Eleanor of Castile

988:, Eleanor emphasised comfort and made changes to residences to reflect her taste. She commissioned piped bath works at Leeds Caste and tiled bathrooms elsewhere, echoing the bathroom culture of Castile. Eleanor popularised the use of tapestries and carpets; the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London but by the time of her death, it was much in vogue among rich magnates. Eleanor also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and forks, though it is uncertain whether forks were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters. She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates. Extensive spending on gardens, including the use of water features – a common feature of Castilian garden design feature – is in evidence at her properties and in most places she stayed. The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during Eleanor's ownership; she also introduced fishponds, aviaries with song birds, and Spanish flora to her gardens and grounds. Her household food supplies appear to have reflected her Spanish upbringing; they include olive oil, French cheese and fresh fruit. She also kept a connection with Acre and her time in the Crusades, ordering foodstuffs and other items from Acre throughout her time in England. 794:

acquired was sufficient to fund future purchases. Eleanor's selection of lands was judicious, and aimed at consolidation of her estates. Neighbouring rather than isolated lands were chosen, and the price of the potential acquisitions was less important than whether it would make sense for her estate's management. Eleanor was able to seek lands because of the intelligence gathered by her advisors, and had tremendous advantages and wealth in being able to choose such strategies. She was also able to compromise with those whose lands were being purchased. It was not necessarily important to her strategy whether lands were immediately handed to her, or for the lowest possible price, for instance, which distinguished her from other courtiers, whose acquisitions tended to be more straightforwardly immediately profitable. There is evidence Eleanor's managers could impose very strict terms, and that she would have known of their actions. She paid close attention to her property dealings.

1380: 1364:. The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward. If so, it disappeared with little trace. The surviving revised version, which was printed in 1593, depicts Eleanor as a haughty "villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; she is also depicted as intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke". The misdeeds attributed to her in 1316: 891: 1034:

it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place; when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigours of constant travel with their parents. The children had a household that was staffed with attendants who were carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, and with whom the parents regularly corresponded. The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old, after which they began to accompany their parents on important occasions. By the time they were 13, the children spent much of their time with their parents. In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, probably to help with their education.

1355:. The song depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have / Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses to murder of the Mayoress and to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child. 737:

taxed well beyond its means, leading to a reduction in the capital the small number of rich Jewish moneylenders had to support their lending. Jews were also disallowed from holding land assets. Bonds for lands could be sold to recoup against a defaulted debt but these could only be traded by royal permission, meaning Eleanor and a select group of very wealthy courtiers were the exclusive beneficiaries of these sales. The periodic excessive taxes of the Jews called "tallages" would force them to sell their bonds very cheaply, and these would be bought by courtiers. Access to these cut-price land bonds can be viewed as a form of royal patronage.

1395: – which was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity – meant that by the time of the Civil War, this hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more-widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed. The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have occurred between 1643 and 1646; for example, Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the removal of the Charing Cross in 1643. Eleanor's reputation began to become more positive following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's 557: 977: 4241: 390:, founding priories in England, and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge universities. Notwithstanding the sources of her wealth, Eleanor's financial independence had a lasting impact on the institutional standing of English queens, establishing their future independence of action. After her death, Eleanor's reputation was shaped by conflicting fictitious accounts – both positive and negative – portraying her as either the dedicated companion of Edward I or as a scheming Spaniard. These accounts influenced the fate of the 729: 5517: 937: 1160: 38: 973:, which bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife. Eleanor's accounts reveal he corresponding in 1290 with an Oxford master about one of her books. There is also evidence Eleanor she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X. Eleanor is assumed to have spoken French, which was her mother's language and the dominant language of the English court. All of the extant literary works created for Eleanor are in French. 798:

the heavy-handed tactics of her administrators because she was regularly notified of activities regarding her estates. Notwithstanding the manner by which she acquired her estates and income, Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives.

1227:. Only three of these monuments have survived, none in their entirety. The cross at Geddington is the best-preserved example. All three monuments have lost their crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain. The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of Eleanor are now in the 1295: 1376:, in adultery; this revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, who is fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame. This portrait of Eleanor owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain and English fears of another attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemics of the period. 1407:

recent decades, historians have studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention. Eleanor of Castile's career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of a demanding life, though her qualities were often expressed in unpleasant ways.

882:, from whom the queen was demanding the repayment of a debt the bishop owed her, he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop. As queen, Eleanor's major opportunity for power and influence would have come later in her life, when her sons grew older, by promoting their political and military careers. 1171:, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties, and accompanied for most of the way by Edward and a substantial cortege of mourners. Edward ordered the erection of memorial crosses at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster. These artistically significant monuments, which were based on crosses in France marking 1070:, for example. Her taste in everyday clothes and emphasis on repairing rather than replacing where possible, contrasting with her predecessors and successors, suggests some practicality in her nature. With those outside her inner circle, Eleanor was frequently harsh and manipulative, and is known to have frequently lost her temper. 899:

heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, Eleanor arranged marriages to English barons for her female cousins. Edward strongly supported Eleanor in these endeavours, which provided him and his family – alongside Eleanor in her potential widowhood – with an expanded network of potential supporters.

615:; Eleanor appears to have been very committed to the church's call to arms, and took a vow to participate. Women were not obliged to travel to fulfil their vow and if not prohibited from doing so were discouraged. Although other women members of her family had travelled on crusade, it was an unusual thing to do. 1287:, along with that of her son Alphonso. The accounts of her executors show the monument constructed at the priory to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, and included wall paintings and a metallic angelic statue that stood under a carved stone canopy. It was destroyed in the 16th century during the 1058:(1274–1278) in Ponthieu; the practice of fostering noble children in other dignified households was common. Edward and Eleanor regretted allowing Joan of Ponthieu to foster Joan; when six-year-old Joan travelled to England in 1278, they found she had been spoilt; she was a spirited child and at times defiant. 1302:

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290. Eleanor's tomb, which she had probably ordered before her death, consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields – originally painted – of the arms of England, Castile and Ponthieu. The chest is surmounted

1033:

Eleanor birthed between 14 and 17 children, only six of whom survived into adulthood. Most of Eleanor's children were born at Windsor, although she gave birth to three while on travels. It has been suggested Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children. As king and queen,

1016:

of Friars, to whom she was a patron, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Eleanor's piety was intellectual and reinforced the idea the higher powers were in Eleanor's favour. Apart from her religious foundations, Eleanor was not given to

533:

and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Following the marriage, they spent nearly a year in Gascony and Edward ruled as lord of Aquitaine. During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to

1100:

Eleanor of Castile had birthed at least 16 children, suggesting she was not frail. Shortly after the birth of her last child, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own show frequent payments for medicines for the queen's use. The nature of the medicines is not specified so the nature of

797:

Eleanor's executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291, done on Eleanor's request shortly before her death to provide redress for wrongdoings in her property dealings. She is likely to have been aware of

793:

The majority of the lands Eleanor acquired were not acquired through the cheap acquisition of Jewish bonds. This method declined after 1275, and especially after 1281, because the Crown had largely removed the wealth of the Jewish community. By the late 1280s, Eleanor's income from the lands she had

657:

was worried by Edward's presence at Acre and in June 1272, an assassination attempt was made on Edward. Edward was wounded in the arm by a dagger that is thought to have been poisoned. The wound quickly became seriously inflamed and a surgeon saved Edward by excising the diseased flesh after Eleanor

1626:

For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candle-bearers were paid to walk in a public procession to commemorate each year of her life. The tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life so 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or

932:

Although she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor found other satisfying outlets. She was an active patron of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her. Some of the

866:

in 1287 against charges of incompetence, arguing they were unjustified. Eleanor was a "clever operator" at court with "unique influence" due to Edward's love for her. She appears to have limited her role to avoid the wide criticism her mother-in-law had experienced, and perhaps due to her immediate

835:

Eleanor was given little overt political role; even in diplomatic matters her role was minor. Edward heeded her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers, preventing her 12-year-old daughter Eleanor from leaving England in 1282. Eleanor of Castile was in part educated in

785:

A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal. It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property – lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from

720:

Eleanor's acquisition of lands was unprecedented for an English queen: between 1274 and 1290, she acquired estates worth about £2,600 yearly. This provided a majority of her expenditure, which amounted to £8,000 a year at the time of her death, while income from her dower lands was worth £4,500, to

517:

swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves. Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward, who was now the titular duke, and Alfonso would transfer

1077:

show some people thought Eleanor urged Edward to rule harshly, and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if anyone crossed her, contravening contemporaneous expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed and the condemned.

898:

Eleanor patronised many of her relatives, though as queen, given the unpopularity of foreigners in England, and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, Eleanor of Castile was cautious to choose which cousins to support. Rather than marry her male cousins to English

818:

offences. Although the evidence was largely fictional, around ten percent of the Jewish population – over 300 individuals – was sentenced to death; their assets were seized and forfeit to the Crown, together with fines for those who escaped hanging. Over £16,500 was collected, from which

592:

in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government, and Eleanor rose to prominence. In July 1266, after she had birthed three short-lived daughters, Eleanor gave birth to a son John, who was followed in early 1268 by a second boy named Henry, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter named

1406:

Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland depicted, many rejected the correction and frequently expressed indignant disbelief anything negative was said about Eleanor. In

701:

in France, in which he sought prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love". Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London.

661:

Eleanor and Edward left Acre in September 1272. In Sicily that December, they learnt of Henry III's death on 16 November. Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child Alphonso – named for Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X – was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were

1082:, who agreed to allow Eleanor to hold one of his manors for a term of years to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt. A chronicle written at 736:

Between 1270 and 1281, a significant method for Eleanor to acquire land was the cheap purchase of debts owed by Christian landlords to Jewish moneylenders. In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged against the debts. Since the early 1200s, the Jewish community had been

541:

stayed in England for three years, hoping Henry III would help him reconcile with his father Alphonso. While Eleanor was still young and childless, the prospect of a new Castilian family faction at court would have been troubling for those surrounding Henry, making Eleanor's position precarious.

1045:

tended to Henry. Henry had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and because he was just two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had substantial memories of them when they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his death. The

443:

were known for their literary atmosphere. Both kings encouraged extensive education of the royal children so it is likely Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood that is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen. Eleanor was at her father's deathbed in

823:, with which the whole Jewish population was expelled from England, their houses, debts and other property was forfeit to the Crown. Around £2,000 was raised for the Crown from sales but much was given away in about 85 grants to courtiers, friends and family; Eleanor gave the synagogue at 434:

Eleanor was the second of five children; her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43, and two sons who were born after Louis's death in childhood. Because her parents were separated for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in

1275:

made against Jews. It is likely the association with Eleanor was made to help improve her posthumous reputation because she had been closely associated with the abuse of Jewish loans. according to historians Caroline and Joe Hillaby, the crosses and tomb amounted to a "propaganda coup",

745:", which contributed to a rise in anti-Semitic beliefs. Eleanor's participation in Jewish usury and dispossession of middling landowners caused her to be criticised, both by members of the landed classes and by the church. An example of a cheaply-purchased estate is the release of 1339:

described Eleanor as "the jewel most esteemed ... a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay."

1011:

Contemporaneous monastic chroniclers are noticeably silent on Eleanor's piety, which was considered an important quality of a queen. The lack of material may be due to Eleanor's distance from the English Bishops, who represented traditional hierarchy, and her preference for the

721:

which she would be entitled in the event of Edward's death. Edward initiated this process; He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government, and to be independent if she was widowed. The process began after the

1145:, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church. After piously receiving the Church's last rites, Eleanor died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage. Edward was at Eleanor's bedside to hear her final requests. 1608:

Later storytellers embellished this incident, creating a popular story of Eleanor saving Edward's life by sucking poison out of his wound, but this has long been discredited. The initial account from the early 1300s gives it as a story that was later recounted as fact by

1078:

Edward warned a convent of nuns: "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor. Records from the king's administrations shows

810:

was paid as an additional sum of ten percent on taxes. She also benefited from revenues from vacant estates, and could be granted income from trials and seizures, but the income she received from these sources was at the king's discretion rather than being a right.

933:

works produced were vernacular romances and saints' lives but Eleanor's tastes were wider than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office. The number and variety of new works written for her show her interests were broad and sophisticated.

670:

Available evidence indicates Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other, and it appears that Edward was faithful to her in the marriage. The couple were rarely apart; Eleanor accompanied Edward on military campaigns in Wales, giving birth to their son Edward at

902:

In a few cases, Eleanor's marriage projects for her female cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms. The marriage of Eleanor's kinswoman Marguerite de Guînes to the

683:; this custom was so important Edward that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them if she had been alive. Edward disliked ceremonies; in 1290, he refused to attend the marriage of 1328:

first published in England the tale of Eleanor saving Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound. Camden ascribed the construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of a heroic wife, who had risked her own life to save his. In 1587,

870:

Edward was prepared to resist Eleanor's demands or to stop her if he felt she was excessive in her activities, and he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm; on one occasion, the

1399:, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre. Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and ultimately derived from Camden, whose work was uncritically repeated by historians. In the 19th century the self-styled historian 1323:

Despite her negative reputation in her lifetime, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor of Castile a romantic and flattering, if slightly obscure, standing in the two centuries following her death. In 1586, the antiquarian

1129:

rather than in London. Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings travel might endanger their health. Following the conclusion of the Parliament, Eleanor and Edward set out on the short distance from Clipstone to

518:

his Gascon claims to Edward. Henry was anxious for the marriage to take place; he willingly abandoned the already-made, elaborate preparations for the knighting of Edward in England and agreed Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next

1257:

In the 13th century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual. Eleanor was afforded an unusual triple burial; her viscera, heart and body were separately buried. Eleanor's viscera were buried in

840:. While Edward honoured his obligations to Eleanor's father Alfonso X, his support may be seen as relatively limited. When Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile but sent knights from 564:

There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War between Henry III and his barons divided the kingdom. During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from

1109:. Malaria is not directly fatal but weakens its victims and makes them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle and susceptible to injury, which may cause death from 3818:—— (1998). "Que nos lactauit in infancia': The Impact of Childhood Care-givers on Plantagenet Family Relationships in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries". In Rousseau and, Constance M.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). 385:

Eleanor exerted a strong cultural influence. She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs. She was a generous patron of the

702:

Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war. Edward therefore married again, in 1299 to

847:

Eleanor played a role in Edward's counsels but she did not overtly exercise power except on occasions when she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony. Eleanor directed Edward's attention to

952:

in 1279, a romance about the life of a fictional, ninth-century count of Ponthieu was written for her. Eleanor commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord

740:

By the 1270s, this situation had led the Jewish community into a desperate position while Edward, Eleanor and a few others gained vast new estates. According to contemporaries, however, the problem resulted from Jewish

1116:

From the time of the return from Gascony, Eleanor may have been aware of her impending death. Arrangements were made for the marriage of her daughters Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young

349:

from the middling landed classes after they went into arrears on loan repayments to Jewish moneylenders, and the Crown forced them to sell their bonds. These transactions associated Eleanor with the abuse of

480:

kingdom afforded passage from Castile to Gascony; and Theobald II was not yet of age so an opportunity to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile existed. To avoid Castilian control, in August 1253,

1666:

in England had officially ended the practice of praying for the souls of the dead so Camden ascribed Edward's commemoration of his wife to her supposed heroism in saving Edward's life at the risk of her

1026: 923:

family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, strengthening the king's ties with that family and creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, northern Gascony.

836:

diplomatic practices – such as giving gifts to visiting princes and envoys, as a means to win influence, and in the art of interceding to reduce friction from disputes – by Edward's mother

819:

Eleanor received a significant portion. Other income from Jews came from seizures of their property at death, particularly if Eleanor had close financial relationships with them. Following the 1290

1262:, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and was replaced with a 19th-century copy. 1676:

The first printing of this ballad is from 1600, ten years after George Peele's Edward I was first performed; but the ballad in oral form is considered likely to date to the reign of Mary.

1086:

in 1307–1308 includes the first positive assessment of Eleanor's character, though the chronicler may have been writing to flatter her son Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307.

1125:, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on. In mid 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties began, but proceeded much more slowly than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in 1066:

To her immediate friends and family, Eleanor appears to have been kind, loyal and considerate, and although not overtly charming; she appears to have had a sense of humour, employing two

1391:

It is likely Peele's play and the ballad associated with it had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century. Performances of the play and reprints of

394:, for which she is probably best known today. Historians have generally neglected Eleanor and her reign as a topic of serious study, but she has received more attention since the 1980s. 537:

Henry III resolved the Gascon crisis but Eleanor's position in England would have been difficult; some of her relatives travelled to England soon after her marriage. Eleanor's brother

439: – from which he returned to the north of Spain in February 1241 – Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year. The courts of her father and her half-brother 1403:

used Camden to write the most-positive account of Eleanor. None of these writers used contemporaneous chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life.

1662:, p. 52 Camden's discussion of the crosses reflected the religious history of his time. The crosses were intended to induce passers-by to pray for Eleanor's soul but the 715: 4222: 753:; it became a favourite residence. Through these acquisitions, Eleanor gained an "unsavoury reputation". Records of her unpopularity are common: for instance, 1347:, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen 6613: 3463:

Cocke, Thomas (1986). "The Architectural History at Lincoln Cathedral from the Dissolution to the Twentieth Century". In Heslop, T.A.; Sekules, V.A. (eds.).

907:, one of the most-influential English noblemen in Ireland, gave Edward a new family connection in Ireland and also with Scotland because Marguerite's cousin 3847: 3957:

Rokéah, Zefira Entin (1988). "Money and the hangman in late thirteenth century England: Jews, Christians and coinage offences alleged and real (Part I)".

814:

Eleanor was granted significant income from hidden or unclaimed assets resulting from trials. For instance, during the late 1270s, Jews were targeted for

3398:

Armstrong, A.S. (2023). "Eleanor of Castile: A Consort of Contradictions". In Norrie, A.; Harris, C.; Laynesmith, J.; Messer, D.R.; Woodacre, E (eds.).

382: – who was falsely believed to have been ritually murdered by Jews – to bolster her reputation as an opponent of supposed Jewish criminality. 962: 941: 862:

while on Crusade in Acre in 1272. She also intervened in disputes, for instance to limit the consequences of the Baronial rebellions and to defend the

807: 5630: 4523: 6533: 5433: 5172: 970: 1037:

Eleanor's children were frequently cared for by relatives and other trusted families. In 1274, when their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at

5395: 4976: 1360: 354:

and the supposed exploitation of Jews, bringing her into conflict with the church. She profited from the hanging of over 300 Jewish alleged

1368:

are repeated and expanded upon; Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears. Eleanor confesses to adultery with her brother-in-law

679:, Edward allowed Eleanor's ladies to trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after 1050:

queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been. Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother

6578: 5599: 1276:

rehabilitating Eleanor's image and portraying her as the protector of Christians against the supposed criminality of Jews following the

5276: 5167: 4178:

Parsons, John Carmi (1997). "Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence, 1150-1500". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.).

1379: 460:

was not the only marriage her family planned for her. The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the

6528: 5922: 5735: 4390: 1487: 957:, who married a close friend and relation of hers. In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for Eleanor to explain 534:

her first child, a short-lived daughter. Eleanor travelled to England alone in mid 1255 and Edward followed her a few months later.

6628: 6608: 1649:

are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor; these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century.

574: 6633: 6066: 5902: 5400: 1551: 1499: 225: 6618: 1017:

direct good works; she left her chaplains to distribute alms for her. Eleanor gave significant funds to charitable foundations.

781:, warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: 675:

on 25 April 1284. Their household records narrate incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship. Each year on

6563: 6358: 6265: 4904: 4744: 1483: 334:'s post-war government. The marriage was particularly close; Edward and Eleanor travelled together extensively, including the 6543: 6538: 6164: 5927: 5561: 5354: 5307: 3528: 1343:

A counter-narrative that was driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation may have begun to emerge.

482: 6638: 6568: 6558: 6523: 6429: 5875: 5576: 5455: 5286: 5281: 5198: 5104: 4719: 4556: 4511: 420: 6593: 6588: 6338: 6328: 6051: 6041: 5887: 5203: 5062: 4774: 4704: 1458: 991:

Eleanor had a keen interest in hunting, particularly with dogs. The royal family appears to have stayed each February at

210: 20: 6583: 6169: 5725: 5492: 5426: 5364: 5234: 5229: 5067: 5025: 4689: 4470: 1175:'s funeral procession, enhanced the image of Edward's kingship and bear witness to his grief. Eleanor crosses stood at 999:

for hunting. She was a keen horse rider and employed Spanish horse-breeders. Eleanor enthusiastically played chess and

4217: 1315: 1141:, less than seven miles (11 km) from Lincoln. The journey was abandoned and the queen was lodged in the house of 6518: 6152: 4969: 4889: 4669: 4581: 4236: 4187: 4160: 4124: 4094:

Stokes, H. P. (1915). "The relationship between the Jews and the Royal family of England in the Thirteenth century".

4055: 4026: 3995: 3827: 3751: 3721: 3694: 3646: 3590: 3555: 3499: 3472: 3445: 3415: 3380: 1242:, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station. The original Charing cross was at the top of 472: – Eleanor's half-brother – appears to have stalled negotiations with England in the hope she would marry 6553: 5970: 5581: 4924: 4919: 1101:

Eleanor's illness cannot be deduced until in late 1287, while she was in Gascony with Edward, Eleanor had a double

703: 687: 6513: 6508: 5323: 4505: 4403: 706:. He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life. 573:

and baronial prisoners for Edward. Rumours Eleanor was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader

6061: 5114: 4407: 4399: 4321: 4306: 3913: 3886: 3800: 1288: 606: 529:, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed because Edward's grandfather 465: 287: 3942:"Proxy over Pilgrimage: Queen Eleanor of Castile and the Celebration of Crusade upon her Funerary Monument(s)" 1265:

Also built in the same style as the Eleanor crosses and Eleanor's tomb at Lincoln was the renovated shrine of

6498: 6462: 6031: 5720: 5594: 5571: 5551: 5419: 5328: 4734: 4383: 1239: 732:

Leeds Castle, Kent, was acquired at vast discount by Eleanor through the forced sale of debt bonds from Jews.

5020: 1540:

Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth. There is no contemporary evidence for his name.

890: 6623: 6573: 6174: 4962: 4679: 538: 379: 4451: 6603: 6598: 6548: 6503: 6483: 6036: 3433: 134: 4446: 4899: 4769: 4664: 4441: 4336: 3664:

Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".

1228: 1051: 416: 275: 94: 4232: 6333: 5897: 5479: 5239: 4827: 1493: 1438: 1335: 912: 697:

Edward was greatly affected by Eleanor's death, shown for instance in his January 1291 letter to the

220: 4802: 4436: 4879: 4842: 4376: 4285: 4255: 3769:

Parsons, John Carmi (1984). "The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth and Her Children by Edward I".

1547: 1434: 1122: 1079: 778: 773:

noted in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors".

602: 577:

to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the defeat of the royalist army at the

412: 265: 255: 51: 5708: 4534: 3820:

Women, Marriage, and Family in Medieval Christendom: Essays in Memory of Michael M. Sheehan, C.S.B

345:

In her lifetime, Eleanor was disliked for her property dealings; she bought up vast lands such as

6323: 6026: 5988: 5882: 3739: 1448: 307:) from 1279. After diplomatic efforts to secure her marriage and affirm English sovereignty over 6410: 4684: 4368: 1663: 1184: 1138: 556: 473: 363: 146: 4046:

Stocker, David (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh". In Heslop, T.A.; Sekules, V.A. (eds.).

6099: 6007: 5965: 5912: 5696: 5669: 5586: 5333: 5099: 4894: 4832: 4659: 4642: 4529: 1543: 1462: 1176: 1029:

Edward I & II Prince of Wales, portrayed in 1301, some eleven years after Eleanor's death

976: 754: 551: 530: 319: 235: 5130: 1319:

Eleanor of Castile sucks the poison out of Edward I of England in a Victorian-era depiction.

6493: 6488: 6019: 5975: 5946: 5917: 5839: 5800: 5715: 5657: 5618: 5566: 5556: 5544: 5442: 5349: 5057: 4909: 4764: 4566: 4517: 4360: 1561: 1251: 1204: 1118: 879: 790:

Peckham also warned Eleanor of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants.

750: 514: 489:

instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised Theobald would never marry Eleanor.

469: 440: 424: 331: 240: 104: 5244: 8: 6445: 6296: 6246: 6227: 6220: 6184: 6135: 5858: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5743: 5730: 5637: 5532: 5502: 5484: 5474: 5390: 5369: 4884: 4807: 4754: 4699: 4674: 4611: 4596: 4586: 4546: 4495: 4490: 4352: 4299: 1284: 1042: 837: 519: 457: 428: 291: 174: 114: 5041: 4465: 4227: 6437: 6208: 6179: 6159: 6116: 5958: 5385: 5260: 5177: 5109: 4865: 4709: 4576: 4561: 4540: 4500: 4461: 4240: 4103: 4082: 3966: 3673: 3596: 3561: 1572: 1503: 1473: 1465:, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count 1352: 1277: 1025: 820: 619: 585: 510: 461: 359: 327: 5151: 4456: 342:. Eleanor was capable of influencing politics but died too young to have much effect. 315:, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. She is believed to have birthed a child not long after. 6343: 6303: 6258: 6074: 5980: 5907: 5834: 5359: 4729: 4714: 4606: 4591: 4343: 4183: 4156: 4120: 4051: 4022: 3991: 3909: 3882: 3823: 3796: 3747: 3717: 3690: 3642: 3586: 3551: 3534: 3524: 3495: 3468: 3441: 3411: 3376: 1646: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1476:). Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name. 1452: 1442: 1427: 1420: 1369: 1348: 1330: 1267: 1259: 1168: 1142: 1110: 949: 722: 672: 589: 486: 323: 295: 230: 194: 160: 76: 43: 4212: 3565: 1134:. By this time, Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles (13 km) per day. 642:, where they arrived in May 1271. Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, who is known as 5677: 5302: 5208: 4999: 4739: 4724: 4631: 4475: 3983: 3852: 3778: 3625: 3403: 1466: 1400: 1247: 1131: 985: 863: 770: 506: 498: 367: 362:

in 1290, she gifted the former Canterbury Synagogue to her tailor. Eleanor died at

3864: 1307:'s gilt-bronze effigy of Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal. 916: 618:

By 1270, England was at peace, and Edward and Eleanor left to join Edward's uncle

6348: 6111: 6056: 5748: 5467: 5182: 4822: 4779: 4571: 4485: 4480: 4193: 4166: 4130: 4061: 4032: 4001: 3919: 3892: 3833: 3806: 3757: 3727: 3700: 3652: 3604: 3569: 3505: 3478: 3451: 3421: 3407: 3386: 1200: 1041:

neither parent made the short journey from London to see him but Edward's mother

1013: 966: 872: 578: 387: 6313: 5004: 4837: 4749: 4694: 4636: 4626: 4263: 1610: 1325: 1113:. It is also possible that hereditary heart conditions caused Eleanor's death. 908: 904: 875: 858: 728: 698: 623: 570: 355: 330:. Eleanor took an active role in Edward's reign as he began to take control of 3856: 3629: 6477: 6147: 6046: 5497: 4929: 4759: 3874: 3538: 1555: 1384: 1304: 1235: 1224: 1216: 1154: 1102: 1095: 954: 815: 676: 654: 391: 375: 371: 335: 4170: 4134: 4073:

Stevenson, W. H. (1 January 1888). "The Death of Queen Eleanor of Castile".

4005: 3837: 3761: 3704: 3656: 3608: 3573: 3509: 3425: 3390: 716:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Edward I and the Expulsion

6422: 6308: 5892: 5213: 4914: 4621: 4601: 4197: 4065: 4036: 3923: 3896: 3810: 3731: 3600: 3583:

English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain: Ethnopoetics and Empire

3482: 3455: 1479: 1250:; it was destroyed in 1647 by Puritans and later replaced with a statue of 1192: 1055: 774: 746: 684: 643: 635: 346: 339: 215: 4117:

England's Jews: Finance, Violence, and the Crown in the Thirteenth Century

3782: 3518: 4860: 4616: 1558:. The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children. 1527: 1272: 1196: 915:. The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her 584:

Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was confined at

526: 312: 5516: 4107: 3970: 3677: 318:

Fuller records of Eleanor's life with Edward start from the time of the

5411: 3371:

Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul, eds. (1987). "The Eleanor crosses".

1567: 1188: 1000: 992: 853: 824: 611:

Eleanor of Castile came from a family who were heavily involved in the

66: 4954: 4086: 3988:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995

3980:"Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England" 3616:

Hamilton, B. (1995). "Eleanor of Castile and the Crusading Movement".

936: 6284: 3941: 1373: 1243: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1126: 1083: 1038: 996: 639: 502: 436: 4014: 3979: 1159: 588:. After Edward's and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the 37: 6380: 6318: 3793:

Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England

1534: 1180: 1172: 920: 849: 691: 627: 612: 566: 477: 378:. This series of monuments may have included the renovated tomb of 298: 3438:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

2310: 725:

when Eleanor received the grant of lands formerly held by rebels.

509:

in France – which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of

4985: 2942: 1586: 1167:

Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to

1106: 1074: 1047: 841: 757:

highlighted her reputation and preserves a contemporaneous poem:

650: 445: 308: 250: 4398: 4153:

Memoria Reginae: Das Memorialprogramm für Eleonore von Kastilien

2591: 2589: 1516:

Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in

311:, 13-year-old Eleanor was married to Edward at the monastery of 4654: 3548:

Representing Imperial Rivalry in the Early Modern Mediterranean

3107: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1067: 806:

As queen, Eleanor had income other than that from her estates.

631: 408: 130: 3744:

A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

1372:

and to conceiving all of her children, except Edward I's heir

1294: 451: 3350: 3348: 3035: 2586: 1760: 1758: 958: 742: 351: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3047: 3011: 2382: 2181: 1991: 1636:

Three of the crosses survive, though none of them is intact.

485: – mother and regent to Theobald II – allied with 294:. She was educated at the Castilian court and also ruled as 3990:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102. 2806: 2657: 2655: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2530: 2466: 2298: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2086: 2084: 2059: 2057: 1426:

Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in

680: 476:. The marriage would have afforded several advantages: the 374:

at each stopping place on the journey to London, ending at

3148: 3146: 3071: 2906: 2746: 2542: 2506: 2454: 2096: 1929: 1857: 1845: 1821: 1785: 1755: 569:, France. Eleanor was in England during the war, and held 3400:

Norman to Early Plantagenet Consorts. Queenship and Power

3325: 3313: 3289: 3186: 3119: 3083: 3059: 3023: 2999: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2918: 2882: 2870: 2442: 2262: 1917: 1869: 1833: 1530: 1509:

Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in

867:

concerns with pregnancies and building her landholdings.

497:

In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected an ancestral claim to the

5454: 4096:

Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England

4050:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117. 3687:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

3467:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 148–155. 3095: 2930: 2758: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2652: 2601: 2494: 2406: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2240: 2238: 2153: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2081: 2069: 2054: 2030: 2008: 2006: 1797: 1571:(25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327). In 1308 he married 3301: 3143: 2818: 2734: 2518: 2430: 2418: 2394: 1967: 1941: 1905: 1809: 961:

and their roles. She almost certainly commissioned the

694:

to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding.

4019:

The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell

3373:

Age of Chivalry: art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400

3242: 2966: 2894: 2830: 2286: 2274: 2223: 2018: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1546:(7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316). She married (1) in 1297 1461:(18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298). She was betrothed to 1283:

Eleanor's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at

894:

Coat of arms of Eleanor of Castile as Queen of England

2858: 2722: 2691: 2667: 2640: 2628: 2250: 2235: 2042: 2003: 1979: 1893: 1881: 1726: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1496:(24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester. 1482:(April 1272 – 7 April 1307). She married (1) in 1290 419:. She was named after her paternal great-grandmother 3158: 969:, and is also thought to be the commissioner of the 709: 630:

before they arrived; the couple spent the winter in

525:

Eleanor and Edward were married at the monastery of

1738: 1148: 980:

Water feature in the Fountain Court at Leeds Castle

786:

Christians under the protection of the royal court.

4119:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4048:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 3465:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 3375:. London: Royal Academy of Arts. pp. 361–66. 1695: 1502:(15 March 1275 – after 1333). In 1290 she married 1419:Katherine (c. 1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in 370:in late 1290; following her death, Edward built a 5199:Isabella, Queen of Aragon and Duchess of Brittany 4806:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the 4102:. Jewish Historical Society of England: 153–170. 1520:. There is no contemporary evidence for her name. 1451:(before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in 1358:This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's 658:was led away from his bed "weeping and wailing". 6475: 5631:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 4182:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 63–78. 4021:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77. 4017:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.). 3546:Fuchs, Barbara; Weissbourd, Emily, eds. (2015). 1105:, suggesting she was suffering from a strain of 1006: 607:Edward I of England § Crusade and accession 4944:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in 3545: 3370: 3280: 3260: 3113: 944:, believed to have been commissioned by Eleanor 927: 19:For other people named Eleanor of Castile, see 4015:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State" 3684: 3402:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 237–255. 3176: 2210: 2194: 5427: 4970: 4384: 1433:John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at 1361:The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First 885: 764:the queen, our manors fair, to hold ... 6614:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales 3851:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1469:, by whom she had one son and two daughters. 1003:, and passed this interest to her children. 5131:Berengaria, Latin Empress of Constantinople 3517:Hilton, Lisa (2008). "Eleanor of Castile". 3231: 3222:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1689: 1336:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1137:Eleanor's final stop was at the village of 665: 452:Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre 302: 6409: 5434: 5420: 4977: 4963: 4391: 4377: 4239: 1298:Eleanor's tomb effigy in Westminster Abbey 911:was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law 36: 6098: 6006: 5923:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 5893:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 5736:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 5695: 4072: 3930: 3489: 3432: 3397: 3354: 3284: 3264: 3237: 3208: 3089: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2936: 2912: 2812: 2796: 2780: 2764: 2752: 2712: 2685: 2661: 2622: 2610: 2595: 2580: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2512: 2500: 2472: 2460: 2376: 2214: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2126: 2102: 2090: 2075: 2063: 2036: 1997: 1863: 1851: 1827: 1815: 1791: 1779: 1681: 1490:. She had four children by each marriage. 1488:Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer 649:The crusade was a militarily failure but 456:Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future 5945: 5799: 5656: 5617: 5441: 4228:2009/10 restoration of Victorian replica 3939: 3711: 3685:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 3636: 3615: 2740: 2484: 2448: 2024: 1973: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1720: 1604: 1602: 1378: 1314: 1310: 1293: 1158: 1024: 975: 935: 889: 727: 555: 6245: 6134: 6067:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 5903:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 5857: 5600:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 5531: 4984: 4177: 4045: 3873: 3848:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3844: 3817: 3790: 3768: 3663: 3580: 3520:Queens consort : the autobiography 3319: 3307: 3295: 3268: 3248: 3225: 3204: 3192: 3164: 3152: 3065: 2989: 2977: 2960: 2948: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2836: 2800: 2776: 2728: 2673: 2646: 2634: 2564: 2524: 2488: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2229: 2218: 2114: 2048: 2012: 1985: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1875: 1839: 1803: 1764: 1749: 1732: 1708: 1677: 1659: 1552:Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 468:in 1134. In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir 6476: 6359:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 6266:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 6207: 4093: 4012: 3977: 3956: 3903: 3738: 3639:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty 3516: 3180: 3125: 3101: 3077: 2924: 2824: 2792: 2716: 2700: 2576: 2436: 2424: 2256: 2244: 2206: 1961:The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough 1575:. They had two sons and two daughters. 1484:Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford 1020: 948:After Eleanor succeeded her mother as 830: 6408: 6378: 6282: 6244: 6206: 6165:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 6133: 6097: 6005: 5944: 5928:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 5856: 5798: 5694: 5655: 5616: 5562:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 5530: 5453: 5415: 5386:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France 4958: 4428:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 4372: 4150: 4114: 3462: 3137: 1599: 1506:, who died in 1318. They had one son. 545: 338:, during which Edward was wounded at 6430:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 6047:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 5876:Margaret of France, Queen of England 5577:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 5456:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 4425:Royal consorts in England until 1603 4311:20 November 1272 – 28 November 1290 4223:Eleanor Crosses – Photos and History 3714:Expulsion: England's Jewish solution 3585:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3492:Eleanor of Castile: the shadow queen 1775: 1773: 1486:, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 1437:, in the custody of his granduncle, 1366:The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor 1345:The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor 762:The king would like to get our gold, 662:crowned together on 19 August 1274. 6534:Christians of Lord Edward's crusade 6355:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 6339:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 6329:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 6052:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 6042:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 5888:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 5173:Beatrice, Marchioness of Montferrat 3845:—— (2004). "Eleanor ". 505: – the last possession of the 61:20 November 1272 – 28 November 1290 21:Eleanor of Castile (disambiguation) 13: 6579:Women in medieval European warfare 6170:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 5726:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 5515: 5493:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 4895:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 4143: 3689:. Basingstok: Palgrave Macmillan. 16:Queen of England from 1272 to 1290 14: 6650: 6153:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 5391:Isabella, Queen of Denmark-Norway 4890:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4864:British royal consorts after the 4237:National Portrait Gallery, London 4206: 3879:The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 1770: 1526:(11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a 1397:A History of the Kings of England 710:Land acquisition and unpopularity 6529:Christians of the Eighth Crusade 5971:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 5582:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 3274: 3254: 3214: 3198: 3170: 3131: 2983: 1670: 1652: 1639: 1149:Procession, burial and monuments 688:Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 326:'s government imprisoned her in 86:16 March 1279 – 28 November 1290 6629:13th-century countesses regnant 6609:English prisoners and detainees 6442:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 5324:Catherine, Princess of Asturias 5277:Constance, Duchess of Lancaster 5168:Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara 4905:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4885:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 4233:Portraits of Eleanor of Castile 3822:. Kalamazoo. pp. 289–324. 3618:Mediterranean Historical Review 3550:. University of Toronto Press. 2842: 2786: 2770: 2706: 2570: 2554: 2478: 2200: 2165: 1953: 1630: 844:, which was closer to Castile. 801: 236:Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford 183: 6634:13th-century duchesses consort 6062:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 5360:Joanna I of Castile and Aragon 1620: 1289:dissolution of the monasteries 1273:false ritual murder allegation 286:(1241 – 28 November 1290) was 1: 6564:Women in 13th-century warfare 6283: 6191:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 5721:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 5595:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 5572:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 5552:William IX, Count of Poitiers 5329:Eleanor, Princess of Asturias 5308:Catherine, Duchess of Villena 4075:The English Historical Review 1271:, a cult that was based on a 1240:Charing Cross railway station 1238:" in London, in front of the 1007:Religious views and patronage 919:cousins with a member of the 397: 144:28 November 1290 (aged 48–49) 6544:Burials at Lincoln Cathedral 6539:Burials at Westminster Abbey 6379: 6175:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 5401:Catherine, Queen of Portugal 5240:Blanche, Princess of Villena 5021:Urraca I of Castile and León 4925:Philip of Greece and Denmark 4880:George of Denmark and Norway 4843:George of Denmark and Norway 3865:UK public library membership 3408:10.1007/978-3-031-21068-6_13 1123:Margaret, the Maid of Norway 1061: 928:Cultural and other interests 226:Margaret, Duchess of Brabant 7: 6639:Mothers of English monarchs 6569:13th-century queens consort 6559:13th-century English people 6524:Castilian House of Burgundy 5370:Catherine, Queen of England 5355:Isabella, Queen of Portugal 5209:Constance, Queen of Castile 5204:Beatrice, Queen of Portugal 3931:Prestwich, Michael (1988). 3881:. Oxford University Press. 3281:Fuchs & Weissbourd 2015 3261:Fuchs & Weissbourd 2015 3114:Alexander & Binski 1987 2319:, pp. 132–4, 136, 138. 1579: 1383:Illustration of Eleanor by 1234:The monument now known as " 492: 10: 6655: 6619:People of the Barons' Wars 6594:13th-century English women 6589:13th-century Spanish women 5513: 5058:Constance, Queen of France 4900:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 3978:Stacey, Robert C. (1997). 3875:Powicke, Frederick Maurice 3746:. London: Windmill Books. 3712:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 3363: 3177:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 2951:, pp. 44, 163 at 29a. 2211:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 2195:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 1416:Stillborn girl (July 1255) 1229:Victoria and Albert Museum 1152: 1093: 1052:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 886:Promotion of her relatives 713: 600: 596: 549: 417:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 276:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 216:Joan, Countess of Hertford 200: 42:Tomb effigy of Eleanor at 18: 6584:High sheriffs of Somerset 6458: 6417: 6404: 6387: 6374: 6334:Anne of York, Lady Howard 6291: 6278: 6253: 6240: 6215: 6202: 6142: 6129: 6106: 6093: 6014: 6001: 5953: 5940: 5898:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 5865: 5852: 5807: 5794: 5703: 5690: 5664: 5651: 5625: 5612: 5539: 5526: 5480:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 5462: 5449: 5378: 5350:Joanna, Queen of Portugal 5342: 5316: 5295: 5287:Eleanor, Queen of Navarre 5282:Isabella, Duchess of York 5269: 5253: 5222: 5191: 5160: 5147:Eleanor, Queen of England 5139: 5123: 5105:Urraca, Queen of Portugal 5092: 5076: 5050: 5034: 5013: 4992: 4942: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4828:Henrietta Maria of France 4818: 4801: 4797: 4419: 4415: 4357: 4341: 4333: 4328: 4313: 4304: 4291: 4284: 4249: 4218:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3982:. In Prestwich, Michael; 3959:Jewish Historical Studies 3940:Reynolds, Gordon (2023). 3908:. Studley: Brewin Books. 3666:Jewish Historical Studies 3630:10.1080/09518969508569686 3581:Griffin, Eric J. (2009). 1439:Richard, Earl of Cornwall 852:when she commissioned an 749:to Edward and Eleanor by 464:due to sworn homage from 271: 261: 249: 221:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 193: 168: 153: 140: 124: 120: 110: 100: 90: 82: 75: 65: 57: 50: 35: 30: 6519:French suo jure nobility 5365:Maria, Queen of Portugal 5230:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon 5214:Joanna, Queen of Castile 5115:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon 5110:Blanche, Queen of France 5063:Sancha, Queen of Navarre 4670:Ethelreda of Northumbria 4307:Queen consort of England 4256:Castilian House of Ivrea 3935:. Yale University Press. 3490:Cockerill, Sara (2014). 1690:Citations and references 1593: 1548:John I, Count of Holland 1410: 1089: 1080:Hugh Despenser the Elder 1054:to raise their daughter 779:Archbishop of Canterbury 666:Queen consort of England 413:Ferdinand III of Castile 402: 266:Ferdinand III of Castile 211:Eleanor, Countess of Bar 52:Queen consort of England 6554:13th-century Castilians 6027:Edward the Black Prince 5396:Maria, Queen of Hungary 5178:Violant, Lady of Biscay 5152:Maria, Queen of Castile 5100:Berengaria I of Castile 5068:Sancha, Queen of Aragon 5026:Elvira, Queen of Sicily 4151:Dilba, Carsten (2009). 4013:—— (2001). 3986:; Frame, Robin (eds.). 3791:—— (1995). 3637:Hamilton, J.S. (2010). 2715:, pp. 233–4, 236, 6514:Duchesses of Aquitaine 6509:English royal consorts 6411:Richard III of England 5520: 5303:Maria, Queen of Aragon 5183:Violant, Lady of Elche 5000:Urraca, Lady of Zamora 4685:Ermengarde de Beaumont 4437:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 3795:. St. Martin's Press. 1664:Protestant Reformation 1388: 1320: 1299: 1278:expulsion of the Jewry 1164: 1139:Harby, Nottinghamshire 1030: 981: 965:, which is now in the 945: 895: 788: 767: 733: 561: 474:Theobald II of Navarre 303: 147:Harby, Nottinghamshire 6100:Richard II of England 6008:Edward III of England 5966:Edward III of England 5913:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 5709:Isabella of Angoulême 5697:John, King of England 5670:Berengaria of Navarre 5587:John, King of England 5519: 5334:Isabella I of Castile 4833:Catherine of Braganza 4660:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 4535:Isabella of Angoulême 4530:Berengaria of Navarre 4442:Æthelflæd of Damerham 3904:Powrie, Jean (1990). 3857:10.1093/ref:odnb/8619 3783:10.1484/J.MS.2.306316 2855:, pp. 293–6, 310 2851:, pp. 38–9, 41, 2391:, pp. 74–5, 123. 1463:Alfonso III of Aragon 1382: 1318: 1311:Historical reputation 1297: 1246:on the south side of 1163:The Northampton Cross 1162: 1153:Further information: 1094:Further information: 1028: 979: 939: 893: 783: 759: 755:Walter of Guisborough 731: 714:Further information: 603:Lord Edward's crusade 601:Further information: 559: 550:Further information: 360:expulsion of the Jews 290:as the first wife of 6499:Irish royal consorts 6020:Philippa of Hainault 5976:Eleanor of Woodstock 5947:Edward II of England 5918:Edward II of England 5840:Katherine of England 5801:Henry III of England 5716:Henry III of England 5658:Richard I of England 5619:Henry the Young King 5567:Richard I of England 5557:Henry the Young King 5545:Eleanor of Aquitaine 5443:House of Plantagenet 5005:Elvira, Lady of Toro 4920:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 4910:Alexandra of Denmark 4765:Francis II of France 4567:Philippa of Hainault 4518:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4512:Geoffrey Plantagenet 4344:Countess of Ponthieu 4261:Cadet branch of the 4155:. Hildesheim: Olms. 4115:Tolan, John (2023). 3984:Britnell, Richard H. 3566:10.3138/j.ctt14bth82 3494:. Stroud: Amberley. 3220:Holinshed, Raphael, 2598:, pp. 236, 239. 2307:, pp. 132, 138. 1767:, pp. 246, 248. 1562:Edward II of England 1119:Edward of Caernarfon 950:Countess of Ponthieu 880:Bishop of Winchester 751:William de Leybourne 646:for her birthplace. 531:King John of England 515:Henry III of England 470:Alfonso X of Castile 466:Garcia VI of Navarre 441:Alfonso X of Castile 425:Eleanor of Aquitaine 407:Eleanor was born in 296:Countess of Ponthieu 241:Edward II of England 77:Countess of Ponthieu 6624:Deaths from malaria 6574:Edward I of England 6446:Richard of Eastwell 6392:no consort or issue 6297:Elizabeth Woodville 6247:Henry VI of England 6228:Henry VI of England 6221:Catherine of Valois 6185:Philippa of England 6136:Henry IV of England 5859:Edward I of England 5830:Beatrice of England 5825:Margaret of England 5820:Edward I of England 5813:Eleanor of Provence 5771:Bartholomew FitzRoy 5744:Joan, Lady of Wales 5731:Isabella of England 5638:William Plantagenet 5533:Henry II of England 5503:Mary of Shaftesbury 5485:William FitzEmpress 5475:Henry II of England 4986:Infantas of Castile 4808:Union of the Crowns 4755:Madeleine of Valois 4745:Margaret of Denmark 4700:Margaret of England 4680:Maud of Northumbria 4675:Sybilla of Normandy 4612:Catherine of Aragon 4597:Elizabeth Woodville 4587:Catherine of Valois 4547:Eleanor of Provence 4506:Matilda of Boulogne 4496:Matilda of Scotland 4491:Matilda of Flanders 4300:Eleanor of Provence 4251:Eleanor of Castile 3523:. London: Phoenix. 3440:. London: Penguin. 3080:, pp. 230–231. 3044:, pp. 315–318. 2927:, pp. 229–230. 2799:, pp. 241–45, 2579:, pp. 230–32, 2213:, pp. 360–65, 2000:, pp. 186–188. 1963:. pp. 208–210. 1393:The Lamentable Fall 1285:Blackfriars, London 1043:Eleanor of Provence 1021:Eleanor as a mother 838:Eleanor of Provence 831:Political influence 520:Feast of Assumption 483:Margaret of Bourbon 458:Edward I of England 429:Henry II of England 175:Edward I of England 6604:Counts of Ponthieu 6599:Daughters of kings 6549:People from Burgos 6504:Castilian infantas 6484:Eleanor of Castile 6438:John of Gloucester 6209:Henry V of England 6180:Blanche of England 6160:Henry V of England 6117:Isabella of Valois 5959:Isabella of France 5871:Eleanor of Castile 5521: 4866:Acts of Union 1707 4710:Elizabeth de Burgh 4665:Margaret of Wessex 4577:Isabella of Valois 4562:Isabella of France 4557:Margaret of France 4552:Eleanor of Castile 4541:Blanche of Castile 4524:Margaret of France 4501:Adeliza of Louvain 4462:Sigrid the Haughty 4322:Margaret of France 4318:Title next held by 4296:Title last held by 4180:Medieval Queenship 3906:Eleanor of Castile 3716:. Stroud: Tempus. 3128:, pp. 177–79. 3056:, pp. 342–43. 3020:, pp. 340–41. 2996:, pp. 317, 23 2891:, pp. 313–14. 2879:, pp. 310–12. 2815:, pp. 240–42. 2625:, pp. 240–41. 2539:, pp. 243–44. 2475:, pp. 297–98. 2271:, pp. 120–21. 2209:, pp. 93–94, 1938:, pp. 93–100. 1878:, pp. 23, 32. 1794:, pp. 78, 79. 1645:On the outside of 1573:Isabella of France 1504:John II of Brabant 1389: 1353:Philip II of Spain 1321: 1300: 1165: 1031: 982: 946: 896: 821:Edict of Expulsion 734: 704:Margaret of France 634:then proceeded to 620:Louis IX of France 586:Westminster Palace 562: 552:Second Barons' War 546:Second Barons' War 511:Eleanor of England 462:Kingdom of Navarre 423:, the daughter of 421:Eleanor of England 328:Westminster Palace 320:Second Barons' War 284:Eleanor of Castile 31:Eleanor of Castile 6471: 6470: 6454: 6453: 6400: 6399: 6370: 6369: 6363:Grace Plantagenet 6344:Catherine of York 6304:Elizabeth of York 6274: 6273: 6259:Margaret of Anjou 6236: 6235: 6198: 6197: 6125: 6124: 6089: 6088: 6075:John de Southeray 6032:Isabella de Coucy 5997: 5996: 5981:Joan of the Tower 5936: 5935: 5908:Mary of Woodstock 5848: 5847: 5835:Edmund Crouchback 5790: 5789: 5686: 5685: 5647: 5646: 5640:(died in infancy) 5608: 5607: 5511: 5510: 5409: 5408: 4952: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4851: 4850: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4730:Anabella Drummond 4720:Margaret Drummond 4715:Joan of the Tower 4607:Elizabeth of York 4592:Margaret of Anjou 4367: 4366: 4358:Succeeded by 3863:(Subscription or 3771:Mediaeval Studies 3530:978-0-7538-2611-9 3322:, pp. 251–3. 3298:, pp. 247–8. 3211:, pp. 347–49 3195:, pp. 94–98. 3104:, pp. 105–6. 3068:, pp. 59–60. 2963:, pp. 216–7. 2915:, pp. 225–9. 2827:, pp. 227–8. 2755:, pp. 235–7. 2583:, pp. 237–42 2567:, pp. 22, 46 2551:, pp. 243–4. 2515:, pp. 245–6. 2451:, pp. 157–9. 2439:, pp. 166–7. 2427:, pp. 91–92. 2415:, pp. 78–79. 2367:, pp. 145–6. 2355:, pp. 132–3. 2343:, pp. 125–6. 2331:, pp. 135–6. 2117:, pp. 297–8. 2105:, pp. 253–4. 1926:, pp. 94–95. 1866:, pp. 20–21. 1854:, pp. 18–20. 1842:, p. 18, 21. 1830:, pp. 87–88. 1806:, pp. 12–14. 1647:Lincoln Cathedral 1518:Westminster Abbey 1511:Westminster Abbey 1453:Westminster Abbey 1443:Westminster Abbey 1428:Westminster Abbey 1421:Westminster Abbey 1370:Edmund Crouchback 1331:Raphael Holinshed 1268:Little Saint Hugh 1260:Lincoln Cathedral 1169:Westminster Abbey 1143:Richard de Weston 1111:internal bleeding 1073:Two letters from 723:Battle of Evesham 673:Caernarfon Castle 590:Battle of Evesham 575:Simon de Montfort 487:James I of Aragon 324:Simon de Montfort 281: 280: 231:Mary of Woodstock 163:, London, England 161:Westminster Abbey 44:Westminster Abbey 6646: 6406: 6405: 6376: 6375: 6324:Margaret of York 6280: 6279: 6242: 6241: 6204: 6203: 6131: 6130: 6095: 6094: 6003: 6002: 5942: 5941: 5854: 5853: 5796: 5795: 5756:Geoffrey FitzRoy 5692: 5691: 5678:Philip of Cognac 5653: 5652: 5614: 5613: 5528: 5527: 5451: 5450: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5413: 5412: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4857: 4856: 4799: 4798: 4740:Mary of Guelders 4725:Euphemia de Ross 4705:Yolande de Dreux 4643:Guildford Dudley 4632:Catherine Howard 4476:Emma of Normandy 4422: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4334:Preceded by 4280: 4279:28 November 1290 4273: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4213:Encyclopedia.com 4201: 4174: 4138: 4111: 4090: 4069: 4040: 4009: 3974: 3953: 3936: 3927: 3900: 3868: 3860: 3841: 3814: 3786: 3765: 3735: 3708: 3681: 3660: 3633: 3612: 3577: 3542: 3513: 3486: 3459: 3434:Carpenter, David 3429: 3394: 3358: 3352: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3271:, pp. 53–57 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3141: 3140:, pp. 153–4 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527:, pp. 43–4. 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463:, p. 244-5. 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2403:, pp. 77–8. 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1914:, pp. 24–5. 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1684: 1674: 1668: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1606: 1564:, also known as 1467:Henry III of Bar 1401:Agnes Strickland 1351:and her husband 1248:Trafalgar Square 963:Alphonso Psalter 942:Alphonso Psalter 864:Earl of Cornwall 771:Dunstable Priory 769:The annalist of 626:. Louis died at 539:Henry of Castile 507:Kings of England 501:in the south of 499:Duchy of Gascony 388:Dominican friars 306: 299:in her own right 288:Queen of England 204: 187: 185: 157:17 December 1290 40: 28: 27: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6450: 6413: 6396: 6383: 6366: 6349:Bridget of York 6287: 6270: 6249: 6232: 6211: 6194: 6138: 6121: 6112:Anne of Bohemia 6102: 6085: 6057:Mary of Waltham 6037:Joan of England 6010: 5993: 5949: 5932: 5861: 5844: 5803: 5786: 5783:William de Forz 5749:Richard FitzRoy 5699: 5682: 5660: 5643: 5621: 5604: 5535: 5522: 5507: 5468:Empress Matilda 5458: 5445: 5440: 5410: 5405: 5379:18th generation 5374: 5343:17th generation 5338: 5317:16th generation 5312: 5296:15th generation 5291: 5270:13th generation 5265: 5254:12th generation 5249: 5223:11th generation 5218: 5192:10th generation 5187: 5156: 5135: 5119: 5088: 5072: 5046: 5030: 5009: 4988: 4983: 4953: 4948: 4934: 4871: 4847: 4823:Anne of Denmark 4814: 4789: 4784: 4780:Anne of Denmark 4690:Joan of England 4648: 4582:Joan of Navarre 4572:Anne of Bohemia 4486:Edith of Mercia 4481:Edith of Wessex 4457:Ælfgifu of York 4411: 4406: and 4397: 4363: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4319: 4310: 4297: 4286:English royalty 4274: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4209: 4204: 4190: 4163: 4146: 4144:Further reading 4141: 4127: 4081:(10): 315–318. 4058: 4029: 3998: 3916: 3889: 3862: 3830: 3803: 3787:esp. 246 n. 3. 3754: 3724: 3697: 3649: 3624:(1–2): 92–103. 3593: 3558: 3531: 3502: 3475: 3448: 3418: 3383: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310:, pp. 1–3. 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3279: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3207:, p. 208, 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179:, p. 658, 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2795:, p. 232, 2791: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2575: 2571: 2563:, p. 124, 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487:, p. 101, 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2217:, p. 490, 2205: 2201: 2193: 2182: 2174:, p. 468, 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1671: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1582: 1472:Daughter (1271 1413: 1313: 1201:Stony Stratford 1157: 1151: 1098: 1092: 1064: 1023: 1014:Dominican Order 1009: 986:domestic sphere 967:British Library 930: 888: 873:Lord Chancellor 856:translation of 833: 827:to her tailor. 804: 766: 763: 718: 712: 690:; Eleanor paid 668: 609: 599: 579:Battle of Lewes 554: 548: 495: 454: 405: 400: 392:Eleanor crosses 245: 198: 197: 189: 186: 1254) 181: 177: 164: 158: 145: 129: 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6436:Illegitimate: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Cecily of York 6311: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6079:Jane Northland 6077: 6073:Illegitimate: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6012: 6011: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987:Illegitimate: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780:Philip FitzRoy 5778: 5777:Isabel FitzRoy 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5765:Osbert Gifford 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5753:Oliver FitzRoy 5751: 5746: 5742:Illegitimate: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676:Illegitimate: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5593:Illegitimate: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5491:Illegitimate: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5161:9th generation 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5140:8th generation 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5124:7th generation 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5093:6th generation 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5077:5th generation 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5051:4th generation 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5035:3rd generation 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5014:2nd generation 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4993:1st generation 4990: 4989: 4982: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4838:Mary of Modena 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4750:Margaret Tudor 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Marie de Coucy 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4637:Catherine Parr 4634: 4629: 4627:Anne of Cleves 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4412: 4410:royal consorts 4396: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4329:Regnal titles 4326: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4264:House of Ivrea 4260: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4207:External links 4205: 4203: 4202: 4188: 4175: 4161: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4125: 4112: 4091: 4070: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4027: 3996: 3975: 3954: 3946:Peregrinations 3937: 3928: 3914: 3901: 3887: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3842: 3828: 3815: 3801: 3766: 3752: 3736: 3722: 3709: 3695: 3682: 3661: 3647: 3634: 3613: 3591: 3578: 3556: 3543: 3529: 3514: 3500: 3487: 3473: 3460: 3446: 3430: 3416: 3395: 3381: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3357:, p. 573. 3355:Prestwich 1988 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3285:Cockerill 2014 3273: 3265:Cockerill 2014 3253: 3241: 3238:Cockerill 2014 3230: 3213: 3209:Cockerill 2014 3197: 3185: 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 208. 3142: 3130: 3118: 3116:, p. 363. 3106: 3094: 3092:, p. 351. 3090:Cockerill 2014 3082: 3070: 3058: 3054:Cockerill 2014 3046: 3042:Stevenson 1888 3034: 3032:, p. 342. 3030:Cockerill 2014 3022: 3018:Cockerill 2014 3010: 3008:, p. 343. 3006:Cockerill 2014 2998: 2994:Cockerill 2014 2992:, p. 58, 2982: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2939:, p. 225. 2937:Cockerill 2014 2929: 2917: 2913:Cockerill 2014 2905: 2903:, p. 314. 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2841: 2839:, p. 293. 2829: 2817: 2813:Armstrong 2023 2805: 2797:Cockerill 2014 2785: 2781:Carpenter 2004 2779:, p. 57, 2769: 2767:, p. 237. 2765:Cockerill 2014 2757: 2753:Cockerill 2014 2745: 2743:, p. 103. 2733: 2721: 2713:Cockerill 2014 2705: 2703:, p. 229. 2690: 2688:, p. 232. 2686:Cockerill 2014 2678: 2666: 2664:, p. 230. 2662:Cockerill 2014 2651: 2639: 2627: 2623:Cockerill 2014 2615: 2613:, p. 238. 2611:Cockerill 2014 2600: 2596:Cockerill 2014 2585: 2581:Cockerill 2014 2569: 2561:Cockerill 2014 2553: 2549:Armstrong 2023 2541: 2537:Armstrong 2023 2529: 2517: 2513:Armstrong 2023 2505: 2503:, p. 245. 2501:Armstrong 2023 2493: 2477: 2473:Cockerill 2014 2465: 2461:Armstrong 2023 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2379:, p. 250. 2377:Armstrong 2023 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2295:, p. 142. 2285: 2283:, p. 143. 2273: 2261: 2259:, p. 229. 2249: 2247:, p. 225. 2234: 2232:, p. 123. 2222: 2215:Carpenter 2004 2199: 2180: 2176:Armstrong 2023 2172:Carpenter 2004 2164: 2162:, p. 246. 2160:Armstrong 2023 2152: 2150:, p. 468. 2148:Carpenter 2004 2131: 2129:, p. 358. 2127:Cockerill 2014 2119: 2107: 2103:Armstrong 2023 2095: 2093:, p. 254. 2091:Armstrong 2023 2080: 2078:, p. 338. 2076:Cockerill 2014 2068: 2066:, p. 243. 2064:Armstrong 2023 2053: 2041: 2039:, p. 294. 2037:Cockerill 2014 2029: 2017: 2002: 1998:Cockerill 2014 1990: 1978: 1976:, p. 101. 1966: 1952: 1950:, p. 100. 1940: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1864:Cockerill 2014 1856: 1852:Cockerill 2014 1844: 1832: 1828:Cockerill 2014 1820: 1816:Cockerill 2014 1808: 1796: 1792:Cockerill 2014 1784: 1780:Cockerill 2014 1769: 1754: 1737: 1735:, p. 235. 1725: 1713: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1682:Cockerill 2014 1680:, p. 56; 1669: 1651: 1638: 1629: 1619: 1611:William Camden 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1559: 1550:, (2) in 1302 1541: 1538: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1497: 1491: 1477: 1470: 1456: 1446: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1326:William Camden 1312: 1309: 1150: 1147: 1091: 1088: 1063: 1060: 1022: 1019: 1008: 1005: 929: 926: 909:Marie de Coucy 905:Earl of Ulster 887: 884: 876:Robert Burnell 859:De Re Militari 832: 829: 803: 800: 760: 711: 708: 699:abbot of Cluny 667: 664: 624:Eighth Crusade 598: 595: 571:Windsor Castle 547: 544: 494: 491: 453: 450: 404: 401: 399: 396: 380:Little St Hugh 358:and after the 322:onwards, when 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 205: 191: 190: 179: 173: 172: 170: 166: 165: 159: 155: 151: 150: 142: 138: 137: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 73: 72: 71:19 August 1274 69: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6651: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Mary de Bohun 6145: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768:Eudes FitzRoy 5767: 5764: 5762:Henry FitzRoy 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Emma of Anjou 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4931: 4930:Camilla Shand 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:James Hepburn 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Mary of Guise 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Joan Beaufort 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4189:9780312172985 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4162:9783487139432 4158: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4126:9781512823899 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4057:9780907307143 4053: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4028:9781852851958 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3997:9780851156743 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829:9781879288652 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753:9780099481751 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3723:9780752437293 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3696:9780230278165 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3648:9781441157126 3644: 3641:. Continuum. 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3592:9780812241709 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557:9781442649026 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3501:9781445635897 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3474:9780907307143 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3447:9780140148244 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3417:9783031210679 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3382:9780297791904 3378: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3251:, p. 56. 3250: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3183:, p. 174 3182: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2980:, p. 58. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2867:, p. 41. 2866: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2783:, p. 468 2782: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2741:Hamilton 1995 2737: 2731:, p. 54. 2730: 2725: 2719:, p. 229 2718: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2676:, p. 51. 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2649:, p. 56. 2648: 2643: 2637:, p. 17. 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2485:Hamilton 1995 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2449:Huscroft 2006 2445: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2197:, p. 13. 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2178:, p. 246 2177: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2051:, p. 33. 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2027:, p. 62. 2026: 2025:Hamilton 2010 2021: 2015:, p. 50. 2014: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1994: 1988:, p. 31. 1987: 1982: 1975: 1974:Hamilton 1995 1970: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1948:Hamilton 1995 1944: 1937: 1936:Hamilton 1995 1932: 1925: 1924:Hamilton 1995 1920: 1913: 1908: 1902:, p. 24. 1901: 1896: 1890:, p. 23. 1889: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1818:, p. 90. 1817: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1723:, p. 92. 1722: 1721:Hamilton 1995 1717: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556:Earl of Essex 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1385:William Blake 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1305:William Torel 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Charing Cross 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1156: 1155:Eleanor cross 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:quartan fever 1097: 1096:Eleanor cross 1087: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1027: 1018: 1015: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 978: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955:John de Vescy 951: 943: 938: 934: 925: 922: 918: 917:Châtellerault 914: 913:Alexander III 910: 906: 900: 892: 883: 881: 877: 874: 868: 865: 861: 860: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 828: 826: 822: 817: 816:coin-clipping 812: 809: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 765: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 738: 730: 726: 724: 717: 707: 705: 700: 695: 693: 689: 686: 682: 678: 677:Easter Monday 674: 663: 659: 656: 655:Bahri dynasty 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 608: 604: 594: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 558: 553: 543: 540: 535: 532: 528: 523: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 490: 488: 484: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 449: 447: 442: 438: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 395: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 376:Charing Cross 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:coin clippers 353: 348: 343: 341: 337: 336:Ninth Crusade 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 305: 300: 297: 293: 289: 285: 277: 274: 270: 267: 264: 260: 257: 254: 252: 248: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 203: 202: 196: 192: 176: 171: 167: 162: 156: 152: 148: 143: 139: 136: 132: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6423:Anne Neville 6391: 6309:Mary of York 5870: 5774:Maud FitzRoy 5759:John FitzRoy 5146: 5083: 4945: 4915:Mary of Teck 4863: 4805: 4770:Henry Stuart 4641: 4622:Jane Seymour 4602:Anne Neville 4551: 4539: 4522: 4510: 4350: 4342: 4320: 4314: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4179: 4152: 4116: 4099: 4095: 4078: 4074: 4047: 4018: 3987: 3962: 3958: 3952:(4): 117–39. 3949: 3945: 3932: 3905: 3878: 3846: 3819: 3792: 3774: 3770: 3743: 3740:Morris, Marc 3713: 3686: 3669: 3665: 3638: 3621: 3617: 3582: 3547: 3519: 3491: 3464: 3437: 3399: 3372: 3320:Parsons 1995 3315: 3308:Parsons 1995 3303: 3296:Parsons 1995 3291: 3276: 3269:Griffin 2009 3256: 3249:Griffin 2009 3244: 3233: 3228:, p. 52 3226:Griffin 2009 3224:; quoted in 3221: 3216: 3205:Parsons 1995 3200: 3193:Hillaby 1994 3188: 3172: 3165:Stocker 1986 3160: 3153:Parsons 1995 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3066:Parsons 1995 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2990:Parsons 1995 2985: 2978:Parsons 1995 2961:Parsons 1995 2956: 2949:Parsons 1995 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2901:Parsons 1998 2896: 2889:Parsons 1998 2884: 2877:Parsons 1998 2872: 2865:Parsons 1995 2860: 2853:Parsons 1998 2849:Parsons 1995 2844: 2837:Parsons 1998 2832: 2820: 2808: 2803:, p. 58 2801:Parsons 1995 2788: 2777:Parsons 1995 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2729:Parsons 1995 2724: 2708: 2681: 2674:Parsons 1995 2669: 2647:Parsons 1995 2642: 2635:Parsons 1995 2630: 2618: 2572: 2565:Parsons 1995 2556: 2544: 2532: 2525:Parsons 1995 2520: 2508: 2496: 2491:, p. 27 2489:Parsons 1995 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2413:Parsons 1995 2408: 2401:Parsons 1995 2396: 2389:Parsons 1995 2384: 2372: 2365:Parsons 1995 2360: 2353:Parsons 1995 2348: 2341:Parsons 1995 2336: 2329:Parsons 1995 2324: 2317:Parsons 1995 2312: 2305:Parsons 1995 2300: 2293:Parsons 1995 2288: 2281:Parsons 1995 2276: 2269:Parsons 1995 2264: 2252: 2230:Parsons 1995 2225: 2219:Parsons 2004 2202: 2167: 2155: 2122: 2115:Parsons 1998 2110: 2098: 2071: 2049:Parsons 1995 2044: 2032: 2020: 2013:Parsons 1995 1993: 1986:Parsons 1995 1981: 1969: 1960: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1912:Parsons 1995 1907: 1900:Parsons 1995 1895: 1888:Parsons 1995 1883: 1876:Parsons 1995 1871: 1859: 1847: 1840:Parsons 1995 1835: 1823: 1811: 1804:Parsons 1995 1799: 1787: 1782:, p. 80 1765:Parsons 1984 1752:, p. 9. 1750:Parsons 1995 1733:Powicke 1991 1728: 1716: 1709:Parsons 2004 1678:Griffin 2009 1672: 1660:Griffin 2009 1654: 1641: 1632: 1622: 1614: 1585: 1565: 1441:. Buried in 1405: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1322: 1301: 1282: 1266: 1264: 1256: 1233: 1193:Hardingstone 1166: 1136: 1115: 1099: 1072: 1065: 1056:Joan of Acre 1036: 1032: 1010: 990: 983: 971:Bird Psalter 947: 931: 901: 897: 878:assured the 869: 857: 846: 834: 813: 808:Queen's gold 805: 802:Other income 796: 792: 789: 784: 775:John Peckham 768: 761: 747:Leeds Castle 739: 735: 719: 696: 685:Earl Marshal 669: 660: 648: 644:Joan of Acre 617: 610: 583: 563: 536: 524: 496: 455: 433: 406: 384: 347:Leeds Castle 344: 317: 283: 282: 199: 25: 6494:1290 deaths 6489:1241 births 6082:Joan Skerne 4617:Anne Boleyn 4466:Świętosława 3777:: 245–265. 3601:j.ctt3fh8z6 3181:Stacey 2001 3126:Powrie 1990 3102:Powrie 1990 3078:Morris 2009 2925:Morris 2009 2825:Hilton 2008 2793:Hilton 2008 2717:Hilton 2008 2701:Hilton 2008 2577:Hilton 2008 2437:Stokes 1915 2425:Rokéah 1988 2257:Morris 2009 2245:Morris 2009 2207:Stacey 1997 1528:Benedictine 1435:Wallingford 1197:Northampton 527:Las Huelgas 372:stone cross 313:Las Huelgas 91:Predecessor 6478:Categories 3965:: 83–109. 3915:0947731792 3888:0192852493 3867:required.) 3802:0312086490 3672:: 69–109. 3138:Cocke 1986 1568:Caernarvon 1566:Edward of 1349:Mary Tudor 1231:, London. 1189:Geddington 1001:backgammon 993:Quenington 854:Old French 825:Canterbury 398:Early life 67:Coronation 6285:Edward IV 4810:from 1603 4452:Ælfthryth 4361:Edward II 4348:1279–1290 4171:24913542M 4135:39646815M 4006:11596429M 3838:12116082M 3762:22563815M 3705:28086241M 3657:28013041M 3609:23081992M 3574:29255494M 3539:359673870 3510:28551635M 3426:40320999M 3391:46862874M 1615:Britannia 1544:Elizabeth 1474:Palestine 1374:Edward II 1252:Charles I 1244:Whitehall 1221:Westcheap 1213:St Albans 1209:Dunstable 1127:Clipstone 1084:St Albans 1062:Character 1039:Guildford 997:Cotswolds 692:minstrels 640:Holy Land 593:Eleanor. 503:Aquitaine 448:in 1252. 437:Andalusia 332:Henry III 149:, England 111:Alongside 105:Edward II 101:Successor 6463:Category 6381:Edward V 6319:Edward V 5261:Isabella 4471:Ealdgyth 4404:Scottish 4353:Edward I 4198:1402886M 4108:29777686 4066:2443113M 4037:8976316M 3971:29779864 3933:Edward I 3924:1307649M 3897:1533879M 3877:(1991). 3811:3502870W 3742:(2009). 3732:7982808M 3678:29779954 3483:2443113M 3456:7348814M 3436:(2004). 1617:in 1586. 1580:See also 1554:and 3rd 1535:Amesbury 1500:Margaret 1494:Alphonso 1185:Stamford 1181:Grantham 1173:Louis IX 921:Lusignan 850:Vegetius 628:Carthage 613:Crusades 567:Ponthieu 493:Marriage 478:Pyrenees 304:suo jure 292:Edward I 115:Edward I 6146:Wives: 6110:Wives: 5869:Wives: 5235:Blanche 4946:italics 4447:Ælfgifu 4408:British 4402:, 4400:English 4235:at the 3364:Sources 1613:in his 1587:Infante 1459:Eleanor 1225:Charing 1217:Waltham 1177:Lincoln 1132:Lincoln 1107:malaria 1075:Peckham 1048:dowager 995:in the 984:In the 842:Gascony 653:of the 651:Baibars 638:in the 622:on the 597:Crusade 560:Eleanor 446:Seville 368:Lincoln 309:Gascony 201:more... 188: 180: 135:Castile 6421:Wife: 6295:Wife: 6257:Wife: 6219:Wife: 6018:Wife: 5957:Wife: 5811:Wife: 5707:Wife: 5668:Wife: 5629:Wife: 5543:Wife: 5466:Wife: 5042:Sancha 4655:Gruoch 4315:Vacant 4293:Vacant 4275: 4196: 4186: 4169: 4159: 4133: 4123: 4106: 4087:546367 4085: 4064: 4054: 4035: 4025: 4004: 3994: 3969: 3922: 3912: 3895: 3885: 3861: 3836: 3826: 3809: 3799: 3760: 3750: 3730: 3720: 3703: 3693: 3676: 3655: 3645: 3607: 3599: 3589: 3572: 3564: 3554: 3537: 3527: 3508: 3498: 3481: 3471: 3454: 3444: 3424: 3414: 3389: 3379: 1387:, 1820 1205:Woburn 959:angels 632:Sicily 409:Burgos 272:Mother 262:Father 169:Spouse 154:Burial 131:Burgos 58:Tenure 5883:Henry 5245:Maria 4351:with 4277:Died: 4270:Born: 4104:JSTOR 4083:JSTOR 3967:JSTOR 3674:JSTOR 3597:JSTOR 3562:JSTOR 1627:1241. 1594:Notes 1449:Henry 1411:Issue 1195:near 1090:Death 1068:fools 743:usury 403:Birth 366:near 364:Harby 352:usury 256:Ivrea 251:House 195:Issue 182:( 178: 83:Reign 5989:Adam 5084:none 4337:Joan 4272:1241 4184:ISBN 4157:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4052:ISBN 4023:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3910:ISBN 3883:ISBN 3824:ISBN 3797:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3718:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3643:ISBN 3587:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3535:OCLC 3525:ISBN 3496:ISBN 3469:ISBN 3442:ISBN 3412:ISBN 3377:ISBN 1667:own. 1658:See 1524:Mary 1480:Joan 1223:and 940:The 681:Lent 636:Acre 605:and 427:and 415:and 340:Acre 141:Died 128:1241 125:Born 95:Joan 3853:doi 3779:doi 3626:doi 3404:doi 1533:in 1531:nun 1333:'s 1303:by 1121:to 411:to 6480:: 4194:OL 4192:. 4167:OL 4165:. 4131:OL 4129:. 4098:. 4077:. 4062:OL 4060:. 4033:OL 4031:. 4002:OL 4000:. 3963:31 3961:. 3948:. 3944:. 3920:OL 3918:. 3893:OL 3891:. 3834:OL 3832:. 3807:OL 3805:. 3775:46 3773:. 3758:OL 3756:. 3728:OL 3726:. 3701:OL 3699:. 3670:34 3668:. 3653:OL 3651:. 3622:10 3620:. 3605:OL 3603:. 3595:. 3570:OL 3568:. 3560:. 3533:. 3506:OL 3504:. 3479:OL 3477:. 3452:OL 3450:. 3422:OL 3420:. 3410:. 3387:OL 3385:. 3327:^ 3283:, 3267:, 3263:, 3145:^ 2968:^ 2693:^ 2654:^ 2603:^ 2588:^ 2237:^ 2183:^ 2134:^ 2083:^ 2056:^ 2005:^ 1772:^ 1757:^ 1740:^ 1697:^ 1601:^ 1291:. 1280:. 1254:. 1219:, 1215:, 1211:, 1207:, 1203:, 1199:, 1191:, 1187:, 1183:, 1179:, 777:, 581:. 522:. 513:. 431:. 184:m. 133:, 5435:e 5428:t 5421:v 4978:e 4971:t 4964:v 4464:/ 4392:e 4385:t 4378:v 4200:. 4173:. 4137:. 4110:. 4100:8 4089:. 4079:3 4068:. 4039:. 4008:. 3973:. 3950:8 3926:. 3899:. 3859:. 3855:: 3840:. 3813:. 3785:. 3781:: 3764:. 3734:. 3707:. 3680:. 3659:. 3632:. 3628:: 3611:. 3576:. 3541:. 3512:. 3485:. 3458:. 3428:. 3406:: 3393:. 3167:. 1711:. 1537:. 1513:. 1455:. 1445:. 1430:. 1423:. 741:" 301:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Eleanor of Castile

Index