2661:. Since it was too late in the day to start a landing, they waited until the next morning which gave the Spaniards time to evacuate the town. Their strategy was essentially to divide and conquer. They expected the English to enter the town as a cohesive groups but, after seeing the town empty of people and valuables, they would eventually spread out across the outskirts where ambushes were waiting for them. Come dawn, 30 June, the English came ashore at three different locations with about 2,000 men and were, at once, stunned and disappointed to find the town completely deserted. Incensed by their defeats in Coruña and Lisbon, they showed no mercy to Vigo. Destruction started with the armada's cannons followed by iconoclasm and burning of churches then setting the rest of the town ablaze. Surrendering to their desires for wanton destruction gave them a dangerous sense of confidence that allowed their greed to take over and sent them to disperse in search of food, loot, etc. There were a few skirmishes that day a few hundred invaders were killed but the main purpose of the landing was to refill their water casks which went on during the chaos.
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but no troops, were en route; Most of those ships had earlier abandoned the fleet.T hose supply ships arrived on 17 or 18 June, commanded by
Captain Cross. In her letters, the queen ordered the immediate return of her favourite Essex and vehemently criticized Drake and Norris for how badly they've conducted the expedition thus far, especially for not going to Santander to destroy the remnants of the Spanish Armada despite the favourable winds to do so. All Drake could think of was leaving Portugal as quickly as possible to achieve some sort of victory but the wind wasn't cooperating. It didn't cooperate on 17 June either. In the several days that the English Armada was anchored off Cascais, Drake had collected numerous merchantmen and the day before they sailed, a fleet of 20 French and 60 Hanseatic ships was captured in the mouth of the Tagus. That seizure, notes R. B. Wernham, "dealt a useful blow to Spanish preparations", but later required a publicly printed justification from the Queen's own printer on 30 June 1589 o.s., since, without booty, she and her fellow English investors faced considerable losses.
2313:, barely 10 km (6.2 mi) from the walls of Lisbon. Though their perilous journey was behind them, the Spanish would not allow them to enjoy much rest for their camp continued to be attacked and any supplies cut off; Norris' army was getting hungrier by the minute. Little did the English know that just outside the city walls were vast stocks of supplies. Fearing the enemy would attack the next day and discover the storehouses along the way, the Archduke ordered Captain Don Juan de Torres to keep them occupied on 31 May whilst the provisions were brought into the city, and if de Torres could inflict losses on the English, all the better. Though the Spanish tried to coax the English into coming out of their trenches, the latter wouldn't move. Meanwhile, so as to deny the English any provisions, what remained in the storehouses after bringing what they could into Lisbon was set ablaze. Because the English were not willing to come out and answer Spanish calls for battle, Captains Juan de Torres, Sancho Bravo, Gaspar de Alarcón and Francisco Malo selected 200 elite
2384:. The latter spent the day of 4 June burying their dead and planning a clandestine nocturnal retreat to Cascais. To execute the deception, they lit several bonfires in the campsite and kept them lit while the bulk of the infantry quietly scurried along a route away from the water and away from main roads so as not to be discovered. Meanwhile, the Archduke planned a feigne attack on the English camp because it seemed really peculiar to him that they hadn't made any offensive moves that entire day. He ordered that at midnight, the men on the galleys send 2,000 lit match cords on skiffs to land on the shore near the English camp. Normally, lit match cords at night would give away one's position but in this case, it was intended to make the English believe they were about to be attacked. It was a purely serendipitous coincidence that this ruse resulted in the enemy thinking their retreat had been discovered causing them to make disorderly haste.
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of Santa
Catalina were set on fire to prevent them from being used to scale the wall. The English then headed south toward the sea where preparations had been made for them. The houses there had also been burnt and the galleys were in position to rain fire down on them. When Norris finally got a good look at the vast outskirts of Lisbon and sheer size of the city, he could but only reflect. He had no artillery to smash through the wall nor scaling ladders to climb over the wall, in fact, he had no siege equipment of any kind. Moreover, his army's numbers were decreasing by the hour and those able to fight were weak from hunger. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialized and Norris reluctantly admitted to himself that this campaign was a failure. Their only option was to go on the defensive and withdraw to their trenches. This was the moment where the table turned and the Spanish went on the offensive.
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surprise and inflicting casualties for Norris' army. They quickly realized they'd be contending with this threat for as long as they were within range so a more suitable route with better cover was chosen to approach the city. Meanwhile, the
Spanish had set fire to the houses built adjacent to the city's wall thus forming a makeshift bulwark and Bazán was ordered to bring 12 galleys from São Julião to the city. The English found a suburb that was suitably protected from the castle's artillery and that of the galleys where they camped for the night. Their rest was unsettled by a Spanish sortie leaving some English casualties on the field, before being chased away by the English cavalry and the Earl of Essex forces.
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asking for permission to use the monastery as an entry point for the
English soldiers. Since the catholic friars were fully informed of the Protestant English treatment of Catholics, they discretely relayed this plan to the Spanish who in turn arrested and imprisoned Dias Lobo. Another plan centered around a diversionary tactic and the betrayal of one of the Portuguese noble Matías de Alburquerque's captains who was in charge of one of the gates; nothing came of it. The third and least credible plan was the inhabitants would rebel the moment Dom António would reach the walls of Lisbon thus keeping the Spaniards inside the walls busy while the English entered without difficulty. None of these plans bore any fruit.
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conscripts, were to set the example for the population to rise up in favour of the Prior of Crato. The
English pressed Crato about provisioning whereupon the latter had sent soldiers to fetch the lawyer, Gaspar Campello, living nearby and put him in charge of provisioning the army. Campello had no better success in gathering provisions since the local population were leaving with their possessions and supplies thus leaving the road to Lisbon devoid of victuals. Meanwhile, in Lisbon, the population was fleeing with much of their moveable property in anticipation of the English overrunning the city thus leaving the defence of the city to the Spaniards.
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received their husband's pay. Using the data
Wernham compiled, assuming 27,667 men set out, if only 3,722 came back, that would mean nearly 24,000 died, deserted, or are otherwise unaccounted for. Various contemporary chroniclers reported deaths ranged everywhere from 11,000 to more than 18,000, in contrast, the number of survivors were reported to range from 3,000 to 5,000. The chimerical "anonymous" discourse, actually written by Wingfield, claims more than 6,000 returned out of the 13,500 who embarked. Even if the more commonly accepted number of 23,375 men embarking with 5,000 surviving, that's still more than 18,000 dead.
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and cavalry to destroy those mills thus eliminating the usefulness of the vast amounts of wheat for making bread. They resorted to boiling the wheat in order to eat it. On 10 June, Francisco Coloma inventoried the enemy's vessels anchored at
Cascais as counting 147. In reporting that, he added that, though they continue to threaten to attack the entrance of the estuary, he didn't believe they actually would do so for during the past few days, they had the most optimal weather and tides to do so if they wished to. Then, on 11 June. Captain Francisco de Cárdenas, commander of the castle of Cascais, received a visit from two
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the
Spanish forces. As it was a joint stock expedition it was a financial failure too, having only brought back 150 captured cannon and £30,000 of plunder. The financial problems were ultimately settled by simply not paying the survivors. Following a thorough investigation of the expedition, Drake and Norris were never publicly admonished. Still, they both fell out of favour, with Norris not being given another command until 1591 and Drake waiting until 1595 to finally embark on his next, and final voyage. Despite all this, the queen never amended her triumphalist letter of 7 July 1589 o.s..
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1694:", which would give a total of about 160. However, in the payment list of 5 September 1589 o.s., there are 13 ships named that were not on the 9 April o.s. list. Those 13 ships were not flyboats hence they should be added to the 160 from the 9 April o.s. list. With expectations of sizable profit and this expedition being mostly commercial, and last minute additions being made up until the fleet sailed on 28 April, one cannot really give a precise total number of ships but at least 173 can be documented. Nevertheless, what is rather telling is a 15 February 1591 o.s. notice to the
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expedition.So as to placate his queen, Drake decided to try and capture the treasure fleet in the Azores but not being able to sail west, the winds pushed him south-southwest, staying within sight of the
Portuguese coast. Meanwhile, the Iberian troops who arrived in Cascais after the English departure found it in utter shambles. Part of the castle had been blown up, the entire town sacked, and the churches desecrated. It was so dirty and dilapidated that Fuentes ordered the garrison to billet in adjacent towns until it had been cleaned up.
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2714:..., which unabashedly set out to restore the credit of the participants but it could not conjure away "the utter failure of the campaign or the conduct of the men who took part in it." Hume later noted, "…they wrote from Cascaes (Cascais) a full account of all that had happened in the best light they could devise…" However, the English narrative has been shown to have been a highly-effective means to suppress the magnitude of the disaster. Rarely in the history of England had the government, or the crown, been so badly informed.
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prisoners were returned. When the
Spanish commander saw the totality of the devastation, he had the prisoners hanged within view of the fleet and challenged Drake to send more Englishmen so he could hang them all. The next morning, Drake sailed out of the estuary with most of the fleet leaving Norris behind with some 30 vessels as he was further up the waterway and couldn't make it out before a storm hit. Two of Drake's ships were captured that day, one ran aground and two more were smashed against the rocks near
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with a favourable wind returning and painfully low morale, the English abandoned the siege and retreated to their ships after they had lost four captains, three large ships, various boats and more than 1,500 men in the fighting alone. After investing two-weeks attempting to capture this "simple" fishing town of 4,000 people, outnumbering their fighting forces by more than 10:1, Drake left without even loading up on supplies. Next stop, Portugal where, along the way, the fleet met up with Essex and the
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the subjection of the Portuguese empire along with a permanent pecuniary payment. The impression made by the return of the pretender with an enormous invading army was conflicting. The Portuguese didn't rise up in revolt and join ranks as Dom António had promised but they weren't eager to be part of the Spanish resistance either. The next morning, Captain Gaspar de Alarcón led his Spanish cavalry on a surprise attack against the English flank, capturing a few prisoners whereupon Guzmán withdrew to
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1538:. Concerns over logistics and the adverse weather delayed the departure of the fleet, and confusion grew as it waited in port. The Dutch failed to supply their promised warships, a third of the victuals had already been consumed, and the ranks of volunteers had increased the planned contingent of troops from 10,000 to 20,000+. Unlike the Spanish Armada expedition the previous year, the English fleet also lacked siege guns and cavalry, which would compromise its intended aims.
2327:, shouting "Viva el Rei Dom António!" (Long live Dom António!). The moment they were admitted into the camp, the guards were killed then several soldiers sleeping in their tents were killed before the alarm was shouted. The English hurriedly formed a makeshift defensive line while their compatriots were being massacred. Harquebus fire erupted on both sides and Don Juan de Torres was wounded in the arm; he died from it three-weeks later. The Spanish made a hasty retreat.
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with 100 men. Ataíde brought his 400 men and Captain Blas de Jerez added another 80 while Pedro de Guzmán stayed in the rearguard. Ataíde led three bloody charges, afterwards making an orderly withdrawal, leaving fifteen Spaniards dead on the battle field. Ataíde and Guzmán headed for the fort of Peniche and discovered it was surrounded by the English. Their only way out was to withdraw in the direction of the village of
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2198:. The pretender to the throne who England supported, the Prior of Crato, was not the best candidate. He did not have enough support even to establish a government-in-exile or much charisma to back his already-dubious claim. Despite this, Elizabeth had agreed to help him in hopes of diminishing the power of the Spanish Empire in Europe and for a permanent military base in the strategic
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conspiracy thus making him a coconspirator. On 17 July a reply to the falsified reports arrived from Elizabeth expressing her delight with the "happy success" of the expedition. Following Norris' initial report, a cascade of propaganda erupted immediately with the most detailed account (in English), written in the form of a letter by an "anonymous" participant, published in 1589:
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1803:, where most of the surviving galleons from the Spanish Armada were being kept, and destroy the Spanish fleet. He also had to placate the fleet's commanders and investors who wanted the first objective to be landing in Lisbon. Drake chose to ignore them, alleging unfavourable winds and too much risk of becoming embayed by the Spaniards in the
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since they were expecting relief troops to arrive any day, the city walls were tall and strong, and they could be easily resupplied from the Tagus while the English were suffering from hunger and sickness, they decided to bring the army within the city walls and make their stand there. Before the end of day on 1 June the English were in
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orders not to upset the inhabitants but housebreaking and pillaging was rife once they were clear of Peniche. Norris ordered Captain Crisp, the provost marshal, to hang the perpetrators including their officers. As they approached Torres Vedras, Guzmán and Don Sancho Bravo, who brought more cavalry and infantry, withdrew to
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April o.s. list that set sail, only 69 appear on the 5 September o.s. list, thus, according to Wernham, 15 ships were lost. But the number of those not listed and failed to return is unknown. In addition to the 69 that are known to have sailed and returned, another 33 returned with them; most of them medium-sized.
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England's treasury, which had been carefully restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I, and the expedition's failure was so embarrassing that England continues to downplay its significance. The war was financially costly to both of its protagonists, and the Spanish Empire, which was fighting France and the
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1484:, had failed to establish an effective government-in-exile in the Azores, and turned to the English for support. He was not a charismatic figure, and with his cause compromised by his illegitimacy, he faced an opponent with a relatively strong claim to the throne in the eyes of the Portuguese nobles of the
1741:, ended up sailing with them almost parallels that of the English Armada itself. Against the Queen's express orders, the 21-year old Devereux eagerly escaped from his rich capricious lover and embarked on what he thought was sure to be an exciting and profitable adventure. The Earl of Essex hid on the
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Determining the number of ships lost is no less problematic. Starting with the 180 documented ships and adding others in the days after the final recorded inventory, 200 cannot be considered exaggerated. We find that 102 ships were named on the 5 September 1589 o.s. pay list. Of the 84 ships on the 9
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The English prisoners captured by the Iberians following the 20 June battle revealed that the fleet had no provisions making an adventure to the Azores unlikely so the Iberians shifted their attention to the 500 man garrison Norris left at Peniche on 28 May. Drake made his way up the Portuguese coast
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Everything was ready on 16 June to launch a major offensive against the English assuming the weather cooperated, which it didn't, so the attack was delayed. Also that day, two small vessels arrived from England bringing correspondences from the Queen dated 20 May o.s. and news that 17 supply vessels,
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As dawn broke on 5 June, Bazán's galleys spotted the enemy's movements and opened fire which awakened Lisbon. Upon determining that the enemy's withdraw was complete and not a trick, the Spaniards set out in pursuit. The galleys followed the English infantry firing all the while. When they approached
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At dawn on 3 June, the English readied themselves to mount an assault on the western side of the city wall. In anticipation thereof, the Spanish stationed top marksmen on the rooftops of churches just outside the north-western sector to reinforce those on the western wall. The houses outside the gate
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instead. It is not completely clear why he did this, even though the winds seem like a poor excuse. His behaviour suggests that his goal in taking this city was either to establish a base of operations or to raid it for booty. The latter seems most plausible since this expedition was privately funded
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The scope of the tragedy and the widely varying accounts makes it next to impossible to give an accurate number of men and ships lost in this expedition. What has been documented is of the 3,722 men who returned and demanded their pay, only 1,042 received pay and of the thousands of widows, only 119
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set off on pursuit of the English Armada with 9 galleys on 19 June, while in Lisbon 15 caravels with extra men and munitions were being made ready to reinforce the Azores. The first engagement at sea was on the morning of 20 June resulting in the loss of 9-11 English ships, two smaller boats and the
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from the monastery of São António solemnly vowing that Lisbon had surrendered to Dom António three days earlier and it would be a mortal sin to keep fighting when all hope was lost. Several days prior, Cárdenas had sent two soldiers to request more men and ammunition from Lisbon who were never heard
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On 6 June the Count of Fuentes marshalled an army in Lisbon to march on Cascais so as to inflict as many casualties as possible. They spent the night in Oeiras. When they reached the English trenches on the morning of 7 June they were met with cannon fire from Drake's fleet. A council of war decided
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which was completely exposed to the sea, rocky coastline and deep water. Fourteen barges foundered and others were smashed against the reefs, 80 men drowned but the English managed to establish a beachhead where the first skirmish took place. Captain Benavides immediately engaged some 2,000 invaders
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managed to avoid capture and slipped past the English fleet; according to English sources, they repeatedly resupplied the defenders unmolested. On the 18th, after 14 days of siege and attempted assaults, the English heard news about a fresh Spanish relief force on their way to Coruña, and at length,
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on fire, not before dismounting her guns to use them against the English fleet and troops. For the next two weeks, the wind blew westerly, and while waiting for a change, the English occupied themselves in a siege of Coruña's fortified upper town. Norris' troops launched three major assaults against
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In the 8 April o.s. list, there were two different figures recorded for the number of men participating in the expedition. The first, 23,375, is what most historians and authors have used however at the end of this document, the total number of men had increased to 27,667. A critical analysis of the
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river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades. The failure of the expedition depleted the financial resources of
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None of the campaign's objectives had been accomplished, and for a number of years, the expedition's results discouraged further joint stock adventures on such a scale. The English expeditionary force had sustained a heavy loss of ships, troops and resources yet had not inflicted decisive damage on
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Norris landed in Plymouth on 13 July and immediately conspired with the Earl of Essex and Anthony Ashley to cover up the extent of the disaster and even go so far as to try and spin it into a triumph. The next day, Norris sent a letter to Walsingham admitting failure and drawing the latter into the
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On the morning of 18 June, despite the unfavourable wind, Drake finally decided to set sail away from the coast with his fleet and the captured merchantmen totalling some 210 ships which is when Essex escorted some 30 Dutch merchant ships which were discharged thus ending their participation in the
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We, the Generals Drake and Norris and Earls of , having been informed that the Count of Fuentes, General of the Kingdom of Portugal, and others on his side, have said that we retreated and fled in secret from Lisbon, and not in the manner of an army intending to fight, hereby state that we have not
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The Spanish had their doubts about their Portuguese allies. They weren't exhibiting the expected fervour against this invader. There was no love lost regarding the Prior of Crato; he not only squandered the Portuguese crown jewels which he took when he fled the country, but he promised to Elizabeth
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An unintended consequence of this misinformation campaign was the rapid spread of disease carried by the fleet personnel from the returning vessels onto the port town populations in England. Since the Queen's subjects were told the expedition was a success, the returning ships docked without being
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his way north along the Portuguese coast, Drake arrived at Peniche the next day hoping to pickup the garrison only to be met with cannon fire from the fortress. He sailed off and on the next day, 24 June, a favourable northeast wind came up and Drake set off for the open sea, seemingly heading for
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While Drake was anchored in Cascais, he seized several wheat-laden urcas giving him a veritable inexhaustible supply source. They engaged the nearby mills to grind the wheat into flour from which bread was made. On 9 June, Fuentes sent Captain Francisco de Velasco with a small division of infantry
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While the troops tried to rest, plans were made to effect a surreptitious entry into the city. One Portuguese noble still loyal to Dom António was Rui Dias Lobo who took a message to the abbot and friars of the monastery of the Holy Trinity, which was built against a weak section of the city wall,
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While the English continued to rest and starve – the men found the weather too hot and exhausting, many were weak from hunger, sick and injured, and needed to be carried on baggage mules and stretchers made from pikes –, the Archduke called a war council. The Portuguese commanders pointed out that
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There were obstacles for the enterprise besides the complex politics. Burghley proposed launching a flotilla immediately. However, the English fleet was completely exhausted and crippled after preventing the Spanish invasion attempt and Elizabeth's coffers were empty. Furthermore, like its Spanish
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at Coruña harbour claims to have found the remains of five English ships from Drake's fleet at the O Burgo estuary. The rest were lost to a stormy sea as the fleet made its return voyage, checked and harassed by Aramburu's zabras as far as the English channel. According to contemporary historian
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Three simultaneous attacks were launched by the Spanish; one on the nearest most trenches in the very streets of the suburbs, one on the rear-guard, and the cannonade from the castle of São Jorge. The English suffered hundreds of losses whereas the Spanish left 25 dead. The Spanish were expecting
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and that of São Julião in a crescent formation as close to the coast as possible. He also ordered raiding vessels to scour the waters of the nearby coastline and the Berlengas islands for enemy ships. Meanwhile, the English army, continually harassed by the Spaniards during their arduous journey,
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into Torres Vedras on 29 May with much fanfare from the people but the English commanders and nobles noticed something was off. They realized that Portuguese nobility were not amongst the revellers; in fact, they were nowhere to be found. These were precisely the individuals who, along with their
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A declaration of the cavses, which mooved the chiefe commanders of the nauie of Her Most Excellent Maiestie the Queene of England, in their voyage and expedition for Portingal, : to take and arrest in the mouth of the river of Lisbone, certaine shippes of corne and other prouisions of warre
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Despite 25 vessels with 3,000 men that abandoned the expedition and ended up in England and La Rochelle, 17 had returned and rejoined the expedition, thus, as many as 40 ships of the English fleet were sunk, scuttled, captured or otherwise unaccounted for at Coruña, Lisbon and during the English
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Norris had stationed 500 men with six ships in Peniche then the English began their long march to Lisbon on 28 May without artillery or a baggage train making provisioning problematic but Dom António assured them that the locals would provide whatever the army needed. The English had very strict
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and in the fields outside the town, they camped for the night. The English had swept in like a hurricane and had landed 12,000 men in a matter of hours. The English offered terms of surrender to Captain Araújo, commander of Peniche's fortress garrison who responded he would only surrender to the
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In the wake of their experience in Coruña, Drake and Norris clashed on how to achieve this next objective. Despite Drake having proven success against Spanish forces whereas Norris had none, the fleet went with Norris' plan. They would land in Peniche then march 70 km (43 mi) south to
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The English Armada was larger than the Spanish, and from many points of view it was an even greater disaster. This fact, however, is completely overlooked. It is never mentioned in the history courses taught in British schools and a majority of British history teachers have never even heard of
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with extra thick barrels pointed towards the English camp. The gunners needed to test the range of their new guns and found this an opportune time. Just as the English rearguard was leaving Alvalade on 2 June, the vanguard came within 2,000 metres (2,200 yards) and the guns were fired, causing
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The next day, 1 July, Don Luis Sarmiento showed up with a sizable Spanish force, catching the English unawares, killing hundreds and capturing prisoners. Drake quickly ordered his men to reembark then sent a dispatch promising to leave the estuary without causing further harm on condition the
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dispersion of the fleet. By the end of the day, Drake had managed to reassemble much of his fleet. Young William Fenner who had come with the 17 supply ships commanded by Captain Cross was separated further after a storm during the night and found himself heading toward the
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As each day passed, the Spanish-Portuguese, a.k.a. Iberian army was growing stronger while the English were dwindling. Observing the odd passive conduct of the enemy fleet, Lisbon still thought the English would return to launch a combined ground and sea attack on 13 June,
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that it was impracticable to launch any sort of direct assault on the English. On the way back to Lisbon, Fuentes stopped off at the castle of São Julião to consult with Bazán. They arranged to keep the enemy isolated to Cascais, essentially besieging them.
2669:. On 3 July, Drake still struggled against the wind on his way to Finisterre while Norris, still anchored off Cíes Islands had the artillery removed from the ship that ran aground then set it ablaze. The latter was able to leave Cíes on 4 July.
2462:, the city's own patron saint. The Count of Villadorta, general of the Portuguese cavalry, had stationed a strong detachment near Cascais and the next day, the Duke of Bragança joined his forces to complete the siege by land. Meanwhile, the
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against the wind to retrieve those men while Guzmán and Bravo rushed thereto with their cavalry. The latter arrived on 22 June making a surprise attack just as the garrison started to embark on a small ship, killing or capturing some 300.
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bound for the said citie : prepared for the seruices of the King of Spaine, in the ports and prouinces within and about the sownde, the 30. day of Iune, in the yeere of Our Lord 1589. and of Her Maiesties raigne the one and thirtie
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from, nor had he any news from Lisbon, so he had no reason to doubt the monks' claims. He surrendered the castle without a fight, obtaining honourable terms, leaving with ~50 men, banners and weapons, and even given a ship to sail to
2693:, only 5 or 6 men were well but too weak to hoist the sails, the rest were dead, including the captain, or diseased, and of the 50 soldiers that were aboard, 32 or 33 had to be cast overboard. Two more died just as they landed in
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in October 1582 which corrected a 10-day error. England didn't adopt it until 1752 so all English State papers have Julian dates. Dates on original English source documents will be indicated herein with the suffix "o.s." for old
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fled. So that it may be known by our deeds that we are ready and willing, we are sending you this trumpeter with our challenge, and inform you that we await you on this field of Oeiras to offer battle until the end of the day.
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Fray Juan de Vitoria, the Spanish flotilla rounded up a good number of castaways during the pursuit. Some of the English vessels arrived in Britain badly undercrewed, their complements being depleted by famine and disease.
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checked out. In Plymouth alone, there were 400 local towns people dead within the first few weeks. Lord Burleigh issued a proclamation that access to London by expedition participants was prohibited on penalty of death.
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retreat. Fourteen of the ships were lost directly to the actions of Spanish naval forces: three at Coruña; six were sunk by the galleys led by Padilla and three seized by another galley's squadron commanded by Admiral
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The next step in Elizabeth's plan was to arouse a Portuguese uprising against Philip II. The Portuguese aristocracy had recognized the latter as King of Portugal in 1580 and thus added the Kingdom of Portugal to the
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over the next five days, tossing the dead overboard by the hundred, finally arriving within sight of the undefended small fishing town on the morning of 29 June. By nightfall, about 133 ships had anchored off
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of the Squadron of Portugal of the Armada del Mar Oceano (Atlantic Fleet), survived their voyage home and docked in Spain's Atlantic ports for repairs, where they lay for months and were vulnerable to attack.
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From this point on, it becomes difficult to follow the path of the armada since information is available for only a small number of vessels, but what there is, is shockingly grim. Thomas Fenner's 500 ton
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and 1,000 infantrymen. His arrival not only brought reinforcements to defend Lisbon, it also solidified the Catholic union while leaving Dom António looking like little more than a fugitive from justice.
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in 1587. There was a contradiction between the separate plans, each of which was ambitious in its own right, but the most pressing need was the destruction of the Spanish Atlantic fleet lying at port in
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pretender Dom António, which he did. That same day, Archduke Albert ordered Alonso de Bazán to bring 12 galleys with more infantry to São Julião. During the night, the men recruited by Ataíde deserted.
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The English entered the bay of Coruña and disembarked on 4 May. Norris took the lower town, inflicted 500 casualties and plundered the wine cellars and fisheries there, and Drake destroyed the galleon
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document reveals the figure of 23,375 is illusory, especially when below the signatures of Drake and Norris, and the confirmation of the Lord High Treasurer Burghley, there's the following postscript:
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Cascais, Sancho Bravo and Alarcón attacked the English column inflicting hundreds more casualties. When the English completed the march from Lisbon to Cascais. they lost some 500 dead along the way.
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where, the next day, seven more English vessels joined him. They took the island and resupplied themselves over the next two days. Unable to find the rest of the fleet, they set sail for England.
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The messenger was shown all courtesies in accordance with the rules of hospitality then sent back with the message being unopened. Shortly thereafter, The most important Portuguese aristocrat
1530:, with capital of about £80,000, one quarter to come from the Queen and one eighth from the Dutch, the balance to be made up by various noblemen, merchants and guilds.The treasurer was Sir
2750:
Regardless, with the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish Navy lost, Philip was able revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to
7718:
2857:
In Portugal, the pillages some of the English soldiers committed along the way, along with the ultimate ineffectiveness of the forces sent by England, gave rise to the saying "
2677:
Spain saw the last of the English fleet on 5 July as it struggled against the wind past Finisterre. Captain Diego de Aramburu was dispatched from Santander with a flotilla of
7536:
1791:
Of the 137 ships of Philip II's expedition of 1588 that entered the English Channel, most of the 29 ships lost had been armed merchantmen, and the core of the Armada, the
1816:
and Drake had investors to satisfy. He may have been gathering supplies for a long struggle in Santander. Either way, this decision was the campaign's first major error.
1437:
noted that the expedition had three main objectives: destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain; make a landing at
2400:
During the morning of 8 June, the Earl of Essex, champing at the bit to achieve glory and angry with the lack of success of the slow spineless army, arranged to have a
4840:
2472:, arrived in São Julião with 15 well equipped galleys to reinforce those of Bazán thus completing the siege by sea. The English finished embarking that very night.
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364:
1926:
the walls of the upper town and tried to breach them with mines, but the vigorous defence by the regular Spanish troops, militia, and women of the city, including
2380:
several thousand reinforcements on forced marches to arrive at any time and were continuously resupplied via the river whereas the English were out of powder and
1698:, Burghley, wherein the number of vessels was "180 and other ships". It's not outside the realm of possibility that the number "reached nearly two hundred sail."
4159:
England and Wales. Sovereign (1558-1603 : Elizabeth I); Beale, Robert; Penrose, Boies; Penrose, Boies; Lyell, James P. R. (James Patrick Ronaldson) (1589).
485:
6666:
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Whilst crossing the Bay of Biscay some 25 ships with 3,000 men deserted, including many of the Dutch who found reasons to return to England or put into
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set off with nearly 300 sailors then returned to Plymouth with only 18 fit to do work, the rest were dead or ill, including Fenner. Of the crew of the
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2323:. Lieutenant Colonel John Sampson's camp was selected as the target of this mission. The Spanish approached the camp at dawn on Thursday, 1 June,
1931:
7151:
6646:
1938:, but they were intercepted by a force of 6,000 men led by John and Edward Norreys, and with push of the pike were defeated with heavy losses.
519:
2454:. Within the castle were plenty of supplies and ammunition, and 14 cannons. Upon his arrival in Setúbal, Cárdenas was arrested then beheaded.
2162:
Meanwhile, Drake struggled against the wind. Three days after leaving Coruña, a south-westerly wind caused part of the fleet to drift towards
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had sprung a leak from storm damage and almost foundered as she led the remainder of the fleet home to Plymouth where she docked on 10 July.
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352:
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4166:. Boston Public Library. London : Imprinted by the deputies of Christopher Barker, printer to the Queenes Most Excellent Maiestie.
1895:, who happened to be resting in the city after their return from war. It also had the medieval city walls, built in the 13th century.
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Philip's spies in England reported losses exceeding 18,000 men. No French or Italian report put the number at lower than 15,000 dead.
4043:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
4029:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
4003:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
3989:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
3926:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
3797:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
3767:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
3665:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
2416:
Relación de lo subçedido del armada enemiga del reyno de Ynglaterra a este de Portugal con la retirada a su tierra este año de 1589
7516:
6620:
5298:
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1889:
and the few available soldiers totaled 1,200 troops, most of them with little military training, except for seven companies of old
1753:
set sail immediately upon hearing Knollys declarations. By the time Knollys set out in a pinnace in pursuit, nobody knew where the
771:
766:
19:
This article is about the 1589 expeditionary naval task force from England against Spain. For the naval complement of England, see
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2854:(1911) does mention, if only in passing, that "the attempt on Portugal in 1589 under Drake and Norris proved a complete failure."
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and raise a revolt there against Philip II (Philip I of Portugal); and to continue west and establish a permanent base in the
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from Santander under Captain Diego de Aramburu, on their way back to England. A 2021 environmental study carried out by the
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predecessor, the English expedition suffered from unduly optimistic planning, based on hopes of repeating Drake's successful
734:
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5231:, Vol. III: 'The Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution 1559–1610' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971): 507–531.
7708:
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7464:
6832:
6238:
5881:
5334:
4786:
Tenace, E. (2003), "A Strategy of Reactions: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony."
3915:
in Lisboa e seu Termo: Estudios e Documentos, Associação doa Arqueólogos Portugueses (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Lisbon, 1948.
3786:
in Lisboa e seu Termo: Estudios e Documentos, Associação doa Arqueólogos Portugueses (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Lisbon, 1948.
3684:
in Lisboa e seu Termo: Estudios e Documentos, Associação doa Arqueólogos Portugueses (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Lisbon, 1948.
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1934:, forced the English back with severe losses. The Spanish then attempted to reinforce the garrison through the bridge of
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some two leagues away while Alarcón stayed behind to harass the enemy and report on their actions. Dom António made his
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at the same time, would be compelled in financial distress to default on its debt repayments in 1596 after the English
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1835:. Coruña was almost defenceless at the time of the attack. To face the rest of the English Armada's ships, except the
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which commands an extraordinary view of the city and its environs. Installed within were new large reinforced bronze
1765:, which sailed two days later and headed straight for the Portuguese coast to rendezvous with the rest of the fleet.
1434:
1339:
1002:
867:
610:
588:
495:
5227:
J. H. Parry, 'Colonial Development and International Rivalries Outside Europe, 1: America', in R. B. Wernham (ed.),
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Caravels and carracks in the Tagus River, with the castle of São Jorge in the centre distance, unknown artist (1572)
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as general, it failed to drive home the advantage that England had gained resulting from the failure of the
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by the aristocracy and the clergy of Portugal in 1581 at the Cortes of Tomar. The pretender to the throne,
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4701:"A True Coppie of a Discourse written by a Gentleman employed in the late Voyage of Spaine and Portingale"
4415:"A True Coppie of a Discourse written by a Gentleman employed in the late Voyage of Spaine and Portingale"
3379:.259 (April 1951), pp. 194–218, especially 204–214. Wernham's articles are based on his work editing
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2170:, leaving it somewhat dispersed. It wasn't until 24 May that the bulk of the fleet managed to sail beyond
1221:
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7479:
7379:
7010:
6462:
6394:
5363:
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5236:
Atlas of Naval Warfare: An Atlas and Chronology of Conflict at Sea from Earliest Times to the Present Day
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The list of 9 April o.s. names 84 ships divided amongst five squadrons led respectively by Drake in the
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A true Coppie of a Discourse written by a Gentleman, employed in the late Voyage of Spain and Portingale
2003:
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1996:
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3082:(in Spanish). Vol. III. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 51.
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indicating the Tagus estuary was not far off. By the end of the day, the fleet anchored in the bay of
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2202:, from which to attack merchant ships and to obtain ultimate control of the commercial routes to the
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The strategic objective of the military expedition was to break the trade embargo imposed across the
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2783:(140 ships) where 7 ships managed to land 700 elite forces on a beach in one of the creeks off the
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2861:", meaning someone who falsely appears to be a friend. "Amigo de Peniche" is also a type of local
2210:
attack Lisbon by land while Drake attacked from the sea. This was the fleet's second major error.
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The Year After the Armada, and other historical studies, Martin Andrew Sharp Hume (New York 1896)
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2242:. The English, led by the Earl of Essex, took thirty-two barges to the most dangerous point of
2178:, then, with a favourable wind, headed for Lisbon.The next day, 25 May, just off the island of
1885:, the governor of Coruña, and garrison commander Álvaro Troncoso led a combination of militia,
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Gran Bretaña olvida su gran desastre naval mientras recupera restos de la Armada Invencible
2730:, all of them off Lisbon; two others were captured in the Bay of Biscay by the flotilla of
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4841:"AMIGOS DE PENICHE – UMA PARTIDA DA HISTÓRIA - Município de Peniche - Capital da Onda"
2727:
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1429:'s intentions were to capitalize upon Spain's temporary weakness at sea and to compel
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R. B. Wernham (1951a), "Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589: Part I"
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Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America
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The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589
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917:
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bring to the Spanish a message challenging them to open combat. The message read:
2155:
to recruit local men to defend against the impending invasion and ordered Captain
1516:
7659:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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Library of Congress: Hans P. Kraus, "Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography":
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4027:
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3987:
3924:
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2414:
1526:
Since Elizabeth had no resources, Drake and Norris floated the expedition as a
1414:
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852:
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712:
184:
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1807:. He chose to bypass Santander and headed in a different direction to attack
1804:
1784:
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and thirteen merchant ships in the harbour. The Spanish set the unseaworthy
333:
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Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas
1745:
and Drake, Norris nor Williams betrayed the Earl when the Queen's courtier
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along the northern coast of Spain, as was directly ordered by the Queen.
1469:
6480:
5207:
Parker, Geoffrey (1996). "The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England".
4055:
Francisco Coloma to the King, entrance to Lisbon Estuary, 10 June 1589,
1907:
1512:
1497:
73:
7354:
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5266:"The Beginning of the End: The Drake-Norris Expedition, 1589" From the
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Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596
4143:
especially 204–214. Wernham's articles are based on his work editing
3410:
3386:
3297:
3261:
3201:
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3145:
3143:
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3042:
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1808:
1534:, who died on the return journey, as is recorded on his monument in
47:
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3333:
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1792:
1578:
1457:, but that depended largely on the success of the Azores campaign.
1450:
421:
383:
289:
264:
191:
153:
94:
5238:, translated by D. G. Smith (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1977).
4958:(in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións.
4507:
Quadro elementar das relações politicas e diplomaticas de Portugal
3321:
3309:
3189:
3157:
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2799:
for three months, but these efforts ultimately failed to succeed.
2346:
Atop a high steep mound in Lisbon is the imposing and threatening
2147:
had been completed by 20 May. Philip II's viceroy in Portugal was
1454:
7653:
7624:
6134:
6119:
5276:
5072:(in Spanish). Madrid: Biblioteca de Historia, Grafite Ediciones.
3913:
O ataque dos ingleses a Lisboa em 1589 contado por uma testemunha
3784:
O ataque dos ingleses a Lisboa em 1589 contado por uma testemunha
3770:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), pp. 51-52.
3682:
O ataque dos ingleses a Lisboa em 1589 contado por uma testemunha
3076:
Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón
2796:
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2506:
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2401:
2301:
1891:
1861:
1799:
Drake and Norris had orders from Queen Elizabeth to first attack
1691:
1586:
1567:
1562:
1422:
252:
240:
228:
216:
129:
4141:(66 ed.). The English Historical Review. pp. 194–218.
3668:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), pp. 40-41
2814:
The failure of the English Armada is barely acknowledged by the
1501:
Dom António, Prior of Crato, pretender to the throne of Portugal
6590:
6144:
6139:
5916:
4994:
Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents
3091:
3089:
2862:
2759:
2310:
2199:
1982:
1844:
1819:
1593:
and other ships for a total of 180 vessels broken down thusly:
1577:
As recorded on the list of 8 April 1589 o.s., there were Royal
1465:
1442:
1438:
1433:
to negotiate for peace. Her advisors had more ambitious plans.
77:
4975:
English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History
3803:
3494:"O ataque de Drake á Coruña... que é lenda e que é realidade?"
3186:. Madrid: Biblioteca de Historia, Grafite Ediciones, pp. 60–62
1718:
as 8 April 1589. The numbers of men for the army and of ships
1358:
in the previous year. The Spanish victory marked a revival of
7631:
5905:
5569:
4633:
4046:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 80.
4032:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 79.
4006:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 78.
3992:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 76.
3929:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 68.
3890:
3800:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 61.
2731:
2678:
1418:
371:
359:
347:
328:
318:
306:
282:
179:
86:
4139:
Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589: Part II
3086:
2419:, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, mss 18579 (in Spanish), p. 79
5974:
5889:
5176:
Contra Armada: La mayor victoria de España sobre Inglaterra
4509:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Pariz, J. P. Aillaud. p. 218.
4367:
4286:, Madrid: Impr. del Asilo de Huérfabism, 1919, pp. 328-330.
3002:
3000:
2681:
to chase the English fleet nearly back to its home shores.
2645:
2167:
5867:
4951:
4829:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4599:"Francis Drake's lost fleet emerges in northwestern Spain"
4492:
4384:
4382:
4322:
3398:
1823:
Sir John Norris. Oil on panel by an unknown author of the
4232:
González, Rodríguez; Ramón, Agustín (19 September 2002).
4117:
4115:
4113:
3747:
3225:
2428:
arrived in Lisbon with 20 noblemen including his brother
4867:"Amigos de Peniche é lenda que inspira doçaria regional"
4629:(in Spanish). Impr. del Asilo de Huérfanos. p. 333.
4200:
The Count of Fuentes to the King, Lisbon, 26 June 1589,
3820:
3818:
3213:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2954:
2952:
4474:
4379:
4340:
4328:
3134:
The Year After the Armada: And Other Historical Studies
5086:
4513:
4449:
4447:
4170:
4110:
4098:
4086:
3645:
3525:
3303:
3237:
3113:
3101:
2848:
Nevertheless, even the "landmark" 11th Edition of the
5622:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
4262:
Report by Juan Rodríguez, captain of the ship called
4009:
3815:
3450:
3054:
3012:
2976:
2949:
2937:
2644:
Drake struggled against the wind, tacking his way to
2335:, less than an hour away, forming up pike squadrons.
2263:
and sent Ataíde to report to the Archduke in Lisbon.
5173:
4972:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4578:
4468:
4400:
4361:
4307:
4295:
4216:
4188:
4080:
4068:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3884:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3615:
3603:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3480:
3468:
3416:
3392:
3327:
3315:
3291:
3267:
3207:
3195:
3163:
3151:
3048:
2964:
4916:
Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history
4444:
4432:
1338:that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared
7719:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
5067:
4244:
3866:
3633:
3621:
3585:
3345:
3339:
3273:
3249:
1334:, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen
1326:'English Invincible'), also known as the
493:
7680:
4504:
4270:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file. 250, № 154.
3911:, pp. 277-278, quoted in Pires de Lima, Durval,
3909:Memoria de Vinda dos Ingleses a Portugal em 1589
3780:Memoria de Vinda dos Ingleses a Portugal em 1589
3678:Memoria de Vinda dos Ingleses a Portugal em 1589
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
2779:(126-140 ships) which was scattered by a storm,
445:11,000–18,000 killed, drowned or died of disease
6166:
4689:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file 250, № 348.
4683:As told by two ensigns held prisoner in Corunna
4204:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file 249, № 136.
4059:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file 249, № 121.
3942:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file 249, № 129.
3522:. Guerra antigua (in Spanish). file 248, № 135.
2802:Peace was finally agreed at the signing of the
1855:, with 20 cannons each), the 1,300 ton carrack
4639:
3095:
3072:
2795:(33 ships) where the Spanish held the town of
1546:
5811:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
5292:
5087:Rodriguez-Salgado, M J; Adams, Simon (1991).
4231:
3169:
2657:with 20 vessels guarding the area around the
479:
5486:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
4952:Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995).
2775:, three more armadas were sent by Spain: in
2430:Dom Duarte of Bragança, Marquis of Frechilla
2317:supported by some cavalry and carried out a
5013:Europe and England in the sixteenth century
4761:
3782:, p. 262, quoted in Pires de Lima, Durval,
3680:, p. 258, quoted in Pires de Lima, Durval,
2371:View of Lisbon from the castle of São Jorge
1883:Juan Pacheco de Toledo, Marques de Cerralbo
5299:
5285:
5268:Rare Book and Special Collections Division
5068:Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón (2006).
4913:
4658:Calendar of State Papers, Spain (Simancas)
3435:History of the United Netherlands: 1586-89
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3006:
2633:Location within the Province of Pontevedra
2266:
2157:Pedro Enríquez de Guzmán, Count of Fuentes
486:
472:
7605:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
5147:
4698:
4412:
3404:
3182:Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón (2006).
2127:Work to strengthen the fortifications of
1761:. The English fleet set sail without the
1757:was because a strong wind forced it into
7610:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2865:made of flour, eggs, sugar and almonds.
2479:
2366:
2337:
2291:
2283:
2225:
2217:
1961:
1897:
1818:
1778:
1725:
1561:
1496:
1362:'s naval power through the next decade.
16:English fleet sent against Spain in 1589
6601:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
5128:
5048:
4991:
4932:
4894:
4811:
4764:Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack
4584:
4505:Rebello Da Silva, Luis Augusto (1858).
4480:
4388:
4373:
4346:
4334:
4176:
4136:
4121:
4104:
4092:
3896:
3809:
3753:
3651:
3531:
3357:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3119:
3107:
3060:
3027:
2991:
2958:
2943:
7681:
7554:
5206:
5109:
5029:
5010:
4873:(in European Portuguese). 22 June 2015
4597:Olaya, Vicente G. (24 February 2021).
4560:"The Last Voyage of Sir Francis Drake"
4531:
4519:
3456:
3428:
2970:
2387:
1749:came to Plymouth looking for him. The
7553:
7449:
7448:
6572:
6450:
6165:
6024:
5992:
5929:
5866:
5781:
5704:
5644:
5558:
5547:
5319:
5318:
5280:
4622:
4596:
4227:
4225:
4132:
4130:
2426:Dom Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Bragança
2300:On 30 May, Drake reached the port of
2213:
1720:and of foot at end in his hand 27,667
467:
5882:Captaincy General of the Philippines
5374:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
4651:
4453:
4438:
4250:
4015:
3872:
3824:
3639:
3627:
3591:
3438:. Harper & Brothers. p. 555
3351:
3279:
3255:
3131:
2672:
7585:Indochristian painting in New Spain
5705:
5174:Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2020).
5133:. Aldershot: Navy Records Society.
4973:Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018).
2916:Throughout the Catholic world, the
2773:successful raid on Cornwall in 1595
2362:
2174:where they came upon Essex and the
2143:which defended the entrance to the
1558:List of ships of the English Armada
448:40 ships captured, sunk or scuttled
52:Map of the English Armada campaigns
13:
6552:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
6025:
5306:
5248:.258 (January 1951), pp. 1–26
5167:
5070:Victorias por mar de los españoles
5053:(in Portuguese). Ediçoes Vercial.
4914:Bucholz, R O; Key, Newton (2009).
4623:Gómez, José de Santiago y (1896).
4234:"Una derrota de Drake ante Lisboa"
4222:
4127:
3486:
3383:: eliz. xxiii (January–June 1589).
3304:Rodriguez-Salgado & Adams 1991
3184:Victorias por mar de los españoles
2636:Show map of Province of Pontevedra
2159:to bring a few Spanish companies.
1906:in the Square of the Town Hall of
1739:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
14:
7765:
5782:
5645:
5526:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
5252:
5178:(in Spanish). Editorial Crítica.
4687:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
4268:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
4202:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
4147:: eliz. xxiii (January–June 1589)
4057:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
3940:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
3938:Letter from Francisco de Coloma,
3520:Archivo General de Simancas (AGS)
3518:Report from Lisbon, 20 May 1589,
3372:R. B. Wernham (1951b), "Part II"
1859:, and three other smaller ships (
1787:, commander of the English Armada
1480:, the last surviving heir of the
1445:. A further aim was to seize the
1435:William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley
7637:Criollos in the colonial society
7565:Spanish missions in the Americas
6687:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
5229:The New Cambridge Modern History
5196:(Mariner Books, New York 2005).
4859:
4833:
4804:
4797:
4780:
4755:
4752:, pp. 3–4, and pp. 245-246.
4692:
4676:
4645:
4616:
4590:
4552:
4525:
4498:
4406:
3136:. London: T F Unwin. p. 23.
3073:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972).
2614:
2607:
2578:
2571:
2542:
2535:
2111:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1395:
1381:
382:
370:
358:
346:
327:
317:
305:
288:
281:
263:
251:
239:
227:
215:
190:
178:
152:
140:
128:
46:
7664:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
5548:
4888:
4493:Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque 1995
4323:Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque 1995
4273:
4256:
4194:
4152:
4049:
4035:
4021:
3995:
3981:
3932:
3918:
3902:
3789:
3773:
3759:
3671:
3657:
3512:
3500:(in Galician). 28 February 2021
3422:
3125:
2910:
2901:
2736:Spanish Ministry of Agriculture
2525:
2304:and anchored his fleet between
2296:Fortress of São Julião da Barra
1979:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
5993:
5716:Captaincy General of Guatemala
5424:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
5221:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656603
4843:. 5 March 2016. Archived from
3066:
2190:where a war council was held.
1696:Lord High Treasurer of England
426:Unknown armed merchant vessels
1:
7615:General Archive of the Indies
6876:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
6547:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
6532:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
5481:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
5434:War of the Spanish Succession
5399:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
5243:The English Historical Review
5114:. New York: Checkmark Books.
5011:Morris, Terence Alan (2002).
4626:Historia de Vigo y su comarca
4284:Historia de Vigo y su comarca
4145:Calendar State Papers Foreign
4137:Wernham, R B (January 1951).
3381:Calendar State Papers Foreign
3374:The English Historical Review
2931:
2475:
2288:Citadel of Cascais: gun gate.
1732:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
1492:Duchess Catherine of Braganza
1365:
497:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
40:Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604)
7699:Military history of Portugal
6573:
5687:Captaincy General of Yucatan
5617:Union with Holy Roman Empire
5596:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
5511:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
5152:(in Spanish). Edaf Antilla.
4937:. Cornell University Press.
2704:
2615:
2579:
2543:
2234:On 26 May, Drake arrived at
1991:English campaign in Portugal
1690:., each with "near about 15
1684:, and Roger Williams in the
1547:Assembling the attack force
1541:
550:Cavendish's circumnavigation
7:
7709:Maritime history of England
6451:
6167:Administrative subdivisions
5364:War of the League of Cognac
4766:. Boxtree. pp. 58–62.
4699:Wingfield, Anthony (1589).
4413:Wingfield, Anthony (1589).
2868:
2484:Map of the Azores from 1585
2432:, his personal guard of 70
1957:
744:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
509:Caribbean and South America
10:
7770:
7739:1589 in the Spanish Empire
6881:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
6866:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
6768:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
5930:
5666:), Western United States (
5559:
5429:Portuguese Restoration War
5148:Valcárcel, Isabel (2004).
5049:Martins, Oliveira (2014).
4935:Europe Divided (1559–1598)
2509:, ultimately anchoring in
1825:English school of painting
1772:
1730:The 2nd Earl of Essex, by
1555:
520:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
18:
7704:History of the Royal Navy
7694:Military history of Spain
7649:Slavery in Spanish Empire
7560:
7549:
7455:
7444:
7342:
7236:
7229:
7114:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6936:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
6846:
6715:
6677:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
6639:
6583:
6579:
6568:
6537:Barcelona Trading Company
6504:
6461:
6457:
6446:
6350:
6302:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
6272:
6214:
6176:
6172:
6161:
6112:
6071:
6035:
6031:
6020:
5999:
5936:
5877:
5809:Venezuela, part of Guyana
5788:
5711:
5662:, Central United States (
5651:
5565:
5554:
5543:
5394:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
5379:Expulsion of the Moriscos
5325:
5314:
4813:Pollard, Albert Frederick
4788:English Historical Review
4762:Cruickshank, Dan (2001).
4750:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4738:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4726:Gorrochategui Santos 2020
4652:Hume, Martin A S (1899).
4469:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4401:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4362:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4308:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4296:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4217:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4189:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4081:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4069:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3976:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3964:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3952:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3885:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3861:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3849:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3837:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3742:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3730:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3718:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3706:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3694:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3616:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3604:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3580:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3568:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3556:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3544:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3481:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3469:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3417:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3393:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3328:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3316:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3292:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3268:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3208:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3196:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3164:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3152:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
3049:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
2875:Spanish Armada in Ireland
2809:
2754:where they established a
1975:Frans Pourbus the Younger
1843:, with 50 cannons), two
1768:
1662:, Sir John Norris in the
1413:After the failure of the
842:Low Countries and Germany
505:
436:
399:
205:
118:
56:
45:
37:
32:
7590:Quito painting tradition
7580:Cusco painting tradition
6941:García López de Cárdenas
6931:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
6838:Felipe González de Ahedo
6758:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
5335:Conquest of the Americas
5030:Graham, Winston (1972).
4996:. Taylor & Francis.
4664:(1587–1603). London: 549
4538:. H. Holt. p. 283.
2895:
2697:. Drake's flagship, the
2153:João Gonçalves de Ataide
1902:Monument of the heroine
1873:with 18 cannons and the
1551:
1449:as it returned from the
753:English Armada (Corunna
525:Drake's circumnavigation
158:Portuguese loyal to the
7375:Comuneros (New Granada)
7152:Balearic Islands (1558)
6871:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
6798:Ruy López de Villalobos
6753:Miguel López de Legazpi
6667:García de Toledo Osorio
5531:Western Sahara conflict
5521:Independence of Morocco
5461:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
5404:Piracy in the Caribbean
5389:French Wars of Religion
5110:Wagner, John A (1999).
5089:England, Spain and the
4918:. John Wiley and Sons.
4895:Bicheno, Hugh. (2012).
4826:Encyclopædia Britannica
4603:EL PAÍS English Edition
3812:, pp. xlviii–xlix.
3340:Rodríguez González 2006
2851:Encyclopedia Britannica
2597:Location within Galicia
2460:St. Anthony's feast day
2267:Norris' march to Lisbon
1678:, Thomas Fenner in the
1478:António, Prior of Crato
1431:King Philip II of Spain
1332:Drake–Norris Expedition
7620:Colonial Spanish Horse
7294:Colonia del Sacramento
6517:Spanish treasure fleet
6094:Royal Decree of Graces
5150:Mujeres de armas tomar
5095:. Barnes & Noble.
4992:Hampden, John (1972).
4977:. Oxford: Bloomsbury.
3899:, pp. xlviii–lii.
3007:Bucholz & Key 2009
2846:
2842:, 6 August 2001, p. 38
2816:British historiography
2485:
2422:
2372:
2343:
2297:
2289:
2231:
2223:
1986:
1967:Portrait of Albert VII
1910:
1828:
1788:
1734:
1724:
1701:
1574:
1502:
1447:Spanish treasure fleet
1336:Elizabeth I of England
1316:
206:Commanders and leaders
7749:Invasions of Portugal
6778:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
6738:Juan Sebastián Elcano
6053:Council of the Indies
5414:Spanish–Moro conflict
5384:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
5344:Treaty of Tordesillas
5129:Wernham, R B (1988).
4933:Elliott, J H (1982).
4654:"Simancas: July 1589"
4532:Sugden, John (1990).
4280:Santigo y Gómez, José
4238:Circulo Naval Español
3132:Hume, Martin (1896).
2824:
2561:Location within Spain
2483:
2465:Adelantado of Castile
2406:
2370:
2341:
2295:
2287:
2274:Enxara dos Cavaleiros
2229:
2221:
1965:
1901:
1866:with 27 cannons, the
1822:
1782:
1729:
1714:J. Norris, F. Drake.
1709:
1565:
1500:
437:Casualties and losses
7754:Invasions by England
7575:Mesoamerican Codices
7299:Comuneros (Paraguay)
7137:Siege of Castelnuovo
6723:Christopher Columbus
6542:Consulate of the Sea
6522:Casa de Contratación
6113:Titles and positions
5506:Spanish–American War
5496:Liberal constitution
5339:Asia and the Pacific
5209:The Mariner's Mirror
5192:Mattingly, Garrett,
5051:História de Portugal
3430:Motley, John Lothrop
2630:class=notpageimage|
2594:class=notpageimage|
2558:class=notpageimage|
1716:Endorsed by Burghley
1599:Troops and mariners
1536:Canterbury Cathedral
1342:(1585–1604) and the
772:2nd Gibraltar Strait
767:1st Gibraltar Strait
663:Vila Franca do Campo
456:3 galleons destroyed
7304:Cartagena de Indias
6926:Diego de Mazariegos
6896:Pere Fages i Beleta
6763:Sebastián de Ocampo
6244:Provincias Internas
6216:Captaincies General
6130:Municipal president
6099:School of Salamanca
5870:Spanish East Indies
5849:Misiones Orientales
5721:Spanish West Indies
5685:, Central America (
5632:Pyrénées-Orientales
5585:Union with Portugal
5476:Napoleonic invasion
5456:War of Jenkins' Ear
5272:Library of Congress
5032:The Spanish Armadas
4640:Fernández Duro 1972
4376:, pp. 199–200.
3498:Historia de Galicia
3096:Fernández Duro 1972
2859:friend from Peniche
2600:Show map of Galicia
2388:Withdraw to Cascais
2348:Castle of São Jorge
2240:fortress of Peniche
2149:Archduke Albert VII
1528:joint stock company
1053:3rd Geertruidenberg
1003:2nd Geertruidenberg
868:1st Geertruidenberg
646:2nd Puerto Caballos
574:1st Puerto Caballos
555:Spanish West Indies
454:900 dead or wounded
312:Marques de Cerralbo
7744:Invasions of Spain
7600:Academia Antártica
7555:Other civil topics
6921:Pánfilo de Narváez
6823:Sebastián Vizcaíno
6788:Andrés de Urdaneta
6748:Juan Ponce de León
6733:Ferdinand Magellan
6707:Bernardo de Gálvez
6606:Indian auxiliaries
6104:Trial of residence
6084:Laws of the Indies
5868:Asia and Oceania (
5729:Dominican Republic
4794:, pp. 855–882
4728:, pp. 246–48.
4310:, pp. 235–36.
4083:, pp. 206–07.
4071:, pp. 202–03.
3966:, pp. 185–86.
3851:, pp. 168–69.
3839:, pp. 167–68.
3744:, pp. 153–55.
3732:, pp. 147–50.
3708:, pp. 139–40.
3618:, pp. 128–29.
3582:, pp. 126–27.
3471:, pp. 103–07.
3294:, pp. 120–21.
3234:, pp. 338–41.
2918:Gregorian calendar
2885:Raid on Mounts Bay
2818:, as explained by
2756:base of operations
2486:
2373:
2344:
2325:Corpus Christi day
2298:
2290:
2249:Atouguia da Baleia
2232:
2224:
2214:Landing at Peniche
1987:
1911:
1881:with 21 cannons).
1829:
1789:
1735:
1668:, Norris' brother
1575:
1503:
1417:and its return to
1389:Philip II of Spain
1373:Opposing monarchs
1317:Invencible Inglesa
7689:Conflicts in 1589
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7545:
7544:
7450:Spanish conquests
7440:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7225:
7224:
6906:Pedro de Alvarado
6891:Gaspar de Portolà
6886:Pedro de Valdivia
6861:Francisco Pizarro
6813:Nicolás de Ovando
6808:Alonso de Ercilla
6783:Alonso de Salazar
6616:Ships of the line
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
5988:
5987:
5945:Northern Africa (
5941:Equatorial Guinea
5925:
5924:
5862:
5861:
5777:
5776:
5700:
5699:
5691:Spanish Caribbean
5664:Spanish Louisiana
5640:
5639:
5575:Crown of Castille
5539:
5538:
5516:Spanish Civil War
5491:Adams–Onís Treaty
5471:Nootka Convention
5419:Thirty Years' War
5409:Eighty Years' War
5330:Catholic Monarchs
5320:Timeline–immersed
4906:978-1-84486-174-3
4535:Sir Francis Drake
4018:, pp. 67–68.
3827:, pp. 60–61.
3756:, p. xlviii.
3419:, pp. 77–97.
3407:, pp. 51–63.
3395:, pp. 43–51.
3342:, pp. 60–64.
3270:, pp. 40–41.
3222:, pp. 36–38.
3210:, pp. 31–33.
2890:Attack on Cawsand
2880:Brittany Campaign
2691:Griffin of Lübeck
2673:Return to England
2564:Show map of Spain
2196:Hispanic Monarchy
2166:and the coast of
1785:Sir Francis Drake
1737:The story of how
1654:
1653:
1583:armed merchantmen
1464:, which included
1462:Portuguese Empire
1427:Queen Elizabeth I
1411:
1410:
1403:Queen Elizabeth I
1348:Sir Francis Drake
1344:Eighty Years' War
1340:Anglo-Spanish War
1325:
1302:
1301:
462:
461:
458:13 merchant ships
365:Martín de Padilla
114:
113:
64:April - July 1589
7761:
7551:
7550:
7517:Chibchan Nations
7446:
7445:
7415:Santiago de Cuba
7274:Guadalupe Island
7234:
7233:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6916:Diego de Almagro
6793:Antonio de Ulloa
6697:Ambrosio Spinola
6692:Pedro de Zubiaur
6662:Alfonso d'Avalos
6652:Antonio de Leyva
6596:Army of Flanders
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6162:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6021:
5990:
5989:
5963:Peñón of Algiers
5927:
5926:
5864:
5863:
5779:
5778:
5702:
5701:
5684:
5642:
5641:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5466:Seven Years' War
5439:Queen Anne's War
5316:
5315:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5224:
5189:
5163:
5144:
5125:
5106:
5083:
5064:
5045:
5026:
5007:
4988:
4969:
4948:
4929:
4910:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4871:Pastelarias Roma
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4705:Internet Archive
4696:
4690:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4457:
4451:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4419:Internet Archive
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4134:
4125:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4053:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3675:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3180:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2914:
2905:
2844:
2804:Treaty of London
2769:Capture of Cádiz
2765:United Provinces
2637:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2447:Franciscan monks
2420:
2363:Attack on Lisbon
2244:Consolação beach
2222:Peniche Fortress
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1877:(small galleon)
1596:
1595:
1474:accepted as king
1399:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1320:
1284:Irish West Coast
1172:'s-Hertogenbosch
651:Santiago de Cuba
515:San Juan de Ulúa
500:
498:
488:
481:
474:
465:
464:
389:Duke of Braganza
387:
386:
375:
374:
363:
362:
353:Count of Fuentes
351:
350:
332:
331:
322:
321:
310:
309:
293:
292:
286:
285:
268:
267:
256:
255:
244:
243:
232:
231:
220:
219:
195:
194:
183:
182:
157:
156:
145:
144:
133:
132:
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7734:1589 in England
7679:
7678:
7677:
7668:
7644:Old inquisition
7556:
7541:
7451:
7424:
7380:Trinidad (1797)
7350:La Noche Triste
7338:
7334:San Juan (1797)
7284:San Juan (1595)
7221:
7110:
6950:Notable battles
6945:
6911:Martín de Ursúa
6842:
6773:Alonso de Ojeda
6743:Juan de la Cosa
6728:Pinzón brothers
6711:
6682:John of Austria
6657:Martín de Goiti
6635:
6575:
6556:
6500:
6453:
6434:
6346:
6342:Terra Australis
6337:Río de la Plata
6282:Castilla de Oro
6268:
6210:
6206:Río de la Plata
6168:
6149:
6108:
6067:
6063:Santa Hermandad
6027:
6008:
6004:Terra Australis
5995:
5984:
5951:Spanish Morocco
5932:
5921:
5912:Northern Taiwan
5873:
5858:
5829:Río de la Plata
5784:
5773:
5707:
5706:Central America
5696:
5678:
5647:
5636:
5580:Crown of Aragon
5561:
5550:
5535:
5451:Bourbon Reforms
5321:
5310:
5305:
5255:
5234:Helmut Pemsel,
5186:
5170:
5168:Further reading
5160:
5141:
5122:
5103:
5080:
5061:
5042:
5023:
5004:
4985:
4966:
4945:
4926:
4907:
4891:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4847:on 5 March 2016
4839:
4838:
4834:
4817:English History
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4697:
4693:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4278:
4274:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3919:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3790:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3371:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3034:
3026:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:Julian calendar
2911:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2871:
2845:
2831:
2812:
2728:Alonso de Bazán
2707:
2675:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2528:
2478:
2421:
2413:
2390:
2365:
2278:triumphal entry
2269:
2258:the fortress of
2216:
2182:, they spotted
2172:Cape Finisterre
2164:Estaca de Bares
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1973:1599–1600), by
1960:
1777:
1775:Siege of Coruña
1771:
1747:Francis Knollys
1704:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1368:
1352:Sir John Norris
1350:as admiral and
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1222:Château-Laudran
1133:Schenckenschans
812:Cape Finisterre
782:Gulf of Almería
719:European waters
569:Bay of Honduras
501:
496:
494:
492:
457:
455:
451:
432:
414:
395:
381:
377:Alonso de Bazán
369:
357:
345:
326:
323:Álvaro Troncoso
316:
304:
287:
280:
274:
262:
250:
238:
234:Robert Devereux
226:
214:
201:
189:
177:
164:
151:
139:
127:
110:Spanish victory
102:
98:
84:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7724:1589 in Europe
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7460:Canary Islands
7456:
7453:
7452:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7314:Túpac Amaru II
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7259:Bogotá savanna
7256:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7167:Spanish Armada
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7061:White Mountain
7058:
7056:Cape Celidonia
7053:
7051:English Armada
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6828:Juan Fernández
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6803:Diego Columbus
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6631:Army of Africa
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6611:Spanish Armada
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6512:Manila galleon
6508:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6170:
6169:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6028:
6026:Administration
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5947:Western Sahara
5943:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5845:Banda Oriental
5826:
5812:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5660:Coastal Alaska
5652:
5649:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5308:Spanish Empire
5304:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5261:
5254:
5253:External links
5251:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5215:(3): 269–300.
5204:
5190:
5185:978-8491992301
5184:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5145:
5139:
5126:
5120:
5107:
5101:
5084:
5078:
5065:
5060:978-9898392602
5059:
5046:
5040:
5027:
5021:
5008:
5002:
4989:
4984:978-1350016996
4983:
4970:
4965:978-8445314630
4964:
4949:
4943:
4930:
4925:978-1405162753
4924:
4911:
4905:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4858:
4832:
4821:Chisholm, Hugh
4796:
4779:
4772:
4754:
4742:
4740:, p. 253.
4730:
4718:
4691:
4675:
4644:
4632:
4615:
4589:
4577:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4522:, p. 242.
4512:
4497:
4485:
4483:, p. 241.
4473:
4471:, p. 244.
4458:
4443:
4431:
4405:
4403:, p. 243.
4393:
4391:, p. lvi.
4378:
4366:
4364:, p. 241.
4351:
4349:, p. 211.
4339:
4337:, p. lxv.
4327:
4312:
4300:
4298:, p. 233.
4288:
4272:
4255:
4243:
4221:
4219:, p. 219.
4206:
4193:
4191:, p. 212.
4181:
4179:, p. 234.
4169:
4151:
4126:
4124:, p. 240.
4109:
4107:, p. 173.
4097:
4095:, p. 164.
4085:
4073:
4061:
4048:
4034:
4020:
4008:
3994:
3980:
3978:, p. 192.
3968:
3956:
3954:, p. 184.
3944:
3931:
3917:
3901:
3889:
3887:, p. 180.
3877:
3865:
3863:, p. 171.
3853:
3841:
3829:
3814:
3802:
3788:
3772:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3720:, p. 143.
3710:
3698:
3696:, p. 137.
3686:
3670:
3656:
3654:, p. 267.
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3606:, p. 130.
3596:
3584:
3572:
3570:, p. 126.
3560:
3558:, p. 125.
3548:
3546:, p. 122.
3536:
3534:, p. 231.
3524:
3511:
3485:
3483:, p. 112.
3473:
3461:
3459:, p. 178.
3449:
3421:
3409:
3405:Valcárcel 2004
3397:
3385:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3306:, p. 116.
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3246:, p. 297.
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3168:
3156:
3139:
3124:
3122:, p. 351.
3112:
3110:, p. 266.
3100:
3085:
3065:
3063:, p. 254.
3053:
3051:, p. 245.
3032:
3030:, p. 341.
3011:
3009:, p. 145.
2996:
2994:, p. 346.
2975:
2973:, p. 335.
2963:
2961:, p. 333.
2948:
2946:, p. 442.
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2835:(in Spanish),
2829:
2811:
2808:
2706:
2703:
2674:
2671:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2477:
2474:
2470:Martín Padilla
2411:
2389:
2386:
2364:
2361:
2268:
2265:
2215:
2212:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1981:collection in
1959:
1956:
1827:(1600 – 1629).
1773:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1703:
1700:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1415:Spanish Armada
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1356:Spanish Armada
1328:Counter Armada
1309:English Armada
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:3rd Rheinberg
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Bergen op Zoom
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
843:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
750:
741:
732:
727:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
595:
586:
581:
576:
571:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
511:
510:
506:
503:
502:
491:
490:
483:
476:
468:
460:
459:
452:
450:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
431:
430:
427:
424:
417:
415:
413:
412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
394:
393:
392:
391:
379:
367:
355:
338:
337:
336:
324:
314:
297:
277:
275:
273:
272:
270:Prior of Crato
260:
248:
236:
224:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
187:
175:
167:
165:
163:
162:
160:Prior of Crato
149:
147:Dutch Republic
137:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
33:English Armada
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7766:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7729:Francis Drake
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:Tudor England
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:Tapada limeña
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7447:
7443:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7187:Montes Claros
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7127:Vienna (1529)
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Hernán Cortés
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6848:Conquistadors
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Juan de Ayala
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6672:Duke of Savoy
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6567:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:Dollar (Peso)
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6445:
6431:
6430:Santo Domingo
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:New Andalusia
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Santo Domingo
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6178:Viceroyalties
6175:
6171:
6164:
6160:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6019:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5991:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5928:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5783:South America
5780:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5703:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5668:Spanish Texas
5665:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5646:North America
5643:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:Franche-Comté
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5159:9788496107564
5155:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5140:9781911423560
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5121:9781573562003
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5041:9780002218429
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5022:9781134748204
5018:
5015:. Routledge.
5014:
5009:
5005:
5003:9780817357030
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4944:9788484326694
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4773:9780752220291
4769:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4642:, p. 52.
4641:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4566:. p. 588
4565:
4561:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4495:, p. 96.
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4456:, p. 68.
4455:
4450:
4448:
4441:, p. 11.
4440:
4435:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4325:, p. 94.
4324:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4253:, p. 70.
4252:
4247:
4240:(in Spanish).
4239:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3875:, p. 62.
3874:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3642:, p. 51.
3641:
3636:
3630:, p. 46.
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3594:, p. 43.
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3354:, p. 29.
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3330:, p. 51.
3329:
3324:
3318:, p. 39.
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3282:, p. 28.
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3258:, p. 26.
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3198:, p. 37.
3197:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3166:, p. 31.
3165:
3160:
3154:, p. 36.
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3098:, p. 51.
3097:
3092:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2923:
2920:replaced the
2919:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Helford River
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2631:
2610:
2595:
2574:
2559:
2538:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:harquebusiers
2312:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2261:Torres Vedras
2259:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:Count Fuentes
2228:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Tagus estuary
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2107:
2005:
1998:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1919:San Bartolome
1916:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:San Bartolomé
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Bay of Biscay
1802:
1797:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:San Sebastián
1514:
1509:
1508:raid on Cadiz
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:House of Aviz
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:2nd Rheinberg
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:2nd Coevorden
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:1st Coevorden
1046:
1044:
1043:2nd Steenwijk
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:1st Rheinberg
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:1st Steenwijk
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:Gulf of Cádiz
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
820:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:Bay of Biscay
790:
788:
787:Barbary Coast
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
756:
751:
749:
747:
742:
740:
738:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
592:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
568:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:St. Augustine
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Santo Domingo
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
504:
499:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
469:
466:
453:
447:
444:
443:
441:
440:
435:
428:
425:
423:
419:
418:
416:
410:
407:
406:
404:
403:
398:
390:
385:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
361:
356:
354:
349:
344:
343:
342:
339:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
313:
308:
303:
302:
301:
298:
296:
291:
284:
279:
278:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:
254:
249:
247:
246:Francis Drake
242:
237:
235:
230:
225:
223:
218:
213:
212:
210:
209:
204:
198:
193:
188:
186:
181:
176:
174:
173:
172:Iberian Union
169:
168:
166:
161:
155:
150:
148:
143:
138:
136:
131:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:Bay of Biscay
96:
92:
88:
83:
82:Iberian Coast
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
7570:Architecture
7465:The Americas
7329:Newfoundland
7319:Túpac Katari
7309:Cuerno Verde
7244:Tenochtitlan
7076:Valenciennes
7050:
6833:Luis Fajardo
6702:Blas de Lezo
6647:Duke of Alba
6527:Spanish Road
6365:Buenos Aires
6274:Governorates
6043:Ayuntamiento
6036:Organization
5501:Carlist Wars
5349:Italian Wars
5245:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5193:
5175:
5149:
5130:
5111:
5092:
5088:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4954:
4934:
4915:
4896:
4889:Bibliography
4877:21 September
4875:. Retrieved
4870:
4861:
4851:21 September
4849:. Retrieved
4845:the original
4835:
4824:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4763:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4707:. p. 10
4704:
4694:
4682:
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4661:
4657:
4647:
4635:
4625:
4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4602:
4592:
4585:Wernham 1988
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4563:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4515:
4506:
4500:
4488:
4481:Wernham 1988
4476:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:
4408:
4396:
4389:Wernham 1988
4374:Wernham 1988
4369:
4347:Wernham 1988
4342:
4335:Wernham 1988
4330:
4303:
4291:
4275:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4237:
4196:
4184:
4177:Wernham 1988
4172:
4161:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4122:Wernham 1988
4105:Wernham 1988
4100:
4093:Wernham 1988
4088:
4076:
4064:
4051:
4042:
4037:
4028:
4023:
4011:
4002:
3997:
3988:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:Wernham 1988
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3810:Wernham 1988
3805:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3761:
3754:Wernham 1988
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3659:
3652:Wernham 1988
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3532:Wernham 1988
3527:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3497:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3434:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3244:Wernham 1988
3239:
3232:Wernham 1988
3227:
3220:Wernham 1988
3215:
3203:
3191:
3183:
3159:
3133:
3127:
3120:Elliott 1982
3115:
3108:Bicheno 2012
3103:
3075:
3068:
3061:Hampden 1972
3056:
3028:Wernham 1988
2992:Wernham 1988
2966:
2959:Elliott 1982
2944:Martins 2014
2939:
2912:
2903:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2663:
2659:Cíes Islands
2643:
2526:Raid on Vigo
2522:the Azores.
2515:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2463:
2456:
2443:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2357:
2345:
2329:
2318:
2299:
2270:
2254:
2233:
2208:
2192:
2175:
2161:
2126:
1970:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1890:
1879:San Bernardo
1878:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1798:
1790:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1576:
1525:
1504:
1485:
1459:
1412:
1331:
1327:
1308:
1306:
1274:Carrigafoyle
1192:
1188:
1159:
831:Dover Strait
818:
754:
752:
745:
736:
673:Newfoundland
631:2nd San Juan
616:1st San Juan
603:
599:
590:
566:
340:
299:
170:
119:Belligerents
38:Part of the
25:
21:English Navy
7537:Philippines
7502:El Salvador
7122:Capo d'Orso
7006:St. Quentin
6981:Rome (1527)
6640:Strategists
6390:Guadalajara
6317:New Navarre
6312:New Castile
6297:La Luisiana
6249:Puerto Rico
6239:Philippines
6196:New Granada
5886:Philippines
5847:(Uruguay),
5843:(Bolivia),
5793:New Granada
5733:Puerto Rico
5679: [
5549:Territories
5369:Encomiendas
5093:, 1585-1604
5091:Gran Armada
5079:849-6281388
5034:. Collins.
4520:Wagner 1999
4264:La Trinidad
3457:Graham 1972
2971:Morris 2002
2687:Dreadnought
2653:, Vigo and
2511:Porto Santo
2503:archipelago
2434:halberdiers
2306:its citadel
2151:who tasked
1932:Inés de Ben
1833:La Rochelle
1681:Dreadnought
1532:James Hales
1470:East Indies
1294:Castlehaven
1182:Hoogstraten
1148:San Andreas
1103:2nd Groenlo
1073:1st Groenlo
1028:Knodsenburg
1013:2nd Zutphen
988:1st Zutphen
948:Steenbergen
888:Schoonhoven
797:Mount's Bay
748:Gravelines)
730:Pantelleria
565:Hispaniola
530:São Vicente
295:Philip II/I
258:John Norris
222:Elizabeth I
7683:Categories
7207:Somosierra
7197:Manila Bay
7071:Nördlingen
7011:Gravelines
6491:Columnario
6463:Currencies
6380:Concepción
6352:Audiencias
6327:New Toledo
6292:La Florida
6125:Corregidor
6089:Papal bull
5994:Antarctica
5902:Micronesia
5359:Golden Age
5202:0618565914
5194:The Armada
5102:0389209554
4899:. Conway.
4711:1 November
4668:3 December
4608:9 February
4570:5 December
4545:0805014896
4424:1 November
2932:References
2820:David Keys
2771:. After a
2498:Adelantado
2476:Out to sea
2129:São Julião
2031:Sea battle
1928:Maria Pita
1904:Maria Pita
1875:galeoncete
1631:Munitions
1581:, English
1556:See also:
1366:Background
1257:2nd Calais
1187:Ardenburg
1153:Nieuwpoort
1138:Zaltbommel
1108:Bredevoort
903:Borgerhout
883:Valkenburg
858:Middelburg
821:West Wales
735:1st Cádiz
713:2nd Azores
708:Las Palmas
698:2nd Flores
693:1st Flores
688:1st Azores
641:Portobello
598:La Guaira
429:15,000 men
411:27,667 men
408:180+ ships
334:María Pita
7512:Nicaragua
7490:Guatemala
7400:Pichincha
7385:Chacabuco
7324:Pensacola
7269:Mataquito
7249:Cajamarca
7230:New World
7202:Trafalgar
7106:Alhucemas
6986:Landriano
6971:Comuneros
6957:Old World
6901:Joan Orpí
6621:Royalists
6395:Guatemala
6322:New Spain
6259:Venezuela
6234:Guatemala
6191:New Spain
6186:Columbian
6079:Exequatur
5979:Cape Juby
5833:Argentina
5656:New Spain
5590:Gibraltar
5354:Habsburgs
4815:(1911). "
4454:Hume 1896
4439:Hume 1896
4251:Hume 1896
4016:Hume 1896
3873:Hume 1896
3825:Hume 1896
3640:Hume 1896
3628:Hume 1896
3592:Hume 1896
3504:6 October
3442:1 January
3352:Hume 1896
3280:Hume 1896
3256:Hume 1896
2806:in 1604.
2705:Aftermath
2402:trumpeter
2352:culverins
2204:New World
2184:Cape Roca
2180:Berlengas
2176:Swiftsure
1952:Swiftsure
1837:Swiftsure
1801:Santander
1763:Swiftsure
1755:Swiftsure
1751:Swiftsure
1743:Swiftsure
1687:Swiftsure
1675:Foresight
1665:Nonpareil
1647:Pioneers
1623:Victuals
1573:from 1587
1571:Ark Royal
1542:Execution
1521:Santander
1360:Philip II
1346:. Led by
1195:2nd Sluis
1191:Oostberg
1177:2nd Grave
1162:2nd Meurs
1123:Oldenzaal
1118:Ootmarsum
1083:2nd Hulst
1063:Groningen
1033:1st Hulst
993:1st Sluis
968:1st Grave
943:Eindhoven
923:Noordhorn
817:Cornwall
807:2nd Cádiz
777:Berlengas
611:Guadalupe
589:Trinidad
579:San Mateo
540:Cartagena
7522:Colombia
7507:Honduras
7420:Asomante
7405:Ayacucho
7395:Carabobo
7370:Curalaba
7147:Ceresole
7041:Gembloux
7001:Mühlberg
6716:Mariners
6574:Military
6496:Doubloon
6481:Maravedí
6425:Santiago
6332:Paraguay
6058:Germania
5898:Caroline
5853:Malvinas
5837:Paraguay
5797:Colombia
5739:Trinidad
5606:Sardinia
5446:Bourbons
3432:(1867).
2869:See also
2830:—
2789:Falmouth
2752:Brittany
2695:Sandwich
2412:—
2333:Alvalade
2320:camisado
2309:reached
2141:Caparica
2137:Trafaria
2088:Lourinhã
2050:Alvalade
1958:Portugal
1945:and the
1943:Princesa
1936:El Burgo
1923:San Juan
1915:Regazona
1908:A Coruña
1887:hidalgos
1857:Regazona
1853:Princesa
1841:San Juan
1793:galleons
1783:Admiral
1759:Falmouth
1692:flyboats
1639:Support
1607:Baggage
1591:pinnaces
1587:flyboats
1585:, Dutch
1579:galleons
1566:English
1513:A Coruña
1468:and the
1451:Americas
1279:Smerwick
1232:Caudebec
1113:Enschede
1088:Turnhout
1038:Nijmegen
1023:Delfzijl
1018:Deventer
908:Mechelen
898:Rijmenam
893:Gembloux
826:Sesimbra
683:Santiago
668:Terceira
657:Atlantic
602:Caracas
422:galleons
400:Strength
197:Portugal
95:Portugal
85:(modern
74:A Coruña
69:Location
7654:Asiento
7625:Mustang
7485:Yucatán
7480:Chiapas
7360:Tucapel
7192:Passaro
7142:Algiers
7132:Preveza
7101:Tetouan
7096:Vitoria
7086:Bitonto
7026:Antwerp
7021:Lepanto
6976:Bicocca
6452:Economy
6375:Charcas
6370:Caracas
6264:Yucatán
6135:Regidor
6120:Alcalde
6048:Cabildo
5955:Tripoli
5894:Mariana
5841:Charcas
5817:(Peru,
5801:Ecuador
5764:Bonaire
5759:Curazao
5744:Jamaica
5672:Florida
5270:at the
4823:(ed.).
4564:loc.gov
2797:Kinsale
2758:on the
2699:Revenge
2519:Tacking
2507:Madeira
2452:Setúbal
2438:lancers
2302:Cascais
2236:Peniche
2188:Peniche
2100:Peniche
2069:Cascais
2019:30miles
1892:tercios
1845:galleys
1813:Galicia
1672:in the
1659:Revenge
1615:Horses
1568:galleon
1423:England
1330:or the
1324:
1313:Spanish
1289:Kinsale
1268:Ireland
1247:Morlaix
958:Antwerp
928:Niezijl
863:Haarlem
802:Cawsand
757:Lisbon)
739:Algarve
725:Scheldt
678:Bermuda
636:Tabasco
593:Orinoco
341:Lisbon:
300:Coruña:
135:England
93:), and
91:Galicia
7632:Castas
7390:Boyacá
7365:Guiana
7355:Iguape
7279:Recife
7217:Mactan
7212:Annual
7177:Rocroi
7172:Leiden
7157:Djerba
7091:Bailén
7046:Ostend
7031:Azores
6626:Legión
6591:Tercio
6584:Armies
6486:Escudo
6415:Panamá
6410:Mexico
6405:Manila
6360:Bogotá
6145:Vecino
6140:Syndic
5971:Béjaïa
5931:Africa
5917:Tidore
5805:Panama
5769:Belize
5676:Mexico
5602:Sicily
5598:Naples
5560:Europe
5200:
5182:
5156:
5137:
5118:
5099:
5076:
5057:
5038:
5019:
5000:
4981:
4962:
4941:
4922:
4903:
4819:". In
4809:
4770:
4542:
2925:style.
2863:pastry
2810:Legacy
2791:, and
2760:Blavet
2732:zabras
2679:zabras
2667:Cangus
2651:Bouzas
2436:, 200
2311:Loures
2200:Azores
2133:Oeiras
1983:Madrid
1917:, the
1871:Sansón
1809:Coruña
1769:Coruña
1712:Signed
1670:Edward
1487:Cortes
1466:Brazil
1443:Azores
1439:Lisbon
1262:Amiens
1252:Crozon
1207:Arques
1201:France
1167:Ostend
1128:Lingen
963:Arnhem
933:Lochem
918:Kollum
873:Leiden
762:Bayona
621:Panama
584:Recife
560:Havana
107:Result
78:Lisbon
7527:Chile
7495:Petén
7470:Aztec
7289:Bahia
7264:Penco
7254:Cusco
7182:Downs
7162:Tunis
7081:Ceuta
7066:Breda
7016:Malta
6996:Tunis
6991:Pavia
6505:Trade
6420:Quito
6385:Cusco
6224:Chile
5959:Tunis
5906:Palau
5823:Chile
5754:Aruba
5749:Haiti
5683:]
5612:Milan
5570:Spain
3080:(PDF)
2896:Notes
2787:near
2382:match
1947:Diana
1849:Diana
1811:, in
1552:Ships
1455:Cádiz
1419:Spain
1242:Blaye
1237:Craon
1227:Rouen
1217:Paris
1098:Meurs
1078:Lippe
1008:Breda
973:Venlo
953:Aalst
878:Delft
703:Faial
626:Pinos
420:Four
185:Spain
87:Spain
7532:Inca
7475:Maya
7410:Guam
7343:Lost
7115:Lost
7036:Mons
6476:Real
6400:Lima
6287:Cuba
6229:Cuba
6201:Perú
5977:and
5975:Ifni
5967:Oran
5890:Guam
5819:Acre
5815:Peru
5725:Cuba
5604:and
5198:ISBN
5180:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5135:ISBN
5116:ISBN
5097:ISBN
5074:ISBN
5055:ISBN
5036:ISBN
5017:ISBN
4998:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4960:ISBN
4939:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4901:ISBN
4879:2024
4853:2024
4768:ISBN
4713:2022
4670:2022
4610:2022
4572:2022
4540:ISBN
4426:2022
3506:2021
3444:2023
2793:1601
2781:1597
2777:1596
2655:Teis
2646:Vigo
2622:Vigo
2586:Vigo
2550:Vigo
2496:The
2168:Lugo
2139:and
2017:45km
1941:The
1930:and
1869:urca
1851:and
1602:115
1519:and
1322:lit.
1307:The
1212:Ivry
1143:Rees
978:Axel
938:Lier
853:Goes
848:Mons
606:Coro
61:Date
7237:Won
6964:Won
6072:Law
5969:,
5689:),
5670:),
5217:doi
4792:118
2838:ABC
2827:it.
2505:of
1862:nao
1702:Men
1626:10
1618:10
1610:33
1453:to
1425:'s
1068:Huy
7685::
5973:,
5965:,
5961:,
5957:,
5953:,
5949:,
5904:,
5900:,
5896:,
5892:,
5888:,
5851:,
5839:,
5835:,
5821:,
5807:,
5803:,
5799:,
5731:,
5727:,
5681:es
5674:,
5600:,
5337:,
5246:66
5213:82
5211:.
4869:.
4790:,
4703:.
4685:,
4660:.
4656:.
4601:.
4562:.
4461:^
4446:^
4417:.
4381:^
4354:^
4315:^
4282:,
4266:,
4236:.
4224:^
4209:^
4129:^
4112:^
3817:^
3496:.
3377:66
3359:^
3171:^
3142:^
3088:^
3035:^
3014:^
2999:^
2978:^
2951:^
2822::
2468:,
2206:.
2135:,
2131:,
1977:.
1971:c.
1954:.
1650:7
1642:3
1634:2
1589:,
1515:,
1494:.
1490:,
1421:,
1319:,
1315::
80:,
76:–
5981:)
5908:)
5884:(
5872:)
5855:)
5831:(
5825:)
5795:(
5735:)
5723:(
5693:)
5658:(
5608:)
5300:e
5293:t
5286:v
5223:.
5219::
5188:.
5162:.
5143:.
5124:.
5105:.
5082:.
5063:.
5044:.
5025:.
5006:.
4987:.
4968:.
4947:.
4928:.
4909:.
4881:.
4855:.
4776:.
4715:.
4672:.
4662:4
4612:.
4587:.
4574:.
4548:.
4428:.
3508:.
3446:.
1985:.
1969:(
1847:(
1722:.
1311:(
1193:·
1189:·
1160:·
819:·
755:·
746:·
737:·
604:·
600:·
591:·
567:·
487:e
480:t
473:v
97:)
89:(
23:.
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