiments; and conduct computational and hybrid simulations that may combine the results of multiple distributed experiments and link physical experiments with computer simulations to enable the investigation of overall system performance.
744:
The capabilities of the structural analysis software are a major consideration in the above process as they restrict the possible component models, the analysis methods available and, most importantly, the numerical robustness. The latter becomes a major consideration for structures that venture into
1856:
underneath the structure: sometimes, heavily shaken ground breaks up which leads to collapse of the structure sitting upon it. The following topics should be of primary concerns: liquefaction; dynamic lateral earth pressures on retaining walls; seismic slope stability; earthquake-induced settlement.
1522:
technologies and, particularly, in base isolation devices, is often considered a valuable source of suppressing vibrations thus enhancing a building's seismic performance. However, for the rather pliant systems such as base isolated structures, with a relatively low bearing stiffness but with a high
1476:
Base isolation seeks to prevent the kinetic energy of the earthquake from being transferred into elastic energy in the building. These technologies do so by isolating the structure from the ground, thus enabling them to move somewhat independently. The degree to which the energy is transferred into
1400:
Viscous
Dampers have the benefit of being a supplemental damping system. They have an oval hysteretic loop and the damping is velocity dependent. While some minor maintenance is potentially required, viscous dampers generally do not need to be replaced after an earthquake. While more expensive than
784:
Research for earthquake engineering means both field and analytical investigation or experimentation intended for discovery and scientific explanation of earthquake engineering related facts, revision of conventional concepts in the light of new findings, and practical application of the developed
836:
The NSF Hazard
Mitigation and Structural Engineering program (HMSE) supports research on new technologies for improving the behaviour and response of structural systems subject to earthquake hazards; fundamental research on safety and reliability of constructed systems; innovative developments in
629:
Basic concepts of the earthquake engineering, implemented in the major building codes, assume that a building should survive a rare, very severe earthquake by sustaining significant damage but without globally collapsing. On the other hand, it should remain operational for more frequent, but less
740:
Basically, numerical analysis is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Performance evaluations are generally carried out by using nonlinear static pushover analysis or nonlinear time-history analysis. In such analyses, it is essential to achieve accurate non-linear
655:
Due to the costly nature of such tests, they tend to be used mainly for understanding the seismic behavior of structures, validating models and verifying analysis methods. Thus, once properly validated, computational models and numerical procedures tend to carry the major burden for the seismic
954:
This cyberinfrastructure allows researchers to: securely store, organize and share data within a standardized framework in a central location; remotely observe and participate in experiments through the use of synchronized real-time data and video; collaborate with colleagues to facilitate the
745:
the non-linear range and approach global or local collapse as the numerical solution becomes increasingly unstable and thus difficult to reach. There are several commercially available Finite
Element Analysis software's such as CSI-SAP2000 and CSI-PERFORM-3D, MTR/SASSI, Scia Engineer-ECtools,
2443:
Design and construction are intimately related. To achieve a good workmanship, detailing of the members and their connections should be as simple as possible. As any construction in general, earthquake construction is a process that consists of the building, retrofitting or assembling of
1456:
Viscoelastic dampers are useful in that they can be used for both wind and seismic applications, they are usually limited to small displacements. There is some concern as to the reliability of the technology as some brands have been banned from use in buildings in the United States.
1934:. Severely cracked or leaning walls are some of the most common earthquake damage. Also hazardous is the damage that may occur between the walls and roof or floor diaphragms. Separation between the framing and the walls can jeopardize the vertical support of roof and floor systems.
1365:
weighing 660 metric tonnes that serves as a tuned mass damper was designed and installed atop the structure. Suspended from the 92nd to the 88th floor, the pendulum sways to decrease resonant amplifications of lateral displacements in the building caused by earthquakes and strong
792:(NSF) is the main United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all fields of earthquake engineering. In particular, it focuses on experimental, analytical and computational research on design and performance enhancement of structural systems.
1527:
Caltrans-SRMD facility. The bearing is made of rubber with a lead core. It was a uniaxial test in which the bearing was also under a full structure load. Many buildings and bridges, both in New
Zealand and elsewhere, are protected with lead dampers and lead and rubber bearings.
1441:
Metallic yielding dampers, as the name implies, yield in order to absorb the earthquake's energy. This type of damper absorbs a large amount of energy however they must be replaced after an earthquake and may prevent the building from settling back to its original position.
2594:
was exhaustively renovated and repaired with an emphasis on preserving historical accuracy in appearance. This was done in concert with a seismic upgrade that placed the weak sandstone structure on base isolation foundation to better protect it from earthquake damage.
638:
Engineers need to know the quantified level of the actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking. Such an assessment may be performed either experimentally or analytically.
1137:
reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.
3058:. The risk assessment process generally involves determining the probability of various ground motions coupled with the vulnerability or damage of the building under those ground motions. The results are defined as a percent of building replacement value.
1771:
Normally, according to building codes, structures are designed to "withstand" the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings.
951:, provides interactive simulation tools, a simulation tool development area, a curated central data repository, animated presentations, user support, telepresence, mechanism for uploading and sharing resources, and statistics about users and usage patterns.
2617:
dates back thousands of years, and has been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, Europe and medieval
England in localities where timber was in good supply and building stone and the skills to work it were not.
1899:
is the manner by which an earthquake induced failure is observed. It, generally, describes the way the failure occurs. Though costly and time consuming, learning from each real earthquake failure remains a routine recipe for advancement in
395:
in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or
651:
that simulates the earth shaking and observing its behavior. Such kinds of experiments were first performed more than a century ago. Only recently has it become possible to perform 1:1 scale testing on full structures.
2462:
A structure might have all the appearances of stability, yet offer nothing but danger when an earthquake occurs. The crucial fact is that, for safety, earthquake-resistant construction techniques are as important as
1863:
should not jeopardise their safety in case of earthquakes or other hostile external events. Therefore, their seismic design is based on criteria far more stringent than those applying to non-nuclear facilities. The
2065:, the tower pounded against the independently vibrating adjacent building behind. A possibility of pounding depends on both buildings' lateral displacements which should be accurately estimated and accounted for.
3013:
experience, the
American Institute of Steel Construction has introduced AISC 358 "Pre-Qualified Connections for Special and intermediate Steel Moment Frames." The AISC Seismic Design Provisions require that all
1881:
1767:
To build up complex structural systems, seismic design largely uses the same relatively small number of basic structural elements (to say nothing of vibration control devices) as any non-seismic design project.
686:
is a powerful tool of earthquake engineering which utilizes detailed modelling of the structure together with methods of structural analysis to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and
938:
The equipment sites (labs) and a central data repository are connected to the global earthquake engineering community via the NEEShub website. The NEES website is powered by HUBzero software developed at
561:
means application of an earthquake-generated excitation on a structure (or geo-structure). It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, with adjacent structures, or with
1964:
of the floor above combined with the support on the two hidden sides by continuous walls, not penetrated with large doors as on the street sides, is preventing full collapse of the structure.
1618:
This metallic bearing support may be adapted, with certain precautions, as a seismic isolator to skyscrapers and buildings on soft ground. Recently, it has been employed under the name of
2532:
is very common in some of the world's most hazard-prone regions, traditionally across Latin
America, Africa, Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia, Middle East and Southern Europe.
1987:. In the cases where the soil consists of loose granular deposited materials with the tendency to develop excessive hydrostatic pore water pressure of sufficient magnitude and compact,
2575:
is very common in architecture, especially in North
America and Europe. Many landmarks across the world are made of limestone. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of
1291:. The Incas were among the best stonemasons the world has ever seen and many junctions in their masonry were so perfect that even blades of grass could not fit between the stones.
3113:
404:
does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.
1956:. Absence of adequate stiffness on the ground level caused damage to this structure. A close examination of the image reveals that the rough board siding, once covered by a
4287:
2836:
joints. Depending upon the methods used and the imposed seismic forces, such buildings may be immediately usable, require extensive repair, or may have to be demolished.
958:
These resources jointly provide the means for collaboration and discovery to improve the seismic design and performance of civil and mechanical infrastructure systems.
6129:
3118:
412:
Earthquake engineering is a scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the man-made environment from earthquakes by limiting the
818:
around the world may be found in
Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide. The most prominent of them is now E-Defense Shake Table in
2535:
Adobe buildings are considered very vulnerable at strong quakes. However, multiple ways of seismic strengthening of new and existing adobe buildings are available.
859:
The NEES network features 14 geographically-distributed, shared-use laboratories that support several types of experimental work: geotechnical centrifuge research,
6060:
3494:"Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide: Are Large Testing Facilities for Nuclear Power Plants Design and Verification at Risk?"
2586:
Application of modern technology to seismic retrofitting can enhance the survivability of unreinforced masonry structures. As an example, from 1973 to 1989, the
931:
2625:
in buildings provides their complete skeletal framing which offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better
2424:
to enable building and non-building structures to live through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with the applicable
3123:
1245:, a city in ancient Persia, now Iran, and dates back to the 6th century BCE. Below, there are some samples of seismic vibration control technologies of today.
1523:
damping, the so-called "damping force" may turn out the main pushing force at a strong earthquake. The video shows a Lead Rubber
Bearing being tested at the
444:, etc. However, the tremendous costs experienced in recent earthquakes have led to an expansion of its scope to encompass disciplines from the wider field of
4572:
1806:
depend on the type of the structure, locality of the project and its authorities which stipulate applicable seismic design codes and criteria. For instance,
545:
753:, all of which can be used for the seismic performance evaluation of buildings. Moreover, there is research-based finite element analysis platforms such as
6054:
4168:
4027:
3795:
1415:
Friction dampers tend to be available in two major types, linear and rotational and dissipate energy by heat. The damper operates on the principle of a
5658:
2975:(FEMA) initiated development of repair techniques and new design approaches to minimize damage to steel moment frame buildings in future earthquakes.
3303:
4663:
1145:, there are a number of ways to control them in order to soothe their damaging effect and improve the building's seismic performance, for instance:
2867:
means the intentional creation of permanent stresses in a structure for the purpose of improving its performance under various service conditions.
257:
1230:
For this, some pads are inserted into or under all major load-carrying elements in the base of the building which should substantially decouple a
1073:
when, in the case of earthquake engineering, time-histories of each story lateral displacements of the model and its prototype would be the same.
6038:
5749:
2832:
To prevent catastrophic collapse in response earth shaking (in the interest of life safety), a traditional reinforced concrete frame should have
1158:
6077:
6195:
6111:
1849:
capacity of the primary structural components while ensuring a minimum level of inelastic capacity at all potential plastic hinge locations.
831:
2032:
is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur though in this case there was another contributing factor which affected the original
1691:. Therefore, a building design which exactly follows seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.
6026:
4878:
1382:
is intended to provide better and more reliable seismic performance than that of a conventional structure by increasing the dissipation of
6200:
4783:
705:
However, such methods are good only for linear elastic systems, being largely unable to model the structural behavior when damage (i.e.,
4764:
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3353:
420:
acceptable levels. Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of structures and geo-structures subject to
6205:
4497:
4454:
4266:
4194:
4083:
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2497:
requires a qualified team of professionals who understand the basic features of seismic performance of different structures as well as
4337:
3923:
3018:
employ either connections contained in AISC 358, or the use of connections that have been subjected to pre-qualifying cyclic testing.
2490:, construction process should be organized with keeping in mind that earthquake may strike any time prior to the end of construction.
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6032:
3419:
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804:
863:
tests, large-scale structural testing, tsunami wave basin experiments, and field site research. Participating universities include:
6483:
6147:
908:
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and model based simulation of structural behaviour and response including soil-structure interaction; design concepts that improve
2276:
in Santa Cruz Mountains area: prominent northwest-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide in the concrete
5599:
5461:
4546:
4052:
1807:
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structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are only consistent with the contemporary state of the knowledge about
904:
17:
6123:
5825:
2583:
masonry. They are the long-lasting materials but their rather heavy weight is not beneficial for adequate seismic performance.
1401:
other damping technologies they can be used for both seismic and wind loads and are the most commonly used hysteretic damper.
1294:
The stones of the dry-stone walls built by the Incas could move slightly and resettle without the walls collapsing, a passive
6135:
6105:
6083:
4392:
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3195:
2986:(LRFD) approach, it is very important to assess ability of a structure to develop and maintain its bearing resistance in the
896:
359:
2727:. The effectiveness of both vertical and horizontal reinforcements depends on the type and quality of the masonry units and
1873:
6117:
5383:
5021:
2950:
4240:
6159:
6020:
5742:
2972:
1814:(SDC) and aimed at the design of new bridges in California incorporate an innovative seismic performance-based approach.
900:
541:
2967:
buildings, which looked earthquake-proof, surprisingly experienced brittle behavior and were hazardously damaged in the
1585:
One of two three-story town-houses like this, which was well instrumented for recording of both vertical and horizontal
1119:
incorporate real-time recording instrumentation on the ground integrated with earthquake input processing equipment and
6619:
6014:
5668:
5663:
3872:
3713:
2661:
2587:
2162:. The magnitude 5.9 earthquake pounded the Garvey West Apartment building in Monterey Park, California and shifted its
947:
specifically to help the scientific community share resources and collaborate. The cyberinfrastructure, connected via
888:
647:
Experimental evaluations are expensive tests that are typically done by placing a (scaled) model of the structure on a
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device which is intended for protection of various building and non-building structures against potentially damaging
401:
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856:
loss reduction of the nation's civil infrastructure and new experimental simulation techniques and instrumentation.
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2149:
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2399:, Indonesia, triggered a series of devastating tsunamis, killing more than 230,000 people in eleven countries by
1869:
892:
808:
4031:
3813:"Optimization-based minimum-cost seismic retrofitting of hysteretic frames with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers"
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5735:
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107:
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1884:. Doubt has also been expressed over the seismic evaluation and design of certain other plants, including the
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values. In addition, collectors, or drag struts, to distribute shear along a diaphragm length are required.
2169:
1007:
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6049:
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3143:
3015:
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1995:
and tilting of structures. This caused major damage to thousands of buildings in Niigata, Japan during the
1822:
1512:
1150:
999:
Sometimes earthquake simulation is understood as a re-creation of local effects of a strong earth shaking.
884:
838:
3310:
2708:. There are various practices and techniques to reinforce masonry. The most common type is the reinforced
2002:
1877:
1035:
between two or more objects. The notion of similarity rests either on exact or approximate repetitions of
5914:
5861:
5456:
5431:
5227:
5166:
4864:
4839:
4679:
2813:, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete. Prestressing
2068:
1916:
920:
789:
155:
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6408:
5371:
5366:
5016:
4147:
3158:
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1298:
technique employing both the principle of energy dissipation (coulomb damping) and that of suppressing
1241:
The first evidence of earthquake protection by using the principle of base isolation was discovered in
1235:
916:
734:
603:
3538:"CMMI – Funding – Hazard Mitigation and Structural Engineering – US National Science Foundation (NSF)"
3537:
2122:(lack of concrete confinement in the columns and at the beam-column joints, inadequate splice length).
569:. The loading that is expected at a given location on the Earth's surface is estimated by engineering
6346:
6309:
5071:
5061:
4959:
4939:
2963:
are considered mostly earthquake resistant but some failures have occurred. A great number of welded
2817:(generally of high tensile steel cable or rods) are used to provide a clamping load which produces a
2660:
structures requires consideration of diaphragm ratios, horizontal and vertical diaphragm shears, and
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exists when the paths and velocities of moving particles of a model and its prototype are similar.
993:
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to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies,
978:
860:
815:
773:
648:
510:
429:
236:
231:
3563:
2083:, the Kaiser Permanente concrete frame office building had joints completely shattered, revealing
1219:
However, there is quite another approach: partial suppression of the seismic energy flow into the
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6266:
6141:
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3902:
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3472:
3264:
2498:
2340:
2333:
2011:
1996:
1976:
1709:
1694:
The price of poor seismic design may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic design has always been a
1620:
1537:
912:
872:
722:
82:
1841:
of demand and capacity. Thus, the newly adopted displacement approach is based on comparing the
6382:
6334:
6288:
5446:
5426:
5421:
5406:
5346:
5341:
5200:
5146:
5111:
5056:
5046:
5038:
5011:
4976:
4964:
4903:
4898:
3773:
2954:
2910:, underground structures, TV towers, power stations, floating storage and offshore facilities,
2295:
2273:
2263:
2240:
2234:
2062:
2048:
1945:
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688:
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1042:
In general, a building model is said to have similarity with the real object if the two share
622:
of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing. A structure may be considered
6585:
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6372:
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4845:
Infrastructure Risk Research Project at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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321:
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1739:, seismic analysis or seismic evaluation of new and existing civil engineering projects, an
1019:
Theoretical or experimental evaluation of anticipated seismic performance mostly requires a
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Around thirty percent of the world's population lives or works in earth-made construction.
2494:
2348:
2328:
1992:
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the structure and how the energy is dissipated will vary depending on the technology used.
986:
437:
345:
328:
283:
117:
34:
4475:
Blondet, Marcial; Villa Garcia M., Gladys; Brzev, Svetlana; Rubiños, Álvaro (April 2011).
3873:"4. Building for earthquake resistance – Earthquakes – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2945:
2087:, which resulted in the second story collapse. In the transverse direction, composite end
8:
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1941:
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842:
698:. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake
695:
673:
495:
453:
376:
183:
60:
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3831:
2475:
in the state/province/country of the project location (depending on local regulations),
1852:
In addition to the designed structure itself, seismic design requirements may include a
1386:
energy. There are five major groups of hysteretic dampers used for the purpose, namely:
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5851:
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5579:
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4409:"Bad construction cited in quake zone – World news – Asia-Pacific – China earthquake"
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2347:. Large diagonal cracks in masonry and veneer are due to in-plane loads while abrupt
2302:
2108:
2024:
is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, including
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1972:
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Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering
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2925:
was, apparently, familiar to the ancient Roman architects; look, e.g., at the tall
2810:
2792:
2739:
2728:
1927:
1904:
methods. Below, some typical modes of earthquake-generated failures are presented.
1860:
1684:
1668:
testing of FPB system supporting a rigid building model is presented at the right.
1288:
845:
and flexibility; and application of new control techniques for structural systems.
758:
683:
586:
132:
992:
Dynamic experiments on building and non-building structures may be physical, like
6473:
6468:
5881:
5871:
5395:
4851:
3799:
3752:
3598:
2911:
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used for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be applied to
2657:
2487:
2464:
2187:
2057:. This is a photograph of the collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph's Seminary,
2033:
1695:
1612:
1416:
1383:
553:
457:
441:
421:
150:
112:
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is based on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to
702:
method which also contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.
50:
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5876:
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5351:
5336:
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2622:
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process whether it was based on physical laws or on empirical knowledge of the
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1142:
574:
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is a set of technical means aimed to mitigate seismic impacts in building and
626:
if it is able to fulfill its operational functions for which it was designed.
6598:
6510:
6495:
6221:
3981:
3876:
3847:
2770:
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1724:
1508:
1189:
1134:
726:
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proved to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom
706:
533:
499:
4717:. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction. 2006. pp. 6.1–30.
2870:
2538:
Key factors for the improved seismic performance of adobe construction are:
1833:
The most significant feature in the SDC design philosophy is a shift from a
1566:
Springs-with-damper base isolator installed under a three-story town-house,
1200:
Devices of the last kind, abbreviated correspondingly as TMD for the tuned (
761:, RUAUMOKO and the older DRAIN-2D/3D, several of which are now open source.
6556:
6541:
6387:
6246:
5891:
5758:
5478:
3952:(May 1990), "A Simple Pendulum Technique for Achieving Seismic Isolation",
3083:
2689:
2144:
1988:
1957:
1776:
1625:
1586:
1567:
1541:
1424:
1276:
1258:
1085:
975:
926:
562:
413:
198:
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2254:
1967:
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1346:
oscillations of the structures by means of some sort of spring mechanism.
1253:
6500:
6490:
5993:
5958:
5928:
5275:
4887:
4830:
Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE)
4169:"Strategy to Close Metsamor Plant Presented | Asbarez Armenian News"
3493:
2528:
is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. The use of
2339:
Severely damaged building of Agriculture Development Bank of China after
2251:
of the two-level Cypress viaduct of Interstate Highway 880, Oakland, CA.
1533:
1177:
849:
598:
defines a structure's ability to sustain its main functions, such as its
488:
484:
226:
193:
5552:
3774:"Clark, Liesl; "First Inhabitants"; PBS online, Nova; updated Nov. 2000"
2787:
have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be
1930:
and inadequate roof-to-wall ties can result in substantial damage to an
795:
691:. The technique as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.
6517:
6448:
5973:
5968:
5933:
5290:
3592:
3515:
2557:
2514:
2384:
2309:, producing differential lateral and vertical movement in an overlying
2133:
2088:
1589:
on its floors and the ground, has survived a severe shaking during the
1350:
1339:
1328:
1324:
1242:
1175:
portions of the whole wave frequencies band with the help of so-called
1088:
structures. All seismic vibration control devices may be classified as
1032:
619:
570:
392:
308:
188:
77:
42:
3973:
3924:"Building Technology + Seismic Isolation System – Okumura Corporation"
2738:
revealed that masonry is prone to earthquake damage, which led to the
529:
6522:
5978:
5938:
5841:
5584:
5101:
4693:
4121:
3839:
3285:
3187:
2991:
2987:
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2875:
2848:
2754:
Stressed Ribbon pedestrian bridge over the Rogue River, Grants Pass,
2580:
2576:
2572:
2525:
2392:
2229:
2223:
2174:
2137:
2096:
2021:
2007:
1937:
1788:
1784:
1287:, where blocks of stone were cut to fit together tightly without any
1279:
proved to be more earthquake-resistant than using mortar. People of
948:
614:
a particular earthquake exposure. A structure is normally considered
498:
at earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with
469:
461:
178:
72:
67:
4433:
3608:
3606:
2637:
1023:
which is based on the concept of structural likeness or similarity.
6044:
5923:
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5615:
5473:
4001:
3612:
2907:
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2352:
2310:
2281:
2277:
2112:
1907:
1740:
1362:
1299:
1172:
1120:
1108:
1036:
754:
694:
In general, seismic structural analysis is based on the methods of
384:
303:
4523:
Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook=Gotz, Karl-Heinz et al
4477:"Earthquake-Resistant Construction of Adobe Buildings: A Tutorial"
4474:
3687:
3378:. Publ. Earthquake Invest. Comm. In Foreign Languages, N.4, Tokyo.
2509:
2447:
The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be
2325:, is a principal cause of liquefaction-related earthquake damage.
2287:
1817:
5983:
5963:
4840:
Earthquakes and Earthquake Engineering in The Library of Congress
4834:
3603:
2833:
2788:
2716:
2693:
2649:
2480:
2396:
2366:
2362:
2029:
1354:
1272:
1164:
to disperse the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies;
1028:
982:
944:
853:
566:
473:
4596:
3376:
Seismic Experiments on the Fracturing and Overturning of Columns
3114:
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
2656:. Special provisions for seismic load-resisting systems for all
769:
6236:
5998:
5988:
5727:
4819:
3103:
3037:) which is a ratio of the earthquake damage repair cost to the
2915:
2814:
2796:
2780:
2755:
2358:
2215:
2192:
1680:
1361:
common in this area of Asia/Pacific. For this purpose, a steel
1358:
1284:
746:
599:
388:
208:
203:
4856:
3069:
733:
is one of the most common approaches for analyzing non-linear
664:
6089:
4455:"simulacion terremoto peru-huaraz – casas de adobe – YouTube"
3442:
3212:"Earthquake Engineering - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2926:
2784:
2701:
2641:
A two-story wooden-frame for a residential building structure
2529:
2521:
2219:
2119:
2092:
1960:, has been completely dismantled from the studwall. Only the
1923:
1185:
1129:
have combined features of active and passive control systems.
819:
814:
A definitive list of earthquake engineering research related
750:
4844:
4835:
NHERI: A natural hazards engineering research infrastructure
2886:
Pre-compression (mostly, with the own weight of a structure)
2676:
2158:
of a relatively rigid residential building structure during
1991:
of those loose saturated deposits may result in non-uniform
1779:
of a structure and providing the structure with appropriate
1775:
Seismic design is carried out by understanding the possible
1111:
capability between them, structural elements and the ground;
848:(NEES) that advances knowledge discovery and innovation for
6463:
4737:
4498:"Shake table testing of adobe house (4A-S7 East) – YouTube"
2934:
2591:
2566:
2444:
infrastructure given the construction materials available.
2439:
X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds
2351:
of the right end of the building should be attributed to a
2314:
2306:
1944:
collapse due to inadequate shear strength at ground level,
1570:, California is shown on the photo taken prior to the 1994
1524:
1496:
1419:. Depending on the design, friction dampers can experience
1367:
1268:
1262:
518:
6130:
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
4781:
3119:
List of international earthquake acceleration coefficients
2742:
making masonry reinforcement mandatory across California.
2401:
inundating surrounding coastal communities with huge waves
2184:
system, its shifting on the basement should be prevented.
2072:
Effects of completely shattered joints of concrete frame,
1593:
and left valuable recorded information for further study.
1532:, the national museum of New Zealand, and the New Zealand
1491:
1011:
Concurrent experiments with two building models which are
4605:
3664:"Passive and active vibration isolation systems – Theory"
3332:
3330:
1054:. The most vivid and effective type of similarity is the
4829:
4601:. Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada.
4208:
3995:
2222:
and failed in shear. As a result, the La Cienega-Venice
1876:
have, however, drawn attention to ongoing concerns over
6061:
Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
4824:
4785:
Acceptable Risk Processes: Lifeline and Natural Hazards
3571:
3413:
3304:"Seismic Pounding between Adjacent Building Structures"
2099:
that carried the lateral load, peeled apart because of
1283:
were masters of the polished 'dry-stone walls', called
513:
crash testing of a regular building model (left) and a
3327:
3124:
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
1660:
enclosing cylinder for lateral displacement restraint.
1216:, predominantly in Japan, for a quarter of a century.
764:
4115:
4090:
3354:"Shaking Table Test on Conventional Wooden House (1)"
3339:
Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary
2882:
There are the following basic types of prestressing:
2552:
6055:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
3436:
3382:
3336:
3065:
3054:
Earthquake loss estimations are also referred to as
2829:
would, otherwise, experience due to a bending load.
2406:
2355:
which may be hazardous even without any earthquake.
2166:
about 10 inches to the east on its foundation.
4665:
Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History
4630:
2513:Partially collapsed adobe building in Westmorland,
1646:Friction pendulum bearing (FPB) is another name of
811:related information both in the U.S. and globally.
479:The main objectives of earthquake engineering are:
3021:
1763:Seismic Detailing and Construction Quality Control
1342:or other structures and move in opposition to the
659:
4611:
3811:Pollini, Nicolò; Lavan, Oren; Amir, Oded (2018).
3690:Active, Hybrid and Semi-Active Structural Control
3407:
3367:
3341:. Structural Engineers Association of California.
3261:"Earthquake Protector: Shake Table Crash Testing"
3228:
2745:
633:
6596:
4122:Arnold, Christopher; Reitherman, Robert (1982).
3926:(in Japanese). Okumuragumi.co.jp. Archived from
3867:
3865:
3820:Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
3810:
3181:
2671:
1536:have been fitted with the bearings. Both are in
379:branch of engineering that designs and analyzes
6039:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
4636:
3688:Chu, S.Y.; Soong, T.T.; Reinhorn, A.M. (2005).
3564:"Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation"
3388:
3182:Bozorgnia, Yousef; Bertero, Vitelmo V. (2004).
2779:is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars (
2047:Effects of pounding against adjacent building,
825:
6078:Construction Management Association of America
4762:
4590:
4002:Housner, George W.; Jennings, Paul C. (1982).
3613:Lindeburg, Michael R.; Baradar, Majid (2001).
3518:. Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center
3516:"The NIED 'E-Defence' Laboratory in Miki City"
2719:behavior in masonry, it is necessary that the
1798:
777:
6112:National Association of Women in Construction
5743:
4872:
4214:
3947:
3862:
3234:
2933:working as a stabilizing device for the wall
2898:with high-strength bonded or unbonded tendons
1754:Seismic Characteristics of Engineered Systems
832:Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
494:Design, construct and maintain structures to
483:Foresee the potential consequences of strong
353:
6027:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
4668:. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. pp. 394–395.
4599:Seismic Design of Masonry Using the 1997 UBC
4376:
4217:Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook
4096:
3681:
3175:
2696:or placed in holes and that are filled with
1747:which, in the State of California, include:
1076:
4782:Craig Taylor; Erik VanMarcke, eds. (2002).
4731:
4597:Ekwueme, Chukwuma G.; Uzarski, Joe (2003).
4570:
4385:Bridge Design, Construction and Maintenance
4382:
4124:Building Configuration & Seismic Design
3875:. Teara.govt.nz. 2009-03-02. Archived from
3639:"Base isolation for earthquake engineering"
3496:. Nuclear Energy Agency. September 30, 2021
2648:usually gain seismic resistance from rigid
2249:the upper deck collapse onto the lower deck
970:were performed by statically applying some
830:NSF also supports the George E. Brown, Jr.
672:of a 6-story non-ductile concrete building
5750:
5736:
4879:
4865:
4661:
4655:
2874:Naturally pre-compressed exterior wall of
2598:
2332:Beams and pier columns diagonal cracking,
2191:Insufficient shear reinforcement led main
1664:Snapshot with the link to video clip of a
1248:
642:
360:
346:
6067:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
6033:Associated General Contractors of America
4825:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
4434:"Earth Architecture – the Book, Synopsis"
4288:"Soil Liquefaction with Dr. Ellen Rathje"
4171:. Asbarez.com. 1995-10-26. Archived from
3373:
3089:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
2839:
2632:
1878:Japanese nuclear seismic design standards
805:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
6484:List of tallest buildings and structures
6148:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
4738:EERI Endowment Subcommittee (May 2000).
3666:. Physics-animations.com. Archived from
3443:Clough, Ray W.; Penzien, Joseph (1993).
2944:
2869:
2760:
2749:
2675:
2636:
2602:
2561:Base-isolated City and County Building,
2556:
2508:
2430:
2357:
2327:
2286:
2253:
2233:Support-columns and upper deck failure,
2228:
2186:
2180:If a superstructure is not mounted on a
2168:
2143:
2067:
2042:
2001:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1816:
1751:Seismic Data and Seismic Design Criteria
1719:
1704:
1557:
1518:Heavy damping mechanism incorporated in
1503:Lead rubber bearing or LRB is a type of
1490:
1315:
1252:
1184:
1006:
961:
925:
909:University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
794:
768:
663:
528:
505:
27:Study of earthquake-resistant structures
6124:National Kitchen & Bath Association
4740:Financial Management of Earthquake Risk
3558:
3556:
3554:
2061:which resulted in one fatality. During
1808:California Department of Transportation
1002:
905:University of California, Santa Barbara
807:(EERI) is a leader in dissemination of
14:
6597:
5659:Electrical and electronics engineering
4515:
4264:
4241:"Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes"
4192:
4148:"Template for External Caltrans Pages"
4082:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3896:
3351:
2652:shear walls and wood structural panel
2403:up to 30 meters (100 feet) high.
1743:should, normally, pass examination on
1624:for a housing complex (17 stories) in
656:performance assessment of structures.
618:if it does not endanger the lives and
580:
6136:National Tile Contractors Association
6106:National Association of Home Builders
6084:Construction Specifications Institute
5731:
4860:
4338:"Tsunami disaster (Sri Lanka Resort)"
3615:Seismic Design of Building Structures
3286:"Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering"
2226:section of the 10 Freeway collapsed.
2212:insufficient shear reinforcement mode
1880:and caused many other governments to
1650:(FPS). It is based on three pillars:
1373:
1212:, have been studied and installed in
897:University of California, Los Angeles
6118:National Fire Protection Association
5692:
4126:. A Wiley-Interscience Publication.
4030:. Nisee.berkeley.edu. Archived from
3551:
2990:range. A measure of this ability is
1795:to ensure those modes cannot occur.
1338:are huge concrete blocks mounted in
1305:
6160:Society of Construction Arbitrators
6021:American Society of Civil Engineers
5702:
4243:. World-nuclear.org. Archived from
4195:"Niigita Earthquake 1964 – YouTube"
4028:"Earthquake-Resistant Construction"
3948:Zayas, Victor A.; Low, Stanley S.;
3941:
3237:Seismic Design Codes and Procedures
2973:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2940:
2892:with high-strength embedded tendons
2504:
2243:: side view of reinforced concrete
2218:outwards. The deck unseated at the
2214:which allows main reinforcement to
1702:of different shapes and materials.
1464:Straddling pendulum dampers (swing)
901:University of California, San Diego
765:Research for earthquake engineering
24:
6015:American Institute of Constructors
4575:. Staff.city.ac.uk. Archived from
4549:. Nees.buffalo.edu. Archived from
3414:Newmark, N.M.; Hall, W.J. (1982).
2588:Salt Lake City and County Building
2553:Limestone and sandstone structures
2451:(seismic motion of the ground) or
2345:beams and pier columns are sheared
2055:Pounding against adjacent building
1882:re-evaluate their nuclear programs
1874:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
1870:damage to other nuclear facilities
1657:spherical concave sliding surface;
1275:land; for centuries the dry-stone
889:University of California, Berkeley
757:, MASTODON, which is based on the
524:
424:; it is considered as a subset of
25:
6641:
6479:Lists of buildings and structures
4809:
2984:Load and Resistance Factor Design
2407:Earthquake-resistant construction
1689:earthquake engineering structures
1671:
1551:Springs-with-damper base isolator
1471:
6581:
6580:
6572:
5757:
5711:
5701:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5551:
3068:
2951:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
2723:of the wall is greater than the
2455:(earthquake-induced landslides,
2160:1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake
1891:
1434:Metallic yielding dampers (MYDs)
1141:After the seismic waves enter a
985:approaches began to give way to
877:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
49:
6573:
4886:
4775:
4756:
4707:
4686:
4564:
4539:
4504:from the original on 2021-12-21
4490:
4468:
4447:
4426:
4401:
4355:
4344:from the original on 2021-12-21
4330:
4319:from the original on 2021-12-21
4305:
4294:from the original on 2021-12-21
4280:
4258:
4233:
4186:
4161:
4140:
4045:
4020:
3916:
3905:from the original on 2021-12-21
3890:
3804:
3787:
3766:
3745:
3727:
3706:
3656:
3645:from the original on 2021-12-21
3631:
3586:
3530:
3508:
3486:
3475:from the original on 2021-12-21
3461:
3267:from the original on 2021-12-21
3094:Earthquake resistant structures
3022:Prediction of earthquake losses
2914:vessels, and numerous kinds of
2906:is widely engaged in design of
2413:Earthquake-resistant structures
2391:of December 26, 2004, with the
1578:device conceptually similar to
893:University of California, Davis
809:earthquake engineering research
660:Analytical/Numerical assessment
546:world's third tallest structure
6547:Sustainability in construction
6378:Modern methods of construction
4614:Design of Prestressed Concrete
4500:. Nz.youtube.com. 2007-01-12.
3345:
3296:
3278:
3253:
3204:
2746:Reinforced concrete structures
2680:Reinforced hollow masonry wall
2156:Sliding off foundations effect
1913:unreinforced masonry buildings
1886:Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
1353:skyscraper needs to withstand
680:Seismic performance assessment
634:Seismic performance assessment
13:
1:
6315:Building services engineering
3617:. Professional Publications.
3416:Earthquake Spectra and Design
3337:Seismology Committee (1999).
3169:
3129:Probabilistic risk assessment
3016:Steel Moment Resisting Frames
2994:, which may be observed in a
2672:Reinforced masonry structures
2467:and using correct materials.
1932:unreinforced masonry building
1866:Fukushima I nuclear accidents
1839:displacement-based assessment
1238:resting on a shaking ground.
407:
402:properly engineered structure
6431:Construction equipment theft
6154:Scottish Building Federation
6050:Construction History Society
4909:List of engineering branches
4694:"SAC Steel Project: Welcome"
4457:. Nz.youtube.com. 2006-06-24
3144:Seismic response of landfill
2965:steel moment-resisting frame
2791:. It can be used to produce
2684:A construction system where
2085:inadequate confinement steel
2036:: the landslide required an
1823:Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant
1654:articulated friction slider;
1562:Springs-with-damper close-up
1393:Fluid viscous dampers (FVDs)
1327:, the world's third tallest
885:State University of New York
826:Major U.S. research programs
7:
5862:Chartered Building Surveyor
5826:Water supply and sanitation
4788:. Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE.
4662:Reitherman, Robert (2012).
3061:
2389:the Indian Ocean earthquake
2280:to Austrian Dam, the north
2028:. Typically, the action of
1812:The Seismic Design Criteria
1804:Seismic design requirements
1799:Seismic design requirements
1760:Seismic Analysis Procedures
1607:Simple roller bearing is a
1449:Viscoelastic dampers (VEDs)
921:University of Texas, Austin
790:National Science Foundation
684:seismic structural analysis
10:
6646:
6409:List of building materials
4612:Nilson, Arthur H. (1987).
4573:"Reinforced Brick Masonry"
4484:World Housing Encyclopedia
4097:Farzad Naeim, ed. (1989).
4004:Earthquake Design Criteria
3540:. nsf.gov. 19 October 2004
3290:earthquake.geoengineer.org
3159:Soil structure interaction
3027:Earthquake loss estimation
2969:1994 Northridge earthquake
2736:1933 Long Beach earthquake
2410:
2148:Shifting from foundation,
1309:
917:University of Nevada, Reno
778:Friction Pendulum Bearings
735:soil structure interaction
584:
551:
517:building model (right) at
400:in a major earthquake. A
258:Coordinating Committee for
6620:Seismic vibration control
6570:
6396:
6360:
6347:Environmental engineering
6310:Architectural engineering
6302:
6245:
6214:
6168:
6007:
5910:
5834:
5798:
5765:
5677:
5624:
5608:
5560:
5549:
5324:
5266:
5185:
5110:
5037:
4930:
4917:
4894:
4616:. John Wiley & Sons.
4383:Robert Lark, ed. (2007).
4340:. YouTube. 7 March 2006.
4315:. YouTube. 3 March 2007.
4267:"Niigita Earthquake 1964"
3692:. John Wiley & Sons.
3263:. YouTube. 27 June 2007.
2949:Collapsed section of the
2847:is the one whose overall
2545:Compact, box-type layout.
2305:in a subsurface layer of
2301:Ground shaking triggered
1637:Friction pendulum bearing
1157:with properly engineered
1153:the wave energy inside a
1082:Seismic vibration control
1077:Seismic vibration control
979:peak ground accelerations
972:horizontal inertia forces
491:and civil infrastructure.
289:Adams–Williamson equation
6352:Geotechnical engineering
6330:Construction engineering
6095:Home Builders Federation
5821:Timeline of architecture
5783:Underground construction
4637:Nawy, Edward G. (1989).
4290:. YouTube. 18 May 2007.
4265:neesit (27 April 2007).
4193:neesit (27 April 2007).
3389:Chopra, Anil K. (1995).
3139:Seismic magnitude scales
3134:Seismic intensity scales
3109:Geotechnical engineering
3056:Seismic Risk Assessments
3029:is usually defined as a
2982:seismic design based on
2859:depend, primarily, on a
2542:Quality of construction.
2420:means implementation of
2313:of unliquefied sand and
2294:mode of ground failure,
2262:due to ground movement,
2095:of brick and a layer of
1827:1988 Armenian earthquake
1648:friction pendulum system
1495:LRB being tested at the
1013:kinematically equivalent
711:step-by-step integration
430:geotechnical engineering
237:Seismic intensity scales
232:Seismic magnitude scales
6625:Engineering disciplines
6537:Real estate development
6439:Construction management
6294:Vernacular architecture
6279:Indigenous architecture
6267:Industrial architecture
6142:Railway Tie Association
5570:Bachelor of Engineering
5412:Engineering mathematics
4763:Eugene Trahern (1999).
4099:Seismic Design Handbook
3641:. YouTube. 2007-06-27.
3471:. YouTube. 2007-07-02.
2599:Timber frame structures
2499:construction management
2459:and waves of tsunami).
2418:Earthquake construction
2341:2008 Sichuan earthquake
2334:2008 Sichuan earthquake
2245:support-columns failure
2101:inadequate through-ties
2040:before being released.
2012:2008 Sichuan earthquake
1977:1964 Niigata earthquake
1837:of seismic demand to a
1810:'s requirements called
1710:San Francisco City Hall
1621:metallic roller bearing
1615:of strong earthquakes.
1249:Dry-stone walls in Peru
1105:passive control devices
1039:in the compared items.
913:University of Minnesota
873:Oregon State University
729:excitation. Use of the
689:non-building structures
643:Experimental assessment
630:severe seismic events.
573:. It is related to the
18:Earthquake construction
6615:Structural engineering
6605:Earthquake engineering
6383:Monocrete construction
6342:Earthquake engineering
6335:Structural engineering
6289:Landscape architecture
5816:Structural engineering
5669:Structural engineering
5664:Mechanical engineering
5407:Engineering management
4816:Earthquake engineering
4215:Robert W. Day (2007).
3735:"想いをかたちに 未来へつなぐ 竹中工務店"
3716:. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu
3445:Dynamics of Structures
3391:Dynamics of Structures
3235:Berg, Glen V. (1983).
2957:
2955:Loma Prieta earthquake
2902:Today, the concept of
2879:
2840:Prestressed structures
2773:
2758:
2681:
2646:Light-frame structures
2642:
2633:Light-frame structures
2611:
2569:
2548:Seismic reinforcement.
2517:
2440:
2395:off the west coast of
2373:Twofold tsunami impact
2369:
2336:
2319:mode of ground failure
2298:
2274:Loma Prieta earthquake
2270:Retaining wall failure
2266:
2241:Loma Prieta earthquake
2237:
2235:Loma Prieta earthquake
2200:
2177:
2152:
2118:Poor detailing of the
2076:
2063:Loma Prieta earthquake
2051:
2014:
1979:
1948:
1946:Loma Prieta earthquake
1919:
1847:inelastic displacement
1835:force-based assessment
1830:
1732:
1717:
1700:structural performance
1563:
1511:. It was invented by
1500:
1499:Caltrans-SRMD facility
1408:Friction dampers (FDs)
1331:
1265:
1197:
1196:structure in the world
1127:hybrid control devices
1116:active control devices
1065:The ultimate level of
1016:
968:earthquake simulations
935:
800:
781:
676:
549:
521:
450:mechanical engineering
434:mechanical engineering
426:structural engineering
373:Earthquake engineering
299:Earthquake engineering
6373:Earthbag construction
6284:Interior architecture
5778:Offshore construction
5649:Aerospace engineering
5562:Engineering education
4715:Seismic Design Manual
4525:. McGraw-Hall. 1989.
3897:neesit (2007-07-10).
3798:May 14, 2014, at the
3753:"Live Event Q&As"
3597:May 12, 2008, at the
3574:on September 28, 2018
3352:neesit (2007-11-17).
3216:www.sciencedirect.com
3164:Spectral acceleration
3154:Seismic site response
3044:Probable Maximum Loss
3011:Northridge earthquake
2948:
2921:A beneficial idea of
2904:prestressed structure
2873:
2845:Prestressed structure
2799:, floors or bridges.
2765:Prestressed concrete
2764:
2753:
2740:California State Code
2679:
2640:
2627:seismic survivability
2606:
2560:
2512:
2486:To minimize possible
2469:Earthquake contractor
2434:
2411:Further information:
2361:
2331:
2290:
2257:
2232:
2208:Northridge earthquake
2190:
2173:Earthquake damage in
2172:
2147:
2081:Northridge earthquake
2071:
2059:Los Altos, California
2046:
2005:
1970:
1940:
1910:
1825:was closed after the
1820:
1723:
1708:
1600:Simple roller bearing
1591:Northridge earthquake
1572:Northridge earthquake
1561:
1494:
1421:stick-slip phenomenon
1357:winds and earthquake
1319:
1256:
1208:, and as HMD for the
1188:
1123:within the structure;
1071:kinematic equivalence
1010:
962:Earthquake simulation
929:
881:University at Buffalo
843:structure performance
799:E-Defense Shake Table
798:
772:
731:finite element method
709:) appears. Numerical
667:
542:world's tallest tower
532:
509:
322:Earth Sciences Portal
294:Flinn–Engdahl regions
260:Earthquake Prediction
6421:Construction bidding
6101:Lighting Association
6073:The Concrete Society
5949:Construction foreman
5590:Graduate certificate
4742:. EERI Publication.
4639:Prestressed Concrete
3099:Emergency management
3009:As a consequence of
2803:Prestressed concrete
2495:construction project
2091:, consisting of two
1854:ground stabilization
1843:elastic displacement
1534:Parliament Buildings
1223:known as seismic or
1067:kinematic similarity
1060:Kinematic similarity
1048:kinematic similarity
1044:geometric similarity
1021:structure simulation
1003:Structure simulation
438:chemical engineering
284:Shear wave splitting
6552:Unfinished building
6325:Coastal engineering
5954:Construction worker
5897:Structural engineer
5788:Tunnel construction
5575:Bachelor of Science
5417:Engineering physics
5401:Engineering drawing
4923:Interdisciplinarity
4313:"Building Collapse"
3966:1990EarSp...6..317Z
3832:2018EESD...47.2985P
3076:Architecture portal
2807:reinforced concrete
2777:Reinforced concrete
2767:cable-stayed bridge
2710:hollow unit masonry
2688:is embedded in the
2686:steel reinforcement
2204:Reinforced concrete
2129:at the first floor.
2018:Landslide rock fall
1580:Lead Rubber Bearing
1515:, a New Zealander.
1484:Lead rubber bearing
1344:resonance frequency
1261:Temple of the Sun,
1257:Dry-stone walls of
1214:high-rise buildings
1210:hybrid mass dampers
1015:to a real prototype
994:shake-table testing
696:structural dynamics
674:destructive testing
596:seismic performance
581:Seismic performance
454:nuclear engineering
184:Epicentral distance
6444:Construction waste
6426:Construction delay
5857:Building officials
5852:Building estimator
5177:Telecommunications
5082:Naval architecture
4850:2019-12-18 at the
4387:. Thomas Telford.
3954:Earthquake Spectra
3739:www.takenaka.co.jp
3374:Omori, F. (1900).
3000:structural element
2971:. After that, the
2958:
2880:
2827:compression member
2825:that the concrete
2819:compressive stress
2774:
2759:
2706:reinforced masonry
2682:
2643:
2612:
2608:Anne Hvide's House
2570:
2518:
2441:
2370:
2337:
2299:
2267:
2238:
2201:
2178:
2153:
2077:
2052:
2038:earthquake trigger
2015:
1980:
1949:
1926:coupled with poor
1920:
1911:Typical damage to
1872:that followed the
1861:Nuclear facilities
1831:
1745:Seismic Principles
1733:
1718:
1574:exposure. It is a
1564:
1507:employing a heavy
1501:
1374:Hysteretic dampers
1336:tuned mass dampers
1332:
1296:structural control
1266:
1204:), as AMD for the
1198:
1190:Mausoleum of Cyrus
1052:dynamic similarity
1027:is some degree of
1017:
936:
865:Cornell University
801:
782:
715:structural systems
677:
550:
536:, equipped with a
522:
418:socio-economically
161:Induced seismicity
108:Remotely triggered
6610:Civil engineering
6592:
6591:
6435:Construction loan
6404:Building material
6320:Civil engineering
5944:Concrete finisher
5887:Quantity surveyor
5847:Building engineer
5773:Home construction
5725:
5724:
5654:Civil engineering
5600:Licensed engineer
5595:Engineer's degree
5547:
5546:
5379:Building services
5362:Health technology
5223:Chemical reaction
5172:Signal processing
4765:"Loss Estimation"
4641:. Prentice Hall.
4571:Rossen Rashkoff.
4394:978-0-7277-3593-5
4226:978-0-07-137782-9
4197:. www.youtube.com
3974:10.1193/1.1585573
3950:Mahin, Stephen A.
3826:(15): 2985–3005.
3568:Official web site
3469:"Miki_house_test"
3393:. Prentice Hall.
3197:978-0-8493-1439-1
2821:that offsets the
2725:flexural strength
2457:soil liquefaction
2437:Pearl River Tower
2323:lateral spreading
2303:soil liquefaction
2292:Lateral spreading
2125:Seismically weak
2109:construction site
1984:Soil liquefaction
1973:soil liquefaction
1953:Soft story effect
1540:which sits on an
1530:Te Papa Tongarewa
1520:vibration control
1380:hysteretic damper
1321:Tuned mass damper
1312:Tuned mass damper
1306:Tuned mass damper
1281:Inca civilization
941:Purdue University
869:Lehigh University
737:computer models.
717:with significant
700:response spectrum
670:shake-table video
577:of the location.
538:tuned mass damper
466:political science
446:civil engineering
377:interdisciplinary
370:
369:
16:(Redirected from
6637:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6575:
6459:Design–bid–build
6227:Construction law
5752:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5715:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5555:
5142:Electromechanics
4928:
4927:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4804:
4803:
4798:. Archived from
4779:
4773:
4772:
4767:. Archived from
4760:
4754:
4753:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4678:. Archived from
4659:
4653:
4652:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4058:. Archived from
4057:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3840:10.1002/eqe.3118
3817:
3808:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3610:
3601:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3570:. Archived from
3560:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3309:. Archived from
3308:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3179:
3149:Seismic retrofit
3078:
3073:
3072:
3041:of a building.
2980:structural steel
2961:Steel structures
2941:Steel structures
2734:The devastating
2610:, Denmark (1560)
2505:Adobe structures
2435:Construction of
2247:which triggered
2206:column burst at
1915:at earthquakes,
1639:
1638:
1302:amplifications.
934:testing facility
587:Seismic analysis
362:
355:
348:
133:Earthquake swarm
53:
30:
29:
21:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6566:
6474:Interior design
6469:Heavy equipment
6392:
6356:
6298:
6241:
6210:
6164:
6003:
5912:
5906:
5882:Project manager
5872:Civil estimator
5830:
5794:
5761:
5756:
5726:
5721:
5673:
5620:
5604:
5580:Master's degree
5556:
5543:
5457:Instrumentation
5320:
5262:
5228:Electrochemical
5181:
5167:Radio frequency
5106:
5033:
4997:Municipal/Urban
4921:
4919:
4913:
4890:
4885:
4852:Wayback Machine
4812:
4807:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4610:
4606:
4595:
4591:
4582:
4580:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4381:
4377:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4219:. McGraw Hill.
4213:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4095:
4091:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:"Archived copy"
4051:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4000:
3996:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3906:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3800:Wayback Machine
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3611:
3604:
3599:Wayback Machine
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:. McGraw-Hill.
3441:
3437:
3430:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3387:
3383:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3024:
3004:whole structure
2996:material itself
2953:in response to
2943:
2912:nuclear reactor
2896:Post-tensioning
2842:
2748:
2674:
2658:engineered wood
2635:
2601:
2555:
2507:
2465:quality control
2415:
2409:
2034:slope stability
2006:Car smashed by
1997:1964 earthquake
1894:
1801:
1729:1906 earthquake
1714:1906 earthquake
1696:trial and error
1674:
1636:
1635:
1613:lateral impacts
1474:
1376:
1314:
1308:
1251:
1079:
1005:
966:The very first
964:
828:
767:
759:MOOSE Framework
662:
645:
636:
589:
583:
559:Seismic loading
556:
554:Seismic loading
527:
525:Seismic loading
458:social sciences
456:, and from the
442:applied physics
422:seismic loading
410:
366:
314:
313:
279:
271:
270:
262:
259:
252:
242:
241:
222:
214:
213:
174:
173:Characteristics
166:
165:
146:
138:
137:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6643:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6590:
6589:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6562:Urban planning
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6201:United Kingdom
6198:
6193:
6188:
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4795:9780784406236
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4751:
4749:0-943198-21-6
4745:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4724:1-56424-056-8
4720:
4716:
4710:
4695:
4689:
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4675:9780784410714
4671:
4667:
4666:
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4650:
4648:0-13-698375-8
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4623:0-471-83072-0
4619:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4579:on 2013-08-19
4578:
4574:
4567:
4553:on 2013-05-22
4552:
4548:
4542:
4534:
4532:0-07-023851-0
4528:
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4450:
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4415:. 5 June 2008
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4247:on 2009-07-22
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4189:
4175:on 2009-06-10
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4133:0-471-86138-3
4129:
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4108:0-442-26922-6
4104:
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4093:
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4079:
4065:on 2008-10-26
4061:
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4048:
4034:on 2012-09-15
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3879:on 2012-10-17
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3402:
3400:0-13-855214-2
3396:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3316:on 2008-10-30
3312:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3248:
3246:0-943198-25-9
3242:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3165:
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3157:
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3120:
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3110:
3107:
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3097:
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3028:
3019:
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3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
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2956:
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2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:Pretensioning
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:is a kind of
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2771:Yangtze river
2768:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:To achieve a
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:mortar joints
2687:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2663:
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2647:
2639:
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2533:
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2523:
2516:
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2500:
2496:
2491:
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2470:
2466:
2460:
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2326:
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2308:
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2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
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2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:reinforcement
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:reinforcement
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1892:Failure modes
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1793:configuration
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:failure modes
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1725:San Francisco
1722:
1715:
1712:destroyed by
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1669:
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1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:accelerations
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1513:Bill Robinson
1510:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
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1465:
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1426:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:seismic input
1381:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1194:base-isolated
1192:, the oldest
1191:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:seismic waves
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
977:
973:
969:
959:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
933:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
834:
833:
823:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
797:
793:
791:
786:
779:
775:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:ground motion
724:
720:
719:non-linearity
716:
712:
708:
707:non-linearity
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
685:
681:
675:
671:
666:
657:
653:
650:
640:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:gravity waves
560:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Tokyo Skytree
531:
520:
516:
515:base-isolated
512:
508:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:, especially
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
394:
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386:
382:
378:
374:
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351:
349:
344:
343:
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340:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
246:
245:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
199:Seismic waves
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
159:
157:
154:
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149:
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134:
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84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
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47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6557:Urban design
6542:Stonemasonry
6454:Design–build
6397:Other topics
6388:Slip forming
6341:
6247:Architecture
5892:Site manager
5811:Construction
5806:Architecture
5759:Construction
5633:Engineering
5479:Mechatronics
5332:Agricultural
4982:Geotechnical
4954:
4950:Construction
4800:the original
4784:
4777:
4769:the original
4758:
4739:
4733:
4714:
4709:
4698:. Retrieved
4688:
4680:the original
4664:
4657:
4638:
4632:
4613:
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4598:
4592:
4581:. Retrieved
4577:the original
4566:
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4551:the original
4541:
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4506:. Retrieved
4492:
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4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4428:
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4412:
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4378:
4367:. Retrieved
4357:
4346:. Retrieved
4332:
4321:. Retrieved
4307:
4296:. Retrieved
4282:
4271:. Retrieved
4260:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:the original
4235:
4216:
4210:
4199:. Retrieved
4188:
4177:. Retrieved
4173:the original
4163:
4152:. Retrieved
4150:. Dot.ca.gov
4142:
4123:
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4098:
4092:
4067:. Retrieved
4060:the original
4047:
4036:. Retrieved
4032:the original
4022:
4003:
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3957:
3953:
3943:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3918:
3907:. Retrieved
3892:
3881:. Retrieved
3877:the original
3823:
3819:
3806:
3789:
3778:. Retrieved
3768:
3757:. Retrieved
3747:
3738:
3729:
3718:. Retrieved
3708:
3689:
3683:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3658:
3647:. Retrieved
3633:
3614:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3567:
3542:. Retrieved
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3510:
3500:December 15,
3498:. Retrieved
3488:
3477:. Retrieved
3463:
3444:
3438:
3415:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3358:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3318:. Retrieved
3311:the original
3298:
3289:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3255:
3236:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3206:
3183:
3177:
3084:Anchor plate
3055:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3031:Damage Ratio
3030:
3026:
3025:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2977:
2960:
2959:
2923:prestressing
2922:
2920:
2901:
2881:
2865:Prestressing
2864:
2861:prestressing
2860:
2843:
2831:
2801:
2775:
2733:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2683:
2644:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2585:
2571:
2537:
2534:
2519:
2492:
2485:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2400:
2372:
2371:
2344:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2300:
2291:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2211:
2202:
2179:
2155:
2154:
2103:and failed.
2100:
2084:
2078:
2054:
2053:
2037:
2025:
2017:
2016:
1989:liquefaction
1982:
1981:
1958:brick veneer
1951:
1950:
1931:
1922:The lack of
1921:
1901:
1897:Failure mode
1896:
1895:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1744:
1735:To practice
1734:
1693:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1626:Tokyo, Japan
1619:
1617:
1606:
1599:
1584:
1579:
1568:Santa Monica
1565:
1550:
1542:active fault
1517:
1502:
1483:
1475:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1425:Cold welding
1414:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1379:
1377:
1348:
1333:
1293:
1277:construction
1271:is a highly
1267:
1259:Machu Picchu
1240:
1236:substructure
1229:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1178:mass dampers
1176:
1140:
1133:When ground
1132:
1126:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:non-building
1081:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1020:
1018:
1012:
998:
991:
971:
967:
965:
957:
953:
937:
858:
847:
835:
829:
813:
802:
787:
783:
743:
739:
710:
704:
693:
679:
678:
654:
646:
637:
628:
623:
615:
611:
607:
595:
591:
590:
558:
557:
478:
414:seismic risk
411:
372:
371:
298:
278:Other topics
83:Blind thrust
6501:Plasterwork
6491:Megaproject
6303:Engineering
6232:Site safety
5994:Steel fixer
5959:Electrician
5929:Boilermaker
5835:Professions
5707:Wikiproject
5462:and Control
5452:Information
5276:Biomaterial
5206:Bioresource
5197:/Bioprocess
5195:Biochemical
5147:Electronics
4918:Specialties
4888:Engineering
3901:. YouTube.
3039:total value
2621:The use of
2296:Loma Prieta
2264:Loma Prieta
2258:Failure of
2195:to buckle,
2136:with heavy
2134:cantilevers
2089:shear walls
2049:Loma Prieta
1993:settlements
1975:during the
1971:Effects of
1917:Loma Prieta
1888:in France.
1666:shake-table
1340:skyscrapers
1033:resemblance
861:shake-table
850:earthquakes
776:testing of
774:Shake-table
725:process of
649:shake-table
624:serviceable
544:and is the
511:Shake-table
489:urban areas
485:earthquakes
393:earthquakes
266:Forecasting
227:Seismometer
221:Measurement
194:Shadow zone
43:Earthquakes
6630:Seismology
6599:Categories
6518:Parge coat
6449:Demolition
6215:Regulation
6169:By country
5974:Millwright
5969:Ironworker
5934:Bricklayer
5626:Glossaries
5447:Industrial
5427:Facilities
5422:Explosives
5347:Biomedical
5342:Automation
5291:Metallurgy
5201:Biological
5152:Microwaves
5112:Electrical
5057:Automotive
5039:Mechanical
5012:Structural
4977:Geological
4965:Ecological
4955:Earthquake
4700:2013-07-28
4583:2013-07-28
4557:2013-07-28
4508:2013-07-28
4461:2013-07-28
4439:21 January
4419:2013-07-28
4369:2013-07-28
4348:2013-07-28
4323:2013-07-28
4298:2013-07-28
4273:2012-07-31
4251:2013-07-28
4201:2012-07-31
4179:2012-07-31
4154:2012-07-31
4069:2008-06-19
4038:2012-07-31
3934:2012-07-31
3909:2012-07-31
3883:2012-07-31
3780:2013-07-28
3759:2013-07-28
3720:2012-07-31
3674:2012-07-31
3649:2012-07-31
3544:2012-07-31
3479:2012-07-31
3360:2012-07-31
3320:2008-07-17
3271:2012-07-31
3221:2020-10-14
3170:References
3002:, or to a
2704:is called
2654:diaphragms
2526:mud bricks
2515:California
2473:registered
2471:should be
2385:inundation
2379:hydraulic
2349:settlement
2197:Northridge
2127:soft story
2074:Northridge
2026:rock falls
1942:Soft story
1727:after the
1538:Wellington
1351:Taipei 101
1329:skyscraper
1325:Taipei 101
1243:Pasargadae
1025:Similarity
919:; and the
785:theories.
620:well-being
592:Earthquake
571:seismology
408:Definition
383:, such as
381:structures
309:Seismology
250:Prediction
189:Hypocenter
123:Supershear
103:Megathrust
98:Intraplate
93:Interplate
78:Aftershock
6523:Roughcast
5979:Plasterer
5939:Carpenter
5842:Architect
5585:Doctorate
5499:Packaging
5469:Logistics
5442:Geomatics
5403:/graphics
5296:Molecular
5286:Corrosion
5268:Materials
5248:Petroleum
5238:Molecular
5120:Broadcast
5102:Tribology
5052:Aerospace
4987:Hydraulic
4365:. YouTube
4363:"YouTube"
4269:. YouTube
3990:109137786
3982:8755-2930
3899:"LBRtest"
3856:117556131
3848:1096-9845
3776:. Pbs.org
3755:. Pbs.org
3714:"Slide 2"
3356:. YouTube
3188:CRC Press
2992:ductility
2988:inelastic
2937:beneath.
2931:Colosseum
2918:systems.
2908:buildings
2876:Colosseum
2853:stability
2849:integrity
2662:connector
2581:sandstone
2577:limestone
2573:Limestone
2393:epicenter
2377:sea waves
2321:, termed
2224:underpass
2175:Pichilemu
2138:dead load
2107:Improper
2097:shotcrete
2022:landslide
2008:landslide
1789:ductility
1785:stiffness
1234:from its
1151:dissipate
1121:actuators
1056:kinematic
974:based on
949:Internet2
723:transient
540:, is the
470:economics
462:sociology
385:buildings
179:Epicenter
156:Volcanism
118:Submarine
73:Foreshock
68:Mainshock
6586:Category
6511:Proofing
6414:Millwork
6045:Build UK
5924:Banksman
5687:Category
5616:Engineer
5524:Software
5519:Security
5494:Ontology
5484:Military
5474:Robotics
5437:Forensic
5357:Clinical
5316:Surfaces
5306:Polymers
5281:Ceramics
5258:Reaction
5187:Chemical
5125:Computer
5047:Acoustic
5002:Offshore
4970:Sanitary
4848:Archived
4502:Archived
4413:NBC News
4342:Archived
4317:Archived
4292:Archived
4078:cite web
4006:. EERI.
3903:Archived
3796:Archived
3643:Archived
3595:Archived
3522:March 3,
3473:Archived
3265:Archived
3239:. EERI.
3062:See also
2929:wall of
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2524:type of
2453:indirect
2387:. Thus,
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2282:abutment
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2150:Whittier
2113:foothill
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1300:resonant
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930:NEES at
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329:Category
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35:a series
33:Part of
6578:Outline
6528:Harling
6361:Methods
6272:British
6191:Romania
6114:(NAWIC)
6063:(CIPHE)
6057:(CICES)
5984:Plumber
5964:Glazier
5799:History
5697:Commons
5539:Textile
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5504:Privacy
5489:Nuclear
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5211:Genetic
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5097:Thermal
5087:Railway
5027:Railway
5022:Traffic
4945:Coastal
4904:Outline
4899:History
4547:"SEESL"
4101:. VNR.
3962:Bibcode
3828:Bibcode
2998:, in a
2834:ductile
2815:tendons
2797:columns
2789:brittle
2717:ductile
2694:masonry
2650:plywood
2481:insured
2397:Sumatra
2367:Ao Nang
2363:Tsunami
2317:. This
2210:due to
2030:gravity
1509:damping
1359:tremors
1355:typhoon
1273:seismic
1202:passive
1159:dampers
1100:where:
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1029:analogy
987:dynamic
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932:Buffalo
854:tsunami
780:at EERC
567:tsunami
496:perform
474:finance
391:, with
389:bridges
128:Tsunami
88:Doublet
6237:Zoning
6196:Turkey
6150:(RICS)
6138:(NTCA)
6126:(NKBA)
6120:(NFPA)
6108:(NAHB)
6080:(CMAA)
6069:(CECA)
6041:(APHC)
6029:(ATAC)
6023:(ASCE)
5999:Welder
5989:Roofer
5717:Portal
5514:Survey
5509:Safety
5396:Design
5216:Tissue
5092:Sports
5077:Marine
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4820:Curlie
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747:ABAQUS
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375:is an
209:S wave
204:P wave
145:Causes
6255:Style
6186:Japan
6176:India
6156:(SBF)
6144:(RTA)
6132:(NRC)
6097:(HBF)
6090:FIDIC
6086:(CSI)
6035:(AGC)
6017:(AIC)
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5337:Audio
5325:Other
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5007:River
4932:Civil
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4063:(PDF)
4056:(PDF)
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2493:Each
2220:hinge
2132:Long
2111:on a
1368:gusts
1058:one.
820:Japan
751:Ansys
612:after
565:from
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6506:Damp
6464:DfMA
6368:List
6260:List
6181:Iran
5915:List
5432:Fire
5233:Food
4790:ISBN
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4719:ISBN
4670:ISBN
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4618:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4441:2010
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4128:ISBN
4103:ISBN
4084:link
4008:ISBN
3978:ISSN
3844:ISSN
3694:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3580:2011
3524:2008
3502:2022
3449:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3420:EERI
3395:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3192:ISBN
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2592:Utah
2579:and
2567:Utah
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2383:and
2315:silt
2307:sand
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1868:and
1821:The
1525:UCSD
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1423:and
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1269:Peru
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1171:the
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602:and
519:UCSD
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5642:M–Z
5637:A–L
5384:MEP
4920:and
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3836:doi
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