312:, which opened new trade opportunities between the overseas settlements of the Spain and Portugal. Even so, unlike other Portuguese overseas territories that accepted the new political reality, Macau remained steadfast against Spanish intrusion into East Asia. The Portuguese in Macau feared that a Spanish presence nearby would not only disrupt their monopoly on the China trade, but also endanger the existence of Macau itself since any misguided action by the Spanish might cause the Chinese to close itself off against all Europeans. To prevent such a possibility, Macanese residents sought assurance from
467:, had to respond in Macau's interests — he had previously urged Dasmariñas to leave with Zamudio, and now responded to Dasmariñas's defiance with open hostility. A blockade was formed around El Piñal, and a public warning was posted in Macau which forbade any help being given to the Spanish on pain of serious penalties and that if any of them came into the city they would be arrested. Dasmariñas even received word that the Portuguese "will try to harm you as much as possible, and that let be clear that if they could, they would set you on fire."
483:, an island west of Macau formerly settled by the Portuguese. There he communicated with Paulo de Portugal that he had no intention to harm Portuguese interests, and as proof of that goodwill, promised that he would seek authorization for Macau to trade with Manila legally, and leave China by February 1600. The two reached an agreement on paper, and Paulo de Portugal gave his guarantee for Dasmariñas's safety.
316:, king of both Spain and Portugal, that Spain be prevented from reaching China. This was received in 1585 when Philip II confirmed the continuation of the injunction forbidding Spain and Portugal from intruding each other's zones of influence. However, as Macau itself flouted these injunctions when it sent trade ships to Manila, so did Manila send ships to China in open disregard.
232:'s analysis that El Piñal was located in Lingdingyang between Macau and Guangzhou, around Qi'ao Island. Boxer reasoned since "Pinhal", which means "pine grove", was commonly used by Iberian explorers for place names, it would make sense that the port of Pinhal would be situated in a pine grove. Boxer identifies the anchorage of Tangjiawan (
254:, was noted to have been used by foreign ships for centuries, and the British and Americans made heavy use of the port in the 19th century. The identification of Qi'ao as El Piñal accords well with the distances given by the Iberian sources, but, as Jin Guoping points out, it is based on speculation with little textual support.
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in Macau supplying El Piñal in secret. However, this help was limited, and throughout the year 1599 the
Spanish were worn down by attrition, leaving the men sick and weak and on the verge of revolt. As it became clear that Manila was not going to send reinforcements, the Spanish got ready to leave El
523:
On the
Portuguese side, the Pinhal episode left them exasperated and paranoid against further threats to their interests. This was such that in 1601, when a Dutch ship came to Macau looking for El Piñal, the Macanese residents reacted harshly, imprisoning the Dutch reconnaissance party and summarily
486:
In practice, Paulo de
Portugal was pressured by the Macanese community to make a move against Dasmariñas in Lampacau, and the Viceroy of Goa gave de Portugal the permission to use force on the Spanish. As preparations against Dasmariñas were underway, Dasmariñas received warnings about the upcoming
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in old
European sources) was specifically recorded to have expressed that if they acceded to Portuguese meddling on this matter, the people of Macau "would become more arrogant". This indicates that the Spanish in El Piñal might have been intended as an offset to Portuguese influence in the region.
149:
The identification of El Piñal (or Pinhal) to a modern location is made difficult by incomplete and contradictory descriptions from surviving sources, as well as the shifting sediment of the Pearl River Delta altering the coastline from what it had been in the 16th century. The contemporary
Spanish
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that he did not approve of Juan
Zamudio's voyage that resulted in the establishment of El Piñal. However, he also asked the governor of the Philippines to form a council facilitating a return to El Piñal. In any case, Spain did not return to El Piñal, and the Pinhal episode represented the end of
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to support its king against Siam. Soon after, the armada was scattered by heavy storms, with
Dasmariñas's ship, carrying 120 men, drifting into the port of El Piñal where they met up with Zamudio. There it was decided that Zamudio would go back to Manila to report on the fate of Dasmariñas's
334:
in return for
Limahong's capture. However, the governor of the Philippines at the time did not respond favourably, and the offer came to nothing when Limahong escaped from Manila. In the 1590s, the need for a Spanish base in China gained new urgency as Japan, ruled by the militant regent
454:
The establishment of El Piñal and the coincidental arrival of Luis Pérez
Dasmariñas brought considerable unease to Portuguese Macau. The effect on commerce became readily apparent: Spanish competition drove up the price of Chinese goods and thus affected Portuguese
417:
traders, albeit with a 50% higher tax rate than the
Portuguese. This was done over the objections of the Macanese, who sent a delegation to the provincial capital advocating the repulsion of the Spanish. The Cantonese superintendent of coastal defense (海道副使;
495:, but Dasmariñas could not be enticed to surrender. Finally, the ships fired at each other for several hours, causing deaths and loss of cargo on the Spanish side. The Spanish eventually disentangled their junk from the fray and took shelter in the bay of
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Portuguese action, but he dismissed these as rumours since he did not believe the captain-major would go back on his word. Thus on 17 January 1600, when de Portugal brought a heavily armed fleet to confront the Spanish (by this time reduced to one Chinese
423:
In addition, the enterprising Cantonese officials might have been emboldened by the commercial success of Portuguese Macau to allow Spain, with their easy access to American gold and silver mines, to settle nearby. On the other hand, the imperial court in
478:
On 16 November 1599, Dasmariñas set off for Manila but was met with unfavourable winds such that he had to return to the coast of China. Rather than to risk offending Portuguese sensibilities again, Dasmariñas did not return to El Piñal but went to
220:
across from Hutiaomen. Another identification of El Piñal, favoured by Albert Kammerer, is supported by a 1646 memorial by Jorge Pinto de Azevedo, which includes a map showing an island called "Pinhal" at the mouth of Xi River's main branch, near
433:
policies, making it a real possibility that both Portugal and Spain's permission to stay in the Pearl River Delta could be revoked for any perceived misbehaviour. It was this worry that prevented the Portuguese from attacking El Piñal outright.
170:
missionaries who went to El Piñal said it was 10 to 12 leagues from Macau, a trip that took them 2 days. However, none of the above mentioned the direction of these distances. Also, the same Jesuit source and the Chinese
286:, with Spain claiming all lands east of the line and Portugal west; however, difficulties in marine navigation and cartography in the 16th century made the exact longitude of the line up to debate. Such that, when the
278:
islands, with the west belonging to Spain and the east belonging to Portugal, the situation had not been clarified for the antimeridian on the opposite side of the world. The 1529 signing of the
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Spain's attempts to circumvent the restrictions placed on them from reaching China. Sino-Spanish trade would hence be carried mostly by Chinese merchants going to Manila until the founding of
225:. However, these hypothetical locations do not match up with the distances reported by the Portuguese and the Spanish travellers, and would likely take more than two days to reach from Macau.
304:
in 1557, which would grow into a bustling entrepot by the 1580s due to Portugal's exclusive access to both Chinese and Japanese markets and the global demand for Chinese goods. The
208:
at the mouth of the Hutiaomen Channel branch of the Xi River. Jesuit accounts tell of a Chinese temple complex in El Piñal, which Jin Guoping infers to be the shrine of the last
390:
estuary from Macau. From there Zamudio sent men to Guangzhou, the provincial capital of Guangdong, to negotiate for a port and permission to trade. With a gift of 7000
374:
sent Juan de Zamudio to the coast of China not only to establish trade, but also to warn Chinese authorities of possible Japanese aggression along its southern coast.
370:
all but confirmed Japan's hostile intentions in Spanish eyes, and even the death of Hideyoshi in 1598 did not alleviate these fears. Thus, in 1598, governor
464:
137:. Seen as a threat to the Portuguese monopoly on the 16th century China trade, the Spanish presence in El Piñal provoked a violent reaction from
1076:
1061:
181:) have suggested that El Piñal was an island. Based on these records, scholars have suggested that El Piñal may be located in the mouth of the
196:
Scholars who favour El Piñal being in the vicinity of the Xi River include Albert Kammerer, Jin Guoping, and Francisco Roque de Oliveira. The
204:", referring to the Spanish in the Philippines) settled in Hutiaomen (虎跳門, "Jumping Tiger Gate") in 1598, a place that still exists today in
475:
Piñal, but was delayed by Chinese bureaucracy, as various customs dues needed to be paid before the Chinese authorized their departure.
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in 1626. A plan was drawn up in 1627 to reclaim the port of El Piñal for Spain, but it did not lead to anything substantial.
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expedition and seek reinforcements for Dasmariñas, who stayed behind in hopes of contacting the other ships of his armada.
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took Boxer's identification of Tangjiawan to mean the Qi'ao Island in the vicinity. This location, next to the harbour of
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Around the same time as Juan Zamudio's voyage to China, on 17 September 1598, the former Philippines governor
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executed the 17 Dutchmen. This violent beginning to Luso-Dutch relations in the East would culminate in the
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in 1542, they believed it was within Spanish jurisdiction while in fact it was well west of the line.
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In the 15th century, Spain and Portugal began extensive overseas exploration, setting in motion the
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413:), the Spanish were allowed to establish themselves provisionally in El Piñal on the same terms as
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nearby. El Piñal was soon abandoned, and its exact location remains a matter of scholarly debate.
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969:"Enemy at the Gates - Macao, Manila and the "Pinhal Episode" (end of the 16th Century)"
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An early opportunity for Spain to enter China presented itself when the Chinese pirate
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This article is about the historic port in China. For the town in Venezuela, see
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China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions
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Jin, Guoping (2000). "O Pinhal與 El Pinal考 (Research on O Pinhal and El Pinal)".
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Historical and Geographical Research on the Relation between China and Portugal
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Some time later in 1598, Juan de Zamudio's frigate reached China and docked at
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were willing to let the Spanish establish a trade port on an island south of
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Blockaded in El Piñal, the Spanish persisted with the help from sympathetic
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Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the golden age
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in 1574. As Limahong was wanted by the Chinese authorities, officials in
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of 1494 split the newly discovered lands between the two empires along a
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area that was temporarily granted to the Spanish from 1598 to 1600 by
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and Macao where a grove of pine trees has flourished for centuries".
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Around the same time, the Portuguese gained permission from
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theoretically resolved this issue with a line east of the
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Western scholarship generally agrees with J. M. Braga and
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952:] (in Chinese). Macao Foundation. pp. 324–330.
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Wills, John E. (2010). "Maritime Europe and the Ming".
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to the west, and returned for Manila some time later.
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to establish a permanent settlement and trade base in
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as Pinhal, noting "this is the only place between the
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507:In the immediate aftermath of the Pinhal episode,
441:left Manila with three ships on an expedition to
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216:, who fled the Mongols and perished at the 1279
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990:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–77.
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200:relates that the "Lüsong" (呂宋, "
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915:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
459:and their resale margins. The
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450:Conflict with the Portuguese
427:favoured the prohibitionist
372:Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
310:union of the Iberian empires
198:Annals of Guangdong Province
173:Annals of Guangdong Province
164:Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
18:El Piñal, Táchira, Venezuela
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1072:Ports and harbours of China
1017:1598 establishments in Asia
362:of 1596 and the subsequent
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1037:China–Spain relations
1032:16th century in China
528:, where not only was
511:made it known to the
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411:Viceroy of Liangguang
268:Treaty of Tordesillas
1052:Islands of Guangdong
1047:History of Guangdong
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125:) was a port in the
1082:Spanish East Indies
627:, pp. 324–330.
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463:overseeing Macau,
337:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
280:Treaty of Zaragoza
162:), while governor
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894:, pp. 39–40.
714:, pp. 27–28.
690:, pp. 17–18.
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127:Pearl River Delta
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69:1598–1600
979:: 11–43.
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923:(2011).
911:(1948).
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481:Lampacau
443:Cambodia
368:Nagasaki
360:incident
321:Limahong
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223:Lampacau
212:emperor
183:Xi River
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99:El Piñal
84:Type of
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29:El Piñal
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61:Details
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206:Xinhui
168:Jesuit
107:Pinhal
66:Opened
948:[
541:Notes
407:]
392:reals
349:China
302:Macau
238:) in
202:Luzon
79:Spain
45:China
992:ISBN
954:ISBN
929:ISBN
489:junk
210:Song
178:廣東通志
111:lit.
91:Port
493:Goa
366:in
235:唐家灣
1013::
977:16
975:.
971:.
860:^
833:^
818:^
779:^
632:^
617:^
588:^
549:^
409:,
405:zh
351:,
347:,
339:,
109:,
105::
1000:.
962:.
937:.
175:(
123:'
117:'
101:(
20:.
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