62:
1101:
1652:
from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.
1723:
1470:
50:
543:. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system.
1798:, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB or less. Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees, which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various
410:
1814:" in dealing with increasing volumes of email. With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect, as efforts to read the many emails could reduce
1189:. Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with any
2856:
The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon, and data, structured as in the message
1947:
invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via
1404:
are increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the
1595:
Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an
2053:
Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to
1841:
now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users, but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content or links. In
September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate email
1659:
accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone. It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their
1651:
and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away
1220:
Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is
611:
such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a
2089:
The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system
1919:
Today it can be important to distinguish between the
Internet and internal email systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content.
1887:
methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that
971:
by sending raw non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international
1660:
email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.
842:, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the sender. Some mail servers apply
1527:
Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed
2070:
Originally
Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized have yet to be widely adopted.
2019:
It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be careful about what they send through email correspondence. A signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.
1344:
scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the
769:: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list.
646:. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without
2369:
1169:
When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.
1888:
appears to be an invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate.
603:
apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – the standard for
Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.
4228:
1618:" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information. Depending on the recipient's culture, email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome "
666:
characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used. In some examples, the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions, replacing previous experimental extensions so
1550:
can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone
2124:
have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns, and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web content".
2116:), then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user.
1937:
many
Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the
675:
characters may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and
Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.
4350:
1832:
Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam, and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US
1388:. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). POP3 allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline.
773:
uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was.
5469:
4187:
In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the
2725:
2428:
374:(GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995, a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP,
2365:
3493:
SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.
1668:
As of 2010, the number of
Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred
4810:
3708:
2758:
1905:
is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash.
1322:) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory.
4766:
3534:
A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.
2054:
read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages.
662:
Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters. Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain only
4236:
4206:
5194:
1655:
Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their
1542:
Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting,
5358:
5019:
3048:
1561:
communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows
4610:
107:
is often treated as a basic and necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education, entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries.
4897:
719:: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.
4687:
4512:
1794:
documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients,
636:("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body").
355:
HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email system.
4311:
1854:. This is often achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential victims to open the file. Types of malware distributed via email include
1127:(MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it, and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a
569:. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of
4998:
5750:
5450:
4672:
1934:
email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.
130:
accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a
5466:
3171:
Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999).
5266:
S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".
5244:
2521:
5698:
is Dave
Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.
4836:
3100:
4641:
4530:
2717:
2420:
1532:). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work.
4979:
4941:
3337:
696:
field, many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.
366:
email systems emerged in the mid 1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the
5068:
4490:
3913:
4711:
2565:
1565:: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting calls.
1384:
3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the
495:
smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final
5426:
4803:
3700:
3450:
2749:
6696:
4763:
1372:
to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be read without a current
Internet connection.
371:
207:
was orignally the form favored in edited published
American English and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style guides.
3838:
2548:
3026:
838:
field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,
712:
field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:
5302:
5176:, Proceedings of the Australian Telecommunications Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC'08), pp. 39–44, Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 2008.
4785:
5743:
1291:
4198:
2960:
347:
used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981. DEC's
5186:
3304:
2109:
Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.
5354:
5015:
4441:
3040:
3218:
2636:
2539:
2031:
occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word
1349:
field. Many clients also support query string parameters for the other email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.
4960:
4575:
2897:
1786:
Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include
4867:
4599:
4548:
5149:
5045:
2663:
5332:
4889:
4100:
4695:
5736:
4508:
1996:
956:
607:
Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content". The header is structured into
796:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages.
6496:
5979:
559:
Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available.
556:
Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.
4165:[How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from
4303:
3778:
1988:/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server.
589:, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called
2874:
5521:
4995:
4032:
3743:
3382:
2983:
591:
301:
146:
5573:
1995:
do not protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as
1941:
the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
1368:
Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible
686:: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are changeable through account settings.
563:
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called
5121:
3320:
3150:
2606:
4751:
4729:
4664:
4078:
3194:
3126:
943:
standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data:
5447:
3938:
2239:
808:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc.
701:
2105:
Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers:
4344:
4056:
1602:
As well pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be realized by automated procedures.
336:
2485:
1924:
personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees.
1920:
Internal mail systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although
1810:
The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led to concerns that recipients face an "
647:
5676:
5661:
5646:
5631:
5565:
5550:
5535:
5499:
5397:
5236:
4279:
4162:
1762:
1509:
1196:
Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such as
885:: after a server verifies authentication, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents.
433:
The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header)—in this case,
395:
4334:
2511:
2035:
to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the
1879:
occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source.
1055:
846:
systems to messages relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below.
573:
and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare, and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.
6691:
6586:
6486:
5216:
Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation via Email under New York Law: An Update".
3092:
2394:
2259:
1397:
518:
5707:
4828:
3070:
5759:
4633:
4526:
3979:
3909:
3869:
3813:
3686:
3647:
3598:
3578:
3559:
2834:
2790:
2341:
A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never gained traction; see RFCs 3885 through 3888.
2293:
2091:
824:: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.).
790:: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below).
17:
4976:
4938:
3399:
3349:
860:: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first).
743:; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list.
57:; users can see new emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these messages.
6591:
2455:
1744:
1491:
438:
305:
5093:
2694:
6686:
6681:
6581:
6501:
4459:
1116:
839:
650:, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME
419:
359:
6596:
6230:
6215:
5795:
4922:
4708:
4137:
3901:
2095:
1838:
1572:
1011:
Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous messages in
730:
726:
222:
5713:
753:; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not usually listed in the message header.
261:. The conventions for fields within emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975.
6655:
6611:
5972:
5908:
2159:
1074:
639:
Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-
454:
166:
5509:
5422:
1092:(RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client.
959:
extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many
6129:
6074:
5695:
3575:"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text"
3446:
1702:
902:
1266:
format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats.
5805:
5690:
5355:"Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror"
3835:
2545:
1421:
1243:
1159:
775:
709:
705:
540:
3018:
6164:
5865:
5294:
4782:
3407:
2169:
2004:
1985:
1456:
where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.
633:
608:
2577:
2079:
6119:
6089:
5818:
2950:
2573:
2463:
2179:
1961:
1733:
1480:
892:
3298:
1400:(IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like
6650:
6541:
6451:
6373:
6368:
5965:
5790:
5785:
5780:
4438:
4401:
3209:
2039:
that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.
1921:
1740:
1487:
496:
489:
458:
418:
The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the
329:
217:
131:
4267:
3372:
2824:
2780:
2628:
2535:
632:(the "header section" of the message, according to the specification), comprising a number of
296:
Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after the advent of
6476:
6471:
6302:
6185:
6109:
6049:
6009:
5850:
4957:
4564:
4364:
3284:
2901:
2204:
1596:
individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.
423:
5069:"Security Bite: iCloud Mail, Gmail, others shockingly bad at detecting malware, study finds"
4859:
4544:
4527:"Email Is Top Activity On Smartphones, Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook [Study]"
3859:
6601:
6506:
6014:
5041:
4421:
4384:
3964:
Crocker, D.; Hansen, T.; Kucherawy, M. (2011). Crocker, D; Hansen, T; Kucherawy, M (eds.).
3883:
3526:
3485:
3186:
2848:
2804:
2229:
2189:
2144:
1999:
prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in
1981:
1834:
1811:
1799:
1381:
1147:
1135:
960:
843:
643:
640:
514:
325:
196:
5324:
4249:
RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.
4104:
8:
6546:
6526:
6481:
6358:
6318:
6292:
6287:
6190:
6124:
6114:
5883:
2997:
2566:"What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?"
2075:
1973:
1558:
1255:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1059:
1051:
600:
150:
38:
3190:
6210:
5604:
4570:
3590:
3345:
3272:
3176:
2659:
2164:
2139:
2055:
2028:
1795:
1682:
1385:
1226:
1178:
1174:
1054:
for all the above reasons, and because they have a significant number of readers using
918:
629:
525:
In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:
462:
363:
127:
119:
103:). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication medium; in current use, an
4117:
When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent as "plain text."
2366:"DataMail: World's first free linguistic email service supports eight India languages"
1027:
styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about
6637:
6561:
6556:
6353:
5898:
5878:
5873:
5775:
5722:
5672:
5657:
5642:
5627:
5608:
5596:
5561:
5546:
5531:
5517:
5495:
4482:
4340:
4285:
4275:
4028:
4024:
3678:
3639:
3594:
3378:
3280:
3264:
2940:
2279:
2099:
1969:
1949:
1669:
1636:
1449:
1417:
1287:
750:
123:
5701:
3766:
3465:
3211:
From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995
316:
developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. In 1971 the first
69:
makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an email about the changes made.
61:
6104:
5920:
5588:
5275:
4918:
Rich Kawanagh. The top ten email spam list of 2005. ITVibe news, 2006, January 02,
4734:
4474:
4411:
4374:
3969:
3873:
3805:
3770:
3735:
3670:
3629:
3582:
3551:
3516:
3475:
3256:
3002:
2932:
2870:
2838:
2794:
2298:
2199:
2048:
1781:
1239:
1151:
1089:
964:
944:
582:
291:
111:
5728:
3731:
3506:
1960:
applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For example,
175:
has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and variations of the shorter
6521:
6220:
6034:
6029:
5612:
5513:
5473:
5454:
5002:
4983:
4964:
4945:
4926:
4789:
4770:
4715:
4445:
3842:
3324:
3276:
3154:
2552:
2516:
2059:
1992:
1611:
1547:
1445:
1190:
1163:
1162:. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing email are called
613:
565:
352:
115:
4424:
4405:
4387:
4368:
3886:
3863:
3529:
3510:
3488:
3469:
3317:
3147:
2851:
2828:
2807:
2784:
2602:
1635:
Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a
1562:
1134:
Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as
968:
586:
149:
to carry text in expanded character sets and multimedia content such as images.
6676:
6491:
6446:
6348:
6044:
5833:
5279:
4746:
4086:
3942:
3172:
3122:
2812:
SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.
2284:
2219:
2154:
2113:
2008:
1876:
1871:
1787:
1543:
1128:
939:, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The
6394:
4478:
2120:
In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of
2102:(return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production.
1968:
can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while
1927:
Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:
1062:. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email and
874:
Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called
6670:
6409:
5941:
5903:
5888:
5600:
4486:
4289:
3682:
3643:
3268:
2988:
2944:
2254:
1965:
1914:
1855:
1842:
rose to 59.56%. The percentage of spam email in 2021 is estimated to be 85%.
1429:
973:
529:
Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as
503:
403:
399:
383:
320:
network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '
104:
89:
31:
4730:"Mysterious Attachment Size Increases, Replicating Public Folders, and More"
4458:
Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joel; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko (2003).
4163:"Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet wird"
4048:
700:
RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the
98:
6425:
6328:
6149:
5988:
5122:"How a badly-coded computer virus caused billions in damage | CNN Business"
4605:
4263:
3855:
2489:
2323:
IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal release.
2234:
2194:
2036:
2000:
1957:
1815:
1709:
3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.
1695:
1691:
1677:
1615:
1251:
1105:
1047:
989:
756:
394:
The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender
313:
297:
215:
is sometimes used. The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the journal
199:(RFC) and working groups. This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.
54:
4166:
3244:
1100:
1039:. Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence of a
905:(DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent.
6338:
6277:
6205:
6134:
5770:
5592:
2214:
2149:
2062:
is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.
1535:
It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:
1441:
1369:
1247:
1209:
1201:
1155:
1143:
1012:
936:
740:
553:
Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.
533:
450:
189:
85:
5624:
Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards
5237:"UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign binding contracts"
2936:
2923:
Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment".
2386:
651:
229:, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated in the early 1980s.
6516:
6343:
6333:
6024:
6019:
5843:
5098:
3260:
3062:
2274:
2264:
2249:
2224:
1902:
1897:
1880:
1859:
1827:
1747: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1706:
1648:
1619:
1494: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1401:
1337:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1275:
1259:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
786:
570:
546:
Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a
469:
344:
340:
238:
6159:
5265:
5173:
3965:
3801:
3662:
3621:
3574:
3547:
1837:
and similar laws elsewhere had some impact, and a number of effective
947:
for mostly 7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and
778:
respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the
6606:
6551:
6466:
6461:
6363:
6297:
6267:
6262:
6200:
6195:
6144:
6139:
6039:
5855:
5838:
5174:
SMEmail – A New Protocol for the Secure E-mail in Mobile Environments
5150:"LockBit ransomware spread in millions of emails via Phorpiex botnet"
4416:
4379:
3974:
3878:
3809:
3774:
3739:
3674:
3634:
3586:
3555:
3521:
3480:
3411:
3148:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era"
2843:
2799:
2209:
2184:
1580:
1571:
Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or
1085:
1016:
537:
481:
309:
66:
4129:
1722:
1469:
935:
Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII. Most email software is
830:: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message.
49:
6531:
6511:
6456:
6404:
6399:
6282:
6235:
6154:
6094:
6079:
6069:
5915:
3937:
This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001, this also defines an
3181:
2718:"Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email"
2686:
2244:
1884:
1656:
1529:
1078:
1066:
posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like
1032:
952:
770:
663:
616:
at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
446:
348:
1212:, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email client.
963:
may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software violates
759:: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a
6536:
6441:
6323:
6272:
6225:
6084:
6059:
6054:
5823:
2289:
2126:
2121:
1944:
1851:
1673:
1363:
1205:
1182:
1036:
1028:
1020:
977:
853:
of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:
672:
547:
324:' symbol designating the user's system address. Over a series of
321:
317:
135:
5957:
5704:
is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system
4919:
3663:"RFC 6531, SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses"
2381:
2379:
1181:
side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include
1088:
email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary
484:
listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case
6389:
6169:
5893:
5828:
3433:
2174:
1977:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1331:
1225:
format. The specific format used is often indicated by special
1067:
1063:
948:
679:
The message header must include at least the following fields:
625:
581:
The basic Internet message format used for email is defined by
5639:
Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP
1208:
interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard
328:, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the
249:
is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".
6099:
5506:
4890:"Seeing Spam? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data"
4457:
2376:
2303:
1576:
1307:
1197:
870:
of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.
668:
367:
226:
154:
142:
5558:
Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical
4665:"Set Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007"
3693:
2557:
2421:"Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever"
2090:
failures can cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the
692:: The local time and date the message was written. Like the
6616:
6064:
5946:
5936:
5725:, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs
3701:"Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times"
3242:
2998:"Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts"
2129:
providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.
1413:
1263:
1186:
1139:
1024:
940:
760:
379:
375:
193:
93:
84:) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using
335:
Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge.
88:
devices. It was conceived in the late–20th century as the
5717:
5398:"Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns"
5126:
2955:
2563:
2269:
1791:
1687:
1123:(MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called
1050:
recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72 or 80
530:
3243:
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).
1599:
Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution
409:
5710:
is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts
5528:
Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation
4977:"Google Says Its AI Catches 99.9 Percent of Gmail Spam"
4688:"Google updates file size limits for Gmail and YouTube"
1424:—and to a range of other email server products such as
1258:, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents as
5714:
Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat
4257:
4255:
3963:
3217:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.
3041:"Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer"
1015:, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as
145:
communications medium, Internet email was extended by
138:
interface to send or receive messages or download it.
5325:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In"
4460:"E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland"
3245:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives"
449:
of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a
300:
in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by
257:, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a
5758:
4252:
3170:
2112:
If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (
1984:message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over
1663:
241:
starting in April 1981, which popularized the term.
4598:
4563:
3546:P. Resnick, Ed. (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
2748:
1850:Emails are a major vector for the distribution of
1705:users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging
1522:
1095:
895:checks in more detail than Authentication-Results.
453:. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the
4792:, Chris Hoffman, December 21, 2012, makeuseof.com
4448:" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
4101:"Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text"
818:: Address should be used to reply to the message.
422:(SMTP), to send the message content to the local
37:"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see
6668:
4326:
3765:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
3730:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
3400:"Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of Surveys"
2414:
2412:
1000:for the message body at the option of the user.
513:Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the
5187:"When Email Exchanges Become Binding Contracts"
4545:"The ultimate mobile email statistics overview"
4261:
3926:there are many more trace fields than those two
3545:
2512:"AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide"
1698:—no longer cool and something older people do.
1115:Messages are exchanged between hosts using the
1043:header field; this may cause various problems.
911:: is used to mark automatic-generated messages.
802:: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list.
725:: A brief summary of the topic of the message.
372:Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
362:(SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983.
153:, with internationalized email addresses using
5654:X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols
5215:
4634:"Email is dying among mobile's youngest users"
4229:"Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory"
2981:
2633:, Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC"
1004:messages often include an automatic-generated
628:of the email header. Each email message has a
5973:
5744:
5574:"The Technical Development of Internet Email"
5543:Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide
5507:Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence
5448:"Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images"
4000:Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436.
3432:The Internet message format is also used for
3377:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164.
3370:
3019:"They could have owned the computer industry"
2984:"CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex"
2409:
1775:
167:History of email § Terminology and usage
53:This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an
3854:
3667:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test
3660:
3626:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test
3157:, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich,
2995:
2595:
1405:mail is left in folders in the mail server.
1131:back to the sender, indicating the problem.
729:are commonly used in the subject, including
5373:SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking
4370:DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4
4274:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245.
3899:
3622:"RFC 6532, Internationalized Email Headers"
3619:
2916:
2590:We recommend email, this is the common form
2456:"From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?"
1931:email messages are generally not encrypted.
1414:Messaging Application Programming Interface
1340:, as registered with the IANA, defines the
866:: after the delivery SMTP server makes the
253:The service is often simply referred to as
188:is now the common form, and recommended by
5980:
5966:
5751:
5737:
5395:
5094:"When are email attachments safe to open?"
4989:
4018:
3504:
3463:
1589:Much faster than most of the alternatives.
308:project in 1965. Most developers of early
157:, is standardized but not widely adopted.
5571:
5119:
5066:
4685:
4415:
4378:
3973:
3877:
3834:Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010,
3633:
3520:
3479:
3180:
2895:
2868:
2842:
2798:
2418:
2332:Not using Internationalized Email or MIME
2080:Email address § Internationalization
1763:Learn how and when to remove this message
1680:. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in
1510:Learn how and when to remove this message
5016:"Kaspersky Lab Spam and Phishing report"
4937:How Microsoft is losing the war on spam
4860:"Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami"
4600:"Why Are Young People Abandoning Email?"
3767:"RFC 5322, 3.6.4. Identification Fields"
3391:
2687:"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?"
2084:
1099:
492:(MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP.
408:
60:
48:
5581:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
5476:, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica
5385:Message Tracking Model and Requirements
5292:
4816:from the original on September 1, 2011.
4727:
4675:from the original on February 12, 2013.
4596:
4561:
4515:from the original on November 10, 2016.
4353:from the original on December 26, 2016.
3764:
3729:
3689:from the original on February 18, 2015.
3650:from the original on February 18, 2015.
3562:from the original on February 22, 2015.
3444:
3397:
2992:. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69
2951:"IBM100 - The Networked Business Place"
2922:
2715:
2542:from the original on December 28, 2013.
2504:
2360:
2358:
2065:
1805:
122:. Today's email systems are based on a
14:
6697:Computer-related introductions in 1971
6669:
5708:A Look at the Origins of Network Email
5425:. Email.about.com. December 19, 2013.
5147:
4857:
4709:"Maximum attachment size", Gmail Help.
4662:
4496:from the original on October 21, 2012.
4209:from the original on November 13, 2021
3781:from the original on December 30, 2013
3746:from the original on December 30, 2013
3330:
3207:
3129:from the original on September 9, 2016
3029:from the original on February 27, 2021
2746:
2684:
2639:from the original on December 28, 2013
2609:from the original on December 16, 2013
2488:. Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from
2450:
2448:
2446:
2372:from the original on October 22, 2016.
1215:
1031:, abuse of HTML email as a vector for
983:
5961:
5732:
5691:IANA's list of standard header fields
5247:from the original on October 17, 2019
4900:from the original on November 7, 2017
4839:from the original on October 23, 2015
4826:
4663:Suneja, Bharat (September 10, 2007).
4631:
4451:
4332:
4140:from the original on February 8, 2014
4079:"Email policies that prevent viruses"
4059:from the original on January 31, 2022
3799:
3601:from the original on January 14, 2012
3572:
3453:from the original on October 6, 2008.
3374:Information Technology for Management
3224:from the original on October 10, 2022
3197:from the original on August 11, 2015.
3016:
2877:from the original on December 2, 2017
2728:from the original on January 27, 2022
1408:
1391:
1375:
1238:Used by many email clients including
1204:, that performs the same tasks. Such
592:Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
439:fully qualified domain address (FQDA)
5572:Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008).
5467:"Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..."
5429:from the original on August 27, 2016
5293:Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007).
5234:
5048:from the original on October 5, 2021
4986:, Cade Metz, July 09 2015, wired.com
4801:
4686:Humphries, Matthew (June 29, 2009).
4533:from the original on April 29, 2014.
4314:from the original on August 18, 2019
4304:"Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links"
3982:from the original on October 1, 2018
3957:
3916:from the original on August 11, 2012
3711:from the original on August 28, 2016
3103:from the original on January 3, 2017
2862:
2747:Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012).
2355:
1745:adding citations to reliable sources
1716:
1630:
1492:adding citations to reliable sources
1463:
1325:
441:. The part before the @ sign is the
5361:from the original on March 5, 2017.
5305:from the original on April 17, 2009
4870:from the original on April 17, 2009
4783:"8 ways to email large attachments"
4562:Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010).
4551:from the original on July 11, 2014.
4506:
4103:. RootsWeb HelpDesk. Archived from
3548:"RFC 5322, Internet Message Format"
3307:from the original on June 11, 2017.
3201:
3115:
3085:
3051:from the original on April 18, 2022
2996:Dylan Tweney (September 24, 1979).
2982:Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979).
2963:from the original on August 2, 2020
2697:from the original on April 17, 2022
2443:
2240:List of email subject abbreviations
2042:
1908:
1142:, or, as is more likely in a large
930:
24:
5483:
5197:from the original on June 19, 2019
5022:from the original on July 17, 2018
4858:Stross, Randall (April 20, 2008).
4764:"Send large files to other people"
4644:from the original on April 5, 2018
4613:from the original on April 5, 2018
4597:Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010).
4578:from the original on April 5, 2018
4431:
4150:Plain text, 72 characters per line
3816:from the original on July 25, 2014
3800:Dürst, Martin J. (December 2007).
3732:"RFC 5322, 3.6. Field Definitions"
3447:"An update to the email standards"
3073:from the original on July 18, 2011
3010:
2975:
2709:
2678:
2666:from the original on April 3, 2012
2657:
2524:from the original on May 12, 2015.
2431:from the original on April 7, 2023
2397:from the original on April 6, 2023
2014:
1606:
1357:
382:email protocols the standard (see
25:
6708:
5987:
5684:
5335:from the original on May 13, 2016
5067:Waichulis, Arin (April 5, 2024).
4912:
4829:"Happy Information Overload Day!"
4565:"E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover"
3398:Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002).
3249:Journal of Information Technology
3173:"A Brief History of the Internet"
2900:. Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from
2761:from the original on May 19, 2022
2750:"Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa"
2520:. New York City. March 18, 2011.
2419:Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015).
2100:Message Disposition Notifications
1865:
1802:are available and commonly used.
1077:, the most popular of them being
619:
576:
264:An Internet email consists of an
6487:Microsoft Internet Mail and News
5460:
5441:
5415:
5396:Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000).
5389:
5377:
5365:
5347:
5317:
5286:
5259:
5228:
5209:
5179:
5120:Griffiths, James (May 2, 2020).
4827:Gross, Doug (October 20, 2010).
4728:Walther, Henrik (January 2009).
3900:John Levine (January 14, 2012).
3661:J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012).
3445:Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008).
3017:Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011).
2871:"The History of Electronic Mail"
2335:
2260:Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail
1891:
1721:
1664:Declining use among young people
1468:
1398:Internet Message Access Protocol
657:
519:Internet Message Access Protocol
27:Mail sent using electronic means
5760:Computer-mediated communication
5723:Explained from first principles
5545:, Addison-Wesley Professional,
5167:
5141:
5113:
5086:
5060:
5034:
5008:
5005:, May 12, 2016, securelist.com
4970:
4950:
4931:
4882:
4851:
4820:
4804:"Email Statistics Report, 2010"
4795:
4776:
4757:
4721:
4702:
4679:
4656:
4632:Perez, Sarah (March 24, 2016).
4625:
4590:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4500:
4467:Journal of Advertising Research
4394:
4357:
4296:
4272:Encyclopedia of social networks
4262:Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.;
4243:
4221:
4191:
4181:
4155:
4122:
4093:
4071:
4041:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3948:
3943:Email Authentication Parameters
3931:
3893:
3848:
3828:
3793:
3758:
3723:
3654:
3613:
3566:
3539:
3498:
3457:
3438:
3426:
3364:
3348:. July 19, 2004. Archived from
3311:
3291:
3236:
3164:
3141:
2889:
2817:
2773:
2740:
2651:
2621:
2564:AskOxford Language Query team.
2326:
2317:
2294:Comparison of webmail providers
1732:needs additional citations for
1625:
1523:Business and organizational use
1479:needs additional citations for
1096:Servers and client applications
951:for arbitrary binary data. The
925:
92:version of, or counterpart to,
5702:The History of Electronic Mail
5148:French, Laura (May 14, 2024).
4996:"Spam and phishing in Q1 2016"
4365:"Implementation and Operation"
4339:. Prentice Hall. p. 192.
4270:. In Barnett, George A (ed.).
2716:Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019).
2528:
2478:
2387:"email noun earlier than 1979"
1119:with software programs called
160:
13:
1:
6231:Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups
5042:"2021 Email Usage Statistics"
4509:"Spam culture, part 1: China"
4507:Lev, Amir (October 2, 2009).
4021:TCP/IP Network Administration
3865:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3620:A Yang, Ed. (February 2012).
3471:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2830:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2786:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2348:
2096:Delivery Status Notifications
2003:. Attached files may contain
1639:in their house or apartment.
1573:long distance telephone calls
1117:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
420:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
360:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
192:. It is the form required by
179:have been in use since 1979:
5796:Virtual learning environment
3161:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996
2660:"How do you spell "e-mail"?"
2605:. Dictionary.reference.com.
1554:Helping with synchronization
398:transmits a message using a
389:
272:; the content consists of a
223:United States Postal Service
30:For the former company, see
7:
5909:Voice chat in online gaming
5530:, Artech House Publishers,
4439:Is Email a Curse or a Boon?
4199:"View only unread messages"
3464:J. Klensin (October 2008),
3449:. MailChannels Blog Entry.
3303:. howstuffworks.com. 2008.
2160:Comparison of email clients
2132:
1592:Creating a "written" record
502:The MDA delivers it to the
455:fully qualified domain name
10:
6713:
5280:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3
5268:Human-Computer Interaction
4407:Internet Mail Architecture
3573:Moore, K (November 1996).
3512:Internet Mail Architecture
3097:DIGITAL Computing Timeline
2073:
2046:
2023:
1912:
1895:
1869:
1845:
1825:
1779:
1776:Attachment size limitation
1361:
1329:
1173:Mail can be stored on the
1160:Microsoft Exchange Servers
1035:attacks and the spread of
980:is growing in popularity.
903:DomainKeys Identified Mail
445:of the address, often the
370:email system, part of the
289:
283:
164:
36:
29:
6646:
6625:
6574:
6434:
6418:
6382:
6311:
6255:
6248:
6178:
6002:
5995:
5929:
5864:
5806:Asynchronous conferencing
5804:
5766:
5669:Programming Internet Mail
5560:, John Wiley & Sons,
4714:October 15, 2011, at the
4479:10.1017/s0021849903030265
2898:"The First Network Email"
2662:. Alt-usage-english.org.
2544:This is suggested by the
2391:Oxford English Dictionary
1712:
1647:Email has become used on
1642:
1422:Microsoft Exchange Server
1314:based on the mbox format.
1244:Microsoft Outlook Express
1193:supporting the protocol.
6324:Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail
6105:Mailx (Heirloom Project)
5866:Synchronous conferencing
3505:D. Crocker (July 2009),
3408:Internet Mail Consortium
2546:RFC Document Style Guide
2310:
2170:Disposable email address
2098:(delivery receipts) and
2001:peer-to-peer filesharing
1986:Transport Layer Security
1962:Virtual Private Networks
1686:that email was like the
1352:
1318:Some applications (like
1288:Microsoft Office Outlook
1056:text-based email clients
1008:copy for compatibility.
992:allow the use of either
780:X-Auto-Response-Suppress
80:; alternatively spelled
6692:History of the Internet
5819:Electronic mailing list
5516:", Acanthus Publishing
3318:"MX Record Explanation"
3208:Rutter, Dorian (2005).
2574:Oxford University Press
2536:"RFC Editor Terms List"
2464:Chicago Manual of Style
2180:Electronic mailing list
1821:
1459:
624:RFC 5322 specifies the
402:(MUA) addressed to the
141:Originally a text-only
5791:Social network service
5786:Collaborative software
5781:Communication software
4752:Exchange Queue & A
4437:By Om Malik, GigaOm. "
3371:Ch Seetha Ram (2010).
1922:information technology
1539:Facilitating logistics
1112:
883:Authentication-Results
571:unsolicited bulk email
497:message delivery agent
490:message transfer agent
414:
330:File Transfer Protocol
110:Email operates across
70:
58:
5851:Bulletin board system
5512:May 20, 2016, at the
5492:Introduction to X.400
4698:on December 19, 2011.
4333:Allen, David (2004).
4203:support.microsoft.com
3338:"What is open relay?"
3047:. February 15, 2012.
2205:Email hosting service
2085:Tracking of sent mail
2074:Further information:
1800:file hosting services
1292:OfficeLogic Groupware
1150:protocol specific to
1103:
961:mail transport agents
727:Certain abbreviations
424:mail submission agent
412:
197:Requests for Comments
165:Further information:
64:
52:
6687:Electronic documents
6682:Internet terminology
6575:Related technologies
6507:Netscape Messenger 9
5696:The History of Email
5593:10.1109/mahc.2008.32
5357:. December 7, 2016.
4402:"Message Store (MS)"
4107:on February 19, 2014
3474:, sec. 2.3.1.,
3123:"HP Computer Museum"
3099:. January 30, 1998.
2857:format specification
2393:. October 25, 2012.
2230:Information overload
2190:Email authentication
2145:Anti-spam techniques
2066:Internationalization
1839:anti-spam techniques
1835:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
1812:information overload
1806:Information overload
1741:improve this article
1488:improve this article
1382:Post Office Protocol
1146:environment, with a
1125:mail delivery agents
1121:mail transfer agents
1104:The interface of an
988:Most modern graphic
901:: stores results of
891:: stores results of
844:email authentication
599:. The extensions in
515:Post Office Protocol
480:) responds with any
426:(MSA), in this case
221:in reference to the
6482:Microsoft Entourage
6359:Outlook for Windows
6191:Beonex Communicator
6115:Mozilla Thunderbird
5884:Internet Relay Chat
5295:"All We Are Saying"
5218:Syracuse Law Review
5044:. October 5, 2021.
4410:. sec. 4.2.2.
4019:Craig Hunt (2002).
3860:"Trace Information"
3836:Microsoft reference
3414:on January 18, 2007
3191:1999cs........1011L
2937:10.1147/sj.203.0321
2925:IBM Systems Journal
2837:. sec. 2.3.1.
2793:. sec. 2.3.1.
2486:"Yahoo style guide"
2076:International email
1991:Additionally, many
1256:Mozilla Thunderbird
1227:filename extensions
1216:Filename extensions
1052:characters per line
984:Plain text and HTML
644:printable character
601:International email
151:International email
120:local area networks
5472:2017-06-07 at the
5453:2015-02-18 at the
5402:The New York Times
5299:The New York Times
5235:Corfield, Gareth.
5001:2016-08-09 at the
4982:2016-09-16 at the
4963:2006-09-11 at the
4944:2008-06-29 at the
4925:2008-07-20 at the
4864:The New York Times
4788:2016-07-02 at the
4769:2016-08-07 at the
4571:The New York Times
4529:. March 28, 2013.
4444:2010-12-04 at the
4169:on January 9, 2014
4134:BSD Mailing Lists"
4083:Advosys Consulting
4049:"What is unicode?"
3841:2011-04-07 at the
3804:. Tools.ietf.org.
3769:. Tools.ietf.org.
3734:. Tools.ietf.org.
3705:The Economic Times
3515:, sec. 4.1.,
3352:on August 24, 2007
3346:Indiana University
3323:2015-01-17 at the
3261:10.1057/jit.2013.4
3153:2016-01-01 at the
2959:. August 2, 2020.
2551:2015-04-24 at the
2466:. October 11, 2017
2165:Dark Mail Alliance
2140:Anonymous remailer
2056:Harvard University
1683:The New York Times
1426:Axigen Mail Server
1420:to communicate to
1416:(MAPI) is used by
1409:MAPI email servers
1392:IMAP email servers
1376:POP3 email servers
1113:
1041:Content-Type: html
1037:malicious software
776:Microsoft Exchange
704:; it provides for
463:Domain Name System
415:
406:of the recipient.
225:initiative called
71:
65:When a "robot" on
59:
6664:
6663:
6638:Unicode and email
6570:
6569:
6562:Windows Messaging
6557:Windows Live Mail
6354:Microsoft Outlook
6256:Freeware/Freemium
6244:
6243:
5955:
5954:
5899:Videoconferencing
5879:Instant messaging
5874:Data conferencing
5776:Online discussion
5526:Lawrence Hughes,
5522:978-0-9815589-8-1
4373:. sec. 4.5.
4034:978-0-596-00297-8
3872:. sec. 4.4.
3384:978-81-8450-267-1
2631:"RFC Style Guide"
2280:Unicode and email
1950:user agent string
1773:
1772:
1765:
1701:A 2015 survey of
1670:instant messaging
1637:personal computer
1631:Personal computer
1520:
1519:
1512:
1418:Microsoft Outlook
1326:URI scheme mailto
851:trace information
849:SMTP defines the
751:Blind carbon copy
353:Hewlett-Packard's
124:store-and-forward
112:computer networks
16:(Redirected from
6704:
6364:Novell GroupWise
6253:
6252:
6000:
5999:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5921:Web conferencing
5856:Online guestbook
5753:
5746:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5619:
5618:on June 2, 2016.
5617:
5611:. Archived from
5578:
5494:, Artech House,
5477:
5464:
5458:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
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5375:
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5363:
5362:
5351:
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5344:
5342:
5340:
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5314:
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5232:
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5225:
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5204:
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5106:
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5083:
5081:
5079:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5018:. May 26, 2021.
5012:
5006:
4993:
4987:
4974:
4968:
4956:Spam Bill 2003 (
4954:
4948:
4935:
4929:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4886:
4880:
4879:
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4875:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4802:Radicati, Sara.
4799:
4793:
4780:
4774:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4735:TechNet Magazine
4725:
4719:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4694:. Archived from
4683:
4677:
4676:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
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4464:
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4435:
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4428:
4419:
4417:10.17487/RFC5598
4398:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4380:10.17487/RFC1733
4361:
4355:
4354:
4336:Windows to Linux
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4259:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4239:on July 4, 2014.
4235:. Archived from
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4089:on May 12, 2007.
4085:. Archived from
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3975:10.17487/RFC6376
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
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3929:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3881:
3879:10.17487/RFC5321
3858:(October 2008).
3852:
3846:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3810:10.17487/RFC5064
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3775:10.17487/RFC5322
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3740:10.17487/RFC5322
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3697:
3691:
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3675:10.17487/RFC6531
3658:
3652:
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3637:
3635:10.17487/RFC6532
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3587:10.17487/RFC2047
3570:
3564:
3563:
3556:10.17487/RFC5322
3543:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3522:10.17487/RFC5598
3502:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3481:10.17487/RFC5321
3461:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3410:. Archived from
3395:
3389:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3334:
3328:
3327:, it.cornell.edu
3315:
3309:
3308:
3300:How E-mail Works
3295:
3289:
3288:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3184:
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3162:
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3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3063:"The Xerox Star"
3059:
3058:
3056:
3037:
3036:
3034:
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3008:
3007:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
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2913:
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2860:
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2821:
2815:
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2802:
2800:10.17487/RFC5321
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2752:
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2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2713:
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2704:
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2673:
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2649:
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2646:
2644:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2576:. Archived from
2561:
2555:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
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2452:
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2404:
2402:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2299:X-Originating-IP
2200:Email encryption
2049:Email bankruptcy
2043:Email bankruptcy
1993:mail user agents
1980:can be used for
1909:Privacy concerns
1782:Email attachment
1768:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1725:
1717:
1586:Increasing speed
1515:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1472:
1464:
1343:
1299:
1283:
1271:
1240:Novell GroupWise
1235:
1164:mail user agents
1152:Novell Groupwise
1090:Rich Text Format
1042:
945:quoted printable
931:Content encoding
816:
815:
800:List-Unsubscribe
566:open mail relays
292:History of email
114:, primarily the
21:
6712:
6711:
6707:
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6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6667:
6666:
6665:
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6566:
6522:Outlook Express
6430:
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6030:Cleancode eMail
5991:
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5860:
5800:
5762:
5757:
5687:
5682:
5626:, Mcgraw-Hill,
5622:Sara Radicati,
5615:
5576:
5541:Kevin Johnson,
5514:Wayback Machine
5490:Cemil Betanov,
5486:
5484:Further reading
5481:
5480:
5474:Wayback Machine
5465:
5461:
5457:, slipstick.com
5455:Wayback Machine
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5416:
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5394:
5390:
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5013:
5009:
5003:Wayback Machine
4994:
4990:
4984:Wayback Machine
4975:
4971:
4965:Wayback Machine
4955:
4951:
4946:Wayback Machine
4936:
4932:
4927:Wayback Machine
4917:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4896:. May 4, 2015.
4894:sitepronews.com
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
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4852:
4842:
4840:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4806:
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4796:
4790:Wayback Machine
4781:
4777:
4773:, Microsoft.com
4771:Wayback Machine
4762:
4758:
4740:
4738:
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4722:
4716:Wayback Machine
4707:
4703:
4684:
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4452:
4446:Wayback Machine
4436:
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3902:"Trace headers"
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3849:
3843:Wayback Machine
3833:
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3116:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3011:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2896:Ray Tomlinson.
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2869:Tom Van Vleck.
2867:
2863:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2755:Washington Post
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2685:thaigh (2015).
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2603:"Reference.com"
2601:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2581:
2580:on July 1, 2008
2562:
2558:
2553:Wayback Machine
2534:
2533:
2529:
2517:Huffington Post
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2425:Washington Post
2417:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2135:
2087:
2082:
2068:
2060:Lawrence Lessig
2051:
2045:
2026:
2017:
2015:Legal contracts
1917:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1848:
1830:
1824:
1808:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1738:
1726:
1715:
1666:
1645:
1633:
1628:
1612:Email marketing
1609:
1607:Email marketing
1548:conference call
1525:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1473:
1462:
1446:IBM Lotus Notes
1411:
1394:
1378:
1366:
1360:
1358:Web-based email
1355:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1297:
1281:
1269:
1233:
1218:
1098:
1046:Some web-based
1040:
986:
933:
928:
813:
812:
731:"RE:" and "FW:"
660:
622:
614:signature block
579:
577:Message format
472:for the domain
413:Email operation
400:mail user agent
392:
294:
286:
173:electronic mail
169:
163:
78:electronic mail
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Electronic mail
15:
12:
11:
5:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6626:Related topics
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
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6609:
6604:
6599:
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6589:
6584:
6578:
6576:
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6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6492:Microsoft Mail
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6447:Claris Emailer
6444:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
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6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:Mail (Windows)
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
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6280:
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6102:
6097:
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5985:
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5953:
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5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5834:Internet forum
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5764:
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5756:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5685:External links
5683:
5681:
5680:
5665:
5650:
5635:
5620:
5569:
5554:
5539:
5524:
5505:Marsha Egan, "
5503:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5459:
5440:
5414:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5346:
5316:
5285:
5258:
5227:
5208:
5178:
5166:
5140:
5112:
5085:
5059:
5033:
5007:
4988:
4969:
4949:
4930:
4911:
4881:
4850:
4819:
4794:
4775:
4756:
4747:Microsoft Docs
4720:
4701:
4678:
4655:
4624:
4589:
4554:
4536:
4518:
4499:
4473:(3): 293–300.
4450:
4430:
4393:
4356:
4346:978-1423902454
4345:
4325:
4295:
4280:
4251:
4242:
4220:
4190:
4180:
4154:
4121:
4092:
4070:
4040:
4033:
4027:. p. 70.
4025:O'Reilly Media
4011:
4002:
3993:
3956:
3947:
3930:
3892:
3847:
3827:
3792:
3757:
3722:
3692:
3653:
3612:
3565:
3538:
3507:"Message Data"
3497:
3466:"Mail Objects"
3456:
3437:
3425:
3390:
3383:
3363:
3329:
3310:
3290:
3235:
3200:
3163:
3140:
3114:
3084:
3067:toastytech.com
3023:Herald Journal
3009:
2974:
2931:(3): 321–345.
2915:
2904:on May 6, 2006
2888:
2861:
2825:"Mail Objects"
2816:
2781:"Mail Objects"
2772:
2739:
2708:
2677:
2658:Israel, Mark.
2650:
2620:
2594:
2556:
2527:
2503:
2492:on May 9, 2013
2477:
2460:CMOS Shop Talk
2442:
2408:
2375:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2287:
2285:Usenet quoting
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Email tracking
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:Bounce message
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2114:email spoofing
2110:
2086:
2083:
2067:
2064:
2058:law professor
2047:Main article:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
1976:, SMEmail, or
1954:
1953:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1913:Main article:
1910:
1907:
1896:Main article:
1893:
1890:
1877:Email spoofing
1872:Email spoofing
1870:Main article:
1867:
1866:Email spoofing
1864:
1856:computer worms
1847:
1844:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1804:
1788:Microsoft Word
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1665:
1662:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1544:telephone call
1540:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1410:
1407:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1362:Main article:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1236:
1217:
1214:
1129:bounce message
1097:
1094:
985:
982:
974:character sets
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
912:
909:Auto-Submitted
906:
899:DKIM-Signature
896:
886:
872:
871:
868:final delivery
861:
832:
831:
825:
819:
809:
803:
797:
791:
783:
764:
754:
744:
734:
720:
698:
697:
687:
659:
656:
621:
620:Message header
618:
578:
575:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
544:
523:
522:
517:(POP3) or the
511:
500:
493:
466:
431:
391:
388:
290:Main article:
285:
282:
251:
250:
242:
230:
208:
200:
162:
159:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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6610:
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6600:
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6595:
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6590:
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6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
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6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
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6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Netscape Mail
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6410:Samsung Email
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6375:
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6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
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6264:
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6260:
6258:
6254:
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6234:
6232:
6229:
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6224:
6222:
6219:
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6212:
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6101:
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6036:
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6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5996:Free software
5994:
5990:
5989:Email clients
5983:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Microblogging
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:Voice over IP
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:LAN messenger
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
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5692:
5689:
5688:
5678:
5677:1-56592-479-7
5674:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:1-55558-165-X
5659:
5655:
5652:John Rhoton,
5651:
5648:
5647:1-55558-212-5
5644:
5640:
5637:John Rhoton,
5636:
5633:
5632:0-07-051104-7
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5566:0-471-34597-0
5563:
5559:
5556:Pete Loshin,
5555:
5552:
5551:0-201-43288-9
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:0-89006-939-5
5533:
5529:
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5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
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5501:
5500:0-89006-597-7
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4753:
4748:
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4731:
4724:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4669:Exchangepedia
4666:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4612:
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4376:
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4371:
4366:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4318:September 30,
4313:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4281:9781412994170
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:Heer, Jeffrey
4258:
4256:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4233:dir.yahoo.com
4230:
4224:
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4096:
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3976:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:email message
3903:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3845:, 2010 Sep 22
3844:
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3045:New Scientist
3042:
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3005:
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2991:
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2989:Computerworld
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2487:
2481:
2470:September 18,
2465:
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2256:
2255:Posting style
2253:
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2241:
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2077:
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2061:
2057:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1915:Email privacy
1906:
1904:
1903:Email bombing
1899:
1892:Email bombing
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1829:
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1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
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1764:
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1746:
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1736:
1735:
1730:This section
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:vinyl records
1689:
1685:
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1601:
1598:
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1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:Reducing cost
1567:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
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1536:
1533:
1531:
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1503:
1500:November 2007
1493:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1477:This section
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Kerio Connect
1427:
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1403:
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1091:
1087:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:mailing lists
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:, and change
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:email clients
981:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
942:
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920:
916:
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711:
707:
703:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
674:
670:
665:
658:Header fields
655:
653:
652:encoded words
649:
645:
642:
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635:
631:
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617:
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602:
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448:
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432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
405:
404:email address
401:
397:
387:
385:
384:Protocol Wars
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:minicomputers
311:
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139:
137:
133:
129:
126:model. Email
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
105:email address
102:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
41:
33:
32:Email Limited
19:
6632:
6435:Discontinued
6426:Pegasus Mail
6419:Donationware
6303:Vivaldi Mail
6179:Discontinued
6150:SquirrelMail
5813:
5671:, O'Reilly,
5668:
5667:David Wood,
5656:, Elsevier,
5653:
5641:, Elsevier,
5638:
5623:
5613:the original
5584:
5580:
5557:
5542:
5527:
5491:
5462:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5401:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5328:
5319:
5309:December 24,
5307:. Retrieved
5298:
5288:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5249:. Retrieved
5241:The Register
5240:
5230:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5190:
5181:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5153:
5143:
5131:. Retrieved
5125:
5115:
5103:. Retrieved
5097:
5088:
5076:. Retrieved
5072:
5062:
5050:. Retrieved
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5010:
4991:
4972:
4952:
4933:
4914:
4904:September 5,
4902:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4863:
4853:
4841:. Retrieved
4832:
4822:
4797:
4778:
4759:
4745:– via
4739:. Retrieved
4733:
4723:
4704:
4696:the original
4691:
4681:
4668:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4637:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4606:The Atlantic
4604:
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4569:
4557:
4539:
4521:
4502:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4433:
4406:
4396:
4369:
4359:
4335:
4328:
4316:. Retrieved
4308:MDN Web Docs
4307:
4298:
4271:
4245:
4237:the original
4232:
4223:
4213:November 13,
4211:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4167:the original
4157:
4149:
4142:. Retrieved
4131:
4124:
4116:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:the original
4095:
4087:the original
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4052:
4043:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3959:
3950:
3941:registry of
3933:
3925:
3918:. Retrieved
3905:
3895:
3864:
3856:John Klensin
3850:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3666:
3656:
3625:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3568:
3541:
3533:
3511:
3500:
3492:
3470:
3459:
3440:
3434:network news
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3403:
3393:
3373:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:the original
3341:
3332:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3255:(1): 18–33.
3252:
3248:
3238:
3228:December 23,
3226:. Retrieved
3210:
3203:
3166:
3158:
3143:
3133:November 10,
3131:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3053:. Retrieved
3044:
3033:February 26,
3031:. Retrieved
3022:
3012:
3001:
2987:
2977:
2967:September 7,
2965:. Retrieved
2954:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2902:the original
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
2829:
2819:
2811:
2785:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2754:
2742:
2732:September 5,
2730:. Retrieved
2721:
2711:
2701:September 5,
2699:. Retrieved
2690:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2630:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2597:
2589:
2584:September 4,
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2569:
2559:
2530:
2515:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2433:. Retrieved
2424:
2399:. Retrieved
2390:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2235:Internet fax
2195:Email digest
2119:
2104:
2088:
2069:
2052:
2037:social norms
2032:
2027:
2018:
1990:
1958:cryptography
1955:
1926:
1918:
1901:
1875:
1849:
1831:
1816:productivity
1809:
1785:
1759:
1753:October 2016
1750:
1739:Please help
1734:verification
1731:
1700:
1696:film cameras
1681:
1678:social media
1667:
1654:
1646:
1634:
1626:Personal use
1610:
1534:
1526:
1506:
1497:
1486:Please help
1481:verification
1478:
1412:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1346:
1335:
1317:
1252:Windows Mail
1222:
1219:
1195:
1172:
1168:
1133:
1114:
1106:email client
1083:
1070:
1045:
1013:block quotes
1010:
987:
934:
926:Message body
921:whitelisting
914:
908:
898:
889:Received-SPF
888:
882:
876:trace fields
875:
873:
867:
863:
857:
850:
848:
835:
833:
827:
821:
811:
805:
799:
793:
785:
779:
766:
757:Content-Type
746:
736:
722:
716:
699:
693:
689:
683:
678:
661:
638:
623:
606:
596:
590:
580:
564:
562:
524:
507:
485:
477:
473:
442:
437:—which is a
434:
427:
393:
357:
334:
298:time-sharing
295:
287:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
258:
254:
252:
245:
244:
237:was used by
233:
232:
216:
211:
210:
203:
202:
190:style guides
184:
183:
176:
172:
170:
140:
109:
97:
81:
77:
73:
72:
55:email client
46:
39:
6395:Forté Agent
6249:Proprietary
6206:Columbia MM
6135:OfflineIMAP
5771:Online chat
5587:(2): 3–29.
5423:"About.com"
5407:January 13,
5339:October 17,
5329:registry.in
5251:December 6,
5201:December 6,
4741:November 7,
4136:. OpenBSD.
4063:January 31,
3986:January 28,
3920:January 16,
3715:October 17,
3605:January 21,
3404:IMC Reports
2215:Email storm
2094:introduced
1966:Tor network
1790:documents,
1649:smartphones
1442:HP OpenMail
1402:smartphones
1370:web browser
1248:Lotus notes
1210:web browser
1202:Yahoo! Mail
1156:Lotus Notes
1148:proprietary
1110:Thunderbird
1075:many others
937:8-bit clean
864:Return-Path
828:Archived-At
794:In-Reply-To
741:Carbon copy
710:provisional
534:Lotus Notes
459:mail server
451:domain name
218:Electronics
161:Terminology
132:mail server
118:, and also
76:(short for
6671:Categories
6656:Comparison
6517:Opera Mail
6344:Apple Mail
6334:HCL Domino
6025:Claws Mail
6020:Citadel/UX
5930:Publishing
5844:Imageboard
5433:January 9,
5383:RFC 3888,
5371:RFC 3885,
5274:: 77–104.
5099:Cloudflare
5052:October 5,
4920:ITvibe.com
4638:TechCrunch
4173:January 9,
4144:January 9,
4111:January 9,
3820:January 9,
3802:"RFC 5064"
3785:January 9,
3750:January 9,
3342:WhatIs.com
3182:cs/9901011
3159:ConneXions
3093:"ALL-IN-1"
2908:October 5,
2670:January 9,
2643:January 9,
2613:January 9,
2496:January 9,
2349:References
2275:Telegraphy
2265:Push email
2250:Netiquette
2225:HTML email
2033:incendiary
1982:end-to-end
1956:There are
1898:Email bomb
1881:Email spam
1860:ransomware
1828:Email spam
1620:email spam
1563:asynchrony
1338:URI scheme
1320:Apple Mail
1312:Apple Mail
1304:Opera Mail
1276:Apple Mail
1260:plain text
1017:underlines
1006:plain text
1002:HTML email
994:plain text
806:References
787:Message-ID
767:Precedence
641:whitespace
482:MX records
470:DNS server
443:local part
428:smtp.a.org
341:CompuServe
310:mainframes
239:CompuServe
86:electronic
6607:Push-IMAP
6552:WebSpyder
6467:Embrowser
6462:Cyberjack
6383:Shareware
6298:TouchMail
6268:EmailTray
6263:eM Client
6216:FossaMail
6201:Classilla
6196:BlitzMail
6145:SeaMonkey
6140:Roundcube
6040:fetchmail
6035:Evolution
5839:Textboard
5609:206442868
5601:1934-1547
4939:Salon.com
4843:March 24,
4487:0021-8499
4290:959670912
4188:recipient
4053:Konfinity
4009:RFC 5518.
3966:"RFC6376"
3954:RFC 7208.
3683:2070-1721
3644:2070-1721
3595:264604077
3418:April 13,
3269:0268-3962
3107:April 20,
3077:April 18,
3055:April 18,
2945:0018-8670
2881:March 23,
2765:April 18,
2210:Email hub
2185:Email art
1581:telegrams
1559:real time
1177:, on the
1144:corporate
1086:Microsoft
1071:(c. 1992)
917:: claims
706:permanent
538:Microsoft
435:bob@b.org
390:Operation
171:The term
67:Knowledge
42:(podcast)
40:Reply All
6651:Category
6547:Turnpike
6532:Pocomail
6512:NeXTMail
6457:Cyberdog
6405:The Bat!
6400:GyazMail
6339:InScribe
6283:Mailbird
6278:i.Scribe
6236:Nylas N1
6155:Sylpheed
6130:nmh / MH
6120:Mulberry
6095:Mailpile
6090:Mahogany
6080:K-9 Mail
6070:Gnuzilla
5916:Web chat
5510:Archived
5470:Archived
5451:Archived
5427:Archived
5359:Archived
5333:Archived
5303:Archived
5245:Archived
5195:Archived
5154:SC Media
5046:Archived
5026:July 17,
5020:Archived
4999:Archived
4980:Archived
4961:Archived
4942:Archived
4923:Archived
4898:Archived
4868:Archived
4837:Archived
4811:Archived
4786:Archived
4767:Archived
4712:Archived
4692:Geek.com
4673:Archived
4648:April 4,
4642:Archived
4617:April 4,
4611:Archived
4582:April 4,
4576:Archived
4549:Archived
4531:Archived
4513:Archived
4491:Archived
4442:Archived
4351:Archived
4312:Archived
4268:"E-Mail"
4266:(2011).
4207:Archived
4138:Archived
4057:Archived
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