345:
707:
359:
1119:
723:
328:
1006:
664:... an occasional appearance of acuteness, but a total inability to reasonâa singular insensibility as regards the affections â an apparent incapacity to comprehend moral obligations, to distinguish right from wrong â an absolute insensibility to the heinousness of his offence, and to the peril of his situationâa total indifference to the issue of the trial; acquittal will give him no particular pleasure, and he seems unable to comprehend the alternative of his condemnation and execution; his offence, like that of other imbeciles who set fire to buildings, et cetera, without motive, except a vague pleasure in mischiefâappears unable to conceive anything of future responsibility.
769:âdescribed how Oxford "from the statements of the attendants and those associated with him he appears to have conducted himself with great propriety at all times". The notes recorded that Oxford spent much of the time learning: he had learned to speak, or had knowledge of, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin and Greek. He also learned to knit and play the violin; he became a chess player and a painter. As the historian Barry Smith notes, "Bedlam was his university". Oxford's case notes stated that "With regard to his crime he now laments the act which probably originated in a feeling of excessive vanity and a desire to become notorious if he could not be celebrated".
902:
596:
33:
823:
391:, where he practised with their guns. About a week after he moved in, he hit his mother for no apparent reason and threatened her with a pistol; she returned to Birmingham shortly afterwards, leaving Oxford in Lambeth with his sister Susannah and her husband William Phelps. Over the next month Oxford invented a fictional organisation, Young England, a pseudo-military revolutionary group of which he was the leader. He drew up a document of eleven rules, signed by the fictitious A. W. Smith; the first of these was "That every member shall be provided with a
676:, thought Oxford was not in control of his will; he explained that "a propensity to commit acts without an apparent or adequate motive under such circumstances is recognised as a particular species of insanity ... it has been called moral insanity". Conolly reported that when he asked Oxford why he had shot at the queen, he answered "Oh, I might as well shoot at her as anybody else". According to the archivist Patricia H. Allderidge "the singular pointlessness of it all paved the way for a defence of insanity against a capital charge".
440:
pistol. I ducked my head, and another shot, equally loud, instantly followed; we looked round and saw that the man had been quickly surrounded and seized. Albert directly ordered the postillion to drive on as if nothing had happened, to Mama's house. Just before the second shot was fired and as the man took aim, or rather more while he fired, dear Albert turned towards me, squeezing my hand, exclaiming "My God! Don't be alarmed". I assured him I was not the least frightened, which was the case.
925:. Oxford sent a copy to the former steward at Bethlem Hospital, Haydon, who had travelled through Melbourne in the 1840s and had written about the area. In the accompanying note, Oxford wrote "You are the only man in the world, besides myself, who could connect me with the book. ... Even my wife, the sharer of my joys and sorrows, is no wiser than the rest of the world." Haydon and Oxford continued their correspondence until Haydon's death in November 1891.
656:
court that no bullet had been found, despite an extensive search of the area that included sweeping up the dust and dirt and putting it through a sieve; nearby walls were examined for bullet holes, but none had been found. Although when he was first questioned Oxford had said he had loaded the pistols, the arresting officer said he may have misremembered Oxford's exact words; Taylor passed off Oxford's initial claim as being a vainglorious boast.
449:. According to Murphy, the decision by Victoria and Albert to continue their journey rather than return to the palace "turned near-tragedy into overwhelmingly personal triumph". They returned to the palace an hour later, by which time a crowd had gathered, greeting the couple with cheers. Over the next hours and days they made themselves publicly visible, showing the public that the royal couple trusted them.
431:(the drivers mounted on horses) and two outriders. The carriage passed a group of spectators by the gates to the palace and travelled along Constitution Hill; as it came within a couple of metres of Oxford, he drew out his first pistol and fired. His shot missed: he said "I have got another", drew his second pistol and fired that after the carriage. The carriage continued on to the house of Victoria's mother,
680:
of unsound state of mind at the time." The judge, unhappy with the non-standard nature of the decision, bade them retire again to reconsider; they returned an hour later to say Oxford was "guilty, being at the time insane". Denman clarified "You find him not guilty, or he was , but for his insanity". Oxford, aged 18, was sentenced to be detained
1045:
to pronounce the verdict of Not Guilty on account of
Insanity,âwhilst everybody is morally convinced that both malefactors were perfectly conscious and aware of what they did! It appears from this; that the force of the law is entirely put into the Judge's hands, and that it depends merely upon his charge whether the law is to be applied or not.
838:
In leaving
England forever I do what is certainly the best, for a man who has once been in the grip of the law ... It makes no matter what his offence, or whether he has paid the full pound of flesh ten-times over, the taint clings to him like a leprosy, & makes men worse than himself affect
646:
Campbell opened the prosecution by recounting the history of events and details of Oxford's purchase of the pistols and his practising in shooting galleries; he also referred to Young
England and read out the rules and regulations and some of the correspondence, but made no comment on them. According
551:
A great many witnesses against me. Some say I shot with my left, others with my right. They vary as to the distance. After I had fired the first pistol, Prince Albert got up, as if he would jump out of the coach, and sat down again, as if he thought better of it. Then I fired the second pistol. That
395:
of pistols, a sword, a rifle and a dagger; the two latter to be kept at the committee room". He drew up a list of principal membersâall fictitiousâinto ranks of president, council members, generals, captains and lieutenants, and each rank had a "mark of distinction" to signify their position, such as
1363:
In the later case against Oxford, Hannah's testimony was that "he made my nose bleed by a blow from his fistâI was playing with him and turned round, and he hit me on the noseâthat was not in the course of the playâit was afterâhe turned round suddenly as he was going through the door, and struck at
983:
and then undertook a PhD on him, writing her thesis, "Lights and
Shadows in Australian Historical Fiction" in 2019. Sinclair considered that Freeman and Oxford were the same person, partly based on her observation that a photograph of Oxford taken at Bethlem Hospital shows a marked similarity to one
872:
In 1874 Oxford joined the West
Melbourne Mutual Improvement Society, an organisation Sinclair describes as being "aimed to improve their members' minds with debate, supplementing the push of the time to create public libraries and other institutions to illuminate the working man's world". Oxford was
802:
Mr. Hardy requests that it may be distinctly explained to Oxford that he is released upon the condition of his quitting the United
Kingdom immediately and of his never returning to it, and that should he at any time violate this condition he will be apprehended and placed in confinement for the rest
655:
Taylor provided two lines of defence for Oxford: the first was that the pistols were not loaded; the second that Oxford was insane. According to Murphy, the biggest weakness of the government's case was that they could not prove that the pistols were loaded. When questioned, a policeman informed the
439:
I was deafened by the loud report of a pistol, and our carriage involuntarily stopped. Albert was sitting on my right. We looked round and saw a little man on the footpath, with his arms folded over his breast, a pistol in each hand, and before half a minute elapsed, I saw him aim at me with another
1044:
The law may be perfect, but how is it that whenever a case for its application arises, it proves to be of no avail? We have seen the trials of Oxford and MacNaghten conducted by the ablest lawyers of the dayâLord Denman, Chief
Justice Tindal, and Sir Wm. Follett, âand they allow and advise the Jury
885:
carried a story of a man they named as "John Oxford" who had previously attempted to shoot the queen. The man had been caught stealing a shirt and had spent a week in prison. There were differences between "John Oxford" and Edward Oxford, including their heights and ages. The historian Mark
Stevens
786:
visited
Broadmoor in January 1865, and described Oxford as "a fat, elderly man" leading a group of inmates who were decorating the premises. The journalist reported that Oxford "has now perfectly recovered his sanity, and is the most orderly, most useful and most trusted of all the inmates". It was
679:
After the closing arguments had been made, the jury retired for 45 minutes to make their decision. They concluded "We find the prisoner, Edward Oxford, guilty of discharging the contents of two pistols, but whether or not they were loaded with ball has not been satisfactorily proved to us, he being
651:
Richard Moran, it was strange that
Campbell spent nearly an hour reading through the Young England information, but made no comment as to its significance. Based on the transcript of the trial, Moran considers "it is difficult to ascertain if Campbell meant to ridicule Oxford by the introduction of
444:
Onlookers apprehended Oxfordâsome shouting "Kill him!"âand disarmed him; he did not struggle. One of the first people to reach him, Albert Lowe, took both pistols. Holding the guns, he was mistaken for the assassin, seized and beaten. Oxford, annoyed at the attention being on someone else, admitted
659:
After discussion of the evidence about the pistols, Oxford's sanity was examined. Several friends and family members all gave evidence that Oxford, his father and grandfather had exhibited unusual behaviour. Their evidence was followed by that of the doctors who had attended Oxford at Newgate; all
265:
for a banker. According to the historian Paul Murphy, Oxford's behaviour as a youth was erratic and he had "fits of unprovoked, maniacal laughter"; this behaviour caused the failure of two food outlets his mother was then operating. By 1831 Oxford was being cared for by his maternal grandfather in
858:
There is limited information about Oxford's first years in Australia and he does not appear in any official records for his first five years in the colony. Sinclair identifies a "James Freeman" working as a painter in Melbourne between 1870 and 1879, which is possibly Oxford, but the first known
843:
Oxford did not have enough money to cover the ÂŁ25 fare to Australia, and the government refused to pay. Haydon gave him ÂŁ43 18sâprobably from several people, but Haydon was the main benefactorâand Oxford was able to pay for his passage, buy new clothing and still have ÂŁ22 left for his arrival in
757:
by one prisoner. A visitor to the asylum in 1842 reported that Oxford spent his time drawingâhis works "were uncommonly well executed, and evinced a natural talent for the art"âand reading. He taught himself to read French, but bemoaned the lack of opportunity to practise his pronunciation; when
890:, who had also attempted to assassinate Victoria, but who had been transported to Australia, rather than placed in an asylum. Sinclair considers that "John Oxford" was unlikely to be Edward Oxford, but notes that during the time "John Oxford" was in prison, none of Edward's articles appeared in
488:
Although there was some initial doubt about whether his pistols were loaded, once Oxford was at the police station he was asked, and, in front of several witnesses, he admitted that they had been. On all subsequent occasions, he said they were only charged with powder but not with shot. Several
252:
and earned an average of ÂŁ20 a week. Edward was the third of the couple's seven children, although only four survived until 1829. According to Jenny Sinclair, Edward's biographer, George's behaviour was erratic when he was younger and he was an "impulsive and a heavy drinker" by the time he was
150:, he showed erratic behaviour which was sometimes threatening or violent. He had a series of jobs in pubs, all of which he lost because of his conduct. In 1840, shortly after being dismissed from yet another pub, he purchased two pistols and fired twice at Queen Victoria and her husband,
1061:
on instructions to be given to a jury for a defence of insanity. These included the direction "to establish a defence on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was labouring under ... a defect of reason".
752:
Little is known about Oxford's life in at the Bethlem Hospital. From the time he arrived, the doctors considered him to be sane. Conditions in the hospital were harsh and Oxford had to spend much of his time in one large room with violent prisoners; he was attacked with a
1001:
Six others tried to assassinate Victoria between 1840 and 1882, one of whom, John Francis, tried twice in May 1842. After Francis's second effort, Oxford said to a warder at Bethlem Hospital "If only they had hanged me, the dear Queen would not have had all this bother".
798:, who had taken over as Home Secretary, wrote to the governor of Broadmoor, asking for a report on Oxford; he received a certificate attesting to Oxford's sanity. Hardy offered Oxford release, conditional on his emigration to the colonies, never to return to Britain.
1108:
A knowledge that they would be protected by an acquittal on the grounds of insanity will encourage these men to commit desperate acts, while on the other hand certainty that they will not escape punishment will terrify them into a peaceful attitude â towards
897:
In 1881 Oxford met and married Mrs Jane Bowen (née Tapping), an English woman who had emigrated to Australia, and had been married and widowed twice. Oxford signed the marriage register as John Freeman and did not tell his wife of his former name or crime.
344:
1181:(published in serial form between February and November 1841). One of the book's characters, Sim Tappertit, was modelled on Oxford; Tappertit is described as a "vainglorious apprentice" by Murphy and a "sinister and darkly comical figure" by Hurst. When
839:
airs of superiority over him. All that, at a distance, & where he is unknown, is prevented. He can then find his own level, by putting on the bold front necessary ... in the future no man shall say I am unworthy of the name of an Englishman.
4590:
979:. In 1987 Barry Smith came across the letters and published the article "Lights and Shadows in the Life of John Freeman", making public the connection between Oxford and Freeman. Jenny Sinclair wrote a full-length biography of Oxford in 2012,
775:
replaced Bethlem Hospital as Britain's main criminal asylum in 1864 and Oxford, along with several other patients, was transferred to the new institution that April. He was in good physical shape, although suffering from constipation and
1077:
write to the Prime Minister to say "The Queen must say she is shocked at only one year's imprisonment considering how much she was alarmed at the time and she fully expects we shall have more of these things". Ten years later
1174:
took a close interest in the assassination attempt and subsequent trial, and thought Oxford "should have been smothered at birth", according to the Dickens scholar Clive Hurst. The events took place while Dickens was writing
877:
in 1874 under the pseudonym "Liber"âLatin for "free man". He continued writing for the newspaper, introducing its readership to the city's slums and its inhabitants, providing descriptions of the people and their lives.
813:
Oxford accepted, and on 22 October 1867, aged 45 and after 27 years of confinement, he was released. He was photographed and his image was distributed to police stations to ensure he would be recognised if he returned.
257:
and George, at various times, threatened, starved, beat and threw a pot at Hannah, which left her with a scar. George died in June 1829 when Edward was seven years old, by which time the family were living in London.
749:, the hospital was the first in the UK to specialise in mental illness. One wing of the hospital was the State Criminal Lunatic Asylum, and those incarcerated there had committed crimes while judged to be insane.
485:. Murphy considers him "without question the most wicked, the most feared, and the most reviled of George III's sons", and observes that the reference to Augustus would have been "chilling to any British reader".
1226:
novel whose plot centres on one of Oxford's descendantsâalso called Edward Oxfordâwho travels back in time to assassinate Victoria, only to be thwarted by fictitious renderings of the explorer and writer
1382:
Sinclair notes that there were several variants of his confession recorded, including "It was me that did it", "It was I" and "I did it". Stevens reports the words were "It was I, it was me that did it".
452:
On the way to the police station, Oxford hinted that he had not acted alone, and once he was in custody, his rooms were searched and the information about Young England was discovered. Questioned by the
274:. His erratic behaviour continued: he turned off the gaslights when the pub was full of customers, assaulted someone with a large chisel or screwdriverâfor which he was found guilty of assault and fined
184:, Australia, under the new name "John Freeman". He worked as a decorator, married and became a respected figure at his local church. He began writing stories on the seedier aspects of Melbourne life for
1430:
Stewards were, along with porters and matrons, the lower officers at the hospital, although they were ranked above nurses, attendants and keepers, all of whom were afforded a similar status to domestic
4947:
1480:
M'Naghten's name was rendered in multiple other spellings in different sources, including McNaghten, McNaghton, Macnaghton, Macnaghten, Macnaughten, Macnaughton, McNaughton, McNaughten and others.
921:. He included chapters on the zoo and the racecourse and information on churches and markets. His first chapter was titled "What we Have in our Midst", and examines the city's slums, poverty and
4400:
1066:
917:, a factual work that provides sketches of life in both the wealthy and seamy parts of nineteenth-century Melbourne. Some of the information came from the articles that he had written for
787:
also reported that as inmates were paid a small sum for working, he had managed to save between ÂŁ50 and ÂŁ60, although Sinclair states Oxford had savings of ÂŁ6 17s when he left Broadmoor.
887:
794:, the Home Secretary, with the support of the chairman of Broadmoor, the deputy superintendent, the hospital's resident doctor and the prison surgeon. Grey ignored the request. In 1867
1105:
Punishment deters not only sane men but also eccentric men, whose supposed involuntary acts are really produced by a diseased brain capable of being acted upon by external influence.
1191:, also known as "Phiz", that included an image of Oxford holding a pistol pointing at Victoria; papers titled "Young England" are in his jacket pocket. In the mid 1840s the writer
5069:
5951:
873:
vice-president of the society the following year and gave talks to the members. He began writing on the seedier aspects of Melbourne life and had articles published in
1020:. The medico-legal question about criminal insanity continued through the rest of the nineteenth century. The defence of insanity was used again in January 1843, when
445:
his culpability by saying "I am the man who fired; it was me". Police soon arrived and arrested Oxford, who was taken into custody at the nearest police station, in
411:, and waited for two hours; the royal couple were known to take an evening drive most days and groups of onlookers were common at that time. At around 6:00 pm
289:
When the King's Head closed eleven months after his arrival, Oxford took a series of jobs in other London pubs. He was dismissed from the Shepherd and Flock in
4506:
564:
to await trial. While in Newgate, Oxford was examined by several doctors specialising or having a professional interest in mental illness. These included the
5513:
831:
5916:
5659:
477:. The reference to Germany was concerning to some in Britain, as if Victoria had been assassinated, she would have been succeeded on the British throne by
465:âOxford again spread his tale of the conspiracy of which he was part. Subsequent newspaper speculation suggested the organisation may be connected to the
765:
into the hospital's criminal inmates found Oxford to be "healthy and sane". The case notes on him in February 1854âprobably by Bethlem's superintendent,
758:
asked about his mental state, he acknowledged that he was there because others had thought him insane, but said he "was really very far from being mad".
4667:
1449:ÂŁ25 in 1867 equates to approximately ÂŁ2,800 in 2023; ÂŁ43 18s in 1838 equates to approximately ÂŁ4,990 the same year, according to calculations based on
217:. Like Oxford, M'Naghten was also found not guilty on the grounds of insanity. The cases of Oxford and M'Naghten prompted the judiciary to frame the
4392:
5921:
1167:. Alluding to Oxford's fictitious society Young England, the wording below the image describes Oxford as "the patriotic imitator of Young France".
502:
5936:
5022:
4658:
4549:
4366:
5956:
5946:
4638:
1988:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
4614:
1090:. The verdict at his trial was not guilty on grounds of insanity. Victoria was angered by the verdict and complained to her private secretary
4952:
1136:
that included a deranged Edward Oxford clutching pistol and pint pot (far right); Queen Victoria, in coronation garb, is in the line of fire.
1506:
540:
4705:
5399:
4795:
358:
5901:
5110:
5040:
5136:
5058:
5046:
4957:
4912:
4842:
1083:
706:
517:
261:
On her husband's death, Hannah returned to Birmingham with Oxford before they moved back to London, where Hannah initially became a
5906:
4741:
1218:
640:
5034:
4120:
632:
266:
Birmingham and had begun working for a tailor. When he was fourteen Oxford was sent to work at the King's Head, an aunt's pub in
4669:
Lights and Shadows in Australian Historical Fiction: how Does Historical Fiction Deal with how Australia Comes to Know its Past?
4980:
3490:
624:
462:
1053:, which put pressure on the government to clarify the matter. The government suggested the Lords should ask the judges of the
5843:
5787:
5176:
5010:
5004:
3965:
3922:
3898:
3879:
3858:
3839:
3796:
3773:
3754:
3724:
3703:
3678:
3648:
3627:
3606:
3578:
3557:
3533:
1450:
1418:
1405:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1288:
454:
2691:
2689:
1118:
197:
Oxford's trial, and the later M'Naghten case led to an overhaul of the law on criminal insanity in England. In January 1843
5941:
5736:
4998:
4859:
4136:
Moran, Richard (January 1986). "The Punitive Uses of the Insanity Defense: The Trial for Treason of Edward Oxford (1840)".
1029:
834:, thanking him for "all of the kindness I have received at your hands"; on the question of his emigration, he told Haydon:
490:
305:
salary of ÂŁ5. After leaving the Hog in the Pound, Oxford moved in with his mother and sister at 6 West Place, West Square,
210:
1391:
The word "bedlam", meaning confusion or uproar, derives from the Bethlem Hospital; it entered the English language in its
1163:
on his coat of arms", according to the political historian Gordon Pentland. Both the cockade and cap were symbolic of the
520:; he charged Oxford with "maliciously and unlawfully discharging two pistols at the Queen and Prince Albert". A charge of
5767:
5533:
5528:
5496:
5456:
5416:
4822:
4817:
2686:
1471:
This is also recorded as Oxford saying that if they had hanged him "there would have been no more shooting at the Queen".
1040:. Following so soon after the acquittal of Oxford, Victoria was unhappy with the result and wrote to Peel in March 1843:
510:
1155:
drew a satire of Oxford, in which he "revived the iconography of the age of revolutions in portraying Oxford sporting a
844:
Australia. The berth was booked in the name John Freeman: Oxford's chosen name for his new life. Oxford was escorted to
722:
5518:
5484:
5431:
5421:
5146:
5016:
3451:
1373:
The other ranks and their marks were: generals (three red bows), captains (two red bows) and lieutenants (one red bow).
1074:
521:
158:
108:
660:
reported that they considered he was mentally disturbed. Based on his interview, Conolly surmised that Oxford showed:
146:
in 1840. He was the first of seven unconnected people who tried to kill her between 1840 and 1882. Born and raised in
5476:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5411:
5386:
4849:
772:
728:
620:
576:
4499:
327:
5607:
5558:
5306:
4807:
1308:
478:
474:
469:âthe working-class movement pressing for self-determination and democratic reformsâthe Germans or a faction of the
283:
244:
Marklew). The couple met in Birmingham's Hope and Anchor tavern, which was owned by Hannah's parents; George was a
4423:
3334:
2513:
2511:
1905:
1057:
to provide clarification on the situation. Fifteen judges reported back to the Lords and their answers formed the
5711:
5553:
4800:
985:
608:
525:
506:
2603:
2601:
1315:
measure of inflation. His next job carried a salary of ÂŁ20 a year, so ÂŁ1 10s 6d was a not inconsiderable amount.
5614:
5298:
5282:
5028:
4837:
4307:
4039:
Freemon, Frank R. (September 2001). "The Origin of the Medical Expert Witness: The Insanity of Edward Oxford".
2508:
1994:
1896:
557:
3831:
Scenes from Bedlam: a History of Caring for the Mentally Disordered at Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley
928:
Oxford had continued with his work for the church. After serving as churchwarden in 1883 and 1885, he was the
180:
In 1867 Oxford was given the offer of release if he relocated to a British colony; he accepted and settled in
5590:
5223:
5199:
5064:
5052:
4889:
4827:
4700:
4524:
3784:
2598:
1519:
1036:âand shot him in the back, killing him. M'Naghten later said that he thought the man was the Prime Minister,
976:
933:
628:
262:
5816:
5501:
5446:
5330:
5120:
4854:
4778:
4734:
3908:
1254:
791:
681:
166:
5451:
5349:
4812:
4759:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2535:
1404:ÂŁ50 to ÂŁ60 in 1865 equates to approximately ÂŁ6,000 to ÂŁ7,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on
5543:
5538:
3738:
1232:
1005:
964:
685:
3349:
2616:
975:
Haydon's family kept the letters Oxford sent to Haydon. In the 1950s his descendants gave them to the
5931:
5926:
5652:
5575:
5568:
5506:
5394:
5322:
4962:
4545:
4446:
1152:
1010:
432:
404:
379:. He practised in his back garden, firing the guns charged with powder, but probably not loaded with
254:
5831:
5826:
5580:
5489:
5471:
4986:
4610:
4544:
2517:
1324:ÂŁ20 in 1840 is approximately equivalent to ÂŁ2,280 in 2023, according to calculations based on
416:
1287:ÂŁ20 in 1822 is approximately equivalent to ÂŁ2,300 in 2023, according to calculations based on
901:
293:
after he attacked a colleague with a knife; he lasted only a few months at the Hat and Flowers in
5961:
5689:
5563:
5548:
5404:
5255:
5156:
4783:
4727:
4451:
4167:"'An Offence New in Its Kind': Responses to Assassination Attempts on British Royalty, 1800â1900"
1350:ÂŁ2 in 1840 is the approximate equivalent to ÂŁ230 in 2023, according to calculations based on
1304:
1197:
612:
494:
279:
4525:
249:
240:
5585:
5357:
5290:
4884:
4584:
3982:
Aitken, Robert; Aitken, Marilyn (Summer 2010). "The M'Naghten Case: The Queen Was Not Amused".
1911:
1892:
1853:
1337:ÂŁ5 in 1840 is approximately equivalent to ÂŁ570 in 2023, according to calculations based on
1228:
1183:
1128:
941:
866:
738:
712:
673:
636:
584:
420:
290:
170:
151:
4564:
4379:
3496:
5777:
5523:
4832:
4474:
3617:
3388:
2496:
1192:
861:
742:
669:
643:, and they agreed to pay Taylor's fees as long as he was the lead barrister for the defence.
616:
186:
4225:
4193:
3714:
1311:
in 1838 is approximately equivalent to ÂŁ170 in 2023, according to calculations based on the
1187:
was published in serial form between April 1840 and February 1841, it included a drawing by
5911:
5896:
5821:
5631:
5314:
5215:
1188:
1123:
766:
514:
294:
4498:
2627:
1849:
8:
5721:
5247:
5191:
5105:
4788:
4316:
2695:
1102:
Her Majesty thinks it worth consideration whether the law should not be amended. ...
1021:
595:
198:
4335:
3693:
5726:
5716:
5636:
5461:
5239:
5207:
4942:
4879:
4652:
4262:
4229:
4221:
4102:
4077:
4064:
3991:
3955:
3912:
3869:
3829:
3638:
3596:
3588:
3568:
3547:
1392:
1248:
1058:
929:
218:
174:
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1417:ÂŁ6 17s equates to approximately ÂŁ679 in 2023, according to calculations based on the
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1095:
1033:
945:
560:, although all he would admit to was firing the pistols. That evening he was sent to
446:
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206:
142:(19 April 1822 â 23 April 1900) was an English man who attempted to assassinate
4233:
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1246:
Oxford's assassination attempt has been dramatised twice, firstly for the 2009 film
855:; the ship set sail on 3 December 1867 and arrived in Melbourne on 7 February 1868.
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On 10 June 1840âthe eleventh anniversary of George Oxford's deathâOxford walked to
388:
372:
162:
4367:"My 'insane' Uncle Ed tried to kill Queen Victoria â he was treated with kindness"
4194:"Temporary Fits, Animal Passions: Insanity in Victorian Capital Trials, 1890â1935"
3601:. Ashford, Kent: Headley for the "British Journal of Psychiatry". pp. 86â90.
1555:
1209:âa teenager who broke into Buckingham Palace several times between 1838 and 1841.
301:, where he was on a salary of ÂŁ20 a year. He was sacked on 30 April and given his
5853:
5466:
5263:
5095:
4864:
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3689:
3640:
Unconscious Crime: Mental Absence and Criminal Responsibility in Victorian London
3523:
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1171:
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532:
531:
The following morning Oxford was taken from the police station to offices of the
238:, England, on 19 April 1822. His parents were George Oxford and his wife Hannah (
202:
4710:
4609:
3394:
2731:
5836:
5701:
5161:
4750:
4585:
4484:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
4021:
4004:
3951:
3806:
3749:. Ashford, Kent: Headley for The British Journal of Psychiatry. pp. 4â11.
3742:
3592:
1300:
1160:
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795:
568:
561:
544:
412:
392:
384:
275:
190:, which were published under the pseudonym "Liber". He later published a book,
143:
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1016:
According to the historian Georgina Rychner, Oxford became connected with the
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4111:
4078:"Moral Insanity and Psychological Disorder: the Hybrid Roots of Psychiatry"
4060:
3734:
1087:
572:
470:
376:
4157:
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3716:
Shooting Victoria: Madness, Mayhem and the Rebirth of the British Monarchy
524:
was added before the trial started. This carried a possible punishment of
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762:
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214:
4292:
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3995:
3688:
Hurst, Clive (2003). "Historical Sources and Contemporary Contexts". In
1148:
of him was soon on display, advertised in the press. The same year, the
746:
5874:
5867:
5848:
5694:
4992:
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4415:
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3938:. Vol. IV, 1839 to 1843. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1149:
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taken of "Freeman" in 1888, when he was representing the church at the
937:
849:
777:
604:
428:
333:
235:
147:
62:
32:
1140:
Shortly before his trial Oxford was visited by an Italian artist from
830:
On leaving Broadmoor, Oxford wrote to one of the stewards at Bethlem,
5772:
5706:
5231:
4355:
3893:(Kindle ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books.
3355:
1259:
1223:
1054:
922:
782:
536:
498:
466:
271:
245:
181:
81:
959:
On 23 April 1900, four days after his 78th birthday, Oxford died of
790:
Soon after his arrival at Broadmoor, Oxford appealed for release to
688:
that allowed the state to incarcerate him for as long as it wished.
3766:
The Politics of Regicide in England 1760-1850: Troublesome Subjects
3570:
The Lucky Queen: The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria
1640:
1070:
960:
845:
267:
94:
3871:
Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials
1144:. The artist took a plaster cast of Oxford's face and head, and a
4719:
4643:
580:
482:
397:
306:
221:
on instructions to be given to a jury for a defence of insanity.
4308:"Atrocious Attempt to Assassinate the Queen and Prince Albert".
3960:. Ashford, Kent: Headley for The British Journal of Psychiatry.
3212:
1995:"Atrocious Attempt to Assassinate the Queen and Prince Albert".
1897:"Atrocious Attempt to Assassinate the Queen and Prince Albert".
513:. Among those summoned to the station was a magistrate from the
194:, which looks at both the wealthy and seamy parts of Melbourne.
1243:; the book includes Young England as an assassins' conspiracy.
949:
932:
for St James Cathedral at the Anglican Church Assembly for the
424:
859:
reference to him was in 1873 when "John Freeman" was named in
652:
this material, or if he had some other, undisclosed purpose."
4276:"Erotomania and Queen Victoria: or Love Among the Assassins?"
3851:
A Walking Shadow: The Remarkable Double Life of Edward Oxford
3783:
Prosono, Marvin (2003). "History of Forensic Psychiatry". In
3077:
3053:
3002:
2518:"In the Spotlight: Edward Oxford". Bethlem Museum of the Mind
981:
A Walking Shadow: The Remarkable Double Life of Edward Oxford
4637:
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (6 March 1843).
3427:
2930:
2838:
2826:
1864:
1862:
1494:
312:
4380:"The Young Victoria: less chess, more Hungry Hungry Hippos"
4121:"Daniel M'Naghten: The Man Who Changed the Law on Insanity"
3466:
3152:
3043:
3041:
2855:
2853:
2319:
2317:
2208:
2206:
1813:
1811:
996:
489:
people visited the police station to see Oxford, including
371:
Three days after he lost his job, Oxford went to a shop in
3891:
Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum
3283:
3094:
3092:
2802:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2075:
1784:
639:. Taylor was a member of an organisation that opposed the
427:, an open-topped horse-drawn carriage, accompanied by the
3591:(1977). "On the Spelling of Daniel M'Naghten's Name". In
3312:
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3273:
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3164:
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2780:
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2218:
2145:
2143:
2141:
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1978:
1976:
1912:
Queen Victoria. "Journal Entry: Wednesday 10th June 1840"
1893:
Queen Victoria. "Journal Entry: Wednesday 10th June 1840"
1859:
1854:
Queen Victoria. "Journal Entry: Wednesday 10th June 1840"
1772:
1748:
1673:
1094:
that "It is Oxford's case over again". Ponsonby wrote to
1073:
after he fired a pistol at her in 1872, Victoria had her
3405:
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1939:
1937:
1808:
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3664:. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
3089:
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2015:
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1922:
1920:
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1098:, the Prime Minister, passing on the Queen's thoughts:
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2003:
1973:
1961:
1700:
1628:
1616:
668:
Giving evidence, William Dingle Chowne, a lecturer on
3698:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 667â672.
3400:
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1934:
1874:
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1049:
The matter of the insanity defence was raised in the
4647:. United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 289â290.
3376:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2662:
2633:
2628:"Edward Oxford (1822â1900)". Berkshire Record Office
2586:
2550:
2467:
2416:
2356:
2341:
2242:
2230:
2087:
2051:
2039:
1949:
1917:
1850:"Edward Oxford (1822â1900)". Berkshire Record Office
1736:
1724:
1685:
1656:
1575:
1440:ÂŁ43 was about 10 per cent of Haydon's annual salary.
169:
at the two State Criminal Lunatic Asylums: first at
4393:"From would-be royal assassin to pillar of society"
3478:
2574:
2484:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1252:, and then again in 2016 for the television series
603:The trial took place from 9 to 11 July 1840 at the
177:. Visitors and staff did not consider him insane.
5952:People detained in hospitals in the United Kingdom
4589:
4439:
286:âand fired an arrow at another boy, injuring him.
4005:"Papers: Criminal Insanity: Bethlem to Broadmoor"
3643:. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2865:
1205:; this character was a combination of Oxford and
1113:
737:On 18 July 1840 Oxford was taken from Newgate to
587:, who accompanied as the Oxfords' family doctor.
396:a black bow (for the president) or a large white
320:Interpretations of Oxford's assassination attempt
5888:
5011:Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
4243:"Lights and Shadows in the Life of John Freeman"
3573:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing.
1528:
503:Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
5023:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1009:"The Regicide Pot Boy": a satirical drawing by
16:Would-be assassin of Queen Victoria (1822â1900)
4377:
4338:(9 January 2011). "Sublimely strange sci-fi".
3957:Daniel McNaughton: his Trial and the Aftermath
3805:
3789:Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry
3747:Daniel McNaughton: his Trial and the Aftermath
3598:Daniel McNaughton: his Trial and the Aftermath
3497:"Killing Victoria. Episode One: The Monster".
3472:
3218:
808:Letter to Broadmoor from a civil servant, 1867
635:. Oxford was represented by Sidney Taylor and
4735:
4034:. Vol. 262, no. 2. 12 January 2015.
894:and he did not appear in the church records.
297:, and four months at the Hog in the Pound in
4566:"Killing Victoria. Episode One: The Monster"
4009:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
3981:
3158:
556:That afternoon Oxford was questioned by the
415:âfour months pregnant with her first child,
5917:British emigrants to the Colony of Victoria
4657:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4138:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
3768:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2503:"About Bethlem". Bethlem Museum of the Mind
1266:, included an episode on Oxford's attempt.
956:to raise funds for a plaque for Macartney.
691:
5041:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
4999:Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
4742:
4728:
4317:"A Visit to the Criminal Lunatic Asylum".
4002:
3739:"The McNaughton case and its predecessors"
3395:"The Regicide Pot Boy". The British Museum
2696:"A Visit to the Criminal Lunatic Asylum".
2323:
1520:"Edward Oxford: Royal Offences: Treason".
1086:before he was set upon by schoolboys from
699:Institutions where Oxford was incarcerated
31:
5053:Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
5047:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
4843:Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition
4591:"Journal Entry: Wednesday 10th June 1840"
4334:
4291:
4182:
4101:
4020:
4003:Allderidge, Patricia H (September 1974).
3975:
3917:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3874:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3445:
607:, central London. Three judges presided:
313:Assassination attempt: April to June 1840
4665:
4636:
4526:"Edward Oxford: Royal Offences: Treason"
4164:
3950:
3848:
3433:
3370:
3230:
3194:
3122:
3098:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3008:
2960:
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2924:
2900:
2859:
2844:
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2820:
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2796:
2741:
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2568:
2410:
2386:
2308:
2284:
2272:
2197:
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2120:
2081:
2009:
1982:
1967:
1868:
1837:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1706:
1679:
1646:
1634:
1598:
1569:
1500:
1235:. Oxford is also used as a character in
1219:The Strange Affair of Spring-Heeled Jack
1117:
1004:
997:Later assassination attempts and the law
900:
821:
594:
229:
5922:English emigrants to colonial Australia
4191:
4038:
3888:
3827:
3782:
3657:
3587:
3566:
3521:
3250:
3182:
3170:
3110:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2912:
2888:
2784:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2680:
2556:
2529:
2398:
2374:
2335:
2149:
2132:
2105:
2069:
2033:
1943:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1802:
1730:
1718:
1650:
1610:
1586:
1565:
1561:
1269:
948:. Oxford, as honorary secretary to the
817:
213:âmistaking him for the Prime Minister,
5937:People acquitted by reason of insanity
5889:
5035:Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
4981:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4672:(PhD thesis). University of Melbourne.
4364:
4273:
4118:
3931:
3907:
3733:
3712:
3668:
3619:Napoleon: the Path to Power, 1769-1799
3542:
3484:
3421:
3328:
3316:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3262:
3238:
3234:
3206:
3146:
3134:
3032:
2948:
2656:
2490:
2449:
2437:
2296:
2260:
2224:
2173:
2057:
2045:
2021:
1955:
1928:
1880:
1790:
1742:
1694:
1667:
1622:
1069:was given a year's imprisonment and a
5957:People from Birmingham, West Midlands
5947:People detained at Broadmoor Hospital
5005:Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4723:
4481:
4403:from the original on 7 December 2022.
4378:von Tunzelmann, Alex (5 March 2009).
4240:
4135:
4119:Kaplan, Robert M. (20 January 2023).
4075:
3867:
3763:
3687:
3636:
3615:
3409:
3382:
3020:
2737:
2668:
2644:
2592:
2580:
2478:
2461:
2425:
2362:
2350:
2248:
2236:
2212:
2185:
2093:
1549:
1462:Haydon's letters to Oxford were lost.
886:considers "John Oxford" was possibly
239:
157:Oxford was arrested and charged with
4475:participating institution membership
4390:
3661:Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life
2876:
915:Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life
907:Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life
192:Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life
3673:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
590:
435:. The Queen recorded in her diary:
13:
5017:Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
4749:
4706:Biography from Tarlton Law Library
4512:from the original on 20 April 2023
4391:Webb, Carolyn (18 December 2012).
4076:Jones, David W. (September 2017).
1201:, which includes Henry Holford, a
375:and spent ÂŁ2 on two pistols and a
14:
5973:
5902:1840 crimes in the United Kingdom
4688:Papers of John Freeman, 1862â1889
4678:
4552:from the original on 12 June 2023
4546:"In the Spotlight: Edward Oxford"
4505:. Berkshire Record Office. 2009.
4426:from the original on 28 July 2023
4365:Pepper, Penny (10 October 2016).
970:
848:in late November and boarded the
773:Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum
729:Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum
539:where he was interrogated by the
461:, the most senior officer in the
165:and he was detained indefinitely
5608:The Coronation of Queen Victoria
4617:from the original on 5 July 2023
3791:(2nd ed.). London: Arnold.
1474:
1465:
1456:
1443:
1434:
1424:
1411:
721:
705:
552:is all I have to say at present.
511:Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service
364:Watercolour by G. H. Miles, 1840
357:
343:
326:
163:not guilty by reason of insanity
5907:19th-century Australian writers
4644:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
4360:. 21 September 1840. p. 1.
4351:. 15 September 1840. p. 8.
4165:Pentland, Gordon (April 2023).
3853:. New York: Arcade Publishing.
1886:
1843:
1398:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1318:
1294:
986:Melbourne Centennial Exhibition
936:in 1887 and, in 1894, he was a
526:hanging, drawing and quartering
507:Henry Cadogan, 4th Earl Cadogan
127:
5788:Mauritius "Post Office" stamps
5615:The Marriage of Queen Victoria
5029:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
4548:. Bethlem Museum of the Mind.
4330:. 28 February 1843. p. 6.
4326:"Edward Oxford in Bethlehem".
4321:. 13 January 1865. p. 10.
2608:"Edward Oxford in Bethlehem".
1281:
1262:history series in March 2023,
1114:Portrayals and popular culture
481:, king of the German state of
1:
5632:"The Widow at Windsor" (1892)
5059:Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen
4701:National Library of Australia
4530:Old Bailey Proceedings Online
4347:"The Lunatic Edward Oxford".
4274:Turner, Trevor (April 1990).
3914:Crime and Insanity in England
3834:. London: BailliĂšre Tindall.
3809:(1963). Raymond, John (ed.).
3341:"The Lunatic Edward Oxford".
1522:Old Bailey Proceedings Online
1487:
977:National Library of Australia
619:. The prosecution was led by
38:
4226:10.5401/healthhist.20.1.0028
4210:10.5401/healthhist.20.1.0028
4150:10.1016/0160-2527(86)90045-2
3713:Murphy, Paul Thomas (2013).
3528:. London: Psychology Press.
417:Victoria, the Princess Royal
350:Lithograph by W. Clerk, 1840
253:twenty. George and Hannah's
224:
7:
5942:People acquitted of treason
5778:India Inverted Head 4 annas
5351:Victoria and Merrie England
4760:Queen of the United Kingdom
4500:"Edward Oxford (1822â1900)"
4408:
3932:Wallis, John E. P. (1892).
3719:. New York: Pegasus Books.
3669:Garvey, Stephen P. (2020).
761:A report undertaken by the
10:
5978:
5514:Victoria, British Columbia
4420:Bethlem Museum of the Mind
4312:. 11 June 1840. p. 4.
4192:Rychner, Georgina (2018).
4171:Journal of British Studies
4022:10.1177/003591577406700932
3954:; Walk, Alexander (1977).
3745:; Walk, Alexander (eds.).
3637:Eigen, Joel Peter (2003).
3595:; Walk, Alexander (eds.).
3549:Bedlam: London and its Mad
3522:Andrews, Jonathan (1997).
3509:
1395:early in the 16th century.
1233:Algernon Charles Swinburne
965:Melbourne General Cemetery
686:Criminal Lunatics Act 1800
234:Edward Oxford was born in
5862:
5817:Queen Victoria's journals
5804:
5750:
5677:
5670:
5645:
5624:
5599:
5377:
5342:
5324:Royal Upstairs Downstairs
5275:
5184:
5175:
5129:
5078:
4973:
4900:
4771:
4757:
4630:
4596:Queen Victoria's Journals
4447:Oxford English Dictionary
4053:10.1080/01947640152596434
4041:Journal of Legal Medicine
4032:Publisher's Weekly Review
3671:Guilty Acts, Guilty Minds
3616:Dwyer, Philip G. (2007).
3460:Publisher's Weekly Review
2544:Oxford English Dictionary
1364:meâit hurt me very much".
991:
913:In 1888 Oxford published
684:, a verdict based on the
682:at Her Majesty's pleasure
433:Victoria, Duchess of Kent
423:left the palace in their
167:at Her Majesty's pleasure
114:
104:
89:
70:
48:
30:
23:
4987:Victoria, German Empress
4666:Sinclair, Jenny (2019).
4094:10.1177/0957154X17702316
3849:Sinclair, Jenny (2012).
3567:Charles, Barrie (2014).
3552:. London: Pocket Books.
3515:
3159:Aitken & Aitken 2010
1274:
745:, London. Also known as
692:Incarceration: 1840â1867
255:relationship was abusive
5157:Victoria Day (Scotland)
4958:Death and state funeral
4482:Clark, Gregory (2023).
4452:Oxford University Press
4301:
3935:Reports of State Trials
3828:Russell, David (1997).
3815:. New York: Macmillan.
1198:The Mysteries of London
577:Middlesex County Asylum
495:Master of the Household
400:(for council members).
65:, Warwickshire, England
5783:Malta Halfpenny Yellow
4885:Cunningham Clock Tower
4685:Freeman, John (1862),
4613:. The British Museum.
4611:"The Regicide Pot Boy"
4460:10.1093/OED/1101861163
4356:"The Lunatic Oxford".
3976:Journals and magazines
3889:Stevens, Mark (2013).
3658:Freeman, John (1888).
3622:. London: Bloomsbury.
3525:The History of Bethlem
3356:"The Lunatic Oxford".
1229:Richard Francis Burton
1184:The Old Curiosity Shop
1137:
1129:The Old Curiosity Shop
1111:
1047:
1013:
952:of St James, wrote to
942:Hussey Burgh Macartney
910:
867:St James Old Cathedral
841:
827:
811:
739:Bethlem Royal Hospital
713:Bethlem Royal Hospital
674:Charing Cross Hospital
666:
600:
585:James Fernandez Clarke
554:
547:. Oxford said to him:
442:
336:by J. R. Jobbins, 1840
291:Marylebone High Street
173:and then, after 1864,
171:Bethlem Royal Hospital
5768:Canada 2c Large Queen
5737:Lilac and Green Issue
5308:Victoria & Albert
4890:Devonshire House Ball
4833:Clock Tower, Brighton
4828:Clock Tower, Weymouth
4241:Smith, F. B. (1987).
4082:History of Psychiatry
3868:Smith, Roger (1981).
3764:Poole, Steve (2018).
1503:, pp. 13, 14â15.
1453:measure of inflation.
1421:measure of inflation.
1408:measure of inflation.
1354:measure of inflation.
1341:measure of inflation.
1328:measure of inflation.
1291:measure of inflation.
1241:Inspector of the Dead
1195:published the series
1193:George W. M. Reynolds
1121:
1100:
1042:
1008:
904:
865:as a churchwarden at
836:
825:
800:
670:medical jurisprudence
662:
598:
549:
437:
230:Early life: 1822â1840
84:, Victoria, Australia
5637:"Recessional" (1897)
5316:Looking for Victoria
5249:Victoria & Abdul
5217:Sixty Glorious Years
4948:Visits to Manchester
4639:"Insanity And Crime"
4280:Psychiatric Bulletin
4184:10.1017/jbr.2022.177
3195:West & Walk 1977
3086:, pp. 152, 169.
3062:, pp. 118, 155.
3011:, pp. 130, 133.
1793:, pp. 5, 9, 34.
1451:Consumer Price Index
1419:Consumer Price Index
1406:Consumer Price Index
1352:Consumer Price Index
1339:Consumer Price Index
1326:Consumer Price Index
1313:Consumer Price Index
1289:Consumer Price Index
1270:Notes and references
1189:Hablot Knight Browne
1124:Hablot Knight Browne
934:Diocese of Melbourne
909:, Oxford's 1888 book
818:Australia: 1867â1900
780:. A journalist from
767:William Charles Hood
637:William Henry Bodkin
541:Marquess of Normanby
383:; he also visited a
5722:Three Halfpence Red
5193:Sixty Years a Queen
5106:Lady Flora Hastings
4789:Hackpen White Horse
4450:(Online ed.).
4293:10.1192/pb.14.4.224
4030:"Fiction Reviews".
3589:Diamond, Bernard L.
3473:von Tunzelmann 2009
3458:"Fiction Reviews".
3436:, pp. 435â436.
3292:, pp. 480â481.
3219:Queen Victoria 1963
2939:, pp. 115â116.
2847:, pp. 108â109.
2835:, pp. 106â107.
2464:, pp. 173â175.
2227:, pp. 500â506.
2215:, pp. 175â176.
2188:, pp. 174â175.
1914:, pp. 274â275.
1212:In 2010 the author
963:; he was buried in
832:George Henry Haydon
161:. A jury found him
154:. No-one was hurt.
5727:Penny Venetian Red
5717:Halfpenny Rose Red
5300:The Young Victoria
5284:Happy and Glorious
5241:The Young Victoria
5209:Victoria the Great
5147:Royal Family Order
4943:Victorian morality
4880:Recessional (poem)
4198:Health and History
2084:, pp. 33, 38.
1568:, pp. 35â36;
1249:The Young Victoria
1138:
1014:
940:at the funeral of
930:lay representative
911:
828:
743:St George's Fields
601:
599:Oxford in the dock
583:; and the surgeon
175:Broadmoor Hospital
5884:
5883:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5225:Victoria in Dover
5201:Victoria in Dover
5086:Kensington System
5070:Royal descendants
4933:John William Bean
4908:Bedchamber crisis
4473:(Subscription or
4336:LalumiĂšre, Claude
4247:Victorian Studies
4125:Psychiatric Times
3967:978-0-9022-4101-5
3924:978-0-85224-228-5
3900:978-1-7834-6236-0
3881:978-0-8522-4407-4
3860:978-0-9872-3909-9
3841:978-1-873853-39-9
3798:978-0-3408-0664-7
3775:978-1-5261-3061-7
3756:978-0-9022-4101-5
3726:978-1-6059-8503-9
3705:978-0-1995-3820-1
3680:978-0-1909-2432-4
3650:978-0-8018-7428-4
3629:978-0-7475-7490-3
3608:978-0-902241-01-5
3580:978-1-4456-4369-4
3559:978-1-8498-3552-7
3544:Arnold, Catharine
3535:978-0-4150-1773-2
3221:, pp. 85â86.
3185:, pp. 88â89.
3173:, pp. 28â29.
2915:, pp. 42â43.
2811:, pp. 82â83.
2728:, pp. 79â80.
2683:, pp. 35â36.
2532:, pp. 96â97.
2135:, pp. 38â39.
2024:, pp. 60â61.
1871:, pp. 30â31.
1840:, pp. 29â30.
1820:, pp. 27â28.
1781:, pp. 22â23.
1757:, pp. 23â24.
1682:, pp. 19â21.
1625:, pp. 32â33.
1613:, pp. 22â23.
1601:, pp. 14â15.
1165:French Revolution
1157:tricolour cockade
1096:William Gladstone
1075:private secretary
1034:private secretary
1024:walked up behind
946:Dean of Melbourne
633:Solicitor General
621:Sir John Campbell
409:Buckingham Palace
405:Constitution Hill
207:private secretary
137:
136:
5969:
5932:Failed assassins
5927:Failed regicides
5773:Ceylon Dull Rose
5763:Canada 12d black
5675:
5674:
5257:The Black Prince
5182:
5181:
5167:Victoria (plant)
4928:Empress of India
4875:Cherries jubilee
4764:Empress of India
4744:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4648:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4593:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4486:. MeasuringWorth
4478:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4443:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4404:
4387:
4374:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4340:Edmonton Journal
4331:
4322:
4313:
4297:
4295:
4270:
4237:
4188:
4186:
4161:
4132:
4115:
4105:
4072:
4035:
4026:
4024:
3999:
3971:
3947:
3928:
3904:
3885:
3864:
3845:
3824:
3802:
3779:
3760:
3730:
3709:
3690:Dickens, Charles
3684:
3665:
3654:
3633:
3612:
3584:
3563:
3539:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1526:
1517:
1504:
1498:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1393:figurative sense
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1264:Killing Victoria
1080:Roderick Maclean
1022:Daniel M'Naghten
1018:insanity defence
809:
725:
709:
629:Sir Thomas Wilde
625:Attorney General
591:Trial: July 1840
459:Lord Chamberlain
455:Earl of Uxbridge
389:Leicester Square
385:shooting gallery
373:Blackfriars Road
361:
347:
330:
243:
199:Daniel M'Naghten
131:
129:
77:
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
21:
20:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5858:
5854:Victoria sponge
5792:
5746:
5712:Embossed stamps
5666:
5641:
5620:
5595:
5467:Balmoral cairns
5387:List of statues
5379:
5373:
5359:Victoria Regina
5338:
5292:Victoria Regina
5271:
5171:
5125:
5111:Charlotte Percy
5096:Victoire Conroy
5074:
4969:
4913:Prime ministers
4896:
4865:Jubilee Diamond
4850:Diamond Jubilee
4767:
4753:
4748:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4650:
4649:
4633:
4620:
4618:
4600:
4598:
4575:
4573:
4572:. 20 March 2023
4555:
4553:
4535:
4533:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4489:
4487:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4429:
4427:
4416:"About Bethlem"
4411:
4304:
3978:
3968:
3925:
3901:
3882:
3861:
3842:
3799:
3785:Rosner, Richard
3776:
3757:
3727:
3706:
3681:
3651:
3630:
3609:
3581:
3560:
3536:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3350:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:, p. viii.
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2740:, p. 188;
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2324:Allderidge 1974
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1895:, p. 275;
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1239:'s 2015 novel,
1172:Charles Dickens
1142:Madame Tussauds
1134:waxwork exhibit
1116:
1084:Windsor station
1082:shot at her at
1067:Arthur O'Connor
1059:M'Naghten rules
1026:Edward Drummond
999:
994:
973:
820:
810:
807:
792:Sir George Grey
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
726:
717:
716:
715:
710:
701:
700:
694:
593:
533:Home Department
479:Ernest Augustus
463:royal household
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
353:
352:
351:
348:
339:
338:
337:
331:
322:
321:
315:
270:, then part of
232:
227:
219:M'Naghten rules
203:Edward Drummond
133:
130: 1881)
125:
121:
105:Criminal charge
85:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
44:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5975:
5965:
5964:
5962:Queen Victoria
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:Two penny blue
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:Victoria Cross
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:(half-brother)
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4953:Foreign visits
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4808:Golden Jubilee
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:Queen Victoria
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4708:
4703:
4680:
4679:External links
4677:
4675:
4674:
4663:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4607:
4586:Queen Victoria
4582:
4562:
4542:
4522:
4496:
4479:
4436:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4388:
4375:
4362:
4353:
4349:City Chronicle
4344:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4286:(4): 224â227.
4271:
4253:(4): 459â473.
4238:
4189:
4177:(2): 418â444.
4162:
4144:(2): 171â190.
4133:
4116:
4088:(3): 263â279.
4073:
4047:(3): 349â374.
4036:
4027:
4015:(9): 897â904.
4000:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3905:
3899:
3886:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3825:
3807:Queen Victoria
3803:
3797:
3780:
3774:
3761:
3755:
3731:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3685:
3679:
3666:
3655:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3585:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3540:
3534:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3450:
3446:LalumiĂšre 2011
3438:
3426:
3424:, p. 129.
3414:
3412:, p. 672.
3399:
3387:
3375:
3373:, p. 432.
3363:
3348:
3343:City Chronicle
3333:
3321:
3319:, p. 209.
3306:
3304:, p. 189.
3294:
3282:
3280:, p. 188.
3267:
3265:, p. 211.
3255:
3243:
3237:, p. 10;
3223:
3211:
3209:, p. 249.
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3149:, p. 224.
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3088:
3076:
3074:, p. 159.
3064:
3052:
3050:, p. 152.
3037:
3035:, p. 511.
3025:
3023:, p. 470.
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2963:, p. 116.
2953:
2951:, p. 510.
2941:
2929:
2927:, p. 114.
2917:
2905:
2903:, p. 112.
2893:
2881:
2864:
2862:, p. 109.
2849:
2837:
2825:
2823:, p. 105.
2813:
2801:
2789:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2744:, p. 81;
2730:
2718:
2703:
2685:
2673:
2671:, p. 468.
2661:
2659:, p. 509.
2649:
2647:, p. 188.
2632:
2615:
2597:
2595:, p. 467.
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2534:
2522:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2481:, p. 186.
2466:
2454:
2452:, p. 122.
2442:
2440:, p. 555.
2430:
2428:, p. 186.
2415:
2403:
2391:
2389:, p. 185.
2379:
2367:
2365:, p. 106.
2355:
2353:, p. 268.
2340:
2328:
2313:
2301:
2299:, p. 110.
2289:
2277:
2265:
2263:, p. 109.
2253:
2251:, p. 184.
2241:
2239:, p. 176.
2229:
2217:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 498.
2166:
2154:
2152:, p. 361.
2137:
2125:
2110:
2098:
2096:, p. 172.
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1987:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1933:
1916:
1904:
1885:
1883:, p. 186.
1873:
1858:
1856:, p. 274.
1842:
1836:, p. 37;
1832:, p. 11;
1822:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1655:
1649:, p. 19;
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1574:
1564:, p. 22;
1554:
1527:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1433:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1293:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1161:cap of liberty
1115:
1112:
1092:Henry Ponsonby
1051:House of Lords
1030:Prime Minister
998:
995:
993:
990:
972:
971:Historiography
969:
905:Title page of
826:Oxford in 1889
819:
816:
805:
796:Gathorne Hardy
727:
720:
719:
718:
711:
704:
703:
702:
698:
697:
696:
695:
693:
690:
613:Baron Alderson
592:
589:
575:, the head of
569:Thomas Hodgkin
562:Newgate Prison
545:Home Secretary
509:, a member of
491:Charles Murray
447:Gardner's Lane
413:Queen Victoria
363:
356:
355:
354:
349:
342:
341:
340:
332:
325:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
314:
311:
231:
228:
226:
223:
211:Prime Minister
144:Queen Victoria
135:
134:
123:
119:
118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
99:Queen Victoria
91:
90:Known for
87:
86:
80:
78:(aged 78)
72:
68:
67:
61:
50:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5974:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:Diamond Crown
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Osborne House
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5742:Jubilee Issue
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Visakhapatnam
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Louise Lehzen
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:(half-sister)
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Victorian era
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:The boy Jones
4921:
4919:
4918:Edward Oxford
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Jubilee Tower
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:Wedding dress
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4762:(1837â1901),
4761:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4399:. p. 3.
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:. p. B3.
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3909:Walker, Nigel
3906:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:Early Letters
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3735:Ormrod, Roger
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:Barnaby Rudge
3691:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3434:Pentland 2023
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3385:, p. 96.
3384:
3379:
3372:
3371:Pentland 2023
3367:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3331:, p. 97.
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3253:, p. 19.
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 20.
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:Brougham 1843
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3161:, p. 55.
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3137:, p. ix.
3136:
3131:
3124:
3123:Sinclair 2019
3119:
3113:, p. 29.
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 93.
3100:
3099:Sinclair 2019
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:Sinclair 2012
3080:
3073:
3072:Sinclair 2012
3068:
3061:
3060:Sinclair 2012
3056:
3049:
3048:Sinclair 2012
3044:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3009:Sinclair 2012
3005:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2975:, p. 38.
2974:
2969:
2962:
2961:Sinclair 2012
2957:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2937:Sinclair 2012
2933:
2926:
2925:Sinclair 2012
2921:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2901:Sinclair 2012
2897:
2891:, p. 42.
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:Sinclair 2012
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:Sinclair 2012
2841:
2834:
2833:Sinclair 2012
2829:
2822:
2821:Sinclair 2012
2817:
2810:
2809:Sinclair 2012
2805:
2799:, p. 83.
2798:
2797:Sinclair 2012
2793:
2787:, p. 37.
2786:
2781:
2779:
2772:, p. 36.
2771:
2766:
2760:, p. 39.
2759:
2754:
2748:, p. 36.
2747:
2743:
2742:Sinclair 2012
2739:
2734:
2727:
2726:Sinclair 2012
2722:
2716:, p. 82.
2715:
2714:Sinclair 2012
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2583:, p. 87.
2582:
2577:
2571:, p. 68.
2570:
2569:Sinclair 2012
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2413:, p. 60.
2412:
2411:Sinclair 2012
2407:
2401:, p. 32.
2400:
2395:
2388:
2387:Sinclair 2012
2383:
2377:, p. 38.
2376:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2338:, p. 39.
2337:
2332:
2326:, p. 52.
2325:
2320:
2318:
2311:, p. 55.
2310:
2309:Sinclair 2012
2305:
2298:
2293:
2287:, p. 54.
2286:
2285:Sinclair 2012
2281:
2275:, p. 53.
2274:
2273:Sinclair 2012
2269:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2200:, p. 45.
2199:
2198:Sinclair 2012
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 47.
2163:
2162:Sinclair 2012
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2123:, p. 35.
2122:
2121:Sinclair 2012
2117:
2115:
2108:, p. 28.
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2082:Sinclair 2012
2078:
2072:, p. 26.
2071:
2066:
2060:, p. 60.
2059:
2054:
2048:, p. 40.
2047:
2042:
2036:, p. 30.
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2012:, p. 32.
2011:
2010:Sinclair 2012
2006:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1985:, p. 33.
1984:
1983:Sinclair 2012
1979:
1977:
1970:, p. 31.
1969:
1968:Sinclair 2012
1964:
1958:, p. 59.
1957:
1952:
1946:, p. 37.
1945:
1940:
1938:
1931:, p. 56.
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1869:Sinclair 2012
1865:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1838:Sinclair 2012
1835:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1805:, p. 27.
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1779:Sinclair 2012
1775:
1768:
1767:Sinclair 2012
1763:
1756:
1755:Sinclair 2012
1751:
1745:, p. 41.
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1721:, p. 25.
1720:
1715:
1709:, p. 23.
1708:
1707:Sinclair 2012
1703:
1697:, p. 36.
1696:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1680:Sinclair 2012
1676:
1670:, p. 34.
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1653:, p. 24.
1652:
1648:
1647:Sinclair 2012
1643:
1637:, p. 18.
1636:
1635:Sinclair 2012
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1599:Sinclair 2012
1595:
1589:, p. 22.
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1572:, p. 17.
1571:
1570:Sinclair 2012
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1501:Sinclair 2012
1497:
1493:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:David Morrell
1234:
1231:and the poet
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:the boy Jones
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:Barnaby Rudge
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1003:
989:
987:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
908:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
884:
879:
876:
870:
869:, Melbourne.
868:
864:
863:
856:
854:
853:
847:
840:
835:
833:
824:
815:
804:
799:
797:
793:
788:
785:
784:
779:
774:
770:
768:
764:
759:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
730:
724:
714:
708:
689:
687:
683:
677:
675:
671:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:criminologist
644:
642:
641:death penalty
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:John Patteson
614:
610:
606:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
558:Privy Council
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
448:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:Prince Albert
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
360:
346:
335:
329:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:Oxford Street
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
259:
256:
251:
247:
242:
237:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
188:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:Prince Albert
149:
145:
141:
140:Edward Oxford
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
74:23 April 1900
73:
69:
64:
59:19 April 1822
51:
47:
34:
29:
25:Edward Oxford
22:
19:
5875:Edward VII â
5873:
5868:â William IV
5866:
5661:Choral Songs
5660:
5653:
5613:
5606:
5591:Christchurch
5367:I and Albert
5366:
5358:
5350:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5152:Victoria Day
5116:George Davys
4917:
4823:Police Medal
4715:Find a Grave
4711:John Freeman
4694:11 September
4692:, retrieved
4687:
4668:
4642:
4619:. Retrieved
4599:. Retrieved
4595:
4574:. Retrieved
4569:
4554:. Retrieved
4534:. Retrieved
4529:
4514:. Retrieved
4488:. Retrieved
4463:. Retrieved
4445:
4428:. Retrieved
4419:
4396:
4384:The Guardian
4383:
4371:The Guardian
4370:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4283:
4279:
4250:
4246:
4204:(1): 28â51.
4201:
4197:
4174:
4170:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4085:
4081:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4012:
4008:
3990:(4): 53â60.
3987:
3983:
3956:
3952:West, Donald
3934:
3913:
3890:
3870:
3850:
3830:
3811:
3788:
3765:
3746:
3743:West, Donald
3715:
3694:
3670:
3660:
3639:
3618:
3597:
3593:West, Donald
3569:
3548:
3524:
3498:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3324:
3297:
3285:
3258:
3251:Prosono 2003
3246:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3197:, p. 1.
3190:
3183:Diamond 1977
3178:
3171:Rychner 2018
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3125:, p. 1.
3118:
3111:Rychner 2018
3106:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2999:, p. v.
2997:Freeman 1888
2992:
2985:Freeman 1888
2980:
2973:Charles 2014
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2913:Stevens 2013
2908:
2896:
2889:Stevens 2013
2884:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2785:Charles 2014
2770:Charles 2014
2765:
2758:Russell 1997
2753:
2746:Charles 2014
2733:
2721:
2697:
2681:Charles 2014
2676:
2664:
2652:
2609:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2559:, p. 1.
2557:Andrews 1997
2552:
2543:
2537:
2530:Andrews 1997
2525:
2498:
2493:, p. 2.
2486:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2406:
2399:Charles 2014
2394:
2382:
2375:Stevens 2013
2370:
2358:
2336:Stevens 2013
2331:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2150:Freemon 2001
2133:Stevens 2013
2128:
2106:Charles 2014
2101:
2089:
2077:
2070:Charles 2014
2065:
2053:
2041:
2034:Charles 2014
2029:
2017:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1963:
1951:
1944:Stevens 2013
1907:
1898:
1888:
1876:
1845:
1834:Stevens 2013
1830:Charles 2014
1825:
1818:Charles 2014
1803:Charles 2014
1798:
1786:
1774:
1769:, p. 1.
1762:
1750:
1738:
1733:, p. 9.
1731:Charles 2014
1726:
1719:Charles 2014
1714:
1702:
1675:
1651:Charles 2014
1642:
1630:
1618:
1611:Charles 2014
1606:
1594:
1587:Charles 2014
1566:Stevens 2013
1562:Charles 2014
1557:
1521:
1496:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1296:
1283:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1196:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1150:caricaturist
1139:
1127:
1122:An image by
1107:
1104:
1101:
1088:Eton College
1064:
1048:
1043:
1015:
1000:
980:
974:
958:
953:
927:
918:
914:
912:
906:
896:
891:
888:John Francis
882:
881:In May 1880
880:
874:
871:
860:
857:
851:
842:
837:
829:
812:
803:of his life.
801:
789:
781:
771:
760:
751:
736:
678:
667:
663:
658:
654:
645:
602:
573:John Conolly
555:
550:
530:
522:high treason
518:police court
515:Queen Square
487:
471:Orange Order
451:
443:
438:
402:
377:powder flask
370:
288:
260:
233:
196:
191:
185:
179:
159:high treason
156:
139:
138:
109:High treason
76:(1900-04-23)
18:
5912:1900 deaths
5897:1822 births
5827:Abdul Karim
5758:Chalon head
5732:Penny Lilac
5690:VR official
5685:Penny Black
5477:Isle of Man
5378:Statues and
5334:(2016â2019)
5091:John Conroy
5065:Descendants
4766:(1876â1901)
4532:. July 1840
4490:22 February
4131:(1): 19â20.
3485:Pepper 2016
3422:Murphy 2013
3329:Murphy 2013
3317:Murphy 2013
3302:Walker 1968
3290:Murphy 2013
3278:Walker 1968
3263:Garvey 2020
3239:Kaplan 2023
3235:Ormrod 1977
3207:Murphy 2013
3147:Turner 1990
3135:Murphy 2013
3033:Murphy 2013
2949:Murphy 2013
2657:Murphy 2013
2491:Arnold 2008
2450:Murphy 2013
2438:Wallis 1892
2297:Murphy 2013
2261:Murphy 2013
2225:Wallis 1892
2174:Wallis 1892
2058:Murphy 2013
2046:Murphy 2013
2022:Murphy 2013
1956:Murphy 2013
1929:Murphy 2013
1881:Walker 1968
1791:Murphy 2013
1743:Murphy 2013
1695:Murphy 2013
1668:Murphy 2013
1623:Murphy 2013
1214:Mark Hodder
1170:The writer
1038:Robert Peel
763:Home Office
755:chamber pot
609:Lord Denman
566:pathologist
473:within the
429:postillions
263:housekeeper
215:Robert Peel
42: 1857
5891:Categories
5849:Victoriana
5822:John Brown
5695:Penny Blue
5457:Birkenhead
5452:Birmingham
5276:Television
5177:Depictions
5142:Empire Day
5121:Legitimacy
5079:Early life
5037:(daughter)
5019:(daughter)
5013:(daughter)
5001:(daughter)
4993:Edward VII
4989:(daughter)
4779:Coronation
4570:BBC Genome
4477:required.)
3984:Litigation
3499:BBC Genome
3410:Hurst 2003
3383:Dwyer 2007
3021:Smith 1987
2738:Moran 1986
2669:Smith 1987
2645:Moran 1986
2593:Smith 1987
2581:Smith 1981
2542:"Bedlam".
2479:Moran 1986
2462:Moran 1986
2426:Poole 2018
2363:Eigen 2003
2351:Jones 2017
2249:Poole 2018
2237:Moran 1986
2213:Moran 1986
2186:Moran 1986
2094:Moran 1986
1550:Clark 2023
1488:References
1153:John Leech
1011:John Leech
938:pallbearer
923:opium dens
778:urethritis
605:Old Bailey
334:Lithograph
236:Birmingham
148:Birmingham
120:Jane Bowen
93:Attempted
63:Birmingham
55:1822-04-19
5707:Penny Red
5600:Portraits
5586:Melbourne
5539:Ahmedabad
5534:Hong Kong
5529:Bangalore
5481:Valletta
5447:Liverpool
5422:Lancaster
5417:St Helens
5380:memorials
5233:Mrs Brown
4983:(husband)
4963:Mausoleum
4653:cite book
4358:The Times
4328:The Times
4319:The Times
4310:The Times
4259:0042-5222
4218:1442-1771
3944:953057943
3358:The Times
2877:Webb 2012
2698:The Times
2610:The Times
1997:The Times
1899:The Times
1431:servants.
1260:BBC Radio
1224:steampunk
1159:, with a
1132:showed a
1055:Law Lords
954:The Argus
919:The Argus
892:The Argus
883:The Argus
875:The Argus
862:The Argus
783:The Times
537:Whitehall
499:Fox Maule
467:Chartists
303:quarter's
295:St Luke's
272:Middlesex
246:goldsmith
225:Biography
201:murdered
187:The Argus
182:Melbourne
82:Melbourne
5751:Colonial
5654:Victoria
5581:Brisbane
5576:Adelaide
5564:Building
5502:Montreal
5497:Winnipeg
5472:Guernsey
5432:Weymouth
5395:Memorial
5332:Victoria
5265:Dolittle
5049:(mother)
5043:(father)
4621:2 August
4615:Archived
4576:2 August
4550:Archived
4507:Archived
4441:"Bedlam"
4424:Archived
4409:Websites
4401:Archived
4234:80995712
4112:28391708
4069:71827199
4061:11602941
3996:25801820
3911:(1968).
3737:(1977).
3546:(2008).
1255:Victoria
1071:birching
961:apoplexy
846:Plymouth
806:â
268:Hounslow
95:regicide
37:Oxford,
5805:Related
5678:British
5544:Kolkata
5519:Toronto
5442:Reading
5437:Chester
5427:Bristol
5391:London
5130:Honours
4855:Honours
4813:Honours
4796:Wedding
4784:Honours
4699:at the
4556:12 June
4516:10 June
4465:29 July
4430:28 July
4397:The Age
4267:3828160
4158:3542856
4103:5546420
3787:(ed.).
3692:(ed.).
3510:Sources
1203:pot-boy
1146:waxwork
1109:others.
852:Suffolk
647:to the
581:Hanwell
483:Hanover
407:, near
398:cockade
307:Lambeth
209:to the
132:
124:
5671:Stamps
5625:Poetry
5569:Square
5559:Sydney
5554:Penang
5524:Regina
5507:Square
5485:Statue
5462:Dundee
5405:Square
5400:Statue
5369:(1972)
5361:(1934)
5353:(1897)
5326:(2011)
5318:(2003)
5310:(2001)
5302:(1963)
5294:(1961)
5286:(1952)
5267:(2020)
5259:(2017)
5251:(2017)
5243:(2009)
5235:(1997)
5227:(1954)
5219:(1938)
5211:(1937)
5203:(1936)
5195:(1913)
5137:Places
4974:Family
4772:Events
4631:Others
4601:9 July
4536:1 July
4265:
4257:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4156:
4110:
4100:
4067:
4059:
3994:
3964:
3942:
3921:
3897:
3878:
3857:
3838:
3821:494119
3819:
3795:
3772:
3753:
3723:
3702:
3677:
3647:
3626:
3605:
3577:
3556:
3532:
1216:wrote
992:Legacy
950:vestry
944:, the
747:Bedlam
631:, the
627:, and
623:, the
543:, the
505:; and
501:, the
493:, the
475:Tories
425:drosky
250:chaser
115:Spouse
5646:Songs
5412:Leeds
5343:Stage
5031:(son)
5025:(son)
5007:(son)
4995:(son)
4901:Reign
4860:Medal
4818:Medal
4510:(PDF)
4503:(PDF)
4471:
4263:JSTOR
4230:S2CID
4222:JSTOR
4065:S2CID
3992:JSTOR
3741:. In
3516:Books
1275:Notes
1065:When
1028:âthe
457:âthe
419:âand
393:brace
205:âthe
126:(
122:
5837:Dash
5832:Pets
5490:Gate
5185:Film
4838:Bust
4696:2023
4659:link
4623:2023
4603:2023
4578:2023
4558:2023
4538:2023
4518:2023
4492:2023
4467:2023
4432:2023
4302:News
4255:ISSN
4214:ISSN
4154:PMID
4108:PMID
4057:PMID
3962:ISBN
3940:OCLC
3919:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3836:ISBN
3817:OCLC
3793:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3751:ISBN
3721:ISBN
3700:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3603:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3554:ISBN
3530:ISBN
1303:1 10
1258:. A
1222:, a
615:and
381:shot
278:1 10
248:and
71:Died
49:Born
4713:at
4456:doi
4288:doi
4206:doi
4179:doi
4146:doi
4098:PMC
4090:doi
4049:doi
4017:doi
1126:in
1032:'s
850:SV
741:at
672:at
579:at
535:in
387:in
241:née
97:of
5893::
4655:}}
4651:{{
4641:.
4594:.
4588:.
4568:.
4528:.
4454:.
4444:.
4422:.
4418:.
4395:.
4382:.
4369:.
4284:14
4282:.
4278:.
4261:.
4251:30
4249:.
4245:.
4228:.
4220:.
4212:.
4202:20
4200:.
4196:.
4175:62
4173:.
4169:.
4152:.
4140:.
4129:40
4127:.
4123:.
4106:.
4096:.
4086:28
4084:.
4080:.
4063:.
4055:.
4045:22
4043:.
4013:67
4011:.
4007:.
3988:36
3986:.
3402:^
3309:^
3270:^
3233:;
3091:^
3040:^
2867:^
2852:^
2777:^
2706:^
2688:^
2635:^
2618:^
2600:^
2510:^
2469:^
2418:^
2343:^
2316:^
2205:^
2140:^
2113:^
1975:^
1936:^
1919:^
1861:^
1852:;
1810:^
1687:^
1658:^
1577:^
1530:^
1508:^
988:.
967:.
611:,
571:;
528:.
497:;
309:.
128:m.
39:c.
4743:e
4736:t
4729:v
4661:)
4625:.
4605:.
4580:.
4560:.
4540:.
4520:.
4494:.
4469:.
4458::
4434:.
4386:.
4373:.
4296:.
4290::
4269:.
4236:.
4208::
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