English language in Europe

175: 128: 3951: 3178: 3963: 22: 1571:, Germany. According to a spokesperson of the Baden-Württemberg Judiciary, all judges of the Stuttgart Commercial Court and the Mannheim Commercial Court will be able to conduct hearings in the English language. The courts have been created with the intent of settling international disputes, thus increasing the role of Germany in international commercial law. 1067:, Wales's last independent prince, in battle. Edward followed the practice used by his Norman predecessors in their subjugation of the English, and constructed a series of great stone castles in order to control Wales, thus preventing further military action against England by the Welsh. With ‘English’ political control at this time came 987:). This caused divisions in the country where the Lowlands remained, historically, more influenced by the English to the south: the Lowlands lay more open to attack by invading armies from the south and absorbed English influence through their proximity to and their trading relations with their southern neighbours. 867:

remains low, particularly since the 1960s. About 165,000 people in Northern Ireland have some knowledge of Irish. Ability varies; 64,847 people stated they could understand, speak, read and write Irish in the 2011 UK census, the majority of whom have learnt it as a second language. Otherwise, except

1196:

After independence in the 1960s there was some attempt to encourage French, which was still the most important European language. This policy would have been in line with that in place in Greece at the time. Furthermore, in the 1960s, affluent French-speaking tourists (both from France and Lebanon)

1185:

have had little opportunity or inclination to learn the others' language, and are more likely to talk to each other in English. Older Turkish Cypriots who worked or lived with Greek Cypriots prior to partition often speak Greek quite fluently. Indeed, many Ottoman soldiers took Greek wives and were

952:

by the end of the 13th century. English appeared in Scotland for the first time in literary form in the mid-14th century, when its form unsurprisingly differed little from other northern English dialects. As a consequence of the outcome of the Wars of Independence though, the English of Lothian who

1692:

English has become the pre-eminent second language of Europe not in the absence of any colonial history or diaspora, but rather as a concerted effort to increase fluency in English by Europeans since the Second World War. English has become the most useful language to connect different language

1456:

was ceded to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht, although as it transpired this was to be a temporary dominion. Nevertheless, while under British Control Menorca become the Royal Navy's main Mediterranean base and English has been very widely spoken throughout Menorca ever since. Although not an

1609:, Volvo, etc. have designated English to be the language of communication for their senior management, and many universities offer their programmes in English. The language is also a required subject in most European countries. Thus, the percentage of English speakers is expected to rise. 1417: – hitherto an unscripted vernacular – in or around 1868. From this point on, the Maltese language gradually gained currency as the main language on the islands, its grammars and conventions evolving in a mix between Italian, Arabic and English. 858:

was established in Belfast to drive inward investment as a response to a notable level of public interest in learning Irish and the expansion of Irish-medium education (predominantly attended by children whose home language is English) since the 1970s. In recent decades, some

398:. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the South-East. Further aid was sought, and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles and Jutes). The Chronicle documents the subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms: 593:

after the Norman conquest, and French in later centuries; as a result, a substantial proportion of English vocabulary is very close to French, with some slight spelling differences (word endings, use of old French spellings, etc.) and some occasional shifts in meaning.

648:. English influence on the country waned during this period to the point that the English-dominated Parliament was driven to legislate that any Irish of English descent must speak English (requiring those that did not know English to learn it) through the 1197:

in terms of percentage were more important than today. Overall though, the French policy was indicative of a desire to distance Cyprus from the former British colonial power, against which a bitter war of independence had recently been fought and won.

1697:

remains to be seen, but it is possible that the EU, in retaining English as a key working language without the dominant presence of British English speakers, would claim ownership over its own variety of English and develop it for its own needs.

1443:

English remains an official language in Malta, but since independence in 1964, the country's cultural and commercial links with Italy have strengthened, owing to proximity. Italian television is widely received in Malta and is highly popular.

725:. Accordingly, some Irish people who spoke both Irish and English refrained from speaking to their children in Irish, or, in extreme cases, feigned the inability to speak Irish themselves. Despite state support for the Irish language in the 1172:

The British colonial history of Cyprus has left Cypriots with a good level of English but it is no longer an official language in either the Greek south side of the island, formally known as the Republic of Cyprus or the Turkish north, the

998:

of England, and became James I of England. James moved to London and only returned once to Scotland. By the time of James VI's accession to the English throne the old Scottish Court and Parliament spoke Scots. Scots developed from the

1590:

and the aim of making Helsinki more attractive to international talent. 8,000 Helsinkians speak English as their native language, which is 1.2% of Helsinki's population and makes it the 7th most spoken native language in the city.

741:

by only a very small number of people on the island of Ireland. Irish has been a compulsory subject in schools in the Republic since the 1920s and proficiency in Irish was until the mid-1980s required for all government jobs.

745:

It may be noted, however, that certain Irish words (especially those germane to political and civic life) in the Republic are rarely, if ever, translated into English. These include the names of legislative bodies (such as

517:. Some scholars divide Early Modern English and Late Modern English at around 1800, in concert with the British conquest of much of the rest of the world, as the influence of native languages affected English enormously. 1041:. Approximately 2% of the population use Scottish Gaelic as their language of everyday use, primarily in the northern and western regions of the country. Virtually all Scottish Gaelic speakers also speak fluent English. 1615:

or European English, less commonly known as EU English and EU Speak, is a dialect of English based on the technical jargon of the European Union and the native languages of its non-native English speaking population.

1071:

customs and language; English did not displace Welsh as the majority language of the Welsh people until the anti-Welsh language campaigns, which began towards the end of the 19th century (54% spoke Welsh in 1891; see

561:

in the North Sea. While native English speakers are generally able to read Scots, except for some odd unfamiliar words, Frisian is largely unintelligible (though it was much closer to modern English's predecessors,

322:

citizens then spoke English as their native language. Another 38% of EU citizens then stated that they had sufficient English skills to hold a conversation, so the total reach of English in the EU in 2006 was 51%.

1164:

retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. Parts of the island were excluded from the territory of the new independent republic and remain under UK control. These zones are what are known as the

1011:). Scots continues to heavily influence the spoken English of the Scottish people today. It is much more similar to dialects in the north of England than to 'British' English, even today. The introduction of 917:

language. However, during the 12th and 13th centuries, Norman landowners and their retainers, were invited to settle by the king. It is probable that many of their retainers spoke a northern form of

810:, Ireland is today largely an English-speaking country. Fluent or native Irish speakers are a minority in most of the country, with Irish remaining as a vernacular mainly in the relatively small 854:. All of these Irish speakers were bilingual and chose to speak English to their children, and thus these areas of Northern Ireland are now entirely English-speaking. However, in the 2000s a 1552:, a trilingual country, there was a proposal in 2019 to make English an official language, but this ultimately failed to get the required minimum number of signatures to be discussed by the 953:

lived under the King of Scots had to accept Scottish identity. The growth in prestige of English in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made English the

178:

Knowledge of English as a foreign and second language in the EU member states (plus Turkey), in per cent of the adult population (over the age of 14), 2005. Data taken from an EU survey.

706:

from 1831 proved a powerful vector for the transmission of English as a home language, with the greatest retreat of the Irish language occurring in the period between 1850 and 1900.

3158: 1189:

English is also commonly used on Cyprus to communicate with foreign visitors. The large number of British tourists (and other, largely Northern European ones, who use English as a

960:

Thus, from the end of the 14th century, and certainly by the end of the 15th century, Scotland began to show a split into two cultural areas – the mainly English or

1204:, leading to diffusion of culture and language back to their country of origin, and negative sentiments towards the UK have waned or disappeared. There is now a large British 675:

and suppression of Catholicism, including both native Irish and the "Old English" (those of Anglo-Norman descent), further cemented English influence across the country.

577:

of the eastern Netherlands and northern Germany, which was the old homeland of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. Other less closely related living languages include

1601:

In areas of Europe where English is not the first language, there are many examples of the mandated primacy of English: for example, many European companies, such as

1777:"Accroître le taux d'attraction des talents non francophones et l'intégration mondiale : faire de l'anglais une langue officielle du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg" 3251: 842:

At the time of partition, English had become the first language of the vast majority in Northern Ireland. It had small elderly Irish-speaking populations in the

1801: 3151: 3010: 2950: 1428:

regime in Italy, which had made territorial claims on the islands, although the use of Italian by nationalists was more out of cultural affinities with

1420:

Between the 1870s and 1930s, Malta had three official languages, Italian, Maltese and English, but in 1934, English and Maltese were declared the sole

3246: 3144: 1003:

spoken in the Northumbrian kingdom of Bernicia, which in the 6th century conquered the Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin and renamed its capital of

1866: 429:

These Germanic invaders dominated the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants. The dialects spoken by these invaders formed what would be called

1193:) who visit Cyprus regularly has contributed largely to the continued use of English on Cyprus, especially in its thriving tourist industry. 1080:

is currently spoken by about one-fifth of the population. It has been enjoying support from the authorities for some decades, resulting in a

223: 1971: 3439: 3296: 1845: 1715: 1694: 86: 39: 1594:

Throughout Europe, tourism, publishing, finance, computers and related industries rely heavily on English due to Anglophone trade ties.

1109:

are two Crown Dependencies. Besides English, some (very few) inhabitants of these islands speak regional languages, or those related to

3045: 2018: 58: 1657:(44%), Cyprus (42%) and Sweden (40%). Working knowledge varies a lot between European countries. It is very high in Malta, Cyprus, 315:

form a "European Anglosphere" with an area of about 316,000 km (122,000 sq mi) and a population of over 71 million.

3993: 827: 686:

to their children as they knew that the children might have to emigrate and Irish would be of no use outside the home country, in

65: 1823: 1037:

Today, almost all residents of Scotland speak English, although many speak various dialects of Scots which differ markedly from

589:. Many French words are also intelligible to an English speaker, as English absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from the 444:

invaders who settled mainly in the North-East. English, England and East Anglia are derived from words referring to the Angles:

3225: 3274: 3095: 2880: 288:, the sole official language of Gibraltar and of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and one of the official languages of Ireland, Malta, 1888: 72: 3115: 2188: 2073: 1034:. A customs and currency union also took place. With this, Scotland's position was consolidated within the United Kingdom. 1031: 831: 3568: 1457:

official language, English tends to be used on much public signage for the benefit of tourists and expatriates, alongside

2596: 1637:

English is the most commonly spoken foreign language in 19 out of 25 European Union countries (excluding Ireland) In the

1440:, the Maltese lost their sense of fraternity with the Italian world, and there was a decline in Italian spoken in Malta. 1174: 679: 2701: 54: 1350:

do so in the UK. Gibraltar receives Spanish television and radio, and British television is also widely available via

174: 1945:

including native speakers, the figures are: English 38%, German 14%, French 14%, Spanish 6%, Russian 6%, Italian 3%.

1776: 1413:

However, this was increasingly downgraded by the increased use of English. The British began scripting and codifying

105: 921:, although probably French was more common. Most of the evidence suggests that English spread into Scotland via the 3419: 2500: 1553: 1346:, used by Government. It is also the medium of instruction in schools and most Gibraltarians who go on to tertiary 3215: 2748: 2544: 1628: 1012: 863:

in Northern Ireland have used it as a means of promoting an Irish identity. However, the amount of interest from

3844: 3065: 2505: 2011: 1913: 1493:. There are communities of native English speakers in some European cities outside the UK and Ireland, such as 1023: 43: 3167: 3105: 2798: 2760: 1406:, and all legal statutes, taxation, education and clerical discourses were conducted either in Italian or in 1354:. Whereas a century ago, most Gibraltarians were monolingual Spanish speakers, the majority is now naturally 823: 733:) after independence, Irish continued to retreat, the economic marginality of many Irish-speaking areas (see 467:(or Anglo-French during the Plantagenet period) was the language of the elite and the administration and few 3988: 3463: 3100: 2753: 2573: 2390: 2211: 1234: 227: 131: 1140:

declared war against the United Kingdom and France as part of the complex series of alliances that led to

2476: 2466: 2064: 2031: 2027: 1144:. The British then annexed Cyprus on 2 November 1914 as part of the British Empire, making the Cypriots 79: 3941: 3278:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

3060: 2775: 2633: 1073: 855: 550: 1996: 1331:. Even though Andalusian Spanish is the main constituent of Llanito, it is also heavily influenced by 913:

by the 7th century, but remained confined there, and indeed contracted slightly to the advance of the

3983: 3040: 2566: 2524: 2495: 2427: 2395: 2004: 1742: 798:

are still common for houses, streets, villages, and geographic features, especially the thousands of

703: 656: 3572:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

1015:

into Scottish churches also was a blow to the Scots language, since it used Southern English forms.

3860: 3451: 2765: 2719: 2618: 2591: 2556: 2451: 2322: 1685:(14%). On average in 2012, 38% of citizens of the European Union (excluding the United Kingdom and 1250: 968: 586: 1177:

though English remains official in the SBAs. Since the effective partition of the island in 1974,

868:

for place names and folk music, English is effectively the sole language of Northern Ireland. The

778:, are referred to as "the Gardaí", or "the Guards" for short. Irish appears on government forms, 3736: 2977: 2810: 2628: 2603: 1969: 1950: 1934: 1689:) stated that they have sufficient knowledge of English to have a conversation in this language. 1399: 530: 32: 3350: 3210: 2892: 2870: 2674: 2371: 2340: 2218: 1200:

However, knowledge of English is helped by the large Cypriot migrant communities in the UK and

1008: 672: 554: 407: 271: 2788: 678:

As the centuries passed and the social conditions in Ireland deteriorated, culminating in the

3788: 3409: 3090: 2875: 2770: 2483: 2417: 2171: 2161: 2156: 1987: 914: 897: 877: 869: 558: 542: 464: 382: 3083: 1641:, working knowledge of English as a foreign language is clearly leading at 38%, followed by 1473:

There are also pockets of native English speakers to be found throughout Europe, such as in

1148:. On 5 November 1914 the British and the French declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Most of 475:

words were absorbed into Old English, which also lost most of its inflections, resulting in

3518: 2512: 2405: 2345: 2223: 2196: 2113: 1556:. In 2021, a similar proposal was made, which failed to meet the 4500 minimum signatures. 1402:. Prior to the arrival of the British, the language of the educated Maltese elite had been 1351: 1265: 1064: 948:, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a 837: 668: 649: 608: 510: 502: 430: 127: 1568: 850:

and Rathlin Island. There were also pockets of Irish speakers in the southernmost part of

8: 3917: 3489: 3445: 3322: 3287: 3110: 2940: 2932: 2830: 2793: 2679: 2664: 2539: 2529: 2456: 2295: 1965: 1930: 1686: 1595: 1320: 1261: 1209: 1166: 1060: 1027: 926: 881: 864: 775: 730: 664: 626: 514: 312: 195: 1030:, and transferring all their powers to a new Parliament in London which then became the 3000: 2967: 2902: 2885: 2740: 2561: 2108: 2098: 1371: 1308: 1050: 972: 934: 526: 347: 203: 3720: 3005: 2990: 2962: 2922: 2714: 2651: 2400: 2176: 2140: 1575: 1458: 1421: 1343: 1285: 1269: 1254: 1242: 1019: 980: 964: 954: 843: 747: 714: 640:. By the 14th century, however, English rule was largely limited to the area around 538: 480: 419: 391: 281: 239: 2696: 751: 120:"European English" redirects here. For the language used in the European Union, see 3871: 3839: 3729: 3544: 3374: 3125: 3078: 3030: 2957: 2865: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2686: 2659: 2517: 2437: 2382: 2280: 2262: 2249: 2086: 2081: 1646: 1587: 1425: 1414: 1403: 1316: 1118: 1081: 1038: 1000: 984: 906: 901: 885: 787: 726: 722: 497: 468: 415: 289: 235: 326:

European English is known by a number of colloquial portmanteau words, including:

3967: 3881: 2995: 2897: 2835: 2805: 2613: 2488: 2309: 2285: 2257: 2228: 2201: 2166: 2053: 1975: 1642: 1332: 1324: 1312: 1289: 1182: 1145: 1110: 945: 941: 847: 807: 612: 590: 582: 472: 460: 411: 353: 263: 187: 763: 3811: 3537: 3508: 3425: 3362: 3220: 3070: 2985: 2945: 2845: 2669: 2422: 2327: 2317: 2233: 2035: 1395: 1347: 1336: 1281: 1273: 1153: 1137: 1077: 961: 918: 873: 783: 683: 660: 578: 563: 534: 484: 476: 434: 390:, King of the Britons, issued an invitation to the "Angle kin" (Angles, led by 365: 319: 308: 301: 247: 191: 1753:

Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.

767: 3977: 3955: 3457: 3403: 3307: 3120: 3035: 2691: 2608: 2549: 2461: 2412: 2290: 2272: 1375: 1218: 1178: 1068: 1054: 851: 738: 691: 687: 243: 1638: 3817: 3662: 3652: 3432: 2623: 2471: 2350: 1632: 1612: 1437: 1379: 1238: 1087: 860: 791: 533:

family of languages. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are

357: 121: 1586:. He cited the difficulty typically encountered by foreigners in learning 1462: 802:. But with these important exceptions, and despite the presence of Irish 545:

is spoken by approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of

3759: 3709: 3667: 3531: 3495: 3414: 3327: 3230: 3136: 1662: 1658: 1367: 1222:. All of the above maintains an English-speaking presence on the island. 1213: 1141: 930: 567: 399: 231: 207: 1114: 759: 3657: 3602: 3396: 2534: 2026: 1549: 1514: 1300: 1205: 1122: 937: 803: 795: 574: 267: 3781: 3764: 3743: 3632: 3526: 2091: 1560: 1538: 1502: 1494: 1355: 1230: 1201: 1098: 1004: 811: 799: 771: 755: 734: 710: 695: 546: 387: 361: 251: 219: 702:. In addition, the introduction of universal state education in the 509:

The rise of Modern English began around the fifteenth century, with

21: 3962: 3834: 3754: 3692: 3677: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3483: 3368: 3332: 3316: 2118: 1682: 1579: 1564: 1518: 1510: 1486: 1106: 991: 976: 645: 637: 433:, which was also strongly influenced by another Germanic language, 373: 293: 278: 215: 1382:, died in 1974. All inhabitants of the Isle of Man speak English. 1378:

are the two official languages.. The last native speaker of Manx,

940:), Flemish and French. Although the military aristocracy employed 3898: 3887: 3642: 3637: 3622: 3617: 3390: 3380: 3343: 3055: 3050: 2860: 2206: 2133: 2128: 1867:"Mayor suggests Helsinki declare itself an English-language city" 1824:"What's the verdict with Stuttgart's new English language court?" 1802:"Make English an official language in Luxembourg, petition urges" 1674: 1654: 1606: 1583: 1490: 1482: 1453: 1433: 1328: 1304: 910: 718: 622: 618: 573:

After Scots and Frisian, the next closest relative is the modern

492: 285: 1645:

and French (at 14% each), Russian and Spanish (at 6% each), and

1208:

population, in addition to the British military presence in the

925:, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King 671:

and a deepening of the English language culture in Ireland. The

3893: 3687: 3682: 3647: 3627: 3502: 3385: 3356: 3337: 2123: 2103: 1949:. "Special Eurobarometer 243" of the European Commission (2006) 1666: 1649:(3%). "Very good" knowledge of English is particularly high in 1602: 1542: 1530: 1506: 1498: 1478: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1102: 995: 737:) being a primary factor. For this reason Irish is spoken as a 699: 641: 630: 441: 423: 403: 369: 259: 211: 3876: 3866: 3849: 3794: 3749: 3672: 3612: 3607: 1678: 1670: 1650: 1526: 1474: 1429: 1407: 1391: 1293: 1277: 1246: 922: 634: 438: 395: 377: 297: 199: 1598:

and shipping movements are almost all conducted in English.

709:

By the 20th century, Ireland had a centuries-old history of

262:, English is spoken mainly by those who have learnt it as a 3854: 3828: 3822: 1534: 1522: 814:

regions, and most Irish speakers also have fluent English.

779: 255: 1582:, proposed to elevate English as an official language in 929:. Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from 1846:"Two English-speaking commercial courts open in Germany" 1088:

English in other British or formerly British territories

3252:

List of countries where English is an official language

1489:, as well as numerous US and British military bases in 1084:, and is in a healthy position in many parts of Wales. 1022:. Implementing the treaty involved dissolving both the 828:

Languages of the United Kingdom § Northern Ireland

520: 1914:"English dominates EU language curricula, study finds" 1889:"Language according to sex by municipality, 1990-2021" 1128:

All inhabitants of the Channel Islands speak English.

1018:

In 1707 the Scottish and English Parliaments signed a

3939: 352:

English is descended from the language spoken by the

198:. Outside of these states, it has official status in 1990:

by Marko Modiano, World Englishes 19 September 2017

1216:, whose peacekeepers usually also use English as a 490:The most famous surviving work from Old English is 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3177: 663:to collapse at the start of the 17th century. The 655:English rule expanded in the 16th century by the 597: 525:English belongs to the western sub-branch of the 483:marked the transformation of Middle English into 266:, but also, to a lesser extent, natively by some 139: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27) 3975: 3247:List of countries by English-speaking population 762:, of the elected representative(s) in the Dáil ( 318:According to a survey published in 2006, 13% of 163: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19) 151: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38) 1559:In 2020, two English-language courts opened in 872:specifically acknowledges the position both of 513:reaching its literary pinnacle at the time of 3152: 2012: 717:while the Irish language was associated with 224:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3440:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3297:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2370: 496:; the most famous Middle English work being 300:, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey and the 145: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86) 1619: 1268:as a result of the mix of the neighbouring 157: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39) 3166: 3159: 3145: 3046:Comparison of American and British English 2019: 2005: 1424:. The British associated Italian with the 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 2739: 1766:The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story page 216 1757:, 39(1): 24. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam 975:(which then could be thought to include 173: 126: 1988:English in a post-Brexit European Union 553:is spoken in nearby areas of Germany. 3976: 3226:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 1781:The petition website of the Parliament 1695:impact of Brexit on EU language policy 1237:since an Anglo-Dutch force led by Sir 909:speakers were actually established in 3192: 3140: 2000: 1981: 1964:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the 1929:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the 1249:ceded the territory in perpetuity to 341: 3116:Non-native pronunciations of English 1743:Europeans and their Languages (2006) 1738: 1736: 832:English language in Northern Ireland 521:Classification and related languages 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 1716:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019" 1708: 1175:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 817: 13: 3176: 1468: 1092: 766:), and political parties (such as 14: 4005: 3193: 1733: 471:spoke English. A large number of 3961: 3949: 3420:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1335:, involving a certain amount of 1272:population with immigrants from 754:), government positions such as 617:The second English dominion was 360:along the southern coast of the 20: 3994:History of the English language 3216:History of the English language 1955: 1939: 1920: 1906: 1881: 1629:Languages of the European Union 1432:than any sympathy with Italian 1013:King James Version of the Bible 774:). Ireland's police force, the 31:needs additional citations for 3066:English-based creole languages 1859: 1838: 1816: 1794: 1769: 1760: 1747: 1361: 667:in 1607 paved the way for the 598:English in Britain and Ireland 1: 3106:List of English-based pidgins 1962:Europeans and their Languages 1947:Europeans and their Languages 1927:Europeans and their Languages 1701: 1315:as well as languages such as 1303:language of the territory is 1186:allowed to marry up to four. 1152:gained independence from the 957:of most of eastern Scotland. 824:Languages of Northern Ireland 682:, Irish parents didn't speak 3464:United States Virgin Islands 3101:Linguistic purism in English 1225: 479:. Around the year 1500, the 459:For 300 years following the 277:The English language is the 238:has an official status as a 228:British Overseas Territories 169: Not included in report 132:EF English Proficiency Index 55:"English language in Europe" 7: 2202:London & Thames Estuary 891: 846:as well as in the northern 629:gained Irish lands and the 394:), to help him against the 270:from some countries in the 10: 4010: 3181:English speaking countries 3061:English as a lingua franca 1626: 1447: 1307:. It consists of a mix of 1235:British overseas territory 1048: 990:In 1603 the Scottish King 895: 835: 821: 621:. With the arrival of the 606: 602: 345: 330:(first recorded in 1979), 190:, is mainly spoken in the 184:English language in Europe 119: 3915: 3803: 3773: 3719: 3701: 3580: 3567: 3558: 3517: 3473: 3306: 3286: 3273: 3264: 3260: 3239: 3203: 3199: 3188: 3174: 3041:Broad and general accents 3023: 2976: 2951:regional and occupational 2931: 2918: 2911: 2823: 2784: 2732: 2710: 2650: 2582: 2447: 2436: 2381: 2363: 2336: 2308: 2271: 2248: 2187: 2149: 2072: 2063: 2052: 2043: 1398:, under the terms of the 1342:English remains the sole 1131: 1039:Scottish Standard English 657:Tudor conquest of Ireland 625:in Ireland in 1169, King 3861:Northern Mariana Islands 3452:Turks and Caicos Islands 1385: 1358:in English and Spanish. 1044: 587:North Germanic languages 3737:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1436:. With the outbreak of 790:and in media promoting 3351:British Virgin Islands 3211:English-speaking world 3182: 3168:English-speaking world 2219:Received Pronunciation 1693:groups in Europe. The 1266:rich cultural heritage 1156:in 1960, with the UK, 1009:etymology of Edinburgh 1007:to Edinburgh (see the 673:Cromwellian Plantation 386:, around 449 AD, 272:English-speaking world 179: 171: 3789:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3410:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3180: 2413:Multicultural Toronto 898:Languages of Scotland 870:Good Friday Agreement 836:Further information: 559:North Frisian Islands 465:Anglo-Norman language 383:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 177: 130: 2574:Western Pennsylvania 1212:, as well as the UN 1210:Sovereign Base Areas 1167:Sovereign Base Areas 1065:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1028:Scottish Parliaments 838:Languages of Ireland 669:Plantation of Ulster 650:Statutes of Kilkenny 609:Languages of Ireland 511:Early Modern English 503:The Canterbury Tales 40:improve this article 3989:Languages of Europe 3446:Trinidad and Tobago 3323:Antigua and Barbuda 3111:Mid-Atlantic accent 2702:Trinidad and Tobago 1966:European Commission 1931:European Commission 1596:Air traffic control 1394:became part of the 1264:inhabitants have a 1061:Edward I of England 882:Republic of Ireland 731:Republic of Ireland 665:Flight of the Earls 627:Henry II of England 575:Low German language 515:William Shakespeare 380:. According to the 3183: 2634:Pennsylvania Dutch 1974:2016-01-06 at the 1893:Statistics Finland 1804:. Luxembourg Times 1755:English World-wide 1567:, in the state of 1422:official languages 1309:Andalusian Spanish 1051:Languages of Wales 1032:British Parliament 713:. English was the 680:Great Irish Famine 348:History of English 342:History of English 204:Crown Dependencies 180: 172: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3554: 3553: 3134: 3133: 3019: 3018: 2819: 2818: 2728: 2727: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2567:Pacific Northwest 2428:Standard Canadian 2359: 2358: 2304: 2303: 2244: 2243: 1576:Juhana Vartiainen 1569:Baden-Württemberg 1459:Castilian Spanish 1344:official language 1255:Treaty of Utrecht 967:, and the mainly 955:prestige language 856:Gaeltacht Quarter 844:Sperrin Mountains 788:traditional music 715:prestige language 557:is spoken on the 551:Saterland Frisian 539:Frisian languages 481:Great Vowel Shift 392:Hengist and Horsa 282:official language 240:regional language 116: 115: 108: 90: 4001: 3984:English language 3966: 3965: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3872:Papua New Guinea 3840:Marshall Islands 3730:Christmas Island 3565: 3564: 3561: 3545:Pitcairn Islands 3375:Falkland Islands 3271: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3031:English language 2916: 2915: 2737: 2736: 2720:Falkland Islands 2619:General American 2592:African-American 2445: 2444: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2367: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2049: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1826:. Deutsche Welle 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1712: 1578:, then mayor of 1463:Menorcan Catalan 1452:Like Gibraltar, 1426:Benito Mussolini 1400:Treaty of Vienna 1372:Crown Dependency 1260:The territory's 1183:Turkish Cypriots 1146:British subjects 985:Galwegian Gaelic 902:Scottish English 886:Northern Ireland 818:Northern Ireland 727:Irish Free State 723:disfranchisement 704:national schools 498:Geoffrey Chaucer 469:Kings of England 290:Northern Ireland 250:(located in the 242:on the isles of 168: 162: 156: 150: 144: 138: 134:2019 in Europe: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3938: 3925: 3903: 3882:Solomon Islands 3799: 3769: 3715: 3697: 3576: 3559: 3550: 3513: 3469: 3302: 3282: 3265: 3256: 3235: 3195: 3184: 3170: 3165: 3135: 3130: 3015: 2972: 2927: 2907: 2815: 2811:Solomon Islands 2780: 2724: 2706: 2638: 2629:New York Latino 2604:American Indian 2584: 2578: 2439: 2432: 2373: 2355: 2341:Channel Islands 2332: 2300: 2267: 2240: 2183: 2145: 2055: 2039: 2025: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1976:Wayback Machine 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1635: 1625: 1471: 1469:Other countries 1450: 1388: 1364: 1333:British English 1313:British English 1228: 1134: 1095: 1093:Channel Islands 1090: 1057: 1049:Main articles: 1047: 1020:Treaty of Union 904: 896:Main articles: 894: 848:Glens of Antrim 840: 834: 822:Main articles: 820: 808:Hiberno-English 633:of many native 615: 613:Hiberno-English 607:Main articles: 605: 600: 591:Norman language 566:and especially 523: 461:Norman Conquest 354:Germanic tribes 350: 344: 264:second language 188:native language 170: 166: 164: 160: 158: 154: 152: 148: 146: 142: 140: 136: 125: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 4007: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3971: 3970: 3958: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3812:American Samoa 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3538:Norfolk Island 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3509:United Kingdom 3506: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3426:Sint Eustatius 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3363:Cayman Islands 3359: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3268: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221:British Empire 3218: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3073: 3071:Englishisation 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2978:Southeast Asia 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893:South Atlantic 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2675:Cayman Islands 2672: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2588: 2586: 2585:ethno-cultural 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2177:Stoke-on-Trent 2174: 2169: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2036:Modern English 2024: 2023: 2016: 2009: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1980: 1954: 1938: 1919: 1905: 1880: 1869:. The Guardian 1858: 1837: 1815: 1793: 1768: 1759: 1746: 1732: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1624: 1618: 1475:southern Spain 1470: 1467: 1449: 1446: 1396:British Empire 1387: 1384: 1374:. English and 1363: 1360: 1339:into English. 1337:code-switching 1245:" in 1704 and 1227: 1224: 1154:United Kingdom 1138:Ottoman Empire 1133: 1130: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1078:Welsh language 1074:Welsh language 1046: 1043: 994:inherited the 919:Middle English 893: 890: 819: 816: 784:postage stamps 776:Garda Síochána 752:Seanad Éireann 659:, leading the 604: 601: 599: 596: 564:Middle English 529:branch of the 522: 519: 485:Modern English 477:Middle English 435:Old East Norse 346:Main article: 343: 340: 309:United Kingdom 302:European Union 248:Sint Eustatius 192:United Kingdom 165: 159: 153: 147: 141: 135: 114: 113: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4006: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3458:United States 3456: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194:Further links 3191: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:International 3089: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771:Torres Strait 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506:North-Central 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2484:New York City 2482: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2418:Ottawa Valley 2416: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212:Multicultural 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2172:Black Country 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2162:West Midlands 2160: 2158: 2157:East Midlands 2155: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1916:. 2008-11-24. 1915: 1909: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1868: 1862: 1847: 1841: 1825: 1819: 1803: 1797: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665:, but low in 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1622:lingua franca 1617: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Great Britain 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251:Great Britain 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1219:lingua franca 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1191:lingua franca 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136:In 1914, the 1129: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1055:Welsh English 1052: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 963: 958: 956: 951: 950:lingua franca 947: 943: 939: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 899: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 857: 853: 852:County Armagh 849: 845: 839: 833: 829: 825: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:euro-currency 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 743: 740: 739:mother tongue 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:United States 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 610: 595: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 560: 556: 555:North Frisian 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531:Indo-European 528: 518: 516: 512: 507: 505: 504: 499: 495: 494: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463:in 1066, the 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 349: 339: 337: 333: 329: 324: 321: 316: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 176: 133: 129: 123: 118: 110: 107: 99: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: – 56: 52: 51:Find sources: 45: 41: 35: 34: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 3921: 3918:Dependencies 3886: 3859: 3827: 3818:Cook Islands 3810: 3787: 3780: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3708: 3663:South Africa 3653:Sierra Leone 3571: 3543: 3536: 3501: 3494: 3482: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3433:Sint Maarten 3431: 3424: 3402: 3395: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3342: 3315: 3295: 3277: 2876:South Africa 2871:Sierra Leone 2624:Miami Latino 2513:Philadelphia 2501:Inland North 2406:Newfoundland 2224:West Country 2044: 2038:by continent 1983: 1961: 1957: 1946: 1941: 1926: 1922: 1908: 1896:. Retrieved 1892: 1883: 1871:. Retrieved 1861: 1849:. Retrieved 1840: 1828:. Retrieved 1818: 1806:. Retrieved 1796: 1784:. Retrieved 1780: 1771: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1722:. Retrieved 1710: 1691: 1636: 1633:Euro English 1621: 1613:Euro English 1611: 1600: 1593: 1573: 1558: 1547: 1472: 1451: 1442: 1438:World War II 1419: 1412: 1389: 1380:Ned Maddrell 1365: 1341: 1298: 1262:Gibraltarian 1259: 1253:in the 1713 1239:George Rooke 1229: 1217: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1171: 1135: 1127: 1096: 1069:Anglo-Norman 1058: 1036: 1017: 989: 959: 949: 905: 878:Ulster Scots 861:Nationalists 841: 792:folk culture 764:Teachta Dála 748:Dáil Éireann 744: 708: 677: 661:Gaelic order 654: 616: 572: 543:West Frisian 524: 508: 501: 491: 489: 458: 453: 449: 445: 437:, spoken by 428: 381: 358:German Bight 351: 335: 331: 327: 325: 317: 306: 276: 226:(two of the 183: 181: 122:Euro English 117: 102: 93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 3760:Philippines 3710:Puerto Rico 3668:South Sudan 3532:New Zealand 3496:Isle of Man 3415:Saint Lucia 3328:The Bahamas 3231:Anglosphere 3001:Philippines 2794:New Zealand 2680:Bay Islands 2660:The Bahamas 2583:Social and 2540:New Orleans 2457:New England 2351:Isle of Man 2296:Port Talbot 2197:East Anglia 2114:Northumbria 1873:10 December 1851:10 December 1830:10 December 1808:10 December 1786:10 December 1663:Netherlands 1659:Scandinavia 1620:English as 1605:, Philips, 1376:Manx Gaelic 1368:Isle of Man 1362:Isle of Man 1233:has been a 1214:buffer zone 1142:World War I 1119:Dgèrnésiais 933:, and the 931:Northumbria 768:Fianna Fáil 729:(later the 568:Old English 549:(Fryslân). 431:Old English 408:East Anglia 400:Northumbria 334:(1993) and 268:expatriates 256:other parts 232:Netherlands 208:Isle of Man 3978:Categories 3845:Micronesia 3658:Somaliland 3603:The Gambia 3397:Montserrat 2941:Bangladesh 2933:South Asia 2886:Cape Flats 2836:The Gambia 2761:Aboriginal 2597:vernacular 2562:California 2535:High Tider 2530:Appalachia 2391:Aboriginal 2323:South-West 2167:Birmingham 2124:Sunderland 2109:Manchester 2099:Lancashire 1898:13 January 1730:(pp. 6–7). 1702:References 1627:See also: 1554:parliament 1550:Luxembourg 1515:Copenhagen 1321:Portuguese 1301:vernacular 1270:Andalusian 1206:expatriate 1123:Sercquiais 1099:bailiwicks 971:-speaking 938:Huntingdon 935:Earldom of 804:loan words 796:placenames 585:, and the 230:). In the 66:newspapers 3920:shown in 3782:Gibraltar 3765:Singapore 3744:Hong Kong 3633:Mauritius 3527:Australia 3006:Singapore 2968:Sri Lanka 2923:Hong Kong 2749:variation 2741:Australia 2652:Caribbean 2518:Baltimore 2401:Lunenburg 2346:Gibraltar 2263:Highlands 2141:Yorkshire 2104:Liverpool 1724:15 August 1681:(5%) and 1574:In 2021, 1561:Stuttgart 1539:Stockholm 1503:Barcelona 1495:Amsterdam 1390:In 1814, 1356:bilingual 1352:satellite 1348:education 1231:Gibraltar 1226:Gibraltar 1202:Australia 1169:or SBAs. 1113:(such as 1063:defeated 1005:Din Eidyn 973:Highlands 865:Unionists 812:Gaeltacht 800:townlands 794:. Irish 772:Fine Gael 756:Taoiseach 735:Gaeltacht 711:diglossia 696:Australia 652:in 1367. 644:known as 547:Friesland 454:Englaland 450:Angelcynn 388:Vortigern 362:North Sea 252:Caribbean 220:Gibraltar 3968:Language 3835:Kiribati 3755:Pakistan 3702:Americas 3693:Zimbabwe 3678:Tanzania 3598:Eswatini 3593:Cameroon 3588:Botswana 3484:Guernsey 3369:Dominica 3333:Barbados 3317:Anguilla 3308:Americas 3204:Articles 3126:Standard 3096:Learning 3084:Nerrière 3075:Globish 2991:Malaysia 2963:Pakistan 2903:Zimbabwe 2831:Cameroon 2665:Barbados 2396:Atlantic 2364:Americas 2281:Abercraf 2250:Scotland 2229:Cornwall 2150:Midlands 2134:Teesside 2129:Tyneside 2119:Pitmatic 2082:Cheshire 2028:Dialects 1972:Archived 1952:, p. 152 1683:Slovakia 1661:and the 1580:Helsinki 1565:Mannheim 1519:Helsinki 1511:Brussels 1487:Portugal 1286:Portugal 1243:The Rock 1241:seized " 1115:Jèrriais 1107:Guernsey 1059:In 1282 1026:and the 992:James VI 977:Galloway 965:Lowlands 892:Scotland 760:Tánaiste 646:the Pale 537:and the 527:Germanic 374:Frisians 338:(2006). 328:Eurolish 294:Scotland 279:de facto 222:and the 216:Guernsey 96:May 2023 3942:Portals 3922:italics 3899:Vanuatu 3888:Tokelau 3804:Oceania 3643:Nigeria 3638:Namibia 3623:Liberia 3618:Lesotho 3519:Oceania 3490:Ireland 3391:Jamaica 3381:Grenada 3344:Bermuda 3056:Engrish 3051:E-Prime 3024:Related 3011:Vietnam 2996:Myanmar 2866:Nigeria 2861:Namibia 2851:Liberia 2733:Oceania 2715:Bermuda 2687:Jamaica 2614:Chicano 2452:Midland 2438:United 2374:America 2310:Ireland 2286:Cardiff 2258:Glasgow 2207:Cockney 2087:Cumbria 2065:England 2056:Britain 2032:accents 1978:, p. 24 1936:, p. 21 1687:Ireland 1677:(14%), 1675:Hungary 1673:(12%), 1655:Denmark 1653:(52%), 1647:Italian 1607:Renault 1588:Finnish 1584:Finland 1491:Germany 1483:Algarve 1454:Menorca 1448:Menorca 1434:Fascism 1415:Maltese 1404:Italian 1329:Haketia 1325:Genoese 1317:Maltese 1305:Llanito 1290:Morocco 1082:revival 1076:). The 1024:English 1001:Anglian 981:Carrick 927:David I 911:Lothian 884:and in 880:in the 876:and of 719:poverty 688:Britain 623:Normans 619:Ireland 603:Ireland 493:Beowulf 446:Englisc 356:of the 336:Eurlish 313:Ireland 286:England 236:English 196:Ireland 186:, as a 80:scholar 3956:Europe 3894:Tuvalu 3774:Europe 3688:Zambia 3683:Uganda 3648:Rwanda 3628:Malawi 3581:Africa 3560: 3503:Jersey 3475:Europe 3386:Guyana 3357:Canada 3338:Belize 3288:Africa 3266: 3079:Gogate 2986:Brunei 2898:Uganda 2881:accent 2856:Malawi 2824:Africa 2799:accent 2754:accent 2697:Samaná 2670:Bequia 2489:accent 2462:Boston 2440:States 2423:Quebec 2383:Canada 2372:North 2328:Ulster 2318:Dublin 2234:Dorset 2092:Barrow 2054:Great 2045:Europe 1968:(2012) 1933:(2012) 1667:Russia 1643:German 1603:Airbus 1543:Vienna 1541:, and 1531:Prague 1507:Berlin 1499:Athens 1479:France 1162:Turkey 1158:Greece 1150:Cyprus 1132:Cyprus 1111:French 1103:Jersey 996:throne 983:; see 969:Gaelic 946:Gaelic 942:French 915:Gaelic 907:Anglic 830:, and 782:, and 700:Canada 690:, the 642:Dublin 638:nobles 635:Gaelic 631:fealty 583:German 473:French 442:Viking 439:Danish 424:Wessex 420:Sussex 404:Mercia 370:Saxons 366:Angles 364:, the 332:Eurish 260:Europe 254:). In 212:Jersey 202:, the 167: 161: 155: 149: 143: 137: 82: 75: 68: 61: 53: 3877:Samoa 3867:Palau 3850:Nauru 3795:Malta 3750:India 3673:Sudan 3613:Kenya 3608:Ghana 3240:Lists 3121:Plain 3036:Basic 2958:Nepal 2946:India 2846:Kenya 2841:Ghana 2806:Palau 2766:South 2609:Cajun 2550:Texas 2545:Older 2525:South 2496:North 2472:Maine 2291:Gower 2273:Wales 2189:South 2074:North 1719:(PDF) 1679:Italy 1671:Spain 1651:Malta 1527:Paris 1430:Italy 1408:Latin 1392:Malta 1386:Malta 1370:is a 1294:India 1282:Malta 1278:Genoa 1247:Spain 1179:Greek 1045:Wales 962:Scots 923:burgh 874:Irish 786:, in 684:Irish 579:Dutch 535:Scots 416:Essex 396:Picts 378:Jutes 298:Wales 206:(the 200:Malta 87:JSTOR 73:books 3855:Niue 3829:Guam 3823:Fiji 3721:Asia 3404:Saba 2912:Asia 2789:Fiji 2776:West 2692:Saba 2557:West 2477:West 2467:East 2030:and 1900:2023 1875:2021 1853:2021 1832:2021 1810:2021 1788:2021 1726:2024 1639:EU25 1631:and 1563:and 1535:Rome 1523:Oslo 1461:and 1366:The 1327:and 1311:and 1299:The 1292:and 1181:and 1160:and 1121:and 1105:and 1097:The 1053:and 979:and 944:and 900:and 770:and 758:and 750:and 721:and 611:and 452:and 422:and 412:Kent 376:and 311:and 307:The 246:and 244:Saba 214:and 194:and 182:The 59:news 2034:of 1548:In 1485:in 1125:). 1101:of 806:in 698:or 570:). 500:'s 284:of 274:. 258:of 218:), 42:by 3980:: 1891:. 1779:. 1735:^ 1669:, 1545:. 1537:, 1533:, 1529:, 1525:, 1521:, 1517:, 1513:, 1509:, 1505:, 1501:, 1497:, 1481:, 1477:, 1465:. 1410:. 1323:, 1319:, 1296:. 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1276:, 1257:. 1117:, 888:. 826:, 694:, 581:, 541:. 506:. 487:. 456:. 448:, 426:. 418:, 414:, 410:, 406:, 402:, 372:, 368:, 320:EU 304:. 296:, 292:, 234:, 210:, 3944:: 3924:. 3160:e 3153:t 3146:v 2020:e 2013:t 2006:v 1902:. 1877:. 1855:. 1834:. 1812:. 1790:. 1728:. 124:. 109:) 103:( 98:) 94:( 84:· 77:· 70:· 63:· 36:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.