632:, the League of Nations high commissioner for Danzig, pulled out created much alarm in Warsaw as the end of the League's role in protecting Danzig's status would end international involvement in the Danzig question and reduce the issue down to a bilateral German-Polish dispute. Raczyński protested very strongly that Poland wanted the League to continue its role in Danzig and succeeded in the having the question postponed. In response to Polish protests, the League Council ruled that Burckhardt would stay on as the League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig until at least late 1939. Anglo-Polish relations were distinctly unfriendly in the first months of 1939. Raczyński reported to Warsaw on 8 February 1939 that the Chamberlain cabinet seemed to accept all of Eastern Europe as being in the German sphere of influence and stated that Chamberlain had a strong dislike of the Soviet Union. Raczyński wrote "one could risk the statement that by this "forgetting" of the Soviets, Prime Minister Chamberlain was flirting with the German partner". On 1 March 1939, Raczyński in a dispatch to Warsaw wrote the Chamberlain government was increasing its military estimates to Parliament, but stated that Chamberlain was still committed to appeasement with the increased defense spending merely being a bargaining tool with the
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Chamberlain government and the
Baldwin government before it had been based on the "limited liability" doctrine on which the bulk of British defense spending was to go to the Royal Air Force, to be followed by the Royal Navy and the British Army to be placed last. Under the "limited liability" doctrine the British Army was to serve as a glorified colonial police force just strong to put down uprisings in the colonies of the British empire and would be too small to ever make the "continental commitment" (sending a large expeditionary force to the continent of Europe) again. As a result of the "limited liability" doctrine, the British Army was far too limited, small and underfunded to face the Wehrmacht, and as such Britain would need help to save Romania. As such, the British government asked Poland to save Romania. Romania and Poland had signed an defensive alliance in 1921 directed against the Soviet Union, but it remained unclear if Poland would go to war if German invaded Romania. France and Romania had signed a defensive alliance in 1926, but it was widely that the French Army would remain behind the Maginot Line in the event of war, which would not stop the
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electricity. Raczyński argued that in this way by bringing electricity to all of Poland would lay the foundations of an arms industry, and thereby rid Poland of the irksome need to import arms from abroad. Raczyński further noted that the areas of Poland that currently had electricity and were industrialised such as Upper
Silesia were inconveniently on the border with Germany while many of the areas in the interior of Poland away from Germany tended not to have electricity. In addition, Raczyński stated that Poland would need at least v18 million pound to buy weapons from abroad as the current lack of an arms industry forced Poland to import almost of its weapons and another £24 million pounds to import strategical materials that Poland lacked such as oil.. Much to the disappointment of the Poles, the British were only willing to grant a loan made conditional upon the Poles buying only British materials and products as opposed to the Polish wish to use a British loan to import materials and weapons from whatever they wanted to buy them.
674:, Michael Łubieński, told Raczyński that the British offer of help in the Danzig crisis should be treated with caution as he believed that the "peace front" was more likely to cause a German-Polish war than stop it, and because Poland did not want any sort of alliance with the Soviet Union. On 24 March 1939 Raczyński submitted to Lord Halifax a proposal asking for Anglo-Polish "consultation" in response to any threat to security of Poland, which was rejected by Lord Halifax who wanted a firm Polish commitment to save Romania. On 31 March 1939, Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons the famous British "guarantee" of Poland stating that Britain would go to war if the independence of Poland was threatened, though Chamberlain notably excluded the frontiers of Poland from the "guarantee". On 1 April 1939, Raczyński submitted to Sir
586:), the Polish Corridor and Upper Silesia. The British Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain had pursued the Locarno treaty of 1925 largely to facilitate German revanchism in Eastern Europe peacefully. France had signed a defensive alliance with Poland in 1921 and with Czechoslovakia in 1924, which were meant to deter German invasions of both states. Chamberlain believed that if Franco-German relations were improved, then France would abandon its allies in Eastern Europe, which in turn would force Poland and Czechoslovakia into the German sphere of influence as both states would have no Great Power protector such as France anymore. Raczyński himself noted right from the moment that he arrived in London as ambassador that Poland was not a nation that British officials liked very, and the British historian
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670:, of this offer, saying he wanted to keep this matter secret from the French. Halifax added to Raczyński: "If Poland and Germany could settle the Danzig question by direct negotiations so much the better; but if the Danzig question should develop in such a way as to involve a threat to Polish independence then this would be a matter of the gravest concern to ourselves". Colonel Beck was highly suspicious of the British offer because one of the states in the projected "peace front" was the Soviet Union and because he still believed it was possible for Poland and Germany to peacefully settle the Danzig crisis. On 23 March 1939, Beck's
666:. On 21 March 1939, Lord Halifax presented to Raczyński a note stating in regard to the Danzig crisis: "That His Majesty's government should consent, as an exceptional measure in view of the special circumstances, to the conclusion of a confidential bilateral understanding between the two countries by which the two governments would undertake to act in accordance with the terms of the proposed declaration, as supplemented by the interpretation which I had given to the Ambassador; at a previous consultation as regards in particular, the question of Danzig". Halifax asked that Raczyński not inform the French ambassador,
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Berlin to let the Jews out of the German-dominated countries, particularly Poland. c) To demand action so as to make the Allied as well as the neutral countries accept the Jews, who had succeeded or would succeed in leaving German-occupied countries. Raczynski did not advance demands for reprisals against German war prisoners and German nationals living in the Allied countries, considering them contrary to the accepted practices of international law. Anthony Eden, acting on behalf of the
British Government, rejected the Polish demands and offered instead some vague promises to intervene in certain neutral countries"
695:, the deputy secretary of the ministry of foreign affairs, that the costs of keeping the Polish military semi-mobilised-which had been the case since late March 1939-was bankrupting Poland. Colonel Beck out of a sense of pride did not want to ask Britain for a loan and it was the British Foreign Office that first raised the subject of a British loan to assist Poland both with the costs of keeping the Polish military semi-mobilisd and with the arms race on 27 April 1939. In early May 1939, Beck grudgingly ordered Raczyński to ask the British for a loan. On 12 May 1939, Raczyński met with Sir
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Julia
Eichenberg described wartime London as "a sort of capital for free Europe" as London hosted the governments-in-exile for Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Greece along with the French National Committee that represented Free France. During the war, Raczyński often negotiated with
640:'s demand that Britain return the former German African colonies administered by Britain as mandates for the League of Nations. Raczyński expressed concern that Chamberlain might strike a deal with Hitler under which Britain would recognise Eastern Europe as being in the German sphere of influence in exchange for the
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and one of its prominent members. On 18 September 1939, Colonel Beck sent out a message to all Polish ambassadors around the world stating the Polish government had decided to leave Poland along with much as the Polish Army as possible via
Romania with the intention of going to France to continue the
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Walter
Laqueur, The terrible secret, 1980 (Penguin edition, p. 236). "On January 18, 1943 Count Raczynski, the Polish Foreign Minister, presented the following demands at the Allied Council : a) The bombing of Germany as a reprisal for the continued extermination of the Polish Jews. b) To press
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of the
Foreign Office a note protesting on behalf of Poland that the "guarantee" was "so worded as to give perhaps the wrong impression to those who wished to minimise its importance". In particular, Raczyński complained about that "paragraph 2 of the Prime Minister's statement might be so distorted
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very vulnerable to a
British naval blockade. From the British perspective if Germany were to occupy Romania, it would have its own source of oil that would immune to a British naval blockade, hence Tilea's claims of an imminent German invasion caused much alarm in London. The defense policies of the
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Both the
British government and the British public at large tended to view Anglo-Polish relations via the prism of Anglo-German relations. In the interwar period, the Treaty of Versailles was widely felt in Britain to be too harsh towards Germany, and the British government tended to sympathise with
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Martin
Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 1981 (Pimlico edition, p. 96) "Further pressure for action came from the Polish Ambassador, Count Raczynski, who, at a meeting with Anthony Eden on the morning of december 1 (1942) "drew attention", as the Foreign Office noted, "to the wholesale destruction
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In March 1939, the "Tilea Affair" led to increased Anglo-German tensions as the Romanian minister in London, Virgil Tilea, claimed that Romania was on the brink of a German invasion. Germany had no source of oil of its own (through German scientists were working on a project to build refineries for
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After 1945, when the government of the United Kingdom broke the pacts with Poland and withdrew support for the Polish government, Raczyński remained in London, where he acted as one of the most notable members of Polish diaspora there. He was active in various political and social organisations in
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could afford a level of military spending that was far greater than what Poland was capable of. For example, the total Polish defense spending in the five years 1934-1939 for the Army, Navy and Air Force combined amounted to just one-tenth of the Luftwaffe's budget for the year 1939. As the United
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When the Polish government-in-exile arrived in London, Raczyński's importance vastly increased as he was one of the few Polish officials fluent in English and as the long-time Polish ambassador to the court of St. James was the Polish official best known to British officials. The German historian
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as to actually weaken and undermine the position of the Polish government vis-à-vis of Germany. It seemed to suggest that there were large and urgent questions in dispute between the two countries and that immediate negotiations were necessary and desirable in order that they should be settled".
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from overrunning Romania. At a cabinet meeting on 18 March 1939, Lord Halifax pressed for Britain to save Romania while the minister of the co-ordination of defense, Admiral Chatfield stated the British Army was too weak to do anything for Romania and that the two other nations that could save
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renouncing its claim to its former colonies in Africa. On the other hand, Raczyński predicated that if Britain and Germany failed to reach a settlement on the issue of former German colonies in Africa, then Britain would be more friendly towards Poland as a counterweight to Germany. Raczyński
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had favored the German claim to the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia that the Chamberlain cabinet regarded Poland's actions in pressing its claims to the Teschen region of Czechoslovakia as a treacherous and base action. On 9 December 1938, the British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax told
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to ask for a £66 million pound loan. Raczyński was forced to explain to Strang that Poland was a backward country with hardly any arms industry of its own, and the Poles needed £24 million pounds to build an electronic grid to bring electricity to areas of Poland that currently lacked any
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of Jews in Poland" (..) Raczynski had two suggestions : a "warning to Laval" concerning the deportations from France, and a meeting of representatives of the occupied countries to discuss and publicize the persecution. But the Foreign Office rejected the idea of such a meeting"
744:, saying the continual existence of a Polish government in exile was crucial to the survival of his country. To provide the Romanians with a face-saving excuse, Raczyński devised a plan under President Ignacy Mościcki would resign and name as a successor a Pole in France.
628:) by 16 January 1939. The United Kingdom was one of the veto-holding permanent members of the League Council (the executive arm of the League analogous to the Security Council of the United Nations) and thus had much say in the running of the League. The decision to have
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wrote that Raczyński "mobilised all the reserves of his breeding, sense of humour and immense personal charm" to champion Poland's case. Zamoyski noted: "Although he was vivacious and surprisingly active, even in his nineties, Raczynski was not a forceful personality."
1735:"The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on December 10, 1942" published later (30 December 1942) by the Polish Foreign Ministry as a brochure distributed to politicians and the medias :
602:. However, the reasons for the interest of Hoare and Churchill differed. Hoare was an ardent appeaser who favored a deal under which Poland would allow the Free City of Danzig to rejoin Germany while returning the Polish Corridor and Upper Silesia to the
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that Poland's stance in pressing its claim to the disputed Teschen region had made a negative impression both with the British government and the British public. The Polish historian Anita Praźmowska wrote that despite the way that the government of
546:. The Raczyńskis were a bookish family who had long been known for using their great wealth to serve patrons of the arts. Following his family's traditions, Raczyński was a well known bibliophile who was well read on a number of subjects.
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Romania were Poland and the Soviet Union. The British government sent out appeals to the governments of Poland, the Soviet Union, Greece, Yugoslavia and Turkey asking to join some sort of an alliance to protect Romania.
760:, the foreign minister of the Belgian government-in-exile and an advocate of a federation to be called the United States of Europe to be created after the war. Significantly Raczyński later entitled his 1962 memoirs
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in Kraków in 1915. In November 1918, Raczynski joined the army of the resuscitated Poland, from which he was called to the diplomatic service in May 1919. Until 1925, he worked in Polish embassies and missions in
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movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland.
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Eichenberg, Julia (2023). "Taming the Polyp: Address Books and Their Impact on Wartime Exile in London". In Burcu Dogramaci; Ekaterina Aygün; Mareike Hetschold; Laura Karp Lugo; Rachel Lee; Helene Roth (eds.).
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near Wieluń. However, the Raczyńskis remained relatively unknown until the 18th century, when four of them became Senators of Poland under different reigns. One of the Raczyńskis became a Knight of the
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After serving a 7-year term he resigned from his post on 8 April 1986. He was the last Polish President-in-Exile who had held an important office during the era of the 2nd Republic: his successors,
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of the Polish government across Romania as a violation of Romanian neutrality and threatened to invade Romania. Raczyński lobbied Lord Halifax to pressure King Carol II to assure the Poles the
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were in their twenties at the outset of the Second World War. As he left office he received a praise for reuniting the Polish political emigration and reshaping the Government in exile.
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Kingdom was the world's third largest economy, Raczyński urged that Poland use its new alliance with Britain to furnish Poland with a loan that might allow Poland to catch up with the
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On behalf of Poland, he signed the Polish-British alliance (25 August 1939) which ultimately led the United Kingdom to declare war on Nazi Germany after the country's invasion.
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The principal problem with Poland with the arms race with Germany was the far greater size of the German economy. Germany was the world's second largest economy and as thus the
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concluded that the future of Anglo-Polish relations depended upon whatever Britain and Germany could reach a settlement over the issue of the former German colonies in Africa.
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as his successor, as he wanted to choose someone "from the country" and with strong ties to the Polish opposition movement. Bartoszewski, however, declined the offer.
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that Warsaw was on the brink of a rebellion and stated that the Polish government-in-exile would soon start Operation Tempest, a plan for the AK (
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Raczyński that he wanted to see the League of Nations end its role as the protector of the current status of the Free City of Danzig (modern
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and Jaromír Smutný about the future relations between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Another leader whom Raczyński was in frequent contact was
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of his family located at the chapel in Rogalin. In his last will and testament, Count Raczyński bequeathed his family's palace in
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Praźmowska, Anita (2011). "Poland, the 'Danzig Question', and the Outbreak of the Second World War". In Frank McDonough (ed.).
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574:, he became the head of the department of international agreements. In 1932, Raczyński was appointed Polish ambassador to the
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636:. Raczyński reported that based on his sources within the British government that Chamberlain was primarily concerned about
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Edward Raczynski, "In Allied London. The Wartime diaries of the Polish Ambassador", London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.
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Raczyński died on 30 July 1993 at his home in London, the last male descendant of his line. His coffin was placed in the
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in the arms race. In addition, the Polish Finance minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski complained on 26 April 1939 to Count
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Coutouvidis, John (October 1984). "Government-in-Exile: The Transfer of Polish Authority Abroad in September 1939".
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Wanda Dembińska née Raczyńska (1933-2016), wife of Capt. Ryszard Dembiński (1924-2008), who was chairman of the
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In March 1979, Raczyński became president in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President
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Edward Raczynski (with Tadeusz Zenczykowski), "Od Genewy do Jalty. Rozmowy radiowe", London, Puls, 1988.
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addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on 10 December 1942") and pleaded for action.
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He was the longest living (101), and oldest serving Polish President (from the age of 88 to 95).
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of 1831. The title of Count was awarded to different branches of the family by Prussian Kings
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and in 1934 he became the ambassador of the Republic of Poland in the United Kingdom.
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The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians
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Raczyński remained in London where he continued to serve as the ambassador of the
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Viridianna Rey, née Raczyńska (b. 1935), wife of Count Xawery Rey (1934–1987)
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W sojuszniczym Londynie. Dziennik ambasadora Edwarda Raczyńskiego 1939–1945
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In 1991, at the age of 99, Edward Raczyński married his third wife, Aniela
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war. In response, Germany issued a threat stating that it regarded the
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artificial oil) and Germany's need to import oil from abroad left the
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The two British politicians whom Raczyński was most close to were Sir
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Raczyński spent most of his childhood in Kraków, in the family palace
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British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement,1935-39
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Count Edward Bernard Maria Raczyński was born on 19 December 1891 in
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Funeral of Wanda Dembińska (née Raczyńska) in Rogalin on 27 Feb 2016
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Germany's demands for the return of the Free City of Danzig (modern
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The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective
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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
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Permanent representatives of Poland to the League of Nations
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was installed on the house where he lived and died, No. 8
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Minister of the Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
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Edward Bernard Raczynski, 1891–1993, Dyplomata i Polityk
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The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
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Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
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Politicians from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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edited by Gordon Martel (Routledge: 1999) pp. 48–49.
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President Raczyński at some point considered naming
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Sarcophagus of President Edward Raczyński in Rogalin
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Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
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The British-Polish Alliance, Its Origin and Meaning
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Relief of the Raczyński family comital coat of arms
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2706:Polish counts of the Kingdom of Prussia
2681:Diplomats of the Second Polish Republic
1332:
1055:In 1962, his second wife Cecylia died.
271:Poland Ambassador to the United Kingdom
2666:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
2603:
1804:Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa
1787:Władysław Bartoszewski, Skąd pan jest?
727:Following the 1 September 1939 German
283:1 November 1934 – 5 July 1945
215:22 August 1941 – 14 July 1943
2217:
1916:
1512:
1458:
1443:
1301:. London: Continuum. p. 394-408.
1264:. Bristol: Intellect. pp. 32–44.
1218:
1319:
1043:Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum
609:
159:8 April 1979 – 8 April 1986
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1789:(a long interview). Świat Książki,
1191:, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warsaw, 2014
956:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
867:
13:
1843:"Obituary: Count Edward Raczynski"
1348:"Obituary: Count Edward Raczynski"
1037:, by whom he had three daughters:
1018:In 1925, Edward Raczyński married
14:
2717:
2701:20th-century presidents in Europe
1890:
945:Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
570:, Copenhagen and London. Back in
1973:
23:
1860:
1835:
1809:
1796:
1776:
1751:
1741:
1729:
1628:
1545:
1346:Zamosyki, Adam (30 July 1993).
1240:Review of International Studies
1069:
1028:Sir Arthur Markham, 1st Baronet
706:
522:, six of them were awarded the
34:needs additional citations for
2676:World War II political leaders
1313:
1223:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
125:Count Edward Bernard Raczyński
1:
2641:Presidents of Poland-in-exile
1952:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)
1897:Ex Libris of Edward Raczyński
1320:Pace, Eric (August 2, 1993).
1306:
1051:Katarzyna Raczyńska (b. 1939)
797:
2331:Kajetan Dzierżykraj-Morawski
553:and in the family palace in
446:
416:Politician, Diplomat, Writer
7:
2429:People's Republic of Poland
1195:
958:Order of the British Empire
479:Edward Aleksander Raczyński
10:
2722:
2351:Polish government-in-exile
2031:Polish government-in-exile
1288:Praźmowska, Anita (1987).
1207:Polish Government in Exile
951:Order of Polonia Restituta
938:
733:Polish Government in Exile
406:Cecylia Jaroszyńska (died)
404:Lady Joyous Markham (died)
58:"Edward Bernard Raczyński"
2585:Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk
2500:
2427:
2349:
2251:
2204:
2141:
2074:
2029:
1982:
1971:
1950:
1252:10.1017/S0260210500116316
1116:Rogalin i jego mieszkańcy
1035:Cecylia Maria Jaroszyńska
1005:
926:
917:
909:
904:
809:Help for the Country Fund
526:order during the time of
518:during the reign of King
505:(the area of the town of
440:(between 1979 and 1986).
420:
412:
400:
390:
376:
352:
347:
343:
331:
319:
299:
287:
276:
269:
257:
245:
229:
219:
206:
199:
187:
175:
163:
150:
143:
139:
130:
123:
2321:Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski
2076:Polish People's Republic
1944:Heads of state of Poland
1269:McGilvray, Evan (2015).
1212:
1062:(daughter of architect,
1030:, but she died in 1931.
1022:, daughter of a British
982:Polish University Abroad
544:Order of the Black Eagle
516:Order of the White Eagle
430:Edward Bernard Raczyński
2540:Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
2010:Stanisław Wojciechowski
563:Jagiellonian University
386:London, United Kingdom
2691:Polish anti-communists
2535:Władysław Bartoszewski
2520:Władysław Bartoszewski
2510:Krzysztof Skubiszewski
2452:Stanisław Skrzeszewski
2437:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
2163:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
1219:Adams, Robert (1993).
1015:
986:Jagellonian University
851:Władysław Bartoszewski
827:
805:Fundusz Pomocy Krajowi
724:
466:
456:
2379:Mieczysław Sokołowski
2266:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
2041:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1182:Raczyński's Biography
1013:
825:
803:exile, including the
714:
630:Carl Jacob Burckhardt
536:Friedrich Wilhelm III
495:Raczyński z Małyszyna
493:. The full name was "
462:
454:
240:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
224:Władysław Raczkiewicz
2621:People from Zakopane
2570:Witold Waszczykowski
2399:Bronisław Hełczyński
2326:Aleksander Skrzyński
2301:Aleksander Skrzyński
2271:Władysław Wróblewski
2191:Bronisław Komorowski
2173:Bronisław Komorowski
2091:Franciszek Trąbalski
978:Doctor Honoris Causa
813:Council of the Three
43:improve this article
2661:Polish centenarians
2545:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
2462:Stefan Jędrychowski
2447:Zygmunt Modzelewski
2153:Wojciech Jaruzelski
2133:Wojciech Jaruzelski
2108:Aleksander Zawadzki
2066:Ryszard Kaczorowski
2051:Stanisław Ostrowski
1960:Provisional Council
1874:on December 2, 2013
1273:. Warwick: Helion.
1154:Czas wielkich zmian
984:, London, in 1982;
967:Grand Cross of the
949:Grand Cross of the
913:Stanisław Ostrowski
862:Ryszard Kaczorowski
832:Stanisław Ostrowski
621:Neville Chamberlain
483:Nałęcz coat of arms
464:Nalecz coat of arms
434:President of Poland
182:Stanisław Ostrowski
145:President of Poland
2631:Raczyński (Nałęcz)
2515:Andrzej Olechowski
2502:Republic of Poland
2492:Tadeusz Olechowski
2487:Marian Orzechowski
2442:Wincenty Rzymowski
2409:Zygmunt Zawadowski
2384:Aleksander Zawisza
2296:Gabriel Narutowicz
2291:Konstanty Skirmunt
2253:Republic of Poland
2143:Republic of Poland
2123:Józef Cyrankiewicz
2097:Władysław Kowalski
1999:Gabriel Narutowicz
1984:Republic of Poland
1660:, p. 285-286.
1592:, p. 114-115.
1559:. 5 September 2019
1446:, p. 141-142.
1326:The New York Times
1152:Edward Raczyński,
1142:Edward Raczyński,
1128:Edward Raczyński,
1114:Edward Raczyński,
1087:Edward Raczyński,
1080:Edward Raczyński,
1016:
905:Political offices
828:
769:Władysław Sikorski
729:Invasion of Poland
725:
467:
457:
338:Henryk Strasburger
326:Konstanty Skirmunt
236:Władysław Sikorski
2598:
2597:
2590:Radosław Sikorski
2575:Jacek Czaputowicz
2565:Grzegorz Schetyna
2560:Radosław Sikorski
2530:Bronisław Geremek
2211:
2210:
2185:Grzegorz Schetyna
2179:Bogdan Borusewicz
2118:Marian Spychalski
1553:"A Killing Field"
1350:. The Independent
1202:History of Poland
1187:Krzysztof Kania,
1075:Raczyński's Works
1064:Franciszek Lilpop
1024:coal mining mogul
994:of the cities of
936:
935:
927:Succeeded by
723:10 December 1942.
610:The Danzig crisis
600:Winston Churchill
576:League of Nations
532:November Uprising
520:August the Strong
424:
423:
119:
118:
111:
93:
16:Polish politician
2713:
2656:Men centenarians
2636:Counts of Poland
2482:Stefan Olszowski
2467:Stefan Olszowski
2414:Kazimierz Sabbat
2364:Edward Raczyński
2281:Eustachy Sapieha
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2128:Henryk Jabłoński
2061:Kazimierz Sabbat
2056:Edward Raczyński
1977:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1711:, p. 34-35.
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1673:Coutouvidis 1984
1670:
1661:
1658:Coutouvidis 1984
1655:
1649:
1646:Coutouvidis 1984
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1399:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1265:
1255:
1234:
1173:Simon Konarski,
1118:. London, 1969.
992:Honorary citizen
969:Order of Pius IX
930:Kazimierz Sabbat
910:Preceded by
902:
901:
868:Death and legacy
858:Kazimierz Sabbat
836:Kazimierz Sabbat
777:Raczyński's Note
762:In Allied London
758:Paul-Henri Spaak
742:droit de passage
738:droit de passage
717:Raczyński's Note
524:Virtuti Militari
487:Austro-Hungarian
383:
363:19 December 1891
362:
360:
348:Personal details
334:
322:
290:
281:
260:
248:
232:
213:
194:Kazimierz Sabbat
190:
178:
170:Kazimierz Sabbat
166:
157:
135:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2496:
2423:
2419:Zygmunt Skopiak
2345:
2276:Stanisław Patek
2261:Leon Wasilewski
2247:
2242:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2145:
2137:
2103:Bolesław Bierut
2086:Bolesław Bierut
2078:
2070:
2033:
2025:
2021:Ignacy Mościcki
1994:Józef Piłsudski
1986:
1978:
1969:
1965:Regency Council
1946:
1941:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1847:The Independent
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:Eichenberg 2023
1722:
1715:
1709:Eichenberg 2023
1707:
1703:
1697:Eichenberg 2023
1695:
1691:
1685:Eichenberg 2023
1683:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1623:Praźmowska 1987
1621:
1617:
1611:Praźmowska 1987
1609:
1596:
1590:Praźmowska 1987
1588:
1584:
1578:Praźmowska 1987
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1540:Praźmowska 1987
1538:
1531:
1525:Praźmowska 1987
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1501:Praźmowska 1987
1499:
1495:
1489:Praźmowska 1987
1487:
1480:
1474:Praźmowska 1987
1472:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1431:
1425:Praźmowska 2011
1423:
1408:
1402:Praźmowska 1987
1400:
1379:
1370:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1281:
1231:
1215:
1198:
1091:; London 1960.
1072:
1008:
941:
932:
923:
915:
870:
800:
709:
672:chef de cabinet
612:
528:Duchy of Warsaw
449:
407:
405:
391:Political party
385:
384:(aged 101)
381:
364:
358:
356:
332:
320:
312:
308:
294:Ignacy Mościcki
288:
282:
277:
258:
246:
230:
214:
207:
188:
176:
164:
158:
151:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Dariusz Rosati
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Emil Wojtaszek
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Jan Starzewski
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Adam Tarnowski
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:August Zaleski
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:August Zaleski
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2168:Lech Kaczyński
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2146:(1990–present)
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:August Zaleski
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1902:Rogalin palace
1899:
1892:
1891:External links
1889:
1886:
1885:
1859:
1834:
1823:on May 4, 2007
1808:
1795:
1775:
1771:McGilvray 2015
1760:
1750:
1740:
1728:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1675:, p. 286.
1662:
1650:
1648:, p. 285.
1638:
1627:
1625:, p. 116.
1615:
1613:, p. 115.
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 114.
1570:
1544:
1529:
1517:
1515:, p. 144.
1505:
1493:
1478:
1463:
1461:, p. 142.
1448:
1429:
1427:, p. 401.
1406:
1377:
1361:
1331:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1256:
1246:(4): 285–296.
1235:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1168:Family History
1165:
1164:
1156:. Paris 1990.
1150:
1147:
1140:
1126:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1020:Joyous Markham
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
989:
975:
965:
954:
947:
940:
937:
934:
933:
928:
925:
916:
911:
907:
906:
893:Lennox Gardens
869:
866:
799:
796:
708:
705:
697:William Strang
668:Charles Corbin
611:
608:
559:Greater Poland
538:(in 1824) and
503:Greater Poland
499:Nałęcz-Małyski
448:
445:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
378:
374:
373:
370:Austro-Hungary
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
303:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
274:
273:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
252:August Zaleski
249:
243:
242:
233:
231:Prime Minister
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
204:
203:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
167:
165:Prime Minister
161:
160:
148:
147:
141:
140:
137:
136:
128:
127:
124:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Stefan Meller
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Jerzy Gawenda
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Jerzy Gawenda
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Tadeusz Romer
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Karol Bertoni
2314:
2312:
2311:Roman Dmowski
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
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1812:
1806:, Warsaw 2002
1805:
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1779:
1773:, p. 29.
1772:
1767:
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1754:
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1726:, p. 35.
1725:
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1557:The Economist
1554:
1548:
1542:, p. 58.
1541:
1536:
1534:
1527:, p. 57.
1526:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1503:, p. 49.
1502:
1497:
1491:, p. 47.
1490:
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1230:9780230375635
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1159:
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1146:. London 1976
1145:
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1138:83-901583-2-9
1135:
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1125:
1124:83-919577-0-5
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1097:0-85065-287-1
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788:Armia Krajowa
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2580:Zbigniew Rau
2477:Józef Czyrek
2457:Adam Rapacki
2363:
2306:Marian Seyda
2196:Andrzej Duda
2113:Edward Ochab
2055:
2015:Maciej Rataj
2004:Maciej Rataj
1878:November 23,
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1849:. 1993-07-30
1846:
1837:
1827:November 14,
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1811:
1798:
1786:
1783:Michał Komar
1778:
1753:
1743:
1731:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1618:
1585:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1372:
1352:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1298:
1289:
1270:
1261:
1243:
1239:
1220:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:, Paris 1958
1174:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1108:
1105:Omar Khayyám
1088:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1070:Bibliography
1057:
1054:
1045:in 1979-2003
1032:
1017:
918:
886:
882:centenarians
871:
855:
848:
840:
829:
808:
801:
787:
784:Anthony Eden
781:
766:
761:
754:Hubert Ripka
750:Edvard Beneš
746:
741:
737:
726:
721:Anthony Eden
707:World War II
702:
688:
683:
681:
676:Orme Sargent
671:
661:
655:
650:
647:
641:
638:Adolf Hitler
633:
613:
603:
596:Samuel Hoare
593:
580:
551:Pod Baranami
548:
510:
498:
494:
468:
442:
426:
425:
382:(1993-07-30)
380:30 July 1993
372:(now Poland)
333:Succeeded by
289:Appointed by
278:
259:Succeeded by
208:
189:Succeeded by
152:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2671:Rada Trzech
2616:1993 deaths
2611:1891 births
2555:Anna Fotyga
2158:Lech Wałęsa
2079:(1944–1989)
2034:(1939–1990)
1987:(1918–1939)
1907:rogalin.org
889:blue plaque
887:In 2004, a
715:Last page "
693:Jan Szembek
395:Independent
321:Preceded by
310:Edward VIII
247:Preceded by
177:Preceded by
2605:Categories
2341:Józef Beck
2286:Jan Dąbski
1853:2023-06-23
1513:Adams 1993
1459:Adams 1993
1444:Adams 1993
1307:References
924:1979–1986
843:Solidarity
798:Later life
616:Józef Beck
540:Wilhelm II
413:Profession
359:1891-12-19
99:April 2008
69:newspapers
1563:9 January
1130:Pani Róża
971:from the
874:mausoleum
792:Home Army
491:Habsburgs
489:house of
447:Biography
401:Spouse(s)
314:George VI
279:In office
220:President
1354:16 April
1196:See also
953:(Poland)
897:Brompton
471:Zakopane
438:in-exile
366:Zakopane
306:George V
210:In exile
154:In exile
2206:*Acting
1109:Rubayat
988:in 1992
980:of the
939:Honours
878:Rogalin
555:Rogalin
301:Monarch
83:scholar
1793:, 2006
1791:Warsaw
1277:
1227:
1160:
1136:
1122:
1095:
1060:Lilpop
1006:Family
1000:Poznań
996:Kraków
626:Gdańsk
584:Gdańsk
572:Warsaw
511:Raczyn
507:Wieluń
475:Polish
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1213:Books
689:Reich
684:Reich
656:Reich
651:Reich
642:Reich
634:Reich
604:Reich
501:from
473:to a
428:Count
90:JSTOR
76:books
1880:2013
1829:2008
1565:2021
1356:2024
1275:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1093:ISBN
998:and
973:Pope
860:and
598:and
568:Bern
377:Died
353:Born
62:news
1248:doi
962:GBE
895:in
775:",
557:in
481:of
45:by
2607::
1845:.
1785:,
1763:^
1716:^
1665:^
1597:^
1555:.
1532:^
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1409:^
1380:^
1364:^
1334:^
1324:.
1244:10
1242:.
1107:,
1026:,
899:.
838:.
819:.
368:,
238:,
2237:e
2230:t
2223:v
2187:*
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2099:*
2093:*
2017:*
2006:*
1936:e
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960:(
807:(
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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