31:
655:, again on a single Vostok 8K72K, with identical missions and similar orbits to that of Elektron 1 and 2. Elektron 3's orbit had a perigee of 408 kilometres (254 mi), an apogee of 7,030 kilometres (4,370 mi), an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 168 minutes; Elektron 4's orbit had a perigee of 459 kilometres (285 mi), an apogee of 66,100 kilometres (41,100 mi), an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 1,314 minutes.
592:
704:
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carrier rocket marking the first Soviet multiple satellite launch. The satellites, although launched from Earth together, were released at different stages, and so were able to achieve different orbits. The first satellite was released at a time when the upper stage of the launching rocket was still
547:
Elektron 2 and 4 had design masses of 460 kg (1,010 lb), were 4 metres (13 ft) in diameter and 8.5 metres (28 ft) long, also cylindrical, but with a skirt of solar cells with a combined area of 20 m for power generation rather than solar panels. The satellites were to be boosted
666:
The
Elektron satellites returned data that supported more than a dozen technical papers on a variety of subjects including near-Earth magnetic fields, particle distribution, and ionospheric studies, and allowed the assessment of risk to both cosmonauts and satellites from radiation in outer space.
548:
into highly eccentric 450 kilometres (280 mi) × 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) orbits to map the outer Van Allen belt while, simultaneously, Elektron 1 and 3 probed the inner radiation belt. To achieve this orbit, Elektron 2 and 4 were each equipped with solid-propellant
617:
firing. Elektron 1's initial orbit had a perigee of 406 kilometres (252 mi), an apogee of 7,110 kilometres (4,420 mi), an orbital inclination of 61°, and a period of 169 minutes, an orbit that kept the satellite within Earth's Van Allen Belts.
431:
Per decrees on 9 May 1960 and 13 May 1961, the satellites would consist of two identical pairs of spacecraft, the satellites of each pair in differing orbits to map the lower and upper Van Allen Belts simultaneously. The satellites would orbit at higher
559:
The experiment packages for
Elektron 2 and 4 were also identical, and each included a radio frequency mass spectrometer; Geiger counters, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors for radiation studies; a spherical
1591:
579:
telescope. Telemetry and commands were conveyed via four antennas. The internal environment of the satellites was kept moderated through thermal louvers, and the satellite stabilized with the aid of a
365:
686:
satellite program, contributed to Soviet prestige, bolstering the impression that the
Soviets, like the Americans, were committed to civilian as well as military application of satellites.
667:
The
Elektron satellites returned considerable measurements on the make-up of Earth's atmosphere to an altitude of 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), including the concentration of
400:
to an altitude of more than 58,000 kilometres (36,000 mi) above the Earth. Two of the four launched satellites are still in orbit As of 2023, the other two having reentered.
448:, began design work in July. In addition to investigating Earth's natural radiation belts, they were designed to study artificial radiation belts created by high altitude
417:
636:: its initial perigee was 460 kilometres (290 mi), the apogee was 68,000 kilometres (42,000 mi), its orbital inclination was 61°, and its period 1,360 minutes.
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In July 1965, Elektron 1 and 2 were displayed among the new exhibits at Kosmos
Pavilion in the Soviet exposition on achievements of U.S.S.R's national economy.
1938:
692:
Elektron 4 decayed from its orbit on 12 October 1983, and
Elektron 2 decayed from its orbit on 20 July 1997. Elektron 1 and 3 remain in orbit As of 2023.
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Elektron 1 and 3 had design masses of 350 kg (770 lb), were 3.25 metres (10.7 ft) in diameter, and were designed to be placed into
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940:"On relationship of sporadic radio emission registered on satellites of the "Elektron" series with the geomagnetic activity"
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Elektron 1 ultimately had a mass of 329 kg (725 lb) while
Elektron 3 had a mass of 350 kg (770 lb).
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1096:
S.N. Vernov, S. . N. . Kuznetsov ,Yu. I. Logachev, G. B. Lopatina, E.N. Sosnovetz, V.G. Stolpovskiy (2 August 1968).
937:
885:
817:. Washington D.C.: Science and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization, NASA. pp. 711–3
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and commands were conveyed via four antennas. The internal environment of the satellites was kept moderated through
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773:
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The orbits of satellites
Elektron 2 and 4 with respect to the Earth's magnetosphere (adapted from 1969 paper)
1072:"STATE OF THE IONOSPHERE AFTER THE RESULTS OF SIGNAL OBSERVATIONS FROM ,AES ':ELEKTRON-l" AND "ELEKTRON-3""
436:
than those launched by the United States (at an angle of 60 degrees vs. 30 degrees with respect to Earth's
938:
E. A. Benediktov, G. G. Getmantsev N. A. Mityakov, V. 0. Rapoport & A. F. Tarasov (22 January 1969).
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425 kilometres (264 mi) × 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) orbits. They were cylindrical with six
486:
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384:, was the first Soviet multiple satellite program, comprising two identical pairs of particle physics
2014:
2009:
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Elektron 3 returned usable data as late as
October 1964; Elektron 4 as late as November 1964.
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The experiment packages for
Elektron 1 and 3 were identical, each including a radio frequency
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1098:"RADIAL DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS WITH ENERGY GREATER THAN 100 KEV IN THE OUTER RADIATION BELT"
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717:
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424:. The plan included provisions for the development of scientific spacecraft to map Earth's
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Elektron 1 returned usable data as late as October 1964; Elektron 2 as late as May 1964.
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416:'s "big space plan" for the future of Soviet space endeavors was approved by the
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Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 ..., Volume 2
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in August 1963 ended such tests before the launch of the Elektron satellites.
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and returned a considerable volume of data regarding radiation in space and
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in 1964. The four spacecraft simultaneously monitored the lower and upper
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1048:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 20 April 1964. p. 30
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1987:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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Elektrons 1 and 2 were launched on January 30, 1964, at 09:45:09
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880:. American Astronautical Society. 23 August 2010. p. 162.
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Elektron 3 and 4 were launched on July 11, 1964, at 21:51:02
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Detailed experiment descriptions for all Elektron satellites
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Elektron 2's orbit took the spacecraft beyond the Earth's
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E. E. Mityakova V. A. Cherepovitskiy (28 February 1967).
648:
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1310:
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489:with a combined area of 20 m for power generation.
1039:
807:
1137:"NASA Technical Reports Server (Elektron search)"
35:Elektrons 1 and Elektron 2 (identical to 3 and 4)
1996:
568:; a galactic radio-noise receiver; solar X-ray
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682:. These satellites, along with the concurrent
1983:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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740:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
1121:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
963:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
109:60 years, 8 months and 1 day
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440:). Each pair would be deployed by a single
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1276:NASA Technical Reports related to Elektron
1256:Current orbital information for Elektron 3
1250:Current orbital information for Elektron 1
967:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
870:
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29:
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653:Launch Complex 1 at Baikonur Space Center
610:Launch Complex 1 at Baikonur Space Center
380:'), in American sources sometimes called
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1271:Elektron-series satellites postal items
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1997:
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154:444 kg (979 lb) (Elektron 4)
151:350 kg (770 lb) (Elektron 3)
148:444 kg (979 lb) (Elektron 2)
145:329 kg (725 lb) (Elektron 1)
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346:168.9 minutes (1/3); 22.5 hours (2/4)
1186:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1964"
1161:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965"
661:
463:
323:: 66,100 kilometres (41,100 mi)
311:: 68,000 kilometres (42,000 mi)
1210:
1198:from the original on 8 January 2019
1103:. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
1077:. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
945:. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
612:(also known as NIIP-5) on a single
542:
476:
13:
1046:Aviation Week and Space Technology
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317:: 7,030 kilometres (4,370 mi)
305:: 7,110 kilometres (4,420 mi)
14:
2031:
1243:
516:receiver, and a radio beacon for
1266:Aviation Weekly and Space Report
907:
842:
702:
1129:
1041:"Space Unit Briefed on soviets"
556:and 12 to 15 seconds duration.
458:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2020:Geospace monitoring satellites
2005:Satellites of the Soviet Union
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286:: 459 kilometres (285 mi)
280:: 408 kilometres (254 mi)
274:: 460 kilometres (290 mi)
268:: 406 kilometres (252 mi)
1:
987:The Nuclear Threat Initiative
723:
642:
599:
538:Diagram of Elektrons 2 and 4
472:Diagram of Elektrons 1 and 3
7:
695:
586:
512:micrometeoroid detector; a
444:. Korolev's design bureau,
422:Council of Soviet Ministers
16:Series of Soviet satellites
10:
2036:
768:. NASA. pp. 239–240.
403:
1977:
1335:
1227:. Jonathan's Space Report
1017:. Jonathan's Space Report
632:area marking the Earth's
508:for radiation studies; a
426:Van Allen radiation belts
394:Van Allen radiation belts
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184:: January 30, 1964, 09:45
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506:semiconductor detectors
23:Elektron 1, 2, 3, and 4
759:Siddiqi, Asaf (1989).
596:
566:fluxgate magnetometers
539:
502:scintillation counters
473:
398:atmospheric conditions
198:: July 11, 1964, 21:51
1191:. NASA. p. 152.
983:"Baikonur Cosmodrome"
814:Scientific Satellites
594:
574:Cerenkov-scintillator
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247:Reference system
124:Spacecraft properties
1319:Orbital launches in
718:Soviet space program
552:kick motor of 3,350
514:galactic radio-noise
434:orbital inclinations
1939:Surveyor Mass Model
1258:. heavens-above.com
1252:. heavens-above.com
1225:"Satellite Catalog"
762:Challenge to Apollo
202:1964-07-11UTC21:51Z
188:1964-01-30UTC09:45Z
25:
809:William R. Corliss
710:Spaceflight portal
597:
540:
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410:Soviet spaceflight
242:Orbital parameters
21:
1992:
1991:
1221:Jonathan McDowell
1011:Jonathan McDowell
662:Legacy and status
624:to penetrate the
564:; two three-axis
494:mass spectrometer
464:Spacecraft design
408:On 23 June 1960,
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2015:Satellite series
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170:Start of mission
106:Mission duration
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27:
19:
1984:
1980:
1949:Transit 5E-5
1916:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1813:
1801:
1797:Dragsphere 2
1792:Dragsphere 1
1734:
1597:
1590:
1548:
1503:Transit 5E-4
1501:
1494:
1487:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1404:
1265:
1229:. Retrieved
1200:. Retrieved
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1140:. Retrieved
1131:
1105:. Retrieved
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:"Launch Log"
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
947:. Retrieved
918:. Retrieved
914:the original
910:"Elektron-B"
908:Wade, Mark.
903:
891:. Retrieved
876:
853:. Retrieved
849:the original
845:"Elektron-A"
843:Wade, Mark.
819:. Retrieved
813:
761:
754:
742:. Retrieved
738:"Electron 1"
732:
691:
688:
665:
657:
646:
638:
634:magnetopause
619:
614:Vostok 8K72K
603:
558:
546:
530:
491:
487:solar panels
480:
454:ratification
430:
407:
390:Soviet Union
381:
360:
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314:
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283:
277:
271:
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228:Baikonur LC1
218:Vostok 8K72K
195:
181:
129:Manufacturer
95:
94:1964-038B (
88:
87:1964-038A (
81:
74:
73:1964-006A (
59:Soviet Union
45:Mission type
18:
1964:Explorer 26
1954:San Marco 1
1902:Explorer 25
1897:Explorer 24
1887:Explorer 23
1809:Explorer 22
1772:Explorer 21
1231:11 February
1202:31 December
920:28 December
893:31 December
855:28 December
570:photometers
518:ionospheric
332:Inclination
224:Launch site
175:Launch date
139:Launch mass
80:1964-006B (
1999:Categories
1934:Titan 3A-1
1736:Titan 3A-2
1630:Elektron 4
1625:Elektron 3
1390:Elektron 2
1385:Elektron 1
775:5551266508
724:References
626:shock wave
581:Sun sensor
577:cosmic-ray
386:satellites
336:61 degrees
321:Elektron 4
315:Elektron 3
309:Elektron 2
303:Elektron 1
284:Elektron 4
278:Elektron 3
272:Elektron 2
266:Elektron 1
251:Geocentric
111:(in orbit)
96:Elektron 4
89:Elektron 3
82:Elektron 2
75:Elektron 1
1981:underline
1929:Kosmos 51
1918:DS-2 No.2
1907:Mariner 4
1882:Mariner 3
1867:Kosmos 50
1862:Kosmos 49
1821:Kosmos 48
1815:Voskhod 1
1782:Kosmos 47
1767:Kosmos 46
1747:Kosmos 45
1730:Kosmos 44
1725:Kosmos 43
1720:Kosmos 42
1715:Kosmos 41
1700:Kosmos 40
1695:Kosmos 39
1690:Kosmos 38
1675:Kosmos 37
1665:Kosmos 36
1640:Kosmos 35
1605:Kosmos 34
1586:Kosmos 33
1576:OPS 4467B
1571:OPS 4467A
1561:Kosmos 32
1556:Kosmos 31
1524:Kosmos 30
1514:Kosmos 29
1473:Kosmos 28
1458:Kosmos 27
1432:Kosmos 26
1412:Kosmos 25
1365:OPS 3367B
1360:OPS 3367A
1350:SOLRAD 7A
1142:1 January
643:Mission 2
630:turbulent
600:Mission 1
522:Telemetry
520:studies.
483:eccentric
412:engineer
366:‹See Tfd›
206: UTC
192: UTC
66:COSPAR ID
1969:OPS 3762
1959:OPS 3358
1944:OPS 6582
1924:OPS 4439
1892:OPS 3360
1877:OPS 3062
1872:OPS 5434
1857:OPS 5063
1852:OPS 4384
1826:OPS 3559
1803:OPS 4036
1787:OPS 5798
1777:OPS 3333
1762:OPS 4262
1752:OPS 3497
1710:OPS 2739
1705:Syncom 3
1685:OPS 3216
1680:OPS 3802
1670:OPS 3042
1660:Ranger 7
1635:OPS 3491
1620:OPS 4923
1615:OPS 3684
1610:OPS 3395
1581:OPS 3754
1566:OPS 3236
1544:OPS 3483
1539:OPS 4412
1529:OPS 3592
1519:OPS 2921
1509:OPS 3743
1483:Polyot 2
1478:Gemini 1
1452:OPS 3467
1427:OPS 3435
1422:OPS 3722
1417:OPS 2423
1400:OPS 3444
1395:Ranger 6
1193:Archived
1170:24 April
1117:cite web
1107:25 April
1081:25 April
1052:25 April
1021:25 April
959:cite web
949:25 April
811:(1967).
744:25 April
696:See also
669:hydrogen
587:Missions
572:; and a
562:ion trap
420:and the
382:Electron
378:electron
374:электрон
361:Elektron
55:Operator
1985:italics
1650:Vela 2B
1645:Vela 2A
1463:Ariel 2
1370:Relay 2
1355:SECOR 1
1340:Poppy 3
550:perigee
456:of the
438:equator
404:History
370:Russian
200: (
186: (
1912:Zond 2
1655:ERS-13
1468:Zond 1
1375:Echo 2
1345:GGSE-1
1328:1965 →
1313:← 1963
1166:. NASA
992:12 May
884:
821:11 May
772:
684:Kosmos
677:oxygen
675:, and
673:carbon
504:, and
342:Period
214:Rocket
1742:OGO-1
1196:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
651:from
608:from
446:OKB-1
133:OKB-1
1592:ESRS
1438:BE-A
1321:1964
1233:2020
1204:2018
1172:2020
1144:2019
1123:link
1109:2020
1083:2020
1054:2020
1023:2020
994:2020
969:link
965:link
951:2020
922:2018
895:2018
882:ISBN
857:2018
823:2020
770:ISBN
746:2020
680:ions
628:and
376:) ('
649:UTC
606:UTC
554:kgf
2001::
1264:.
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1152:^
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1115:{{
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363:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
