1388:. The Communist-dominated bloc was credited with over 80 percent of the vote, a result that was only obtained through large-scale fraud. The opposition claimed it would have won in a landslide (as much as 80 percent, by some estimates) had the election been genuine and Mikołajczyk would have likely become prime minister. In November, at a meeting with the Silesian society, Mikołajczyk was informed that he was to be arrested along with his advisor Paweł Zaleski. The arrest order was already signed. They immediately took the effort to escape. Mikołajczyk headed north, while Zaleski escaped through the southern channel. From the danger zone, Zaleski was taken away in a straw cart. His brother Jan Zaleski from Boyko helped in the escape. Paweł waited a few days with Mikołaj and his father-in-law, Aries of Kamionka in Korfantów near Głuchołazy, before a transfer was arranged. Then through the Czech Republic, Zaleski got to the west, and Mikołajczyk was taken by ship from Szczecin. This was their last stay in Poland.
1354:
74:
4017:
2437:
2102:
515:
1173:
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2396:
60:
1265:, called for action, without success, to stop it. The note the Foreign Minister, Count Edward Raczynski, sent on 10 December 1942 to the Governments of the United Nations was the first official denunciation by any Government of the mass extermination and of the Nazi aim of total extermination of the Jewish population. It was also the first official document singling out the sufferings of European Jews as Jews and not only as citizens of their respective countries of origin. The note of 10 December 1942 and the Polish Government efforts triggered the Declaration of the Allied Nations of 17 December 1942.
1894:
3878:
476:
462:
437:
1397:
3693:
3731:
1762:
3662:
3636:
2232:
3808:
2184:
2519:
1630:
2143:
1494:. The liquidation of the London-based government apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991. In 1992, military medals and other decorations awarded by the government in exile were officially recognized in Poland. The Act on Emoluments of a Former President of the Republic of Poland adopted in 1996 which establishes the rights, privileges, remuneration and other benefits of a former president, awarded them explicitly also to the last President-in-exile.
3778:
2061:
1674:
1127:
1718:
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1935:
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4005:
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2314:
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2020:
3848:
2478:
2625:
2273:
1542:
1979:
1280:, mass graves of 10,000 Polish officers (the German investigation later found 4,443 bodies) who had been taken prisoner in 1939 and murdered by the Soviets. The Soviet government said that the Germans had fabricated the discovery. The other Allied governments, for diplomatic reasons, formally accepted this; the Polish government in exile refused to do so.
3085:
Martin
Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 1981 (Pimlico edition, p.101) "On december 10, the Polish Ambassador in London, Edward Raczynski sent Eden an extremely detailed twenty-one point summary of all the most recent information regarding the killing of Jews in Poland; confirmation, he wrote, "that
1465:
Despite these setbacks, the government in exile continued in existence. When Soviet influence over Poland came to an end in 1989, there was still a president and a cabinet of eight, meeting every two weeks in London, commanding the loyalty of about 150,000 Polish veterans and their descendants living
1283:
Stalin then severed relations with the Polish government in exile. Since it was clear that it would be the Soviet Union, not the western Allies, who would liberate Poland from the
Germans, this breach had fateful consequences for Poland. In an unfortunate coincidence, Sikorski, widely regarded as the
1404:
Meanwhile, the Polish government in exile had maintained its existence. The London Poles had to vacate the Polish embassy on
Portland Place and were left only with the president's private residence at 43 Eaton Place. The government in exile became largely symbolic of continued resistance to foreign
1327:
populations, should remain in Soviet hands, and that Poland should be compensated with lands to be annexed from
Germany. Mikołajczyk, however, refused to compromise on the question of Poland's sovereignty over her prewar eastern territories. A third matter was Mikołajczyk's insistence that Stalin
3072:
Note of the
Foreign Minister Edward Raczynski "The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on December 10th 1942", also published (30 December 1942) by the Polish Foreign Ministry as a public document with the aim to reach the
1022:
In event of war, the term of the
President's office shall be prolonged until three months after the conclusion of peace; the President of the Republic shall then, by a special act promulgated in the Official Gazette, appoint his successor, in case the office falls vacant before the conclusion of
1332:
region) as a basis for the future Polish-Soviet border. However, this was a position that could not be defended in practice – Stalin was in occupation of the territory in question. The government-in-exile's refusal to accept the proposed new Polish borders infuriated the Allies,
106:
1490:, the first non-Communist president of Poland since the war, received the symbols of the Polish Republic (the presidential banner, the presidential and state seals, the presidential sashes, and the original text of the 1935 Constitution) from the last president of the government in exile,
123:
1204:, extending to thousands of Polish soldiers who had been taken prisoner in 1939 by the Red Army in eastern Poland, including many Polish civilian prisoners and deportees entrapped in Siberia. The amnesty allowed the Poles to create eight military divisions known as the
3086:
the German authorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewish population of Poland" as well as of the "many thousands of Jews" whom the
Germans had deported to Poland from western and Central Europe, and from the German Reich itself."
1365:, a new government established as a result of reshuffling the existing Provisional Government, established under the auspices of the Soviet occupation authorities, through inclusion of his fraction. This provided an excuse for the Western allies to approve tacitly the
130:
1333:
particularly
Churchill, making them less inclined to oppose Stalin on issues of how Poland's postwar government would be structured. In the end, the exiles lost on both issues: Stalin re-annexed the eastern territories, as well as proceeded to impose the communist
115:
119:
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110:
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1256:
During the war, especially from 1942 on, the Polish government in exile provided the Allies with some of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the ongoing
Holocaust of European Jews and, through its representatives, like the Foreign Minister Count
122:
114:
105:
111:
1027:
It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish
Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General
127:
118:
117:
131:
1383:
Many Polish exiles opposed this action, believing that this government was a façade for the establishment of Communist rule in Poland. This view was later proven correct in 1947 when the Communist-dominated Democratic Bloc won
1328:
would not set up a Communist government in postwar Poland. Mikołajczyk and his colleagues in the Polish government-in-exile insisted on making a stand in the defense of Poland's pre-1939 eastern border (retaining its
1441:
in 1956. The Soviet-installed government in Warsaw campaigned for the return of the exiles, promising decent and dignified employment in communist Polish administration and forgiveness of past transgressions. The
1371:
of Poland becoming part of the Soviet sphere of influence, and to legitimise the Warsaw government while withdrawing their recognition of the government-in-exile; France did so on 29 June 1945, followed by the
104:
3495:
1408:
In 1954, political differences led to a split in the ranks of the government in exile. One group, claiming to represent 80% of 500,000 anti-Communist Poles exiled since the war, was opposed to President
4089:
3214:
according to the last official Polish census, the population was over 38% Poles (5.1 million), 37% Ukrainians (4.7 million), 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.
102:
4064:
73:
911:(Home Army) resistance. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of
1380:
on 5 July 1945. The Polish Armed Forces in exile were disbanded in 1945, and most of their members, unable to safely return to Communist Poland, settled in other countries.
2211:
103:
3519:
4139:
4021:
835:
3095:
Krzysztof Kania, Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Dyplomata i Polityk (Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Diplomat and Politician), Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa, 2014, p. 232
1458:) were the last countries to withdraw recognition of the government-in-exile, though diplomatic privileges had already been withdrawn by Vatican Secretary of State
1433:. Only after Zaleski's death in 1972 did the two factions reunite. Some supporters of the government in exile eventually returned to Poland, such as Prime Minister
1177:
3491:
3543:
4124:
1345:, in favor of Poland becoming a republic of the Soviet Union. In November 1944, despite his mistrust of the Soviets, Mikołajczyk resigned to return to Poland.
1303:, tried to bring about a resumption of talks between Stalin and the Polish government in exile. But these efforts broke down over several matters. One was the
3567:
4129:
1197:
922:, the government-in-exile remained in existence albeit without effective power. It lost recognition of the majority of states upon formation of the
1023:
peace. Should the President's successor assume office, the term of his office shall expire at the end of three months after the conclusion of peace.
4054:
3625:
1338:
1341:
on 31 December 1944. However, Poland preserved its status as an independent state, despite the arguments of some influential Communists, such as
1201:
1011:
3616:
828:
3377:
4079:
3301:
4099:
514:
3432:
3378:"The Foreign Policy of the Polish Government-in-Exile, 1939–1945: Political and Military Realities versus Polish Psychological Reality"
2600:
1196:, the Polish government in exile established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union against Hitlerism, but also in order to help
821:
1315:). Another was Poland's postwar borders. Stalin insisted that the territories annexed by the Soviets in 1939, which had millions of
3211:
2006:
1362:
923:
455:
367:
1353:
4134:
3715:
2650:
1334:
798:
539:
59:
4104:
3790:
3515:
899:
Despite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland during
4119:
4069:
2108:
1954:
877:
605:
3427:
3002:
The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
4059:
2562:
3957:
3609:
3475:
tells the story of the Polish government-in-exile in the form of five short episodes available on the YouTube channel:
3203:
3010:
2706:
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793:
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2741:
1585:
1475:
939:
804:
519:
496:
390:
256:
2672:, Finance Minister and Minister in the Middle East for the Sikorski government; Ambassador to London for Mikolajczyk
3666:
2436:
1385:
204:
4094:
4016:
2610:
2605:
654:
549:
3563:
1039:
Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through
4084:
4074:
3782:
719:
3471:
2952:
3820:
3602:
3000:
1185:
1099:
354:
1761:
3930:
625:
3311:
3640:
2101:
1015:
1006:) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing
919:
889:
739:
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1430:
1258:
3903:
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3583:
3559:
3535:
3511:
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3031:
1985:
1553:
1478:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
1293:
1142:
1007:
942:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
760:
575:
341:
227:
3997:
3852:
3812:
3735:
2644:
1414:
1285:
600:
544:
2573:
2568:
2067:
1673:
1172:
3832:
3189:
3035:
1793:
1748:
1704:
1616:
1572:
1243:
904:
749:
708:
682:
630:
504:
3587:
3188:(1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.).
1629:
1146:
3896:
2669:
1941:
1859:
1166:
1130:
1080:
1033:
1029:
729:
672:
662:
580:
278:
3185:
2238:
1438:
1157:, where it was recognized by all the Allied governments. Politically, it was a coalition of the
4109:
4009:
3938:
3074:
2546:
2505:
2464:
2395:
2382:
2341:
2259:
2170:
2129:
2088:
2047:
1965:
1921:
1880:
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1072:
991:
947:
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893:
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442:
95:
79:
1893:
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1541:
1247:
698:
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1479:
1426:
1239:
1232:
954:
943:
765:
724:
585:
3950:
2149:
1717:
1169:, although these parties maintained only a vestigial existence in the circumstances of war.
1051:
to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took part in Allied operations: in
1036:
stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces.
3860:
3594:
3476:
1193:
1158:
1064:
930:, while the last country to withdraw its diplomatic recognition on 19 October 1972 was the
3971:
3428:
Statement of the Polish government in exile following the death of General Sikorski (1943)
3196:
Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941
8:
3762:
3748:
3743:
2638:
2402:
1773:
1491:
1443:
865:
244:
143:
1153:
from 2 December 1939 until June 1940. Escaping from France, the government relocated to
950:, while the liquidation of its apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991.
4033:
3964:
3943:
3910:
3865:
3755:
2664:
2361:
2026:
1422:
1396:
1251:
1235:, which together with other, earlier-created Polish units fought alongside the Allies.
1044:
873:
734:
693:
324:
2443:
995:
337:
3730:
3705:
3399:
3340:
3332:
3281:
3273:
3254:
3234:
3199:
3168:
3148:
3128:
3108:
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3006:
2982:
2935:
2862:
2827:
2820:
2792:
2737:
2525:
1300:
1228:
1115:
1068:
293:
3442:
1304:
1269:
3825:
2702:
2682:
2676:
2484:
2190:
1729:
1487:
1459:
1342:
1088:
1084:
1060:
966:
610:
3396:
In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939–1942
3198:]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 294–.
3680:
3571:
3547:
3523:
3499:
3413:
3306:
2654:
1447:
1405:
occupation of Poland while retaining some important archives from prewar Poland.
1107:
1076:
857:
197:
40:
3675:
2320:
2231:
3661:
3649:
1900:
1597:
1410:
1377:
1217:
1181:
974:
927:
918:
After the war, as the Polish territory came under the control of the communist
65:
3577:
3553:
3529:
3505:
3481:
3459:
2183:
1118:, formed in the USSR in 1944, remained there and fought under Soviet command.
4048:
3795:
3464:(1943) about Nazi crimes and Nazi lies created by Polish government in exile.
3191:
Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941
3045:
2630:
2590:
2580:
1373:
1367:
1316:
1092:
926:
on 5 July 1945 though continued to be hosted and informally supported by the
908:
753:
712:
686:
3443:
Polish Chancellery website: Prime Ministers IInd Republic of Poland in exile
1292:
in July 1943. He was succeeded as head of the Polish government in exile by
3710:
2518:
1469:
1455:
1224:
1221:
1103:
935:
900:
885:
881:
775:
307:
2142:
1110:, intended to fight Nazi Germany in the USSR, but instead transferred via
3807:
3697:
3692:
2279:
2060:
1434:
1418:
1213:
1205:
3437:
2904:
Bogusław Brodecki; Zbigniew Wawer; Tadeusz Kondracki; Janusz Błaszczyk.
1413:'s continuation in office when his seven-year term expired. It formed a
3777:
1934:
1852:
1262:
1126:
1048:
1014:, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the
667:
2313:
2354:
2019:
1289:
647:
3363:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, zeszyt 154 (T. XXXVII/3, 1997, p. 474
4028:
2710:
2477:
1451:
1273:
931:
311:
3389:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present
4004:
3992:
3635:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1268:
In April 1943, the Germans announced that they had discovered at
1003:
3877:
3847:
3415:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
1277:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1056:
1052:
970:
962:
869:
469:
183:
177:
156:
2272:
1978:
1137:
The Polish government in exile, based first in Paris, then in
3448:
Polish World War II website on the Polish government in exile
2647:, alternative President of the Republic of Poland (1972–1990)
1329:
958:
615:
171:
3624:
3075:
http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/mass_extermination.htm
3447:
1348:
1308:
1209:
1111:
999:
3433:
Publications on the Polish government (in exile) 1939–1990
4090:
People from wartime administrations in Poland (1939–1947)
3531:"Republic in Exile, Episode 3: Polish Voice in the World"
1133:, first Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile.
1018:, adopted in April 1935. Article 24 provided as follows:
1470:
Dissolution and recognition in the Third Polish Republic
1178:
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
379:• Diplomatic recognition withdrawn by last country
325:
Government evacuated from Poland and interred in Romania
1421:
to exercise the functions of head of state, comprising
1299:
During 1943 and 1944, the Allied leaders, particularly
1482:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
1180:", by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the
946:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
4065:
Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland
3507:"Republic in Exile, Episode 2: Poland Outside Poland"
3030:
2910:
The Poles on the Battlefronts of the Second World War
3184:
2620:
1337:
established on 22 July 1944 by renaming it into the
1261:
and the courier of the Polish Underground movement,
3296:
3294:
1400:
Seat of the Presidents of Poland-in-exile in London
1102:of July 1941 Polish soldiers taken prisoner by the
3040:. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 19, 26.
2998:
391:Handover of national insignia to Warsaw government
4140:World War II governments in exile based in London
16:Government of Poland in exile (London, 1940–1990)
4046:
3291:
1361:On 28 June 1945, Mikołajczyk took office in the
1339:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
3380:in: John S. Micgiel and Piotr S. Wandycz eds.,
3026:
3024:
3022:
2771:Jozef Pilsudski, Waclaw Jedrzejewicz (Editor).
2767:
2765:
2763:
1227:. These Polish units formed the basis for the
915:forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
3438:Stamp Issues by the Polish government in exile
2842:
2840:
2705:on his inauguration. Died on 10 April 2010 in
1466:in Britain, including 35,000 in London alone.
1284:most capable of the Polish exile leaders, was
4125:States and territories disestablished in 1990
3610:
3059:
3057:
3055:
862:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie
854:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
829:
402:• Liquidation of apparatus accomplished
3244:
3224:
3158:
3019:
2959:
2953:"Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale"
2898:
2783:
2781:
2760:
1216:, where they were desperately needed by the
30:
3579:"Republic in Exile, Episode 5: Free Poland"
3178:
3118:
2972:
2837:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2727:
990:On 17 September 1939, the President of the
4130:States and territories established in 1939
3617:
3603:
3555:"Republic in Exile, Episode 4: Solidarity"
3052:
2969:Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 17
2924:
2889:
2773:Poland in the British Parliament 1939–1945
2601:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1497:
836:
822:
3355:
3353:
2880:
2871:
2778:
2747:
3626:Governments in exile during World War II
3269:
3267:
3212:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
3210:Of the 13.5 million civilians living in
3138:
3098:
3073:public opinions of the Free World. See:
2854:
2852:
2802:
1395:
1391:
1363:Provisional Government of National Unity
1352:
1349:Provisional Government of National Unity
1171:
1125:
924:Provisional Government of National Unity
456:Provisional Government of National Unity
4055:20th century in the City of Westminster
3716:French Committee of National Liberation
2651:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1335:Polish Committee of National Liberation
4047:
3350:
3250:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3230:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3164:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
2999:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2004). "Amnesty".
2945:
2757:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1962 Page 39
1016:Constitution of the Republic of Poland
876:of September 1939, and the subsequent
3984:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
3598:
3393:
3326:
3264:
2906:Polacy na frontach II wojny światowej
2849:
1826:
1509:
1450:and finally (on 19 October 1972) the
1202:the Kremlin signed a one-time amnesty
1114:to fight with US and British forces.
953:The government-in-exile was based in
3382:Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy
2659:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
998:, who was then in the small town of
3483:"Republic in Exile, Episode 1: War"
2563:Polish contribution to World War II
1523:
1520:
1357:Standard of the President in exile.
368:Loss of wide diplomatic recognition
13:
3005:. McFarland. pp. 93–94, 102.
2992:
2733:John Coutouvidis, Jamie Reynolds.
2707:2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash
1801:
1121:
938:). However, only after the end of
14:
4151:
3421:
3347:, Paperback First Edition, p. 45.
3310:. 19 January 1959. Archived from
2846:Coutouvidis and Reynolds, Page 26
2641:, special envoy of the government
4080:History of Poland (1989–present)
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3924:
3876:
3846:
3806:
3776:
3729:
3691:
3660:
3634:
3288:, Paperback First Edition, p. 8.
3037:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2967:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2912:) Warsaw: Bellona. 2005. Page 29
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2100:
2059:
2018:
1977:
1933:
1892:
1851:
1830:
1760:
1716:
1672:
1628:
1584:
1540:
985:
513:
474:
460:
435:
100:
72:
58:
4100:Poland–United Kingdom relations
3370:
3089:
3079:
3066:
2915:
2860:Sikorski: Soldier and Statesman
2775:. Volume I, 1946. Pages 317–318
2695:
2611:Polish Armed Forces in the East
2606:Polish Armed Forces in the West
2556:
2543:
2502:
2461:
2420:
2379:
2338:
2297:
2256:
2167:
2126:
2085:
2044:
2003:
1962:
1918:
1877:
1194:war against the Soviets in 1941
1106:in 1939, were released to form
977:until its dissolution in 1990.
957:during 1939 and 1940, first in
872:formed in the aftermath of the
4135:United Kingdom in World War II
3337:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
3278:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2932:Poland in the Second World War
2825:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2789:Poland in the Second World War
1809:
1510:
903:through the structures of the
892:, which brought to an end the
746:Non-integrated but recognizing
720:National Military Organization
32:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
1:
4105:Polish diaspora organizations
3453:
2720:
2569:Association of Armed Struggle
1502:
673:National Security Corps (PKB)
3219:Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie
2541:4 years, 258 days
2500:9 years, 246 days
2459:3 years, 363 days
2377:4 years, 349 days
2336:9 years, 277 days
2042:2 years, 215 days
1960:2 years, 344 days
1613:24 years, 304 days
1437:in 1955 and his predecessor
1198:Poles persecuted by the NKVD
1032:to be prime minister. After
7:
4120:Political history of Poland
4070:Former governments in exile
3376:Cienciala, Anna M. (2005).
2616:
2418:1 year, 359 days
2208:
2165:3 years, 74 days
2124:1 year, 171 days
2083:1 year, 223 days
2001:1 year, 133 days
1745:3 years, 102 days
1657:6 years, 349 days
1569:7 years, 249 days
1417:in July 1954, and set up a
1165:, the Labour Party and the
1075:, in North Africa (notably
965:. From 1940, following the
740:Confederation of the Nation
520:History of Poland 1939–1945
336:• Presidency ceded by
27:Republic of Poland in exile
10:
4156:
4060:Cold War history of Poland
3208:– via Google Books.
2560:
2254:1 year, 13 days
2212:Polish Independence League
1790:1 year, 156 days
1237:
980:
969:, the government moved to
907:and its military arm, the
852:, officially known as the
850:Polish government-in-exile
761:Jewish Combat Organization
3983:
3922:
3874:
3844:
3804:
3774:
3727:
3689:
3658:
3632:
3412:Kochanski, Halik (2012).
3015:– via Google Books.
2701:Transferred authority to
2645:Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki
1829:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1701:7 years, 0 days
1529:
1415:Council of National Unity
1208:. They were evacuated to
1100:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
414:
410:
400:
387:
377:
364:
355:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
351:
334:
321:
317:
303:
299:
284:
269:
265:
255:
251:
234:
217:
213:
203:
193:
149:
139:
90:
54:
49:
23:
4115:Polish Underground State
3833:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
2753:Count Edward Raczynski.
2688:
1686:Edward Bernard Raczyński
1476:communist rule in Poland
1244:The Black Book of Poland
1192:When Germany launched a
940:communist rule in Poland
920:Polish People's Republic
905:Polish Underground State
3791:Grand Duchess Charlotte
3387:Davies, Norman (2005).
2921:Brodecki et al, Page 37
2670:Henryk Leon Strasburger
1498:Government and politics
730:Camp of Fighting Poland
562:Political organizations
4095:Poland in World War II
2965:Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
2895:Garlinski, Pages 55–56
2886:Garlinski, Pages 17–18
2858:Keith Sword (Editor).
2658:
2574:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
2465:Polish Socialist Party
2342:Polish Socialist Party
2068:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
2048:Polish Socialist Party
1550:Raczkiewicz, Władysław
1484:Royal Castle in Warsaw
1474:Only after the end of
1401:
1358:
1319:in addition to mostly
1286:killed in an air crash
1189:
1163:Polish Socialist Party
1134:
1073:Battle of the Atlantic
1025:
973:, and remained in the
948:Royal Castle in Warsaw
894:Second Polish Republic
861:
663:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
643:Military organizations
596:Camp of National Unity
571:Polish Socialist Party
443:Second Polish Republic
96:Poland Is Not Yet Lost
31:
4085:Paris in World War II
4075:Governments in Poland
3904:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
3892:Władysław Raczkiewicz
3460:Anti-Nazi color film
3394:Engel, David (2014).
3032:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
2007:Polish People's Party
1986:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1554:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1480:Third Polish Republic
1399:
1392:Later postwar history
1356:
1294:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1240:The Polish White Book
1175:
1147:Château de Pignerolle
1143:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1129:
1079:), Italy (notably at
1020:
1012:Marshal of the Senate
1008:Władysław Raczkiewicz
944:Third Polish Republic
766:Jewish Military Union
725:National Armed Forces
631:Polish Workers' Party
626:National Radical Camp
616:Betar (Zionist youth)
470:Third Polish Republic
342:Władysław Raczkiewicz
228:Władysław Raczkiewicz
194:Common languages
3570:30 June 2017 at the
3546:30 June 2017 at the
3538:(26 December 2014),
3522:30 June 2017 at the
3514:(19 December 2014),
3498:30 June 2017 at the
3490:(12 December 2014),
3339:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3314:on 19 September 2009
3280:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3186:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur
2978:Wojciech Roszkowski
2239:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1770:Kaczorowski, Ryszard
1638:Ostrowski, Stanisław
1439:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1200:. On 12 August 1941
1159:Polish Peasant Party
878:occupation of Poland
705:Partially integrated
655:Service for Poland's
3763:Georgios Papandreou
3749:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3586:(16 January 2015),
3398:. UNC Press Books.
3146:Death in the Forest
3106:Death in the Forest
2980:The Shadow of Yalta
2639:Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt
2403:Zygmunt Muchniewski
2109:Tadeusz Tomaszewski
1774:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1742:19 July 1989 †
1642:Stanisław Ostrowski
1610:8 April 1972 †
1492:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1444:Republic of Ireland
866:government in exile
794:Cultural activities
245:Ryszard Kaczorowski
144:Government in exile
3951:Slobodan Jovanović
3911:Tomasz Arciszewski
3897:Władysław Sikorski
3866:Johan Nygaardsvold
3756:Sofoklis Venizelos
3562:(9 January 2015),
3361:Władysław Sikorski
3302:"Phantoms in Rome"
2877:Garlinski, Page 49
2834:Chapter 4, Page 33
2665:Ignacy Schwarzbart
2661:; PKWN), 1944–1945
2362:Aleksander Zawisza
2330:10 September 1955
2292:10 September 1955
2150:Roman Odzierzyński
2121:25 September 1950
2027:Tomasz Arciszewski
1942:Władysław Sikorski
1869:30 September 1939
1860:Władysław Sikorski
1566:6 June 1947 †
1423:Tomasz Arciszewski
1402:
1359:
1220:, hard pressed by
1190:
1135:
1131:Władysław Sikorski
1034:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
1030:Władysław Sikorski
874:Invasion of Poland
735:Pomeranian Griffin
699:Peasant Battalions
694:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
606:Jewish Labour Bund
279:Władysław Sikorski
4042:
4041:
3706:Charles de Gaulle
3588:Polish Embassy UK
3564:Polish Embassy UK
3540:Polish Embassy UK
3516:Polish Embassy UK
3492:Polish Embassy UK
3477:Polish Embassy UK
3472:Republic in Exile
3462:Calling Mr. Smith
3333:Peter D. Stachura
3274:Peter D. Stachura
3124:Louis Fitzgibbon
2821:Peter D. Stachura
2787:Jozef Garlinski.
2554:
2553:
2538:22 December 1990
2526:Edward Szczepanik
2159:25 December 1950
2080:10 February 1949
2036:29 November 1944
1998:24 November 1944
1799:
1798:
1780:
1736:
1726:Sabbat, Kazimierz
1692:
1682:Raczyński, Edward
1648:
1604:
1563:30 September 1939
1560:
1386:a rigged election
1301:Winston Churchill
1231:, led by General
1095:, and elsewhere.
1069:Battle of Britain
846:
845:
805:History of Poland
679:Mostly integrated
507:Underground State
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
448:
447:
347:30 September 1939
330:17 September 1939
294:Edward Szczepanik
289:
286:• 1986–1990
274:
271:• 1939–1943
239:
236:• 1989–1990
222:
219:• 1939–1947
132:
25:Government of the
4147:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4008:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3958:Miloš Trifunović
3955:
3948:
3942:Prime Minister:
3929:
3928:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3895:Prime Minister:
3881:
3880:
3864:Prime Minister:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3830:
3826:Dirk Jan de Geer
3824:Prime Minister:
3821:Queen Wilhelmina
3811:
3810:
3794:Prime Minister:
3781:
3780:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3747:Prime Minister:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3696:
3695:
3679:Prime Minister:
3665:
3664:
3648:Prime Minister:
3639:
3638:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3580:
3556:
3532:
3508:
3484:
3409:
3364:
3359:Roman Wapiński,
3357:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3298:
3289:
3271:
3262:
3252:Poland 1939–1947
3248:
3242:
3232:Poland 1939–1947
3228:
3222:
3221:, Wrocław, 1997.
3216:
3182:
3176:
3166:Poland 1939–1947
3162:
3156:
3142:
3136:
3122:
3116:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3028:
3017:
3016:
2996:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2930:Jozef Garlinski
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2835:
2819:Wojciech Rojek,
2817:
2800:
2785:
2776:
2769:
2758:
2755:In Allied London
2751:
2745:
2735:Poland 1939–1947
2731:
2714:
2699:
2683:Szmul Zygielbojm
2677:Western betrayal
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2532:
2521:
2491:
2485:Kazimierz Sabbat
2480:
2450:
2439:
2409:
2398:
2368:
2357:
2327:
2316:
2286:
2275:
2245:
2234:
2220:
2200:18 January 1954
2197:
2191:Jerzy Hryniewski
2186:
2162:8 December 1953
2156:
2145:
2115:
2104:
2074:
2063:
2033:
2022:
1992:
1981:
1948:
1937:
1907:
1896:
1866:
1855:
1832:
1827:Political party
1821:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1787:22 December 1990
1778:
1771:
1764:
1734:
1730:Kazimierz Sabbat
1727:
1720:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1460:Domenico Tardini
1431:Edward Raczyński
1427:Władysław Anders
1419:Council of Three
1343:Wanda Wasilewska
1259:Edward Raczyński
1248:Raczyński's Note
1233:Władysław Anders
1141:, France, where
838:
831:
824:
807:during 1939–1945
750:Armed Resistance
709:Armed Resistance
683:Armed Resistance
611:Hashomer Hatzair
601:Democratic Party
517:
492:
491:
478:
477:
464:
463:
452:
451:
439:
438:
432:
431:
416:
415:
406:31 December 1991
396:22 December 1990
287:
272:
247:
237:
230:
220:
167:Capital in Exile
134:
133:
76:
62:
44:
36:
21:
20:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
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4045:
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4043:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3861:King Haakon VII
3845:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3751:
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3728:
3723:
3718:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3659:
3654:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3578:
3572:Wayback Machine
3554:
3548:Wayback Machine
3530:
3524:Wayback Machine
3506:
3500:Wayback Machine
3482:
3456:
3424:
3406:
3373:
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2700:
2696:
2691:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2565:
2559:
2530:
2529:
2489:
2488:
2448:
2447:
2444:Alfred Urbański
2407:
2406:
2366:
2365:
2325:
2324:
2284:
2283:
2243:
2242:
2214:
2195:
2194:
2154:
2153:
2113:
2112:
2072:
2071:
2031:
2030:
1990:
1989:
1946:
1945:
1905:
1904:
1864:
1863:
1843:Time in office
1824:Term of office
1819:
1818:
1804:
1802:Prime ministers
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1601:
1594:Zaleski, August
1593:
1590:
1589:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1505:
1500:
1472:
1448:Francoist Spain
1394:
1351:
1307:(and others at
1254:
1252:Witold's Report
1229:Polish II Corps
1124:
1122:Wartime history
996:Ignacy Mościcki
992:Polish Republic
988:
983:
890:Slovak Republic
842:
813:
812:
809:
806:
789:
781:
780:
772:
770:
757:
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747:
744:
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383:19 October 1972
380:
370:
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344:
338:Ignacy Mościcki
327:
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3787:
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3744:King George II
3740:
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3724:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3684:
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3671:
3669:
3667:Czechoslovakia
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:Hubert Pierlot
3645:
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3423:
3422:External links
3420:
3419:
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3349:
3325:
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3205:978-8371331008
3204:
3177:
3157:
3137:
3126:Katyn Massacre
3117:
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3012:978-0786455362
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2289:8 August 1955
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1901:August Zaleski
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1598:August Zaleski
1591:
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1570:
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1527:Time in office
1525:
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1519:
1516:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1499:
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1471:
1468:
1411:August Zaleski
1393:
1390:
1378:United Kingdom
1350:
1347:
1305:Katyń massacre
1186:United Nations
1182:wartime allies
1167:National Party
1123:
1120:
1116:Berling's Army
1047:or across the
987:
984:
982:
979:
975:United Kingdom
967:Fall of France
928:United Kingdom
844:
843:
841:
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788:Related topics
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304:Historical era
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34:na uchodźstwie
29:
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9:
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4110:Polish exiles
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3965:Božidar Purić
3959:
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3944:Dušan Simović
3940:
3939:King Peter II
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3796:Pierre Dupong
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3411:
3407:
3405:9781469619576
3401:
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3374:
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3345:0-7146-8444-9
3342:
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3329:
3313:
3309:
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3303:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:0-7146-8444-9
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:0-7185-1211-1
3256:
3253:
3247:
3241:Pages 103–104
3240:
3239:0-7185-1211-1
3236:
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3153:0-87052-563-8
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3133:0-552-10455-8
3130:
3127:
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3113:0-87052-563-8
3110:
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2987:83-60142-00-9
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2940:0-333-39258-2
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2867:0-901149-33-0
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2632:
2631:Poland portal
2621:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:Armia Krajowa
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:Szare Szeregi
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2535:8 April 1986
2534:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2497:8 April 1986
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2456:15 July 1976
2455:
2453:18 July 1972
2452:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2415:13 July 1972
2414:
2412:20 July 1970
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2371:25 June 1965
2370:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
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2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2333:14 June 1965
2332:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
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2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:33 days
2294:
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2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
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2258:
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2251:21 June 1955
2250:
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2240:
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2118:7 April 1949
2117:
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2035:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:14 July 1943
1994:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:25 July 1940
1950:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
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1913:25 July 1940
1912:
1910:19 July 1940
1909:
1903:
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1887:
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1882:
1879:
1874:
1872:19 July 1940
1871:
1868:
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1854:
1850:
1847:
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1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:24 March 1979
1653:
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1416:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:United States
1370:
1369:
1368:fait accompli
1364:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
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1211:
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1199:
1195:
1187:
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1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:lived at the
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1093:Wilhelmshaven
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:), in France
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:Establishment
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
909:Armia Krajowa
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
819:
817:
816:
808:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
751:
748:authority of
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
710:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
684:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
658:
657:Victory (SZP)
652:
651:
649:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:Minor parties
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
566:Major parties
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
526:
525:
521:
516:
512:
511:
508:
503:
502:
498:
494:
493:
473:
471:
468:
467:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
444:
441:
434:
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430:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
395:
392:
386:
382:
376:
372:
369:
363:
359:
356:
350:
346:
343:
339:
333:
329:
326:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
295:
292:
283:
280:
277:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
97:
93:
89:
83:
75:
67:
61:
53:
48:
42:
35:
22:
19:
3972:Ivan Šubašić
3882:
3711:Henri Giraud
3676:Edvard Beneš
3470:
3461:
3414:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3371:Bibliography
3360:
3336:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3305:
3277:
3251:
3246:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3209:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3165:
3160:
3145:
3144:J.K.Zawodny
3140:
3125:
3120:
3105:
3104:J.K.Zawodny
3100:
3091:
3081:
3068:
3063:Engel (2014)
3036:
3001:
2994:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2947:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2859:
2824:
2788:
2772:
2754:
2749:
2734:
2729:
2697:
2594:
2584:
2572:
2557:Armed forces
2524:
2483:
2442:
2401:
2374:9 June 1970
2360:
2321:Antoni Pająk
2319:
2278:
2248:8 June 1954
2237:
2203:13 May 1954
2189:
2148:
2107:
2077:2 July 1947
2066:
2039:2 July 1947
2025:
1984:
1940:
1916:6 days
1899:
1858:
1840:Left office
1837:Took office
1784:19 July 1989
1772:
1739:8 April 1986
1728:
1698:8 April 1986
1695:8 April 1979
1684:
1651:9 April 1972
1640:
1596:
1552:
1473:
1464:
1456:Vatican City
1407:
1403:
1382:
1366:
1360:
1298:
1282:
1267:
1255:
1225:Afrika Korps
1191:
1184:of the then-
1136:
1108:Anders' Army
1104:Soviet Union
1097:
1038:
1026:
1021:
989:
961:and then in
952:
936:Vatican City
917:
901:World War II
898:
886:Soviet Union
853:
849:
847:
776:Armia Ludowa
586:Labour Party
534:
425:Succeeded by
424:
419:
360:30 July 1941
308:World War II
166:
160:
91:
80:Coat of arms
18:
4022:Philippines
3975:(1944–1945)
3968:(1943–1944)
3954:(1942–1943)
3947:(1941–1942)
3914:(1944–1945)
3907:(1943–1944)
3900:(1939–1943)
3890:President:
3836:(1940–1945)
3813:Netherlands
3766:(1944–1945)
3752:(1941–1944)
3719:(1943–1945)
3674:President:
3384:. New York.
3318:9 September
2799:Pages 48–49
2703:Lech Wałęsa
2547:Independent
2531:(1915–2005)
2506:Independent
2490:(1913–1989)
2449:(1899–1983)
2408:(1896–1979)
2383:Independent
2367:(1896–1977)
2326:(1893–1965)
2285:(1904–1964)
2280:Hugon Hanke
2260:Independent
2244:(1896–1966)
2215: [
2196:(1895–1978)
2171:Independent
2155:(1892–1975)
2130:Independent
2114:(1881–1950)
2089:Independent
2073:(1895–1966)
2032:(1877–1955)
1991:(1901–1966)
1966:Independent
1955:4 July 1943
1947:(1881–1943)
1922:Independent
1906:(1883–1972)
1881:Independent
1865:(1881–1943)
1820:(born–died)
1794:Independent
1779:(1919–2010)
1749:Independent
1735:(1913–1989)
1705:Independent
1691:(1891–1993)
1647:(1892–1982)
1617:Independent
1607:9 June 1947
1603:(1883–1972)
1573:Independent
1559:(1885–1947)
1524:Left office
1521:Took office
1488:Lech Wałęsa
1435:Hugon Hanke
1214:Middle East
1206:Anders Army
864:), was the
529:Authorities
420:Preceded by
373:5 July 1945
186:(1940–1990)
174:(1939–1940)
82:(1956–1990)
4049:Categories
3931:Yugoslavia
3783:Luxembourg
3681:Jan Šrámek
3454:Multimedia
2823:(Editor).
2721:References
2581:Grey Ranks
1503:Presidents
1425:, General
1325:Belarusian
1270:Katyn Wood
1263:Jan Karski
1238:See also:
1098:Under the
1049:Baltic Sea
888:, and the
771:Opposition
668:Gray Ranks
621:Opposition
545:Parliament
535:Government
3335:, Editor
3276:, Editor
3217:Also in:
3046:247048466
2591:Home Army
1814:Portrait
1518:President
1515:Portrait
1462:in 1959.
1321:Ukrainian
1290:Gibraltar
1071:, in the
1067:, in the
799:Education
754:Home Army
713:Home Army
687:Home Army
205:President
50:1939–1990
4034:Thailand
3568:Archived
3544:Archived
3520:Archived
3496:Archived
3261:Page 107
3135:Page 126
3034:(1948).
2711:Smolensk
2617:See also
1452:Holy See
1274:Smolensk
1222:Rommel's
1212:and the
932:Holy See
497:a series
495:Part of
312:Cold War
4010:Denmark
3998:Austria
3641:Belgium
3584:YouTube
3560:YouTube
3536:YouTube
3512:YouTube
3488:YouTube
3175:Page 88
3155:Page 24
3115:Page 15
2989:Page 27
2942:Page 81
2744:Page 20
1313:Kharkiv
1309:Kalinin
1272:, near
1218:British
1081:Cassino
1065:in 1944
1061:in 1940
1045:Romania
1041:Hungary
1004:Ukraine
981:History
882:Germany
389:•
366:•
353:•
323:•
273:(first)
221:(first)
161:de jure
150:Capital
92:Anthem:
3961:(1943)
3883:Poland
3853:Norway
3829:(1940)
3759:(1944)
3736:Greece
3698:France
3402:
3343:
3284:
3257:
3237:
3202:
3171:
3151:
3131:
3111:
3044:
3009:
2985:
2938:
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2795:
2740:
2655:Polish
2577:, ZWZ)
1530:Party
1486:where
1429:, and
1278:Russia
1250:, and
1188:, 1942
1161:, the
1155:London
1151:Angers
1139:Angers
1089:Arnhem
1087:), at
1085:Ancona
1077:Tobruk
1057:Narvik
1053:Norway
1010:, the
971:London
963:Angers
955:France
913:Allied
884:, the
870:Poland
858:Polish
550:Courts
505:Polish
499:on the
288:(last)
261:
238:(last)
209:
198:Polish
184:London
180:(1940)
178:Angers
157:Warsaw
140:Status
94:
41:Polish
37:
3194:[
2689:Notes
2219:]
1330:Kresy
1317:Poles
1149:near
1002:(now
959:Paris
934:(the
707:with
681:with
172:Paris
3400:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3320:2023
3307:Time
3282:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3042:OCLC
3007:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2738:ISBN
1831:Ref.
1817:Name
1376:and
1323:and
1311:and
1210:Iran
1112:Iran
1083:and
1063:and
1043:and
1000:Kuty
848:The
752:and
711:and
685:and
310:and
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2309:11
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1810:No.
1661:PPS
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1288:at
880:by
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2804:^
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