Élisabeth of France

855:"We were now at the King's window. The few persons who were with his valet came also to rejoin us. The doors were closed and a few minutes later we heard someone calling. It was Aclocque and some Grenadiers and Volunteers he had brought. He asked the King to show himself alone. The King passed into the first ante-room. ... At the moment that the King went into his ante-room some of the Queen's people obliged her to go back to her rooms. Happier than she, there was no one to force me to leave the King, and the Queen had hardly been dragged back when the door was burst open by the pikemen. At that moment the King got up on some chests which stood in the window, and the Marechal de Mouchy, MM. d'Hervelly, Aclocque, and a dozen grenadiers surrounded him. I remained near the wall encircled by Ministers, M. de Marsilly, and a few of the National Guards. The pikemen entered the room like lightning, they looked for the King, one in particular who, they say, said horrid things, but a Grenadier caught his arm, saying : ' Unhappy one, it is your King'. They at the same time cried Vive le Roy. The rest of the pikemen answered the cheer mechanically. The room was full in quicker time than I can write, all asking for the Sanction (for the decrees) and that the Ministers should be sent away. For four hours the same cry was repeated. Some members of the Assembly came soon afterwards. MM. Vergniaud and Isnard spoke very well to the people, telling them they were wrong to ask the King in this way for the Sanction, and tried to persuade them to retire, but their words were useless. ... At last Petion and other members of the municipality arrived. The first-named harangued the people, and after having praised the dignity and order with which they had come, he begged them to retire with the same calm, so that they might not be reproached with having given way to any excess during a fete Civique. . . . But to return to the Queen, whom I left being forced back, against her will, to my nephew's apartment. . . . She did everything in the world to return to the King, but MM. de Choiseul and de Hauteville and our women who were there prevented her. . . . The Grenadiers entered the Council Chamber and put her and the children behind the Table. The Grenadiers and others who were much attached to them, surrounded them, and the crowd passed before them. A woman put a red cap on the Queen's head and on my nephew's. The King had one almost from the first. Santerre, who led the file, harangued her, and told her people had misled her in saying that the people did not love her; they did, and he could assure her she had nothing to fear. 'One never fears anything when one is with good people,' she replied, holding out her hand at the same time to the grenadiers near her, who all threw themselves upon it to kiss it. It was very touching. ... A real deputation arrived to see the King, and as I heard this and did not wish to remain in the crowd, I left an hour before he did. I rejoined the Queen, and you can guess with what pleasure I embraced her." 749:"I am very glad that you have given me the chance of opening my heart and of speaking to you frankly about the Revolution. You are too clever, M. Barnave, not to have recognised at once the King's love for the French and his desire to make them happy. Misled by an excessive love for liberty, you thought only of its benefits, without considering the disorder which might accompany it. Dazzled by your first success, you went much further than you intended. The resistance you met with strengthened you against difficulties and made you crush without reflection all that was an obstacle to your plans. You forgot that progress must go slowly, and that in striving to arrive quickly, one runs the risk of losing one's way. You persuaded yourself that by destroying everything that already existed, good or bad, you would make a perfect work and that you would then re-establish what it was useful to preserve. Led away by this desire, you have attacked the very foundations of royalty, and covered with bitterness and insult the best of kings. All his efforts and sacrifices to bring you back to wiser ideas have been useless, and you have not ceased to calumniate his intentions and to humiliate him in the eyes of his people, in taking from royalty all the prerogatives which inspire love and respect. Torn from his palace and taken to Paris in the most disgraceful manner, his goodness never failed. He opened his arms to his misguided children, and tried to come to an understanding with them in order to cooperate with them for the welfare of France, which he cherished in spite of its errors. You have forced him to sign a 570:

returned to Versailles to sleep. At Montreuil, she followed a schedule that divided her days into hours for study, exercise by riding or walking, dinner and prayers with her ladies-in-waiting, inspired by the schedule set by her governesses during her childhood. Élisabeth took an interest in gardening and engaged in charity in the nearby village of Montreuil. Her former tutor Lemonnier was her neighbour at Montreuil, and she named him her almoner to distribute her charity in the village: "There grew up a constant interchange of interests between them. The learned Professor shared his botanical studies in his garden with the Princess, and even his experiments in his laboratory; and Mme Élisabeth in return associated her old friend with her in her charities, and made him her almoner in the village." She imported cows from Switzerland and the Swiss Jacques Bosson to manage them; upon his request, she also brought his parents and his cousin-bride Marie to Montreuil, married Marie to him and installed her as her milkmaid, and arranged for the Bosson family to tend her farm at Montreuil, producing the milk and eggs which she distributed to the poor children of the village. This was regarded by the court as a picturesque idyll, and it was Jacques Bosson who was portrayed by Mme de Travannes in the poem "

844:, Élisabeth made a great impression with her courage, in particular when she was famously temporarily mistaken for the Queen. She was present in the chamber of the King during the event and remained by his side during most of the incident. When the demonstrators forced the King to put on the revolutionary red cap, Élisabeth was mistaken for the Queen. She was warned: "You do not understand, they take you for the Austrian", upon which she famously replied: "Ah, would to God it were so, do not enlighten them, save them from a greater crime." She turned aside a bayonet which was pointed against her with the words: "Take care, monsieur. You might wound someone, and I am sure you would be sorry." When a male royalist attempting to protect the King fainted, she reached him and revived him with her smelling salt. After the Demonstration of 20 June, some of the demonstrators actually attributed the failed assault on the royal family to the demonstration of courage made by the behaviour of Élisabeth, and a female demonstrator was reported saying: "There was nothing to be done today; their good St. 760:"The King, in spite of the fresh insults he has received since then, could not make up his mind to do what he has now done. But, attacked in his principles – in his family – in his person – profoundly afflicted by the crimes committed throughout France and seeing a general disorganization in all departments of Government, with the evils which result; determined to quit Paris in order to go to another town in the kingdom, where, free in his own actions, he could persuade the Assembly to revise its decrees and where he could in concert with it make a new Constitution, in which the different authorities could be classified and replaced in their proper place and could work for the happiness of France. I do not speak of our own sorrows. The King alone, who should make one with France, occupies us entirely. I will never leave him unless your decrees, by withholding all liberty to practice religion, force me to abandon him to go to a country where liberty of conscience enables me to practice my religion, to which I hold more than to my life." 1067:"I observed, that the Process consisted of a list of banal accusations, without documents, without questions, without witnesses, and that, in consequence, where there existed no legal element of conviction there could be no legal conviction. I added that therefore they could only offer in opposition to the august accused, her replies to the questions they had made to her, as it was in these replies alone that the whole matter consisted; but that these answers themselves, far from condemning her, would, on the contrary, bring her honour in everyone's eyes, as they proved nothing but the goodness of her heart and the heroism of her friendship. Then, after developing these first ideas, I concluded by saying that instead of a Defence of Mme Elizabeth I had only to present her Apology, but that, In the impossibility of discovering one worthy of her, It only remained for me to make one remark, which was, that the Princess who in the Court of France had been the most perfect model of all virtues, could not be the enemy of the French." 1126:, there was a bench for the condemned who were to depart the cart and wait on the bench before their execution. Élisabeth departed the cart first, refusing the help of the executioner, but was to be the last to be called upon, which resulted in her witnessing the death of all the others. The first to be called upon was Mme de Crussol, who bowed for Élisabeth and asked to embrace her; after Élisabeth consented, all the following women prisoners were given the same farewell, while the men bowed before her, and each time, she repeated the psalm "De Profundis". This attracted attention, and one spectator commented: "They may make her salaams if they like, but she will share the fate of the Austrian." Reportedly, she considerably strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners, who all behaved with courage. When the last person before her, a man, gave her his bow, she said, "courage, and faith in the mercy of God!" and then rose to be ready for her own turn. While she was being strapped to the board, her 398:. The sisters were considered very dissimilar in personality. While Èlisabeth was described as "proud, inflexible, and passionate", Clotilde was in contrast estimated to be "endowed with the most happy disposition, which only needed guiding and developing". They were given the usual education of contemporary royal princesses, focusing upon accomplishments, religion and virtue, an education to which Clotilde reportedly willingly subjected herself. They were tutored in botany by M. Lemonnier, in history and geography by M. Leblond, and in religion by Abbé de Montigat, Canon of Chartres, and they followed the court among the royal palaces, with their days divided between studies, walks in the Park, and drives in the forest. Madame de Marsan would often take her to visit the students at 1060:

enquire into the origin of their misfortunes. I claim no merit for this, and I cannot imagine that this can be imputed to me as a crime." When asked whether she did not refer to her nephew as king, ignoring the fact that France was a republic, her reply: "I talked familiarly with the poor child, who was dear to me on more than one account; I, therefore, gave him the consolation which appeared to me capable of comforting him for the loss of those to whom he owed his being." This was interpreted as a sign that she "nourished the little Capet with the projects of vengeance which you and yours have not ceased to form against Liberty, and that you flattered yourself with the hope of raising again a broken throne by inundating it with the blood of patriots."

804: 795:(and also his governess Tourzel) were placed under surveillance. But no guards were tasked with the surveillance of the King's daughter or sister, and Élisabeth was in fact free to leave any time she wished. She chose to stay with her brother and sister-in-law, according to Tourzel, as "their consolation during their captivity. Her attentions to the King and Queen and their children always redoubled in proportion to their misfortunes." She was urged by one of her correspondents, the Abbé de Lubersac, to join her aunts in Rome, but refused: "There are certain positions in which one cannot dispose of oneself, and such is mine. The line I should follow is traced so clearly by Providence that I must remain faithful to it." 924: 215: 62: 515: 532:, who were members of the anti-Austrian party at court, noted for their animosity toward the Queen and deeply opposed to her informal reforms in court life, and the latter view was shared by Élisabeth who, as a monarchist, regarded the queen's disregard of etiquette as a threat to the monarchy, and once remarked in connection to it: "if sovereigns descended often to the people, the people would approach near enough to see that the Queen was only a pretty woman, and that they would soon conclude that the King was merely the first among officials." She also attempted to criticize the Queen's behaviour in this regard but never did so openly, instead asking her aunt 1201: 511:, Élisabeth had great respect for the position of her eldest brother the King, and regarded it her duty to stand by him. On a personal level, she was deeply devoted to her second brother, the Count of Provence: "My brother the Comte de Provence, is at the same time the best adviser and the most charming conteur. He is seldom mistaken in his judgment of men and things, and his prodigious memory furnishes him in all circumstances with a never-ending flow of interesting anecdote." Her youngest brother, the Count of Artois, was dissimilar to her and was sometimes given an "affectionate lecture" by her for his scandals, though he came to admire her. 590:

saying a word. She seems to fear me. And yet who can take a more lively interest than I do in my brother's happiness? Our views differ. She is an Austrian. I am a Bourbon. The Comte d'Artois does not understand the necessity of these great reforms; he thinks that people augment the deficit in order to have the right to complain and to demand the assembly of the States-General. Monsieur is much occupied in writing; he is much more serious, and you know he was grave enough already. I have a presentiment that all this will turn out badly. As for me, intrigues tire me. I love peace and rest. But I will never leave the King while he is unhappy.

296: 1106:, who felt indignation at the way in which Fouquier had imputed his popularity among his former constituents in Brienne as a crime: "If it is grand to merit the esteem of one's fellow-citizens, it is much finer, believe me, to merit God's mercy. You showed your countrymen how to do good. Now show them how one dies when one's conscience is at peace," and to Madame de Montmorin, who was in despair of being executed together with her son: "You love your son, and you do not wish him to accompany you? You are going to enjoy the joys of heaven, and you wish him to remain on this earth, where there is now only torments and sorrow!" 906:Élisabeth was described as calm in the assembly, where she witnessed, later on in the day, her brother's dethronement. She followed the family from there to the Feuillants, where she occupied the 4th room with her nephew, Tourzel and Lamballe. During the night, there were reportedly some women outside on the street who cried for the heads of the King, Queen and Élisabeth, upon which the King took offence and asked "What have they done to them?" referencing the threats against his spouse and sister. Élisabeth reportedly spent the night awake in prayer. They were joined at the Feuillants by some of their retinue, among them 1028:Élisabeth stated that she knew for a fact that Marie Antoinette had not held secret councils; that she had only known and had contact with friends of France, and had no contact with her exiled brothers since she left the Tuileries; that she had not provided émigrés with funds; that she had not known of the Flight to Varennes beforehand and that its purpose had not been to leave the country but only retire to the countryside for the King's health and that she had accompanied her brother on his orders; she also denied having visited the Swiss Guard with Marie Antoinette during the night before the 10 August 1792. 965:Élisabeth and Marie-Thérèse were kept in ignorance of Marie Antoinette's death. On 21 September, they were deprived of their privilege to have servants, which resulted in the removal of Tison and Turgy and thereby also of their ability to communicate with the outside world through secret letters. Élisabeth focused on her niece, comforting her with religious statements of martyrdom, and also unsuccessfully protested against the treatment of her nephew. Marie-Thérèse later wrote of her: "I feel I have her nature . . . considered me and cared for me as her daughter, and I, I honoured her as a second mother". 600: 772:, Élisabeth was reportedly contacted by Officer Jean Landrieux, who used her as an intermediary in his unsuccessful attempt to help the family escape through the window and via the river to Vincelles. Upon the return to Paris, Élisabeth and Tourzel were escorted from the carriage to the palace by Barnave and La Tour-Maubourg respectively and last, after the King, the Queen and the royal children; while the crowd had greeted the King with silence, the Queen with dislike, and the children with cheers, there was no particular public reaction to Élisabeth and Tourzel. 884:"I was in the garden, near enough to offer my arm to Madame la Princesse de Lamballe, who was the most dejected and frightened of the party; she took it. The King walked erect ... the Queen was in tears; from time to time she wiped them away and strove to take a confident air, which she kept for a little while, but I felt her tremble. The Dauphin was not much frightened. Madame Éliz=sabeth was calm and resigned, religion inspired her. . . . The little Madame wept softly. Madame la Princesse de Lamballe said to me, 'We shall never return to the Château'." 1836: 427: 1032: 892: 818:, which was remembered as the last time the queen made such a visit and was applauded in public, she also attended the official celebrations after the King signed the new constitution, and the Federation celebration of 14 July 1792. The new constitution prompted her exiled brothers to prepare a French exile regency, and Elisabeth informed her brother the count of Artois of the political changes in code. She unsuccessfully opposed the King's sanction of the Decree against the priests who refused to take the oath mandated by the 500:

Queen. When she left the royal children's chamber and formed her own household as an adult, she reportedly resolved to protect herself from the potential moral threats from court life by continuing to follow the principles set by her governesses and tutors during her childhood: to devote her days to a schedule of religious devotion, study, riding and walks, and to socialize only with "the ladies who have educated me and who are attached to me my good aunts, the Ladies of St. Cyr, the Carmelites of St. Denis".

977:, and the original intention had been to banish her from France. In the order of 1 August 1793, which stated for the removal and trial of Marie Antoinette, it was in fact stated that Élisabeth should not be tried, but exiled: "All the members of the Capet family shall be exiled from the territory of the Republic, with the exception of Louis Capet's children, and the members of the family who are under the jurisdiction of the Law. Élisabeth Capet cannot be exiled until after the trial of Marie Antoinette." 445:"My sister Elisabeth is a charming child, who has intelligence, character, and much grace; she showed the greatest feeling, and much above her age, at the departure of her sister. The poor little girl was in despair, and as her health is very delicate, she was taken ill and had a very severe nervous attack. I own to my dear mamma that I fear I am getting too attached to her, feeling, from the example of my aunts, how essential it is for her happiness not to remain an old maid in this country." 448:"She shows on the occasion of her sister's departure and in several other circumstances a charming good sense and sensibility. When one has such right feeling at eleven years of age, it is very delightful. . . . The poor little dear will leave us perhaps in two years' time. I am sorry she should go as far as Portugal, but it will be happier for her to go so young as she will feel the difference between the two countries less. May God grant that her sensibility does not render her unhappy." 372: 833:, during which the image of her was alluded to: "in appearing before you, Madame, they can feel no other sentiment than that of veneration for your high virtues. The interest which you will deign to feel for their fate will sweeten its bitterness," upon which she replied: "Gentlemen, I have keenly felt the misfortunes which have visited the Colony. I very sincerely share the interest taken in it by the King and the Queen, and I beg you to assure all the Colonists of this." 1055:, President of the Tribunal, supported by the Judges Gabriel, Deliege, and Antoine Marie Maire. During the trial, the same questions were made to her as during the interrogation, and she answered in much the same way. Relating to the accusation that she had encouraged the Swiss Guard and the royalist defender against the attackers during the 10 August, she was asked: "Did you not, take care of and dress the wounds of the assassins who were sent to the 406:Élisabeth, preferred Clotilde, which made Élisabeth jealous and created a rift between the two sisters. Their relationship improved when Élisabeth fell ill and Clotilde insisted upon nursing her, during which time she also taught Élisabeth the alphabet and gave her an interest in religion, which prompted a great change in the girl's personality; Clotilde soon came to be her sister's friend, tutor, and councillor. After this, Élisabeth was given 783:"Our journey with Barnave and Pétion passed off very ludicrously. You believe no doubt that we were in torments! Not at all. They behaved very well, especially the former, who is very intelligent, and not fierce as is said. I began by showing them frankly my opinion of their doings, and after that we conversed for the rest of the journey as if we were not concerned in the matter. Barnave saved the Gardes de Corps who were with us, and whom the 962:

seemed to confirm when he was questioned, and which were directed also against Élisabeth, and Marie Antoinette alluded to them in her letter, in which she asked Élisabeth to forgive her son: "I must speak to you of something very painful to my heart. I know how much this child must have hurt you. Forgive him, my dear sister. Think of his age and of how easy it is to make a child say what one wants and what he does not even understand."

4743: 2588: 1048:

morning, and Chauveau-Lagarde was thus forced to appear at the trial as her defender without having spoken to her beforehand. Élisabeth was tried with 24 accused accomplices (ten of whom were women), though she was placed "at the top of the seats" during the trial and thus more visible than the rest. She was reportedly dressed in white and she attracted a great deal of attention, but was described as serene and calming on the rest.

4755: 2564: 2600: 2576: 1072:

consequence of which there have been provocations to war from the allied Tyrants abroad, and civil war at home. Succours in men and arms have been furnished to the enemy; troops have been assembled; dispositions taken; chiefs named to assassinate the people, annihilate liberty, and re-establish despotism. Anne Elizabeth Capet – is she an accomplice in these plots?"

1247:, Archbishop of Paris, reactivated the cause of Princess Élisabeth's beatification. Xavier Snoëk, a former parish priest of the Parish of Sainte-Élisabeth de Hungary, being appointed postulator for the cause (church located in the former Temple district where the princess was imprisoned), and in May 2017 recognized the association faithful promoters of her cause. 1102:

look, the tranquillity of her appearance, and the influence of her words. She encouraged them to hope in Him who rewards trials borne with courage, sacrifices accomplished," and said: "We are not asked to sacrifice our faith like the early martyrs, but only our miserable lives; let us offer this little sacrifice to God with resignation". She said to

1109:Élisabeth was executed along with the 23 men and women who had been tried and condemned at the same time as she and reportedly conversed with Mme de Senozan and Mme de Crussol on the way. In the cart taking them to their execution, and while waiting her turn, she helped several of them through the ordeal, encouraging them and reciting the 1047:

as her defensor, as he was called by someone claiming to be sent by her. He was not allowed to see her that day, as he was told by Fouquier-Tinville that she would not be tried for some time and there would be plenty of time to confer with her. However, she was in fact tried immediately the following

984:

alluded to the Temple as "a special, exceptional, and aristocratic refuge, contrary to the spirit of equality proclaimed by the Republic representing to the General Council of the Commune the absurdity of keeping three persons in the Temple Tower, who caused extra service and excessive expense", and

879:

for their own safety, as it would be impossible to defend the palace. When she heard this, Élisabeth asked Roederer: "Monsieur Roederer, you will answer for the lives of the King and Queen?" "Madame," was his reply, "we answer for it that we will die at their side; that is all we can guarantee." The

863:

The royal court was warned that there would be an attack on the palace, and royalist noblemen gathered there to defend the royal family on 9 August, sleeping everywhere they could find a place. During the following day, awaiting the attack, the queen, accompanied by the royal children, Élisabeth and

859:

After the Demonstration of 20 June, Élisabeth as well as the King reportedly despaired for the future "as an abyss from which they could only escape by a miracle of Providence," but she continued to act as the King's political adviser, and Mme de Lage de Volude described her state at this point: "She

704:

I thought I could see in your letters and in others I have received that people are surprised that I have not done as my aunts have done. I did not think that my duty called me to take this step, and that is what has dictated my decision. But believe that I shall never be capable of betraying my duty

499:

Madame Élisabeth did not play any royal role prior to the Revolution; she viewed the royal court as decadent and a threat to her moral welfare, and acted to distance herself from it, and she attended court only when her presence was absolutely necessary or when she was explicitly asked by the King or

495:

as contrary to the interests of France, and by 1783 the plans were finally discontinued and no further suggestions of marriage were made. Élisabeth herself was content not to marry, as it would have been to a foreign prince, which would force her to leave France: "I can only marry a king's son, and a

1146:

what people were saying and was given the reply: "They murmur; they cry out against you; they ask what Mme Élisabeth did to offend you; what were her crimes; why you sent this innocent and virtuous person to the scaffold." Robespierre replied: "Well, you understand, it is always me. I assure you, my

1101:

She reportedly successfully comforted and strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners before their impending execution with religious arguments, and by her own example of calmness: "She spoke to them with inexpressible gentleness and calm, dominating their mental suffering by the serenity of her

961:

Marie Antoinette was executed on 16 October. Her last letter, written in the early hours of the day of her execution, was addressed to Élisabeth but never reached her. During the trial against Marie Antoinette, accusations of molestation of her son were brought against her, accusations which her son

540:

where they fished in the artificial lake, watched the cows being milked and welcomed the King and his brothers for supper "in white cotton dresses, straw hats and gauze fichus", and she did, at least on one occasion, agree to participate in one of the Queen's amateur theatre performances. She became

469:

as lady-in-waiting. The ceremony was described: "Mme Élisabeth accompanied by the Princesse de Guéménée, the under governesses, and the ladies in attendance, went to the King's apartments, and there Mme de Guéménée formally handed over her charge to His Majesty, who sent for Mme la Comtesse Diane de

405:

While Clotilde was described as a docile pupil "who made herself loved by all who approached her", Élisabeth long refused to study, saying that "there were always people at hand whose duty it was to think for princes", and treated her staff with impatience. Madame de Marsan, who was unable to handle

1141:

Reportedly, her execution caused some emotion among the bystanders, who did not cry "Vive la Republique" on this occasion, which was otherwise common. The respect which Élisabeth had enjoyed among the public caused concern with Robespierre, who had never wished to have her executed and who "dreaded

989:

insisted on her execution. Although Robespierre himself wished to avoid such a "useless cruelty", the political climate was such that he "hid his thought of reprieve under words of insult. He dared not claim that innocent woman from the ferocious impatience of Hébert without insulting the victim he

914:

three days later. Before leaving the Feuillants, Élisabeth said to Pauline de Tourzel: "Dear Pauline, we know your discretion and your attachment for us. I have a letter of the greatest importance which I wish to get rid of before leaving here. Help me to make it disappear." They tore an eight-page

687:

In contrast to the queen, Madame Élisabeth had a good reputation among the public, and was referred to as the "Sainte Genevieve of the Tuileries" by the market women of Las Halles. The court life at the Tuileries was described as subdued. Élisabeth attended dinner with the royal family, worked on a

589:

What will this famous Assembly do for us? Nothing, except to let the people know the critical position in which we are. The King acts in good faith in asking their advice; will they do the same in the counsels they will give him? The Queen is very pensive. Sometimes we spend hours alone without her

525:

Her relationship with Queen Marie Antoinette was complicated, as they were quite dissimilar. Marie Antoinette reportedly found Élisabeth delightful when she first entered court as an adult: "The Queen is enchanted with her. She tells everyone that there is no one more amiable, that she did not know

1286:

on 11 July 2017. Because her indictment made no reference to her religion, she was not killed in 'odium fidei' (hatred of the faith) and therefore might not be considered a martyr. If she is not considered a martyr, Snoëk points out that a miracle that occurred after Élisabeth's death and obtained

569:

as a private retreat, and the Queen presented it to her with the words: "My sister, you are now at home. This place will be your Trianon." The King did not allow her to spend her nights at Montreuil until she was twenty-four, but she normally spent her entire days there from morning Mass until she

1303:

faction. There is much evidence to suggest that she actively supported the intrigues of the Comte d'Artois to bring foreign armies into France to crush the Revolution. In monarchist circles, her exemplary private life elicited much admiration. Élisabeth was much praised for her charitable nature,

410:

as her tutor, who reportedly had "the firmness which bends resistance, and the affectionate kindness which inspires attachment", and under whose tuition Èlisabeth made progress in her education, as well as developing a softer personality, with her strong will directed toward religious principles.

1071:

Dumas replied to her defender's "audacity to speak of what he called the pretended virtues of the Accused and to have thus corrupted public morality", and then held his speech to the Jury: "Plots and conspiracies have existed formed by Capet, his wife, his family, his agents, his accomplices, in

1097:

After her trial, Élisabeth joined the prisoners condemned with her in the Hall of the Condemned, awaiting their execution. She asked for Marie Antoinette, upon which one of the female prisoners said to her, "Madame, your sister has suffered the same fate that we ourselves are about to undergo."

1088:

When she left court, Fouquier-Tinville remarked to the President: "One must allow that she has not uttered a complaint", upon which Dumas replied: "Of what should Elizabeth of France complain? Have we not today given her a court of aristocrats worthy of her? There will be nothing to prevent her

1166:

searched for her remains, only to discover that the bodies interred there had decomposed to a state where they could no longer be identified. Élisabeth's remains, with that of other victims of the guillotine (including Robespierre, also buried at the Errancis Cemetery) were later placed in the

1059:

against the brave Marseillais by your brother?" upon which she replied: "I am not aware that my brother sent assassins against any persons, whoever they may be. I gave succour to several of the wounded. Humanity alone prompted me to dress their wounds. In order to comfort them I had no need to

484:), brother of the Crown Prince of Savoy and brother-in-law of her sister Clotilde. The court of France, however, did not consider it proper for a French princess to be married to a prince of lower status than that of a monarch or an heir to a throne, and the marriage was refused on her behalf. 753:

not yet completed, although he represented to you that it would be better not to sanction an unfinished piece of work, and you have obliged him to present it in this form to the People before a Federation of which the object was to attach the Departments to you in isolating the King from the

1008:

She was accused of having participated in the secret councils of Marie Antoinette; of having entertained correspondence with internal and external enemies, among them her exiled brothers, and conspired with them against the safety and liberty of the French people; of supplying

745:, and the two first joined them inside the carriage. During the journey, Élisabeth spoke to Barnave for several hours in an attempt to justify the attempted escape of the King and describe his views of the revolution, which was in part described in the memoirs of Tourzel: 507:, at the Carmelite convent of St. Denis. The king, who was somewhat worried that she would become a nun, once said "I ask nothing better than that you should go to see your aunt, on condition that you do not follow her example: Élisabeth, I need you." A staunch believer in 957:

on 2 August 1793. When her sister-in-law was removed, both Élisabeth and her niece unsuccessfully requested to follow her; initially, however, they kept in contact with Marie Antoinette through the servant Hüe, who was acquainted with Mme Richard in the Conciergerie.

634:. She advised the king to carry out "a vigorous and speedy repression of the riot" rather than to negotiate, and that the royal family should relocate to some town further from Paris, so as to be free from any influence of factions. Her advice was countered by 491:, who had a good impression of her from his visit to France the previous year, and commented that he was attracted by the "vivacity of her intellect and her amiable character." However, the anti-Austrian party at court viewed an alliance between France and 767:

Pétion for his part famously described Élisabeth as attracted by him during the journey: Élisabeth herself later alluded to this in a letter by commenting that she remembered "certain strange remarks of his during the journey from Varennes." At the inn at

638:, and she retired to the Queen's apartments. She was not disturbed when the mob stormed the palace to assassinate the queen, but awoke and called to the King, who was worried about her. When the mob demanded that the King return with them to Paris, and 860:

spends her days in prayer and in devouring the best books on our situation. She is full of noble and generous sentiments: her timidity changes to firmness when it is a question of speaking to the King and of informing him as to the state of things."

1001:. Élisabeth embraced Marie-Therese and assured her that she would return. When Commissary Eudes stated that she would not return, she told Marie-Therese to show courage and trust in God. Two hours later she was brought before the 1119:, the white kerchief which covered her head was blown off, and thus being the only person with a bare head, she attracted special attention from the spectators, and witnesses attested that she was calm during the whole process. 1084:

of the chambers, she is referred to as the sister of the tyrant Capet. Pasquin, at the age of 36 years, was also sentenced to death for his own alleged part in the conspiracy of 10 August 1792, and executed on 6 February.

1299:Élisabeth, who had turned thirty a week before her death, was executed essentially because she was a sister of the king; however, the general consensus of the French revolutionaries was that she was a supporter of the 692:

every day, and continued to manage her property in Montreuil by letter. She also maintained a significant correspondence with friends both inside and outside France, particularly her exiled brothers and her friend

496:

king's son must reign over his father's kingdom. I should no longer be a Frenchwoman. I do not wish to cease to be one. It is far better to stay here at the foot of my brother's throne than to ascend another."

1075:

The Jury declared Elisabeth and all of her 24 co-accused guilty as charged, after which the Tribunal, "according to the fourth Article of the second part of the Penal Code", condemned them to death and to be

2299:

Liste générale et très-exacte des noms, âges, qualités et demeures de tous les Conspirateurs qui ont été condamnés à mort par le Tribunal Révolutionnaire établi à Paris par la loi du 17 août 1792... 10 mars

722:, where they were forced to return to Paris. During the journey, Mme de Tourzel passed as a Baroness de Korff, the king as her valet-de-chambre, the queen as her maid, and Élisabeth as the children's nurse. 461:, Madame Élisabeth formally left the children's chamber and became an adult when she, upon the wish of the King her brother, was turned over to the King by her governess and given her own household, with 5322: 673:

stated that the royal family was woken by large crowds outside, and that every member of the family, "even the Princesses", was obliged to show themselves to the public wearing the national cockade.

4792: 646:

Sire, it is not to Paris you should go. You still have devoted battalions, faithful guards, who will protect your retreat, but I implore you, my brother, do not go to Paris.

418:. Marie Antoinette found Élisabeth delightful, and reportedly demonstrated too openly that she preferred her to her sister Clotilde, which caused some offence at court. 2362: 4897: 441:. The farewell between the sisters was described as intense, with Élisabeth hardly able to tear herself from Clotilde’s arms. Queen Marie Antoinette commented: 4785: 1103: 615:, were the staunchest conservatives in the royal family. Unlike Artois, who, on the order of the king, left France on 17 July 1789, three days after the 1089:

fancying herself still in the salons of Versailles when she sees herself, surrounded by this faithful nobility, at the foot of the holy guillotine."

4778: 2399: 5223: 5048: 3627: 2546: 1304:

familial devotion and devout Catholic faith. There can be no question that she saw the Revolution as the incarnation of evil on earth and viewed

3657: 2489:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

1656: 1080:

the following day. One of her co-accused was reprieved from execution because of pregnancy. In the notes of the trial of Nicolas Pasquin, her

2424: 4950: 4715: 1682: 880:

royal family, including Elisabeth, then left the palace to seek refuge in the National Assembly. M. de la Rochefoucauld described them:

526:

her well before, but that now she has made her her friend and that it will be for life." Élisabeth, however, was close to her aunts, the

5247: 2522: 742: 5059: 1440: 888:

When Élisabeth saw the crowd she reportedly said: "All those people are misled. I desire their conversion, but not their punishment."

2679: 2632: 470:

Polignac, maid of honour to the Princess and Mme la Marquise de Sereat, her lady-in-waiting, into whose care he gave Mme Élisabeth."

2380: 5186: 4993: 312: 237: 5332: 5307: 875:, when insurgents attacked the Tuileries, the king and queen were advised by Roederer to leave the palace and seek refuge in the 639: 316: 1005:

in the Conciergerie and subjected to her first interrogation before judge Gabriel Delidge in the presence of Fouquier-Tinville.

5013: 4907: 4871: 944: 658: 864:

the princesse de Lamballe, went about the palace to encourage the defenders, and then followed the King when he inspected the

757:"Ah, Madame, do not complain of the Federation. We should have been lost, had you known how to profit by it," replied Barnave. 684:

to the second floor in the Pavillon de Flore after some fish market women had climbed into her apartment through the windows.

466: 5092: 5043: 4969: 4912: 4619: 2471: 1259: 379: 2178: 868:

in the interior of the palace – they did however not accompany him when he visited the guards posted outside of the palace.

434:

On 10 May 1774, her grandfather, King Louis XV, died, and her elder brother Louis-Auguste ascended the throne as Louis XVI.

5342: 2827: 550: 186: 31: 4998: 5292: 5077: 4840: 395: 17: 5102: 1044: 738: 5008: 3532: 2650: 2494:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

803: 581:Élisabeth was interested in politics and was a staunch supporter of absolute monarchy. She attended the opening of the 1200: 553:

in 1786, and the same year she participated in the centenary of St. Cyr, a school in which she took a great interest.

5003: 2267: 2218: 1871: 998: 4902: 5033: 4491: 3662: 1251: 1147:

dear Maret, that, far from being the cause of the death of Mme Élisabeth, I wished to save her. It was that wretch

1043:

After the interrogation, she was escorted to a single cell. She refused a public defender but seemed to have named

819: 504: 2145: 725:

She took no leading part in the famous flight but did play a role on their way back to Paris. Soon after leaving

5337: 5327: 5317: 923: 542: 438: 241: 196: 776: 694: 5297: 4722: 3254: 2252: 1776: 1148: 1036: 627: 5082: 700:

In February 1791, she chose not to emigrate with her aunts Adélaïde and Victoire. She commented in a letter:

5023: 4584: 3772: 2727: 2625: 1159: 1022: 876: 872: 837: 808: 730: 705:

nor my religion, nor my affection for those who alone merit it, and with whom I would give the world to live.

488: 481: 5218: 5131: 1311:

Several biographies have been published of her in French, while extensive treatment of her life is given in

336:

At the sudden death of her father in 1765, Élisabeth's oldest surviving brother, Louis-Auguste (later to be

61: 3339: 1718: 1414: 604: 546: 519: 514: 477:. She made no objections to the match but was reportedly relieved when the negotiations were discontinued. 399: 67: 5199: 5072: 5018: 4959: 4926: 407: 214: 5312: 5261: 5107: 5097: 2697: 750: 662: 689: 414:

In 1770, her eldest brother, the Dauphin, married Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, better known as

4486: 3707: 2554: 2160:

Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras

1476: 1210: 4964: 4917: 763:"By no means, Madame, your example and your presence are too useful to your country," replied Barnave. 536:

to do it for her. Regardless of these differences, she did occasionally visit Marie Antoinette in the

5302: 4850: 3742: 3552: 3512: 575: 4861: 4348: 3607: 3274: 3056: 2940: 2920: 2860: 2618: 2516: 1844: 1744: 1052: 981: 927:

The farewell between the former Louis XVI and his family, including Élisabeth, before his execution

688:

tapestry with the queen after dinner, participated in the evening family supper with the count and

616: 365: 5175: 88: 5146: 4481: 3820: 3790: 3181: 2955: 2745: 2641: 1355: 1278: 1172: 825:Élisabeth, as well as Marie Antoinette, were also visited by the delegation of slave owners from 784: 533: 5161: 5141: 5087: 4747: 3612: 3557: 3259: 2900: 2865: 2842: 2750: 2659: 1624: 1288: 1002: 932: 474: 295: 1908: 1534: 993:

On 9 May 1794, Élisabeth, referred to only as "sister of Louis Capet", was transferred to the

666: 5038: 5028: 4690: 4654: 4476: 4416: 3805: 3687: 3597: 3454: 3424: 3359: 3299: 3269: 2905: 2850: 2692: 2487: 1598: 681: 391: 120: 2549:, (1823 English translation of a slightly redacted French edition; see in particular Part 3) 2251:

on the day of Mme Élisabeth's execution: — He had tried to save her, he said to Barère, but

1013:

with funds financing their war against France by selling her diamonds through agents in the

5287: 5282: 4980: 4594: 4539: 4534: 3537: 3459: 3439: 3374: 3344: 3166: 3121: 3096: 3051: 3013: 2978: 2915: 2875: 2775: 1300: 830: 631: 582: 308: 265: 112: 92: 4569: 4549: 3815: 3464: 2663: 1502: 1244: 815: 650:Élisabeth accompanied the royal family to Paris, where she chose to live with them in the 599: 473:

Several attempts were made to arrange a marriage for her. The first suggested partner was

324: 253: 8: 5136: 4845: 4644: 4524: 4366: 3632: 3517: 3497: 3434: 3394: 3364: 3314: 3294: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3191: 3061: 2935: 2832: 2823: 2770: 1971: 1056: 900: 719: 612: 562: 361: 4624: 3542: 458: 5256: 5204: 5151: 4825: 4685: 4680: 4629: 4554: 3909: 3757: 3647: 3602: 3592: 3522: 3507: 3404: 3389: 3384: 3319: 3284: 3279: 3176: 3126: 3101: 3066: 3031: 2910: 2800: 2790: 2735: 2702: 2592: 1168: 1018: 907: 715: 528: 387: 142: 3171: 2248: 1273:

Snoëk has suggested an alternate path for the beatification of Élisabeth based on the

1143: 1130:(a sort of shawl) fell off, exposing her shoulders, and she cried to the executioner " 426: 4866: 4815: 4811: 4710: 4695: 4664: 4659: 4604: 4579: 4544: 4371: 4133: 3963: 3933: 3782: 3767: 3727: 3652: 3617: 3444: 3354: 3289: 3151: 3146: 3131: 3106: 3081: 3046: 3003: 2895: 2880: 2707: 2467: 2263: 2214: 2183: 1850: 1155: 1031: 677: 670: 620: 508: 492: 462: 341: 257: 206: 131: 96: 3825: 3577: 2540: 986: 891: 619:, Élisabeth refused to emigrate when the gravity of the events set in motion by the 5166: 5156: 4801: 4514: 4426: 4308: 4298: 4183: 4178: 4098: 4093: 4033: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3978: 3953: 3928: 3883: 3672: 3667: 3642: 3622: 3502: 3487: 3479: 3429: 3419: 3379: 3211: 3196: 3161: 3136: 3071: 2795: 2780: 2765: 2760: 2580: 2338:"Serva di Dio Elisabetta di Borbone (Madame Elisabeth de France) su santiebeati.it" 940: 896: 841: 651: 415: 176: 3186: 2425:"Que faut-il encore pour qu'Elisabeth de France soit déclarée bienheureuse ?" 1944: 4705: 4564: 4451: 4436: 4333: 4293: 4278: 4258: 4203: 4128: 4118: 4088: 4078: 4013: 3983: 3943: 3938: 3762: 3682: 3637: 3582: 3469: 3414: 3304: 3156: 3041: 2968: 2890: 2855: 2755: 1316: 1236:

and the cause for beatification was officially introduced on 23 December 1953 by

734: 276: 261: 3677: 2610: 642:

advised him to consent, Élisabeth unsuccessfully advised the King differently:

4892: 4856: 4835: 4727: 4700: 4506: 4421: 4361: 4303: 4288: 4273: 4253: 4248: 4208: 4198: 4108: 4083: 4068: 4053: 4048: 4028: 4023: 4018: 3958: 3840: 3810: 3795: 3752: 3722: 3697: 3567: 3527: 3492: 3369: 3349: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3244: 3141: 3086: 3021: 2973: 2885: 2712: 1312: 1237: 1233: 1187: 1014: 911: 826: 635: 328: 300: 280: 233: 52: 48: 4529: 487:

Finally, a marriage was suggested between her and her sister-in-law's brother

5276: 4759: 4649: 4634: 4614: 4559: 4519: 4323: 4318: 4268: 4263: 4193: 4173: 4138: 4103: 4073: 4043: 4038: 3968: 3863: 3835: 3800: 3732: 3712: 2993: 2988: 2870: 2667: 2604: 2568: 2511: 2496:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 11. 1225: 1224:

of Élisabeth was introduced in 1924 but has not yet been completed. In 1953,

1221: 537: 402:, where select young ladies were presented to be introduced to the princess. 371: 345: 284: 2337: 2286:, Volume 2, Henri-Plon Éditeur-Imprimeur, Paris, 1870, pp. 199–205, 219–250. 1228:

recognized by decree the heroic nature of her virtues simply because of her

1063:

Her defender Chauveau-Lagarde later recollected his speech in her defence:

4639: 4338: 4328: 4313: 4243: 4218: 4153: 4113: 4063: 3973: 3888: 3692: 3572: 3547: 3116: 2925: 2717: 2655: 1920: 1283: 1275: 1263: 1255: 953: 865: 349: 2515: 997:

by a delegation of commissaries headed by Monet acting upon the orders of

348:

to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe died in March 1767 from

4599: 4446: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4213: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4123: 4058: 3948: 3747: 3737: 3717: 3587: 3562: 3091: 2998: 2785: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1163: 1010: 974: 357: 437:

In August 1775, her sister Clotilde left France for her marriage to the

4882: 4770: 4609: 4283: 4168: 4143: 3993: 3830: 3111: 1972:

The Life and Letters of Madame Elisabeth de France, Sister of Louis XVI

1213:, with Princess Elizabeth wearing the crown of martyrs, circa 1795-1800 1123: 1077: 936: 851:Élisabeth herself described the Demonstration in a letter as follows: 792: 680:. Initially, on the first floor beside the queen, she swapped with the 566: 1954: 5234: 4937: 4589: 4496: 4188: 3850: 3702: 2945: 2810: 2687: 2400:"French bishops approve opening of Cause for King Louis XVI's sister" 1894:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon

1305: 1267: 1229: 1116: 1111: 951:, in their apartment in the Tower. The former queen was taken to the 845: 356:

at just two years old, along with her older siblings: Louis-Auguste,

337: 245: 1142:

the effect" of her death. On the evening of the execution, he asked

5118: 4742: 4574: 4411: 4391: 3449: 3399: 3201: 2930: 2740: 2587: 2363:"Bientôt béatifiée ? : Madame Élisabeth, belle âme libre" 2172: 2170: 2168: 1381: 829:, who had come to petition the King for his protection against the 320: 249: 5049:

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon-Conti, mademoiselle de la Roche-sur-Yon

1921:"Bienvenue sur le site de la paroisse Sainte-Élisabeth-de-Hongrie" 990:

desired to save. He called her the 'despicable sister of Capet'."

939:', from the rest of the family on 3 July, Élisabeth was left with 915:

letter, but taking too long, Pauline swallowed the pages for her.

574:", which became very popular and was set to music by the composer 256:. Élisabeth remained beside her brother and his family during the 5323:

French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution

4466: 4441: 4386: 3903: 3868: 3309: 3264: 3026: 2963: 2818: 769: 729:

on their return, the party was joined by three emissaries of the

726: 541:

devoted to the children of the King and Queen, in particular the

171: 2165: 935:

on 21 January 1793 and the separation of her nephew, the young '

248:. Élisabeth's father, the Dauphin, was the son and heir of King 4471: 4406: 4396: 4381: 4356: 3409: 3036: 2282:

Trial and execution (French): de Beauchesne, Alcide-Hyacinthe,

1021:; of encouraging the resistance of the royal troops during the 353: 272: 135: 2325:

Promenades dans toutes les rues de Paris, VIIIe arrondissement

1856:

You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.

480:

Next, she was offered a proposal by the Duke of Aosta (future

307:Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène was born on 3 May 1764 in the 5098:

Henriette Louise de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Vermandois

4461: 4456: 4431: 4401: 4376: 3893: 3878: 3873: 2983: 2671: 2547:

Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple

2541:

Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple

2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1127: 1081: 116: 5103:Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Sens 4810:

Only includes Princesses of the House of Bourbon before the

1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1907:

Encyclopédie méthodique: Jurisprudence, Paris, 1786, p. 159

814:

On 20 February 1792, Élisabeth accompanied the queen to the

3920: 3898: 3858: 3076: 2526:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1178: 2543:(from the autograph manuscript; see in particular Part 3) 1978: 1025:

to arrange a massacre on the people storming the palace.

5034:

Anne Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Maine

697:, which is preserved and describes her political views. 5088:

Louise Anne de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Charolais

4927:

Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Longueville

1250:

On 15 November 2017, Vingt-Trois, after consulting the

2235:

Marie-Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter

5108:

Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti, Duchess of Orléans

5093:

Marie Anne de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Clermont

5078:

Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé

5029:

Anne Marie Victoire de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé

2552: 2310: 2308: 5083:

Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Conti

2443: 4867:

Louise de Bourbon-Soissons, Duchesse of Longueville

4994:Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Duchess of Berry 4970:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, Duchess of Lorraine 2305: 2257: 1896:, Vol. 2, (Rue de l'École de Médecine, 1824), 168. 714:In June 1791, she accompanied the royal family on 585:at Versailles on 22 February 1787 and commented: 5224:Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé 5024:Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Conti 2640: 2228: 2226: 1262:in Rome, hopes that the process will lead to the 1104:Athanase Louis Marie de Loménie, comte de Brienne 791:After their return, the King, the Queen, and the 5274: 457:On 17 May 1778, after the visit of the court to 228:(3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794), also known as 30:For other people named Elisabeth of France, see 27:French princess, sister of Louis XVI (1764–1794) 5044:Marie Anne de Bourbon-Conti, Duchess of Bourbon 5039:Marie Anne de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Vendôme 1951:, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43 630:from Montreuil and immediately returned to the 2223: 1657:Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1138:(In the name of your mother, sir, cover me)". 676:In the Tuileries, Élisabeth was housed in the 4862:Éléonore de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Orange 4786: 2626: 2284:La vie de Madame Élisabeth, sœur de Louis XVI 2262:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 218. 1308:as the only means to drive it from the land. 1154:Her body was buried in a common grave at the 1017:; of having known and assisted in the King's 5004:Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Duchess of Modena 1134:Au nom de votre mère, monsieur, couvrez-moi. 1132: 327:. As the daughter of the Dauphin, she was a 4903:Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 2381:"Madame Élisabeth bientôt canonisée ?" 2194: 973:Élisabeth was not regarded as dangerous by 518:Madame Élisabeth, painted in the manner of 5009:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Queen of Spain 4793: 4779: 2633: 2619: 1319:'s investigative biography of Louis XVII. 1199: 910:. The whole family was transferred to the 60: 4898:Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier 1872:Learn how and when to remove this message 603:Élisabeth de France in 1787 (portrait by 376:Élisabeth Philippe Marie Helene de France 226:Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène of France 4800: 2510: 2449: 1969:Princess of France Elisabeth, Elisabeth 1030: 922: 890: 802: 787:wished to massacre on our arrival here." 743:Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg 598: 513: 425: 370: 294: 4965:Anne Marie d'Orléans, Queen of Sardinia 2397: 1179:Cause of beatification and canonization 14: 5275: 5176:Bathilde d'Orléans, Duchess of Bourbon 4960:Marie Louise d'Orléans, Queen of Spain 4908:Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Guise 4872:Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons 2461: 2398:Barrett, David V. (10 November 2017). 2179:The Princesse de Lamballe; a biography 1698: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1456: 1345: 1341: 775:Élisabeth commented on the journey to 319:. Her paternal grandparents were King 4913:Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy 4774: 2614: 2232: 2146:Madame Elizabeth de France, 1764–1794 1774: 1764: 1760: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1716: 1706: 1702: 1686: 1680: 1670: 1654: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1622: 1612: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1558: 1548: 1532: 1522: 1518: 1506: 1500: 1490: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1444: 1438: 1428: 1412: 1402: 1398: 1386: 1379: 1369: 1353: 1349: 1315:'s biography of Marie Antoinette and 1260:Congregation for the Causes of Saints 709: 626:On 5 October 1789, Élisabeth saw the 4918:Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Chartres 1975:, Versailles HistoricalSociety, 1899 1829: 1171:. A medallion represents her at the 895:Portrait of Madame Élisabeth in the 549:. Élisabeth became the godmother of 32:Elisabeth of France (disambiguation) 5248:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 2199:(in Swedish). pp. 79–80. ISBN. 2176:Hardy, B. C. (Blanche Christabel), 396:Governess to the Children of France 24: 5147:Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois 5132:Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma 3533:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 2651:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints 2531: 2213:, Perrin, Paris, 1988, pp. 79–80, 358:Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence 299:Élisabeth as a child (portrait by 260:, and she was executed during the 25: 5354: 5205:Marie Clotilde, Queen of Sardinia 4851:Henriette Marie, Queen of England 1266:of Princess Elisabeth, sister of 999:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 798: 362:Charles Philippe, Count of Artois 4753: 4741: 4620:María de las Maravillas de Jesús 4477:Seven Maccabees and their mother 3663:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 1834: 1331:Ancestors of Élisabeth of France 1045:Claude François Chauveau-Lagarde 820:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 613:Charles-Philippe, Comte d'Artois 386:Élisabeth and her elder sister, 380:Pierre François Léonard Fontaine 311:. She was the youngest child of 236:. She was the youngest child of 213: 2480: 2455: 2417: 2391: 2373: 2355: 2330: 2327:, Hachette, Paris, 1910, p. 46. 2317: 2289: 2276: 2241: 2203: 1252:Conference of Bishops of France 716:its unsuccessful escape attempt 669:. The day after their arrival, 551:Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France 244:, and she was a sister of King 242:Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony 197:Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony 162:Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène 5333:Princesses of France (Bourbon) 5308:French counter-revolutionaries 5200:Marie Zéphyrine, Madame Royale 5014:Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans 2188: 2152: 1938: 1913: 1899: 1886: 1777:Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick 1232:. The princess was declared a 1115:until her time came. Near the 467:Bonne Marie Félicité de Sérent 13: 1: 5257:Sophie, Mademoiselle d'Artois 4585:Faustina and Liberata of Como 3773:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia 3718:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross 2642:Saints of the Catholic Church 2464:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 1825: 1294: 1158:in Paris. At the time of the 838:Demonstration of 20 June 1792 809:Demonstration of 20 June 1792 594: 489:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 482:Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 452: 290: 4951:Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 2211:Charles X, La fin d'un monde 2143:Maxwell-Scott, Mary Monica, 1925:sainteelisabethdehongrie.com 1719:Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 1322: 1092: 933:execution of the former king 777:Marie-Angélique de Bombelles 695:Marie-Angélique de Bombelles 556: 503:She often visited her aunt, 421: 252:and his popular wife, Queen 7: 5343:Roman Catholic royal saints 4846:Christine, Duchess of Savoy 2517:"Elizabeth of France" 2258:Thompson, James M. (1988). 2253:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 1207:The Apotheosis of Louis XVI 1151:who snatched her from me." 1051:Her trial was conducted by 739:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 654:rather than with her aunts 628:Women's March on Versailles 561:In 1781, the King gave her 279:, Élisabeth was declared a 10: 5359: 5293:18th-century French people 5157:Sophie, Duchess of Louvois 4748:Catholic Church portal 3708:Saints of the Cristero War 2504: 2255:had insisted on her death. 1892:Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, 1692: 1576: 1450: 1343: 1245:Cardinal André Vingt-Trois 611:Élisabeth and her brother 430:Madame Élisabeth with harp 29: 5232: 5184: 5116: 5057: 4999:Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans 4978: 4935: 4880: 4841:Élisabeth, Queen of Spain 4823: 4808: 4736: 4673: 4505: 4347: 3919: 3849: 3781: 3743:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 3513:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala 3478: 3243: 3210: 3012: 2954: 2841: 2809: 2726: 2688:Mother of God (Theotokos) 2678: 2648: 2149:, London: E. Arnold, 1908 1905:Diderot & d'Alembert 1762: 1754: 1726: 1704: 1700: 1664: 1642: 1634: 1606: 1584: 1580: 1542: 1520: 1512: 1484: 1462: 1458: 1422: 1400: 1392: 1363: 1347: 1198: 1185: 1037:François-Séraphin Delpech 918: 576:Jeanne Renee de Bombelles 408:Marie Angélique de Mackau 352:. This left Élisabeth an 212: 202: 192: 182: 170: 161: 156: 152: 126: 102: 75: 59: 46: 41: 5142:Louise, Madame Troisième 4956:Granddaughters of France 4893:Granddaughters of France 4814:, excepted the issue of 3889:Joseph (father of Jesus) 3275:Athanasius of Alexandria 3057:Athanasius of Alexandria 2941:Theophanes the Confessor 2921:Paul I of Constantinople 2916:Paphnutius the Confessor 2861:Athanasius the Confessor 2462:Fraser, Antonia (2001). 1745:Maria Josepha of Austria 1441:Louis, Dauphin of France 1023:events of 10 August 1792 982:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 968: 617:storming of the Bastille 439:Crown Prince of Sardinia 366:Marie Clotilde of France 313:Louis, Dauphin of France 238:Louis, Dauphin of France 187:Louis, Dauphin of France 5253:Granddaughter of France 5215:Princesses of the Blood 5069:Princesses of the Blood 5060:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 4990:Princesses of the Blood 4857:Princesses of the Blood 3821:Gregory the Illuminator 3791:Augustine of Canterbury 3340:Dionysius of Alexandria 3255:Alexander of Alexandria 2523:Encyclopædia Britannica 2466:. Anchor. p. 309. 2431:(in French). 6 May 2021 2302:, Marchand 1793, p. 11. 1843:This article cites its 1683:Maria Josepha of Saxony 1477:Stanisław I Leszczyński 1415:Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 1356:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 1279:Maiorem hac dilectionem 1238:Cardinal Maurice Feltin 1205:Detail of the painting 1173:Basilica of Saint Denis 945:Marie-Thérèse Charlotte 718:, which was stopped at 605:Adélaïde Labille-Guiard 547:Marie Thérèse of France 520:Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun 317:Marie-Josèphe of Saxony 68:Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun 5338:French Servants of God 5328:People from Versailles 5318:French Roman Catholics 5073:Louise Marie d'Orléans 5019:Louise Diane d'Orléans 3260:Alexander of Jerusalem 2866:Chariton the Confessor 2828:in the Catholic Church 2233:Nagel, Sophie (2009). 1625:Augustus III of Poland 1133: 1040: 1003:Revolutionary Tribunal 928: 903: 811: 608: 522: 475:Jose, Prince of Brazil 465:as maid of honour and 431: 383: 304: 266:Place de la Révolution 132:Cimetière des Errancis 113:Place de la Révolution 5298:Executed French women 5172:Princess of the Blood 4923:Princess of the Blood 4691:Fourteen Holy Helpers 4655:Trasilla and Emiliana 3806:Evermode of Ratzeburg 3688:Perpetua and Felicity 3658:Martyrs of Sandomierz 3528:Dismas the Good Thief 3455:Theophilus of Antioch 3425:Maximus the Confessor 3360:Epiphanius of Salamis 3300:Clement of Alexandria 3014:Doctors of the Church 2906:Maximus the Confessor 2693:Immaculate Conception 2323:de Rochegude, Félix, 1599:Augustus II of Poland 1034: 926: 894: 807:Élisabeth during the 806: 682:Princesse de Lamballe 602: 517: 429: 374: 298: 121:French First Republic 89:Château de Versailles 4981:Louis, Grand Dauphin 4802:Princesses of France 4595:Hiltrude of Liessies 4540:Catherine of Bologna 4535:Bernadette Soubirous 3728:17 Thomasian Martyrs 3538:Four Crowned Martyrs 3460:Victorinus of Pettau 3440:Papias of Hierapolis 3410:Jerome of Stridonium 3375:Gregory of Nazianzus 3345:Dionysius of Corinth 3167:Lawrence of Brindisi 3122:Bernard of Clairvaux 3097:Anselm of Canterbury 3052:Gregory of Nazianzus 2979:Priscilla and Aquila 2876:Edward the Confessor 2195:Joan Haslip (1991). 1301:ultra-right royalist 1035:Madame Élisabeth by 877:Legislative Assembly 690:countess of Provence 632:Palace of Versailles 583:Assembly of Notables 309:Palace of Versailles 5244:Daughters of France 5219:Adélaïde of Orléans 5196:Daughters of France 5128:Daughters of France 4947:Daughters of France 4836:Daughters of France 4645:Teresa of the Andes 4525:Angela of the Cross 4487:Zechariah (prophet) 3633:Martyrs of La Rioja 3628:21 Martyrs of Libya 3518:Christina of Persia 3498:Charles de Foucauld 3435:Quadratus of Athens 3395:Ignatius of Antioch 3365:Fulgentius of Ruspe 3315:Cyril of Alexandria 3310:Cyprian of Carthage 3295:Cappadocian Fathers 3192:Hildegard of Bingen 3062:Cyril of Alexandria 2936:Sergius of Radonezh 2698:Perpetual virginity 2314:Beauchesne, p. 249. 1561:Élisabeth of France 1535:Katarzyna Opalińska 1291:remains necessary. 1193:Élisabeth of France 1122:At the foot of the 1053:René-François Dumas 901:Alexander Kucharsky 667:Château de Bellevue 49:Princesse de France 42:Élisabeth of France 18:Elisabeth of France 5313:French monarchists 4686:Four Holy Marshals 4681:Calendar of saints 4650:Teresa of Calcutta 4630:Patricia of Naples 4555:Catherine of Siena 3836:Patrick of Ireland 3758:Vietnamese Martyrs 3648:Martyrs of Otranto 3603:Martyrs of Cajonos 3598:Martyrs of Algeria 3593:Martyrs of Albania 3553:The Holy Innocents 3523:Devasahayam Pillai 3508:Carthusian Martyrs 3450:Polycarp of Smyrna 3405:Isidore of Seville 3390:Hippolytus of Rome 3385:Hilary of Poitiers 3320:Cyril of Jerusalem 3285:Caesarius of Arles 3280:Augustine of Hippo 3182:Thérèse of Lisieux 3177:Catherine of Siena 3127:Hilary of Poitiers 3102:Isidore of Seville 3077:Bede the Venerable 3067:Cyril of Jerusalem 3032:Augustine of Hippo 2946:Pio of Pietrelcina 2911:Michael of Synnada 2385:Famille Chretienne 2367:Famille Chretienne 1169:Catacombs of Paris 1041: 1019:Flight to Varennes 929: 908:Pauline de Tourzel 904: 812: 710:Flight to Varennes 609: 529:Mesdames de France 523: 432: 388:Clotilde of France 384: 305: 143:Catacombs of Paris 5270: 5269: 4816:Philip V of Spain 4812:French Revolution 4768: 4767: 4760:Saints portal 4711:Miles Christianus 4696:Martyr of charity 4665:Josephine Bakhita 4660:Ubaldesca Taccini 4605:Kateri Tekakwitha 4580:Faustina Kowalska 4570:Eulalia of Mérida 4550:Catherine Labouré 4545:Brigid of Kildare 4372:Baruch ben Neriah 3816:François de Laval 3801:Damien of Molokai 3768:Victor and Corona 3763:Valentine of Rome 3653:Martyrs of Prague 3618:Martyrs of Gorkum 3578:Martyrs of Lübeck 3465:Vincent of Lérins 3445:Peter Chrysologus 3400:Irenaeus of Lyons 3370:Gregory the Great 3355:Ephrem the Syrian 3152:Robert Bellarmine 3147:John of the Cross 3132:Alphonsus Liguori 3107:Peter Chrysologus 3082:Ephrem the Syrian 3047:Basil of Caesarea 3022:Gregory the Great 3004:Seventy disciples 2896:Lazarus Zographos 2881:Francis of Assisi 2751:James of Alphaeus 2708:Marian apparition 2473:978-0-385-48949-2 2209:Castelot, André, 2184:Project Gutenberg 2158:Woodacre, Elena: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1849:does not provide 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1503:Marie Leszczyńska 1218: 1217: 1156:Errancis Cemetery 816:Comédie-Italienne 678:Pavillon de Flore 671:Madame de Tourzel 621:French Revolution 509:absolute monarchy 463:Diane de Polignac 390:, were raised by 340:) became the new 325:Marie Leszczyńska 258:French Revolution 254:Marie Leszczyńska 223: 222: 207:Roman Catholicism 166: 165: 147: 140: 97:Kingdom of France 16:(Redirected from 5350: 5303:Executed royalty 5233:8th generation ( 5210:Madame Élisabeth 5185:7th generation ( 5137:Madame Henriette 5117:6th generation ( 5058:5th generation ( 4979:4th generation ( 4936:3rd generation ( 4881:2nd generation ( 4824:1st generation ( 4795: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4625:Narcisa de Jesús 4610:Lucy of Syracuse 4515:Agatha of Sicily 4427:John the Baptist 3673:Maximilian Kolbe 3668:Martyrs of Zenta 3643:Martyrs of Natal 3623:Martyrs of Japan 3613:Martyrs of China 3608:Martyrs of Drina 3543:Gerard of Csanád 3503:Canadian Martyrs 3488:Abda and Abdisho 3430:Melito of Sardis 3420:John of Damascus 3380:Gregory of Nyssa 3265:Ambrose of Milan 3197:Gregory of Narek 3162:Anthony of Padua 3137:Francis de Sales 3072:John of Damascus 2718:Joseph (husband) 2670: → 2666: → 2662: → 2635: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2539: 2527: 2519: 2498: 2497: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2369:. 27 April 2018. 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2221: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2197:Marie Antoinette 2192: 2186: 2174: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2141: 1976: 1967: 1952: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1917: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1211:William Hamilton 1203: 1183: 1182: 1149:Collot d'Herbois 1136: 941:Marie Antoinette 842:Tuileries Palace 652:Tuileries Palace 505:Louise of France 416:Marie Antoinette 392:Madame de Marsan 230:Madame Élisabeth 217: 154: 153: 145: 138: 109: 85: 83: 64: 39: 38: 21: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5262:Louise d'Artois 5228: 5180: 5152:Madame Victoire 5112: 5053: 4974: 4931: 4876: 4819: 4804: 4799: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4740: 4732: 4723:Seven Champions 4716:Church Militant 4706:Athleta Christi 4701:Military saints 4669: 4565:Clare of Assisi 4501: 4437:Judas Barsabbas 4343: 3915: 3845: 3831:Nino of Georgia 3777: 3683:Pedro Calungsod 3638:Martyrs of Laos 3583:Luigi Versiglia 3474: 3415:John Chrysostom 3305:Clement of Rome 3246: 3239: 3206: 3172:Teresa of Ávila 3157:Albertus Magnus 3042:John Chrysostom 3008: 2969:Mary of Bethany 2950: 2856:Anthony of Kiev 2837: 2805: 2756:James the Great 2722: 2674: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2537: 2534: 2532:Primary sources 2507: 2502: 2501: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2404:Catholic Herald 2396: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2256: 2249:Bertrand Barère 2246: 2242: 2231: 2224: 2208: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2142: 1979: 1968: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851:page references 1839: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1325: 1317:Deborah Cadbury 1297: 1282:promulgated by 1214: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1144:Bertrand Barère 1095: 971: 921: 831:slave rebellion 801: 735:Antoine Barnave 712: 597: 559: 534:Madame Adélaïde 455: 424: 330:fille de France 293: 277:Catholic Church 262:Reign of Terror 234:French princess 218: 148: 141: 111: 107: 87: 81: 79: 71: 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5187:Louis, Dauphin 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5164: 5162:Madame Thérèse 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4750: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4728:Virtuous pagan 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4492:Zechariah (NT) 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3826:Junípero Serra 3823: 3818: 3813: 3811:Francis Xavier 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753:Uganda Martyrs 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3723:Titus Brandsma 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3698:Pietro Parenzo 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3568:Korean Martyrs 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3493:Boris and Gleb 3490: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335:Desert Mothers 3332: 3330:Desert Fathers 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3142:Peter Canisius 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3087:Thomas Aquinas 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2974:Mary Magdalene 2971: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2901:Louis Bertrand 2898: 2893: 2888: 2886:Francis Borgia 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2713:Titles of Mary 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2660:Servant of God 2649: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2608: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2514:, ed. (1911). 2512:Chisholm, Hugh 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2479: 2472: 2454: 2442: 2416: 2390: 2387:. 17 May 2017. 2372: 2354: 2342:Santiebeati.it 2329: 2316: 2304: 2288: 2275: 2268: 2240: 2237:. p. 144. 2222: 2202: 2187: 2164: 2151: 1977: 1953: 1937: 1912: 1898: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1842: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1313:Antonia Fraser 1296: 1293: 1234:Servant of God 1216: 1215: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1188:Servant of God 1186: 1180: 1177: 1162:, her brother 1094: 1091: 1069: 1068: 1057:Champs-Élysées 987:Jacques Hébert 970: 967: 920: 917: 886: 885: 873:10 August 1792 857: 856: 827:Saint Domingue 800: 799:Events of 1792 797: 789: 788: 785:National Guard 765: 764: 761: 758: 755: 711: 708: 707: 706: 648: 647: 636:Jacques Necker 623:became clear. 596: 593: 592: 591: 572:Pauvre Jacques 558: 555: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 423: 420: 378:(engraving by 301:Joseph Ducreux 292: 289: 281:servant of God 271:Regarded as a 221: 220: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 150: 149: 130: 128: 124: 123: 110:(aged 30) 104: 100: 99: 77: 73: 72: 65: 57: 56: 53:Servant of God 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5355: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Madame Louise 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615:Maria Goretti 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520:Agnes of Rome 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3733:Thomas Becket 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Irish Martyrs 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187:John of Ávila 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112:Leo the Great 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2450:Chisholm 1911 2446: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2301: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2271: 2269:0-631-15504-X 2265: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2219:2-262-00545-1 2216: 2212: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1945:Évelyne Lever 1941: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1865: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Pope Pius XII 1223: 1222:beatification 1220:The cause of 1212: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 988: 983: 978: 976: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 950: 949:Madame Royale 946: 942: 938: 934: 925: 916: 913: 909: 902: 898: 893: 889: 883: 882: 881: 878: 874: 869: 867: 861: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 810: 805: 796: 794: 786: 782: 781: 780: 778: 773: 771: 762: 759: 756: 752: 748: 747: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 703: 702: 701: 698: 696: 691: 685: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 653: 645: 644: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 606: 601: 588: 587: 586: 584: 579: 577: 573: 568: 565:not far from 564: 554: 552: 548: 544: 543:first dauphin 539: 538:Petit Trianon 535: 531: 530: 521: 516: 512: 510: 506: 501: 497: 494: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 468: 464: 460: 447: 444: 443: 442: 440: 435: 428: 419: 417: 412: 409: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 381: 377: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:heir apparent 343: 339: 334: 332: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 302: 297: 288: 286: 285:Pope Pius XII 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 216: 211: 208: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 175: 173: 169: 160: 155: 151: 144: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 78: 74: 69: 63: 58: 55: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5252: 5243: 5214: 5209: 5195: 5171: 5127: 5068: 4989: 4955: 4946: 4922: 4891: 4855: 4834: 4640:Rose of Lima 4134:John Paul II 3964:Anastasius I 3934:Adeodatus II 3908: 3783:Missionaries 3693:Peter Chanel 3678:Óscar Romero 3573:Lorenzo Ruiz 3548:Great Martyr 3117:Peter Damian 2926:Peter Claver 2656:canonization 2521: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2463: 2457: 2445: 2435:20 September 2433:. Retrieved 2428: 2419: 2407:. Retrieved 2403: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2345:. Retrieved 2341: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2259: 2243: 2234: 2210: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2177: 2159: 2154: 2144: 1970: 1948: 1940: 1928:. Retrieved 1924: 1915: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1868: 1859: 1848: 1560: 1310: 1298: 1289:intercession 1287:through her 1284:Pope Francis 1276:motu proprio 1274: 1272: 1264:canonization 1256:nihil obstat 1249: 1242: 1219: 1206: 1153: 1140: 1131: 1121: 1112:De profundis 1110: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1050: 1042: 1027: 1007: 995:Conciergerie 994: 992: 979: 972: 964: 960: 954:Conciergerie 952: 948: 930: 912:Temple Tower 905: 887: 870: 866:Swiss Guards 862: 858: 850: 848:was there." 835: 824: 813: 790: 774: 766: 751:Constitution 724: 713: 699: 686: 675: 655: 649: 625: 610: 580: 571: 560: 527: 524: 502: 498: 486: 479: 472: 456: 436: 433: 413: 404: 385: 375: 350:tuberculosis 335: 329: 306: 270: 229: 225: 224: 219:Coat of arms 108:(1794-05-10) 70:(circa 1782) 66:Portrait by 47: 36: 5288:1794 deaths 5283:1764 births 4600:Joan of Arc 4530:Æthelthryth 4447:Melchizedek 4309:Telesphorus 4299:Sylvester I 4184:Marcellus I 4179:Marcellinus 4099:Gregory VII 4094:Gregory III 4009:Celestine V 4004:Celestine I 3999:Callixtus I 3989:Boniface IV 3979:Benedict II 3954:Alexander I 3929:Adeodatus I 3748:Ulma Family 3738:Thomas More 3588:Martyrology 3563:John Fisher 3212:Evangelists 3092:Bonaventure 2746:Bartholomew 2680:Virgin Mary 2593:Catholicism 2538:(in French) 2296:(in French) 2260:Robespierre 1164:Louis XVIII 1160:Restoration 1078:guillotined 1015:Netherlands 975:Robespierre 836:During the 106:10 May 1794 5277:Categories 4883:Louis XIII 4334:Zephyrinus 4294:Stephen IV 4279:Sixtus III 4259:Simplicius 4204:Nicholas I 4129:John XXIII 4119:Innocent I 4089:Gregory II 4079:Gelasius I 3984:Boniface I 3944:Agapetus I 3939:Adrian III 3910:Matriarchs 3851:Patriarchs 3470:Zephyrinus 2843:Confessors 2811:Archangels 2703:Assumption 2654:Stages of 2347:29 October 1826:References 1295:Assessment 1124:guillotine 937:Louis XVII 931:After the 595:Revolution 567:Versailles 453:Adult life 382:, c. 1775) 323:and Queen 291:Early life 93:Versailles 86:3 May 1764 82:1764-05-03 5235:Louis XVI 4938:Louis XIV 4590:Genevieve 4497:Zephaniah 4304:Symmachus 4289:Stephen I 4274:Sixtus II 4254:Silverius 4249:Sergius I 4209:Paschal I 4199:Miltiades 4109:Hormisdas 4084:Gregory I 4069:Felix III 4054:Evaristus 4049:Eutychian 4034:Eleuterus 4029:Dionysius 4024:Damasus I 4019:Cornelius 4014:Clement I 3959:Anacletus 3703:Philomena 3350:Dionysius 3325:Damasus I 3270:Anatolius 2956:Disciples 2891:Homobonus 2851:Anatolius 2664:Venerable 2581:Biography 1949:Louis XVI 1384:of France 1323:Ancestors 1306:civil war 1268:Louis XVI 1243:In 2016, 1230:martyrdom 1117:Pont Neuf 1093:Execution 980:However, 846:Genevieve 665:, in the 640:Lafayette 563:Montreuil 557:Montreuil 422:Louis XVI 338:Louis XVI 246:Louis XVI 134:, Paris, 5255: : 5246: : 5217: : 5198: : 5174: : 5130: : 5119:Louis XV 5071: : 4992: : 4958: : 4949: : 4925: : 4896: : 4860: : 4839: : 4826:Henry IV 4674:See also 4575:Euphemia 4412:Jeremiah 4392:Habakkuk 4349:Prophets 4324:Vitalian 4319:Victor I 4269:Sixtus I 4264:Siricius 4194:Martin I 4174:Lucius I 4139:Julius I 4104:Hilarius 4074:Felix IV 4044:Eusebius 4039:Eugene I 3969:Anicetus 3841:Remigius 3796:Boniface 3202:Irenaeus 2984:Silvanus 2931:Salonius 2776:Matthias 2741:Barnabas 2728:Apostles 2409:18 April 2182:, 1908, 1862:May 2019 1382:Louis XV 1254:and the 1039:, c.1823 754:nation." 731:Assembly 720:Varennes 663:Victoire 659:Adélaïde 656:mesdames 321:Louis XV 250:Louis XV 232:, was a 203:Religion 4635:Rosalia 4560:Cecilia 4507:Virgins 4467:Obadiah 4442:Malachi 4387:Ezekiel 4339:Zosimus 4329:Zachary 4314:Urban I 4244:Pontian 4219:Paul VI 4154:Leo III 4114:Hyginus 4064:Felix I 3974:Anterus 3904:Solomon 3869:Abraham 3713:Stephen 3480:Martyrs 3247:Fathers 3220:Matthew 3027:Ambrose 2994:Timothy 2989:Stephen 2964:Apollos 2871:Dominic 2833:Raphael 2826: 2824:Michael 2819:Gabriel 2771:Matthew 2668:Blessed 2555:Portals 2505:Sources 2429:Aleteia 1845:sources 1258:of the 1011:émigrés 840:at the 793:Dauphin 770:Dormans 727:Epernay 493:Austria 400:St. Cyr 342:Dauphin 303:, 1768) 275:by the 264:at the 177:Bourbon 146:(final) 139:(first) 4482:Simeon 4472:Samuel 4407:Isaiah 4397:Haggai 4382:Elijah 4357:Agabus 4239:Pius X 4234:Pius V 4229:Pius I 4214:Paul I 4164:Leo IX 4159:Leo IV 4149:Leo II 4124:John I 4059:Fabian 3949:Agatho 3884:Joseph 3245:Church 3037:Jerome 2801:Thomas 2791:Philip 2736:Andrew 2605:France 2569:Saints 2470: 2266: 2217: 2162:(2013) 1930:10 May 943:, and 919:Temple 897:Temple 741:, and 364:, and 354:orphan 315:, and 273:martyr 240:, and 193:Mother 183:Father 136:France 127:Burial 4462:Nahum 4457:Moses 4452:Micah 4432:Jonah 4402:Hosea 4377:David 4284:Soter 4224:Peter 4169:Linus 4144:Leo I 3994:Caius 3921:Popes 3894:David 3879:Jacob 3874:Isaac 3290:Caius 2999:Titus 2796:Simon 2786:Peter 2672:Saint 2492:[ 2247:With 1128:fichu 1082:valet 969:Trial 899:, by 459:Marly 344:(the 172:House 157:Names 117:Paris 4422:Joel 4367:Anna 4362:Amos 4189:Mark 3899:Noah 3864:Abel 3859:Adam 3235:John 3230:Luke 3225:Mark 2781:Paul 2766:Jude 2761:John 2468:ISBN 2437:2021 2411:2019 2349:2020 2300:1793 2264:ISBN 2215:ISBN 1932:2017 1847:but 1775:15. 1717:14. 1655:13. 1597:12. 1533:11. 1475:10. 661:and 545:and 103:Died 76:Born 4417:Job 1743:7. 1681:3. 1623:6. 1559:1. 1501:5. 1439:2. 1413:9. 1380:4. 1354:8. 1209:by 871:On 779:: 283:by 268:. 5279:: 2658:: 2520:. 2427:. 2402:. 2383:. 2365:. 2340:. 2307:^ 2225:^ 2167:^ 1980:^ 1956:^ 1947:, 1923:. 1270:. 1240:. 1175:. 947:, 822:. 737:, 733:: 578:. 394:, 368:. 360:, 333:. 287:. 119:, 115:, 95:, 91:, 5237:) 5189:) 5121:) 5062:) 4983:) 4940:) 4885:) 4828:) 4818:. 4794:e 4787:t 4780:v 2634:e 2627:t 2620:v 2557:: 2476:. 2452:. 2439:. 2413:. 2351:. 2272:. 1934:. 1875:) 1869:( 1864:) 1860:( 1854:. 607:) 84:) 80:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Élisabeth of France

Index