616:
but unshowy clothes. From 1225, she got an allowance. Between June 1225 and April 1233, the Court of
Justice recorded an annual payment of 20 marks of relief to Eleanor, usually divided into quarterly payments of five marks; In 1229, the annual amount increased to 25 marks. From the 1220s onwards, Eleanor began to give away her stipends. Guilloreau speculated this might indicate that she became more serious after her childbearing years. Henry also paid for her body and medical expenses, and the Bristol Castle Rolls from 1225–1226 recorded the cost of Eleanor's two baths. Some of the care she received in Bristol was essentially preventive rather than remedial measures after getting sick. She received blood letting treatment at three different times, two of which were with her chamber-women; The Diet once recorded a purchase of wine "for the eyes of the Lady"; It could be seen that she received considerable care without being ignored. In a wardrobe record from the 1230s, Eleanor was listed as one of the recipients of robes, after the king and queen, and before others.
1466:: In a code of instructions signed at Berkeley, 28 August 1249, the King enjoins the mayor and bailiff of Bristol "to lengthen three windows of his chapel, and to whitewash it throughout; also glass windows are ordered to be put in our hall at Bristol, a royal seat in the same hall, and dormant tables around the same, and block up the doors of the chapel beside our great hall there, and make a door in the chancel towards the hermitage; in that hermitage make an altar to St. Edward, and in the turret over that hermitage make a chamber for the clerk with appurtenances; also build a kitchen and a sewer beside the said hall, and find the wages of a certain chaplain whom we have ordered to celebrate divine service in the chapel of our tower there all the days of our life, for Eleanor of Brittany, our cousin, to wit, 50s. per annum."
612:, Walter de St. Audoen, Richard de Landa, Gilbert de Greinville, Ralph Musard, Robert Lovel, and Matthew de Walop. Between 1225 and 1226, Bristol's diet accounts showed the use of locks, keys, and other safety equipment. For example, the entry in 1225 recorded the cost of repairing the door lock on 27 June, purchasing a door key by 1 penny on 25 August, and spending 4 pence on the key to the tower on 25 December. In 1227, the Close Roll accounts mentioned the keeping of the keys to Eleanor's room; a clerk named Robert was ordered to keep keys to Eleanor's room until the chaplain or his successor arrived. Such records might mean that for a period of time Eleanor was locked in her tower or room.
457:"... uos rogamus attencius quatinus uos supranominati ad dominum auunculum meum Regem Angliae in Angliam ueniatis scituri pro certo quod aduentus uester Deo uolente nobis et uobis ad magnum cedet commodum et honorem, et per Dei gratiam ad liberacionem nostram." (I ask you most solicitously that you, the above-named, would travel to England, to my lord uncle, the King of England, knowing for certain that your coming, God willing, will confer great honor and benefit to ourselves and yourselves, and, by the grace of God, our liberation.)
620:
confirm her safety, listened to various expenses, and recounted to Henry III. Henry III himself once sent her 50 yards of linen cloth, three wimples, 50 pounds of almonds and raisins respectively, and a basket of figs; he offered her another saddle, a proof that she could still go horse-riding; he once asked the mayor and bailiff to increase her household there. In 1230 she was provided 2 ladies-in-waiting. Sometimes local mayor, bailiffs, responsible civilians and certain noblewomen visited her to prove her safety.
334:, 1 August 1202, or captured along with Arthur. Certainly, there is no mention of her capture after the battle. Arthur disappeared mysteriously while in captivity the following year. However, as Eleanor was still a potential heiress, as John then had no legitimate issue, and was at least preferable to later claimants to the throne such as Louis of France, it is unlikely that John had already decided to confine his niece for life.
506:. In July, John withdrew to England, with Eleanor still in hand. In the same year John again talked with Breton nobles about the rights and freedom of Eleanor but, after this expedition, John became convinced that he could get nothing from her claim to the Duchy; he recognized Alix as duchess of Brittany and never again supported Eleanor even in name: neither did Henry III upon his succession to the throne.
295:, son of Philip II of France, was suggested, for an alliance between Richard and Philip, but negotiations failed again. Emperor Henry VI opposed the marriage; and the failure was also a sign that the King would replace Arthur as heir to England with his only living brother, John. This soon led to a sudden deterioration in relations between Richard and Philip. Another marriage, with
697:, according to her wishes, announced by Henry III. She also donated her body there. Considering the association between Amesbury and the Plantagenets, Eleanor's final choice of burial place was probably a sign of submission and loyalty to her dynasty, but it may also have been her last protest about the fate of herself and her brother Arthur, as the abbey was dedicated to
330:– 1200 indicated John provided "necessaries" to Eleanor. Arthur once complained that his sister was controlled by John. At the request of Constance, Eleanor was once released from royal custody and united with her mother and brother in France. Eleanor was probably already under John's control when Arthur's forces were defeated and he was captured at the
730:" (in English: "Eleanor, the daughter of the late Count of Brittany, long established in the custody of the strictest prison reserved"), and noted that she was the rightful heir to England, although some years after her death Henry III was still unwilling to admit that he was initially not the hereditary king of England. The
45:
461:
This letter is the only surviving document written by
Eleanor. This negotiation was however in vain, and many of her supporters were banished. Eleanor was forced to entrust Brittany and Richmond to John, who referred to her as his "dearest niece" in communicating with Bretons. John never gave her the
337:
On 6 December the same year, John fled
Normandy taking with him Eleanor, his captive. It was said that she was initially taken to the North of England and then to Bristol, guarded by four knights. In spring 1204, Philip II of France demanded that Eleanor be released in order to marry his younger son.
680:
Scholar Gwen
Seabourne believes that when Henry III was in power, Eleanor had already passed the childbearing age and was at least apparently unlikely to pose any risk to his regime; however, he remained determined to imprison his innocent cousin, which made his devout, kind, and innocent persona no
619:
The governor of
Bristol exhibited her to the public annually, in case of rumors that the royal captive had been injured. This might suggest that the local people were sympathetic to her. In 1224, the mayor, bailiffs, four reliable citizens, and specific noblewomen visited her once or twice a week to
615:
Similar to the reign of John, during her house arrest
Eleanor still enjoyed the treatment due a princess. It was recorded that she had her own apartments at the castles where she was imprisoned and received generous gifts from the royal family such as game, fruit, nuts, and wine. She also had proper
384:
Eleanor lived in Corfe's
Gloriet Tower, took her meals in the Long Hall and was allowed to walk abroad along the walls. She was allowed three maids and was provided fabric for clothes and bedding, and pocket money as much as 5 marks per quarter. She also received from John a saddle with gilded reins
742:
recorded
Eleanor as being a most beautiful, determined, and tactful woman. The limited sources about her character are consistent with this assessment and suggest that she was never resigned to her fate, as even decades of confinement could not force her to relinquish her rights although there was
650:
In 1236, Eleanor had a dispute with wife of
William there, and Henry III ordered that Mrs. Talbot be removed from her side. On 28 February Henry III wrote a letter to William, stating that Eleanor was eager to reconcile with Mrs. Talbot and ordering Talbot to have his wife speak to and remain with
623:
In the spring of 1234, there were protests against Peter de Roches, claiming that
Eleanor, the royal princesses and many noblewomen were controlled by foreigners or were being despised for marrying foreigners. But such protests were not directed at the deprivation of Eleanor's rights and freedoms,
240:
However, being King Richard's ward also meant that she was under Angevin custody; thus even her mother Constance never considered her a potential heir to Brittany, which weakened her later claim to the duchy. Keeping her custody under Richard was probably the price for her mother to rule Brittany.
642:
of the Earldom of Richmond to her, ordering the income and harvest of the estate to be hers, and writing to her about arranging representatives to obtain estate income; he gave her game and robes more frequently than before, and allowed nun Margaret Bisset and the Countess of Hereford (the Earl's
607:
Though Henry III established a law that could prevent Eleanor from legal succession to the crown and considered Eleanor would never legally inherit, from 1223 he and his government took serious actions to keep Eleanor captive. They appointed and monitored her keepers, and frequently changed them.
469:
sent his daughters Margaret and Isobel to John as hostages to keep peace between Scotland and England, and they were also imprisoned at Corfe Castle along with Eleanor. In June 1213, John sent green robes, lambskin-trimmed cloaks, and summer slippers to the captive princesses. They were sometimes
440:
The Breton barons, ignorant of her whereabouts, were always ready to install her as duchess in case she were released. John permitted her to use the titles of Brittany and Richmond and even talked with Breton nobles about letting her go. In 1208, He had Eleanor write a letter to Breton barons and
563:
As her claim to England and Aquitaine was still a threat to his son, before his death John stated that Eleanor should never be released. Thus, albeit never a rallying point for English discontent during the early part of Henry III's reign, the beautiful and defiant princess remained under gentle
516:
On 15 July 1215 John instructed Eleanor's keeper Peter de Maulay to customize clothing and bed sheets for Eleanor, stating that although shirts and bed sheets should be made of high-quality linen, they were not made of his own best fabric; However, if this was the only fabric that was suitable
603:
1224). She was finally settled at Bristol from June 1224 for a time and was visited by Henry III. Gloucester Castle temporarily moved all its prisoners elsewhere to accommodate the princess. A chamber in the tower of Gloucester Castle was thought to have been occupied by her. When Eleanor was
501:
thus claimed to be guardian of Eleanor. In February 1214, John campaigned in Aquitaine and Poitou with Eleanor, as well as his queen and Prince Richard, against Alix, hoping to get Breton support and establish Eleanor as his puppet duchess; his ambition was dashed in his defeat at the
217:, Eleanor's claim to the English throne gained little support from the barons, due to the expectation that the monarch should be male, despite legal provision for a female monarch. Some historians have commented that her imprisonment was "the most unjustifiable act of King John".
654:
Despite these changes in the relationship between the cousins, Henry III never supported Eleanor's claim to Brittany, nor did he give her most of the Earldom of Richmond; she remained imprisoned, and there was no indication that she had ever visited her manor. In 1236,
604:
relocated to Marlborough Castle, the council instructed that additional cavalry and crossbowmen should be added to the existing guards there. In 1227, the Bishop of Bath signed an order to increase the staff of Bristol Castle to help keep Eleanor confined.
578:
In 1221, there was a rumour of a plan to rescue Eleanor and deliver her to the king of France. In September, Eleanor accompanied Isobel of Scotland in Southampton, while both received robes, cloaks, hats, and headscarves lined with squirrel and deer skin.
509:
Up to then Philip II had taken the bulk of Angevin territories, and neither Bretons nor Philip II ever positively requested the release of Eleanor, as it seemed more stable for them to have her imprisoned in England rather than become a French duchess.
385:
and scarlet ornaments, a gift which implies that she was not closely confined. John also sent her figs and almonds. A week's shopping list for Eleanor in captivity that has survived suggests the aristocratic diet at that time: Saturday: bread,
524:
in 1215, and Louis of France led an invasion to England in support of his claim to the English throne, as husband of Blanche, a maternal granddaughter of Henry II, whilst Innocent III argued that Eleanor had a better claim than John. When
198:, was the fifth son of Henry II, and Eleanor inherited Arthur's claim to the throne as the child of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Thus she posed a potential threat to John, and following his death in 1216, equally to her cousin,
762:, Wiltshire, a place that Eleanor had been fond of, to Amesbury for the souls of Eleanor and Arthur, ordering the convent to commemorate them along with all kings and queens. Thus Eleanor became a benefactress to the abbey.
676:
During her imprisonment for as long as 39 years, Eleanor was innocent of any crime, never tried or sentenced. She was viewed as a "state prisoner", forbidden to marry and guarded closely even after her child-bearing years.
714:
claims that the remorseful Henry III had given a gold crown to Eleanor to legitimize himself and his descendants shortly before her death, and only three days later the crown was donated to young Prince Edward (the future
582:
In 1225, Peter de Maulay was accused of planning with the king of France to get a ship to spirit the princess away, and he subsequently fell out of favour. The allegation may have been false, to discredit de Maulay and
420:
after the death of her brother Arthur. Instead, the Breton barons, fearing John's claims to rule Brittany in representation of Eleanor's rights or to marry her to a vassal loyal to England, made her younger half-sister
754:
The bailiffs there were commanded to provide tapers and alms for her obsequies. Henry III ordered her funeral to be as dignified as possible. Tapers, alms and candles for her obsequies totalled £20 7s.
758:
In 1246 and 1250, Henry III arranged for a priest to say daily masses in a chapel at Marlborough Castle and Bristol Castle respectively in memory of Eleanor; In 1268, Henry III gave the manor of
485:, husband and co-ruler with Alix, into an alliance with England, tempting him with the offer of Eleanor's Earldom of Richmond, but Peter kept loyal to France, even after John's capture at
670:, paid for her expenses. As Rivaux reconciled with Henry III, William Talbot ceased to have Gloucester Castle. On Easter or November 1238, Eleanor was transferred back to Bristol Castle.
666:
In November 1237, Eleanor met Henry III in Woodstock in good health. In the same year she was again kept at Gloucester Castle, again under the custody of William Talbot. The sheriff,
747:
simply noted "about this time died Eleanor, daughter of Geoffrey, count of Brittany, who had long been kept in close confinement", with no further detail of her life or situation.
587:, who also fell out of royal favour in spring 1234. Whether the plot existed or not, Eleanor was soon moved away from the coast. From 13 June 1222, she was transferred between
564:
house arrest as before, no matter how much ransom the Bretons would pay (if any attempts). Her survival was ensured according to the treaty between England and France.
517:
enough, Peter would be allowed to purchase it as much as possible with John's money. This meant that John hoped that Eleanor will always maintain a subject after him.
770:
Nobody made Eleanor the heroine of any prose or poem for a long time, and the first academic article with her as its heroine did not come into existence until 1907.
1789:
634:
In 1235, Peter renounced Richmond. Perhaps as a result of Peter's rebellion, Eleanor's status improved slightly. In October, Henry III granted the manor of
1809:
751:
recorded, "Alienor, filia Galfridi comitis Britannia soror Arturi, obiit. (Alinor, daughter of Galfrid, Earl of Britannia, and sister of Arthur, dies.)"
815:
was also about the rescue of the princess, all suggesting that William Marshal also wanted Eleanor to be liberated. Eleanor also appeared in the novels
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Although her uncle John allowed her to use the title of Countess of Richmond as well as that of titular Duchess of Brittany, her younger half-sister
1794:
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was issued that year, it was demanded that all John's hostages including Scottish and Welsh princesses be released; Eleanor, however, was excluded.
302:
It was uncertain where Eleanor lived between 1195 and 1198, while Leon Guilloreau believed she was in Brittany, prior to Michaelmas 1198 she was in
647:
stated that the descendants of Alice and Pierre were undoubtedly the heirs of Brittany. A survey in 1237 listed Eleanor as landowner of Swaffham.
319:
Upon the death of King Richard in 1199, a power struggle commenced between the supporters of 12-year-old Arthur and Richard's youngest brother,
1310:
1164:
705:, a young Breton prince murdered by his wicked uncle who usurped his throne. However, neither burial place has a memorial for her remains.
237:
asked for her wardship but Henry II took it in advance, while the birth of her posthumous brother removed her status as the first heiress.
575:, Henry's regent, recognized Peter as the Earl. Henry III styled Eleanor, now with no title left, as "king's kinswoman", or "our cousin".
453:, describing her life in captivity, expressing her hope of being liberated and asking them to arrive in England to negotiate her release:
532:
There are different accounts of where Eleanor was held over the years. Some sources say that she was imprisoned at Corfe; others say at
1764:
1296:
252:
to England and Brittany, she was one of the most marriageable princesses. In 1190, after Richard failed to marry his younger sister
1774:
269:
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lands which belonged to the Counts of Richmond. Instead he gave these lands to Eleanor's former stepfather, the Earl of Chester.
1744:
1724:
433:, as successor to her brother but this was only a titular title as Alix became Duchess of Brittany in 1203 and was also styled
341:
Initially John organized local barons to visit Eleanor in order to prove her well-being. In 1206, John briefly detained her at
264:, he proposed that Eleanor should be the bride instead, but the negotiation was also in vain, as Al-Adil showed no interest in
202:; thus, having been put in prison in 1202, she was never released. As a prisoner she was also unable to press her claim to the
572:
1749:
1734:
1729:
1714:
1535:
Annales Monastici Vol. I, Annales de Margan, Annales de Theokesberia, Annales de Burton (London), Annales de Theokesberia
20:
1799:
1739:
1719:
413:, sole, eels, almonds and eggs. Thursday: pork, eggs, pepper, honey. Friday: conger, sole, eels, herring and almonds.
1606:
A new history of England, from the earliest accounts of Britain, to the ratification of the Peace of Versailles, 1763
878:
The History of Bristol, Civil and Ecclesiastical: Including Biographical Notices of Eminent and Distinguished Natives
299:, may have been suggested, for in 1198 Philip forbade Odo to marry any relatives of Richard without his permission.
1754:
873:
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longer so credible; with his suspicion and calculation not inferior to John, he should also be condemned more.
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In 1241, Henry III regained Swaffham, and Eleanor only received a cash income from it by the gift of the king.
176:
141:
1402:
A description of the close rolls in the Tower of London: with an account of the early courts of law and equity
1759:
1202:
172:
131:
1347:"Pleas of the Crown for the Hundred of Swineshead and the Township of Bristol" by Edward James Watson, p. 66
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27:
1769:
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but at her being controlled by foreigners. In 1234–1235, money was allowed her for books for the chapel.
190:, Eleanor was heiress to vast lands including England, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Brittany, realms where the
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allowed to ride out under the strictest guard. Eleanor was given robes of dark green with capes of
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1397:
719:) as a gift. Another version says that she only wore the crown for one day before returning it.
1804:
710:
698:
592:
738:" (in English: "Eleanor of Brittany a blood relative of the lord King Henry of England"). The
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Alienora quondam comitis Britanniæ filia, in custodia diuturni carceris strictissime reservata
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John died towards the end of the civil conflict in 1216; although according to the laws of
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The tensions between John and the Anglo-Norman barons finally began to spill over into the
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Medieval Hostageship C.700-c.1500 Hostage, Captive, Prisoner of War, Guarantee, Peacemaker
8:
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494:
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1561:"Bristol, a historical and topographical account of the city" by B. C. A. Windle, p. 159
1074:
The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom
540:
of Henry III confirm that Eleanor had run up a bill of £117 while imprisoned by John at
1452:
Royal palaces: an account of the homes of British sovereigns from Saxon to modern times
667:
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378:
331:
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285:
281:
631:
lost power in 1234, both she and the castle were entrusted to William Talbot instead.
1656:, 71; 301; PRO E 372/112 m. 18: payment for a chaplain in Marlborough castle, Sharp,
1127:
Feud, violence, and practice: Essays in medieval studies in honor of Stephen D. White
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478:. John once approved a doctor to prescribe medicine for Eleanor when she was sick.
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the next year, the duke died, so the marriage never took place, and under order of
249:
1046:
G. Seabourne. "Eleanor of Brittany and her Treatment by King John and Henry III",
689:
Eleanor died as a nun in 1241 at the age of 57 or 59. She was initially buried at
1508:
Close Rolls, Henry III, 1234-7, 150, 193; 1237–42, 314, cf. Book of Fees, i, 619.
1063:, Publications of the Pipe Roll Society, n.s. 12 (London, 1934), pp. xiv and 190.
817:
644:
628:
374:
210:
50:
1552:(Rolls Ser.), i (de Margam, Theokesberia, &c.), 118; Cal. Pat. 1232–47, 261.
381:. After an attempt to escape, 22 of them were recaptured and starved to death.
233:. By the death of her father she was the first in line of Breton succession, so
1138:
807:
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556:
the claim of Eleanor was better, English barons allowed King John's young son,
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84:
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imagined Eleanor's melancholy feelings as she aged under weary imprisonment.
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As the eldest daughter of Constance, Eleanor should have been recognized as
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Eleanor became fatherless at the age of two and was brought up by her uncle
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on the Dorset coast, along with 25 French knights loyal to her, guarded by
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265:
88:
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1273:
RLC, i, 168b. On the expense of scarlet, silk and linen, see J. H. Monro,
1189:
1381:'ad Alienoram cognatam domini r … salvo in predicto castro custodienda':
537:
526:
450:
346:
1686:
The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family (1171–1221)
1217:
The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family (1171–1221)
1098:
Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England
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588:
44:
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had taken prisoner. However, when she was on the way to Austria with
257:
191:
108:
1076:(2nd edn., 13 vols., London, 1910–1959) x, 799; William the Breton,
833:
by Rik Denton. Eleanor's life story is also told in first person in
186:
After the presumed death in 1203 of her imprisoned younger brother,
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Eleanor sometimes appears in historical fiction, for example, in
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she returned to England, accompanied by her grandmother Eleanor.
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In 1214, John gave Eleanor an even more luxurious scarlet robe.
904:
Plantagenet Ancestry: a study in colonial and medieval families
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926:
Duchesses and Devils: The Breton Succession Crisis (1148–1189)
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Alienora de Britannia consanguinea domini regis Henrici Angliæ
1275:
The medieval scarlet and the economics of sartorial splendour
789:, the author has Eleanor escape, marry a knight with land in
702:
406:
276:, as part of the conditions to release Richard, who Emperor
398:
1311:"King Henry III of England – Plantagenet's – 1216–1272 AD"
194:
barring the accession of females did not apply. Her uncle
1439:
Chilcott's new guide to Bristol, Clifton and the Hotwells
882:
Chilcott's New Guide to Bristol, Clifton and the Hotwells
386:
1622:
The English borough and royal administration, 1130–1307
1519:
The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I
726:
recorded the event of her death, referring to her as "
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Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon Ex Chronids
595:(20 August to 9 October 1223 and January 1224) and
1696:
49:Alyenore la Brette in a 13th-century genealogy (
16:Eldest daughter of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
1684:used it at the same period (Everard and Jones,
961:The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England
902:Douglas Richardson and Kimball G. Everingham,,
536:, for all of the almost 40 years. However, the
19:For other people named Eleanor of England, see
179:. Her father, Geoffrey, was the fourth son of
643:wife or mother) visit her. However, in 1235,
1790:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
829:by Virginia Ann Work, and as the heroine in
357:who was its custodian, before moving her to
1810:French prisoners of war in the 13th century
1082:Oeuvres de Rigord et de Guillaume le Breton
493:. In the same year John declared England a
437:, even making charters about this estate.
291:In summer 1195, a marriage between her and
1297:The Chief Sources of English Legal History
844:, the Victorian English novelist and poet
1785:English people who died in prison custody
1427:Chilcott's descriptive history of Bristol
1086:Philip Augustus, King of France 1180–1223
734:record the death "IV Id Aug" in 1241 of "
1780:French people who died in prison custody
1644:, ii. 736 and n.; Cal. Lib. 1245–51, 71.
1572:Annales Londonienses and Annales Paulini
1154:Chron. de Lanercost (Bannatyne Cl.), 12.
659:maternal uncle of the queen was granted
651:Eleanor as long as Eleanor was willing.
481:In 1213, John used Eleanor to blackmail
1277:in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting (eds)
1100:, Sharon Bennett Connolly, 2020, p. 164
1080:lib. 6, II, 333-4, in Delaborde (ed.),
793:, and raise a family there. The series
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1279:Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe
1200:Danny Danziger and John Gillingham,
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573:William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
1795:Burials at St James' Priory, Bristol
1243:Oxford Dictionary of British History
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1125:Tuten, Belle S.; Billado, Tracey L.
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963:. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951 p.4–7
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425:duchess instead. Eleanor was styled
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21:Eleanor of England (disambiguation)
13:
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1765:Earls of Richmond (1136 creation)
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842:The Lament of Eleanor of Bretagne
567:In 1218, she ceased to be styled
441:churchmen such as the bishops of
159:– 10 August 1241), also known as
1358:Imprisonment in Medieval England
1230:Imprisonment in Medieval England
915:GC, I, p. 336; Gesta, I, p. 353.
608:Among her later guardians were:
591:(31 July 1222 to 20 July 1223),
43:
1775:French people imprisoned abroad
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1132:
1103:
1091:
1066:
1053:
1000:
309:
1674:
931:
918:
909:
863:
268:. In 1193, she was engaged to
177:Constance, Duchess of Brittany
150:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany
142:Constance, Duchess of Brittany
82:10 August 1241 (aged c. 57–59)
1:
1745:13th-century English nobility
1725:12th-century English nobility
1360:(Cambridge, 1968), pp. 78–79.
1203:1215: The Year of Magna Carta
1050:, Vol. LI (2007), pp. 73–110.
856:
765:
324:
314:
231:Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine
173:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
171:, was the eldest daughter of
153:
132:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
62:
220:
28:Eleanor of Brittany (abbess)
7:
1206:. Accessed 11 January 2023.
1048:Nottingham Medieval Studies
10:
1826:
1750:13th-century English women
1735:13th-century Breton people
1730:12th-century English women
1715:12th-century Breton people
1533:Luard, H. R. (ed.) (1864)
1262:Imprisoning Medieval Women
851:
827:Sirocco Wind from the East
274:Leopold V, Duke of Austria
227:Richard I, King of England
206:as her brother's heiress.
25:
18:
1800:Burials at Amesbury Abbey
1740:13th-century Breton women
1720:12th-century Breton women
1264:(2013) pp. 67, 70, 79–83.
802:In the Shadow of Midnight
691:St James' Priory, Bristol
489:of Peter's elder brother
483:Peter I, Duke of Brittany
363:North Riding of Yorkshire
181:Henry II, King of England
137:
127:
115:
99:
71:
58:
42:
37:
1667:
1570:Stubbs, W. (ed.) (1882)
1517:Pollock, Sir Frederick,
1281:(London 1983) 14. Dyer,
982:A Bit of History WebSite
504:Battle of Roche-au-Moine
393:, butter, eggs. Sunday:
26:Not to be confused with
1755:Medieval letter writers
1398:Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy
1109:Corry and Evans, p.243.
1072:G. E. Cockayne, (ed.),
1059:Doris M. Stenton, ed.,
405:. Tuesday. pork, eggs,
244:As her younger brother
1143:The Reign of King John
740:Chronicle of Lanercost
711:Chronicle of Lanercost
474:and hats trimmed with
459:
409:. Wednesday: herring,
323:. A Pipe Roll 2 dated
467:William I of Scotland
455:
353:), entrusting her to
196:John, King of England
1760:House of Plantagenet
1632:CLR 1240–1245, 68–9.
1583:The compiler of the
1088:(London, 1998), 143.
1084:, 162; J. Bradbury,
937:Charters, no. C. 23.
846:Menella Bute Smedley
835:The Captive Princess
732:Annals of Tewkesbury
724:Annales Londonienses
569:Countess of Richmond
558:Henry III of England
435:Countess of Richmond
431:Countess of Richmond
297:Duke Odo of Burgundy
1294:Percy H. Winfield,
1215:Everard and Jones,
959:Costain, Thomas B.
796:Through a Dark Mist
717:Edward I of England
693:, then reburied at
610:Engelard de Cigogné
427:Duchess of Brittany
418:Duchess of Brittany
355:Robert de Vieuxpont
235:Philip II of France
38:Eleanor of Brittany
1770:English countesses
1642:Hist. King's Works
1593:Harvard Law Review
1171:on 6 December 2010
996:The Angevin Empire
831:The Shimmering Sky
668:John Fitz Geoffrey
661:Honour of Richmond
379:Stephen de Turnham
332:Battle of Mirebeau
304:Arques-la-Bataille
286:Pope Celestine III
282:Baldwin of Bethune
169:Beauty of Brittany
161:Damsel of Brittany
1317:on 17 August 2011
1260:Seabourne, Gwen.
1006:Howden, iii, 303.
924:Melissa Pollock,
837:by J.P. Reedman.
823:Sharon Kay Penman
542:Gloucester Castle
522:First Barons' War
499:Pope Innocent III
215:Elizabeth of York
204:Duchy of Brittany
165:Pearl of Brittany
147:
146:
1817:
1689:
1678:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1618:Charles R. Young
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1585:revised Glanvill
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:, vol. 2 (1898).
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1425:Chilcott, John.
1423:
1417:
1416:.ii. 199, (1227)
1411:
1405:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1313:. Archived from
1307:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:. Archived from
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1061:Pipe Roll 2 John
1057:
1051:
1044:
1007:
1004:
998:
993:
984:
979:
964:
957:
938:
935:
929:
922:
916:
913:
907:
900:
885:
867:
685:Death and legacy
657:William of Savoy
585:Peter des Roches
369:) and, finally,
329:
326:
250:heir presumptive
229:and grandmother
158:
155:
81:
79:
67:
64:
47:
35:
34:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1682:Alix of Thouars
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:Hedley, Olwen.
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:Ralph B. Pugh,
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1293:
1289:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1245::Angevin empire
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1010:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
967:
958:
941:
936:
932:
923:
919:
914:
910:
901:
888:
880:(2011), p.219;
868:
864:
859:
854:
818:Here Be Dragons
768:
687:
645:Pope Gregory IX
629:Peter de Rivaux
550:
548:Under Henry III
401:, pork, honey,
375:Isle of Purbeck
327:
317:
312:
223:
211:Empress Matilda
156:
111:
83:
77:
75:
65:
54:
51:British Library
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1634:
1625:
1610:
1597:
1576:
1574:, London, p.38
1563:
1554:
1539:
1523:
1510:
1501:
1484:
1468:
1464:Bristol Castle
1456:
1443:
1431:
1418:
1406:
1387:
1385:, 187. (1227).
1374:
1362:
1349:
1340:
1328:
1302:
1287:
1266:
1248:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1193:
1190:Bristol Castle
1182:
1165:"Corfe Castle"
1156:
1147:
1145:, 1959, p. 108
1139:Sidney Painter
1131:
1111:
1102:
1090:
1065:
1052:
1008:
999:
985:
965:
939:
930:
917:
908:
886:
861:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
808:The Last Arrow
787:Below the Salt
783:Thomas Costain
767:
764:
695:Amesbury Abbey
686:
683:
560:, to succeed.
549:
546:
534:Bristol Castle
316:
313:
311:
308:
222:
219:
200:King Henry III
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
105:Amesbury Abbey
103:
101:
97:
96:
85:Bristol Castle
73:
69:
68:
60:
56:
55:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1822:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Anglo-Normans
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1404:, pp. 139–147
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1300:1925, p. 125.
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
983:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
962:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
934:
927:
921:
912:
905:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:Marsha Canham
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Mary Robinson
771:
763:
761:
756:
752:
750:
746:
745:Matthew Paris
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
713:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
678:
674:
671:
669:
664:
662:
658:
652:
648:
646:
641:
637:
632:
630:
627:As her guard
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
559:
555:
554:primogeniture
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
518:
514:
511:
507:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:County Durham
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Brough Castle
339:
335:
333:
322:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:, brother of
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
151:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
74:
70:
66: 1182–4
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1705:1180s births
1685:
1676:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1557:
1550:Annales Mon.
1549:
1534:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1414:Rot. Lit. Cl
1413:
1409:
1401:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1305:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1159:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1002:
995:
960:
933:
925:
920:
911:
903:
881:
877:
865:
841:
840:In her poem
839:
834:
830:
826:
816:
806:
800:
794:
786:
778:
772:
769:
757:
753:
748:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
709:
707:
688:
679:
675:
672:
665:
653:
649:
633:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
581:
577:
568:
566:
562:
551:
531:
519:
515:
512:
508:
480:
464:
460:
456:
439:
434:
430:
426:
415:
383:
371:Corfe Castle
359:Bowes Castle
340:
336:
318:
310:Imprisonment
306:, Normandy.
301:
290:
266:Christianity
243:
239:
224:
208:
185:
168:
164:
160:
149:
148:
89:Corfe Castle
32:
1710:1241 deaths
1654:CLR 1245–51
1589:casus Regis
1497:CPR 1232–47
1476:CPR 1232–47
1175:28 December
1129:, p.280-285
906:(2004), p.6
781:(1796). In
699:Virgin Mary
593:Marlborough
538:Close Rolls
527:Magna Carta
451:Cornouaille
347:Westmorland
328: 1199
157: 1184
122:Plantagenet
1699:Categories
1604:Mortimer,
1480:CLR 1231-4
1370:CR 1237–42
1078:Philippide
874:John Evans
870:John Corry
857:References
766:Portrayals
601:Michaelmas
589:Gloucester
495:Papal fief
315:Under John
78:1241-08-10
1595:, vi. 19.
1537:, p. 118.
1283:Standards
785:'s novel
465:In 1209,
272:, son of
270:Frederick
258:Al-Adil I
221:Childhood
192:Salic Law
109:Wiltshire
1688:, p 169)
1658:Accounts
1493:Accounts
1321:28 April
1232:, p. 315
779:Angelina
760:Melksham
703:St Melor
636:Swaffham
599:(before
389:, sole,
365:(now in
349:(now in
278:Henry VI
248:was the
1660:, xxix.
1608:, p.421
1491:Sharp,
1454:, p. 76
1429:, p. 54
1338:, 2016.
1219:, p 169
928:, 2009/
852:Sources
791:Ireland
640:Norfolk
597:Bristol
476:miniver
472:cambric
403:vinegar
391:almonds
373:in the
361:in the
351:Cumbria
262:Saladin
1499:, 204.
1495:, 89;
1482:, 419.
1478:, 43;
1441:, p.16
1228:Pugh,
884:, p.15
805:, and
571:after
497:, and
491:Robert
487:Nantes
449:, and
447:Vannes
443:Nantes
411:conger
395:mutton
246:Arthur
188:Arthur
175:, and
138:Mother
128:Father
100:Burial
93:Dorset
1668:Notes
1372:, 57.
1285:, 78.
407:egret
293:Louis
209:Like
167:, or
117:House
1323:2011
1177:2010
872:and
722:The
708:The
701:and
429:and
423:Alix
399:beef
321:John
254:Joan
213:and
87:(or
72:Died
59:Born
1383:RLC
821:by
811:by
777:'s
638:in
387:ale
345:in
256:to
1701::
1620:,
1591::
1542:^
1526:^
1400:,
1390:^
1251:^
1141:,
1114:^
1011:^
988:^
968:^
942:^
889:^
825:,
799:,
663:.
544:.
445:,
325:c.
183:.
163:,
154:c.
107:,
91:,
63:c.
1325:.
1179:.
876:,
152:(
95:)
80:)
76:(
53:)
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
