Geologic time scale

33: 15339: 3045:

newly thrown up by the sea which then became petrified? And if the above-mentioned Deluge had carried them to these places from the sea, you would find the shells at the edge of one layer of rock only, not at the edge of many where may be counted the winters of the years during which the sea multiplied the layers of sand and mud brought down by the neighboring rivers and spread them over its shores. And if you wish to say that there must have been many deluges in order to produce these layers and the shells among them it would then become necessary for you to affirm that such a deluge took place every year.

17136: 14140: 15333: 14129: 8497: 3160:(1713–1795) to include tertiary and quaternary divisions. These divisions were used to describe both the time during which the rocks were laid down, and the collection of rocks themselves (i.e., it was correct to say Tertiary rocks, and Tertiary Period). Only the Quaternary division is retained in the modern geologic time scale, while the Tertiary division was in use until the early 21st century. The Neptunism and Plutonism theories would compete into the early 17632: 15114: 4018: 3979: 15124: 8367:, events on other planets probably had little direct influence on the Earth, and events on Earth had correspondingly little effect on those planets. Construction of a time scale that links the planets is, therefore, of only limited relevance to the Earth's time scale, except in a Solar System context. The existence, timing, and terrestrial effects of the Late Heavy Bombardment are still a matter of debate. 3152:(1687–1784) and also used primary and secondary divisions for rock units. In this early version of the Plutonism theory, the interior of Earth was seen as hot, and this drove the creation of primary igneous and metamorphic rocks and secondary rocks formed contorted and fossiliferous sediments. These primary and secondary divisions were expanded on by 9681:(1), so to say – should not retain the name of alluvial deposits any more than the true and ancient tertiary deposits, from which they must also be distinguished.) However, on the very same page, Desnoyers abandoned the use of the term "Quaternary" because the distinction between Quaternary and Tertiary deposits wasn't clear. From p. 193: 367:(GSSA) is a numeric only, chronologic reference point used to define the base of geochronologic units prior to the Cryogenian. These points are arbitrarily defined. They are used where GSSPs have not yet been established. Research is ongoing to define GSSPs for the base of all units that are currently defined by GSSAs. 8446:

has been divided into two alternate time scales. The first time scale for Mars was developed by studying the impact crater densities on the Martian surface. Through this method four periods have been defined, the Pre-Noachian (~4,500–4,100 Ma), Noachian (~4,100–3,700 Ma), Hesperian (~3,700–3,000 Ma),

4070:

The following table summarises the major events and characteristics of the divisions making up the geologic time scale of Earth. This table is arranged with the most recent geologic periods at the top, and the oldest at the bottom. The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of

3333:

The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent

3084:

When any given stratum was being formed, it was either encompassed at its edges by another solid substance or it covered the whole globe of the earth. Hence, it follows that wherever bared edges of strata are seen, either a continuation of the same strata must be looked for or another solid substance

309:

is a body of rock, layered or unlayered, that is defined between specified stratigraphic horizons which represent specified intervals of geologic time. They include all rocks representative of a specific interval of geologic time, and only this time span. Eonothem, erathem, system, series, subseries,

3480:

An international working group of the ICS on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphic subdivision have outlined a template to improve the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale based on the rock record to bring it in line with the post-Tonian geologic time scale. This work assessed the geologic history of the

3324:

books were published in 1982, 1989, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020. However, since 2013, the ICS has taken responsibility for producing and distributing the ICC citing the commercial nature, independent creation, and lack of oversight by the ICS on the prior published GTS versions (GTS books prior

3461:

is a proposed epoch/series for the most recent time in Earth's history. While still informal, it is a widely used term to denote the present geologic time interval, in which many conditions and processes on Earth are profoundly altered by human impact. As of April 2022 the Anthropocene has not

4075:

Eon looks longer than the rest, it merely spans ~539 million years (~12% of Earth's history), whilst the previous three eons collectively span ~3,461 million years (~76% of Earth's history). This bias toward the most recent eon is in part due to the relative lack of information about events that

3044:

Of the stupidity and ignorance of those who imagine that these creatures were carried to such places distant from the sea by the Deluge...Why do we find so many fragments and whole shells between the different layers of stone unless they had been upon the shore and had been covered over by earth

370:

The numeric (geochronometric) representation of a geochronologic unit can, and is more often subject to change when geochronology refines the geochronometry, while the equivalent chronostratigraphic unit remains the same, and their revision is less common. For example, in early 2022 the boundary

3329:

books (2016 and 2020) are commercial publications with no oversight from the ICS, and do not entirely conform to the chart produced by the ICS. The ICS produced GTS charts are versioned (year/month) beginning at v2013/01. At least one new version is published each year incorporating any changes

3219:

pioneered the systematic division of rocks by stratigraphy and fossil assemblages. These geologists began to use the local names given to rock units in a wider sense, correlating strata across national and continental boundaries based on their similarity to each other. Many of the names below

3098:). While Steno's principles were simple and attracted much attention, applying them proved challenging. These basic principles, albeit with improved and more nuanced interpretations, still form the foundational principles of determining the correlation of strata relative to geologic time. 3316:

The establishment of the IUGS in 1961 and acceptance of the Commission on Stratigraphy (applied in 1965) to become a member commission of IUGS led to the founding of the ICS. One of the primary objectives of the ICS is "the establishment, publication and revision of the ICS International

3685:, among others, while at the same time maintaining most of the previous chronostratigraphic nomenclature for the pertinent time span. As of April 2022 these proposed changes have not been accepted by the ICS. The proposed changes (changes from the current scale ) are italicised: 200:

Historically, regional geologic time scales were used due to the litho- and biostratigraphic differences around the world in time equivalent rocks. The ICS has long worked to reconcile conflicting terminology by standardising globally significant and identifiable stratigraphic

136:(IUGS), whose primary objective is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC) that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units. 8415:), with the Imbrian divided into two series/epochs (Early and Late) were defined in the latest Lunar geologic time scale. The Moon is unique in the Solar System in that it is the only other body from which humans have rock samples with a known geological context. 9723:

From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky

3093:

Respectively, these are the principles of superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships. From this Steno reasoned that strata were laid down in succession and inferred relative time (in Steno's belief, time from

3466:

voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS for the establishment of the Anthropocene Series/Epoch. Nevertheless, the definition of the Anthropocene as a geologic time period rather than a geologic event remains controversial and difficult.

8665:

Time spans of geologic time units vary broadly, and there is no numeric limitation on the time span they can represent. They are limited by the time span of the higher rank unit they belong to, and to the chronostratigraphic boundaries they are defined

764:) in origin. Most currently recognised series and subseries are named for their position within a system/series (early/middle/late); however, the ICS advocates for all new series and subseries to be named for a geographic feature in the vicinity of its 3551:

Refinement of geochronometric divisions of the Proterozoic, Paleoproterozoic, repositioning of the Statherian into the Mesoproterozoic, new Skourian period/system in the Paleoproterozoic, new Kleisian or Syndian period/system in the Neoproterozoic.

9677:(What I would desire to prove above all is that the series of tertiary deposits continued – and even began in the more recent basins – for a long time, perhaps after that of the Seine had been completely filled, and that these later formations – 3496:

Three divisions of the Archean instead of four by dropping Eoarchean, and revisions to their geochronometric definition, along with the repositioning of the Siderian into the latest Neoarchean, and a potential Kratian division in the Neoarchean.

3676:

was the last commercial publication of an international chronostratigraphic chart that was closely associated with the ICS. It included a proposal to substantially revise the pre-Cryogenian time scale to reflect important events such as the

299:

that deals with the relation between rock bodies and the relative measurement of geological time. It is the process where distinct strata between defined stratigraphic horizons are assigned to represent a relative interval of geologic time.

3263:

laid the ground work for radiometric dating, but the knowledge and tools required for accurate determination of radiometric ages would not be in place until the mid-1950s. Early attempts at determining ages of uranium minerals and rocks by

3997: 11318:

Gibbard, Philip L.; Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Ruddiman, William F.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Merritts, Dorothy J.; Finney, Stanley C.; Edwards, Lucy E.; Walker, Michael J. C.; Maslin, Mark; Ellis, Erle C. (15 November 2021).

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Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van Couvering, John A.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian R.; Owen, Donald E.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). "Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard".

9132:

Shields, Graham A.; Strachan, Robin A.; Porter, Susannah M.; Halverson, Galen P.; Macdonald, Francis A.; Plumb, Kenneth A.; de Alvarenga, Carlos J.; Banerjee, Dhiraj M.; Bekker, Andrey; Bleeker, Wouter; Brasier, Alexander (2022).

9659:"Observations sur un ensemble de dépôts marins plus récents que les terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Seine, et constituant une formation géologique distincte; précédées d'un aperçu de la nonsimultanéité des bassins tertiares" 11368:

Head, Martin J.; Steffen, Will; Fagerlind, David; Waters, Colin N.; Poirier, Clement; Syvitski, Jaia; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cearreta, Alejandro; Jeandel, Catherine; Leinfelder, Reinhold (15 November 2021).

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The content of the table is based on the official ICC produced and maintained by the ICS who also provide an online interactive version of this chart. The interactive version is based on a service delivering a machine-readable

205:

that can be used to define the lower boundaries of chronostratigraphic units. Defining chronostratigraphic units in such a manner allows for the use of global, standardised nomenclature. The ICC represents this ongoing effort.

9661:[Observations on a set of marine deposits more recent than the tertiary terrains of the Seine basin and constitute a distinct geological formation; preceded by an outline of the non-simultaneity of tertiary basins]. 8395:. This process of dividing the Moon's history in this manner means that the time scale boundaries do not imply fundamental changes in geological processes, unlike Earth's geologic time scale. Five geologic systems/periods ( 9685:(The fear of seeing my opinion in this regard be misunderstood or exaggerated, has made me abandon the word "quaternary", which at first I had wanted to apply to all deposits more recent than those of the Seine basin.) 116:) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as 8692:

The Tertiary is a now obsolete geologic system/period spanning from 66 Ma to 2.6 Ma. It has no exact equivalent in the modern ICC, but is approximately equivalent to the merged Palaeogene and Neogene systems/periods.

231:

Biologic succession (where applicable) – This states that each stratum in a succession contains a distinctive set of fossils. This allows for a correlation of the stratum even when the horizon between them is not

177:(4.54 billion years). It chronologically organises strata, and subsequently time, by observing fundamental changes in stratigraphy that correspond to major geological or paleontological events. For example, the 17687: 286:

The GTS is divided into chronostratigraphic units and their corresponding geochronologic units. These are represented on the ICC published by the ICS; however, regional terms are still in use in some areas.

12871:

Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Yves; Mustard, John F.; Poulet, François; Arvidson, Raymond; Gendrin, Aline; Gondet, Brigitte; Mangold, Nicolas; Pinet, P.; Forget, F.; Berthé, Michel (21 April 2006).

11418:

Zalasiewicz, Jan; Waters, Colin N.; Ellis, Erle C.; Head, Martin J.; Vidas, Davor; Steffen, Will; Thomas, Julia Adeney; Horn, Eva; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R. (2021).

5122:

and modern types of sharks appear in the sea. The revolution started by marine reptiles and sharks reaches its peak, though ichthyosaurs vanish a few million years after being heavily reduced at the

12211:

Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara (2017).

339:

is a subdivision of geologic time. It is a numeric representation of an intangible property (time). Eon, era, period, epoch, subepoch, age, and subage are the hierarchical geochronologic units.

4089: 382:(geochronologic units) was revised from 541 Ma to 538.8 Ma but the rock definition of the boundary (GSSP) at the base of the Cambrian, and thus the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian 2944:) observed rock beds with fossils of shells located above the sea-level, viewed them as once living organisms, and used this to imply an unstable relationship in which the sea had at times 3200:

via Biblical chronology that was accepted at the time by western religion. Instead, using geological evidence, they contested Earth to be much older, cementing the concept of deep time.

732:

The names of geologic time units are defined for chronostratigraphic units with the corresponding geochronologic unit sharing the same name with a change to the latter (e.g. Phanerozoic

628:

Rocks representing a given chronostratigraphic unit are that chronostratigraphic unit, and the time they were laid down in is the geochronologic unit, i.e., the rocks that represent the

9845:

Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire: Or, A Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals ...

10070: 3049:

These views of da Vinci remained unpublished, and thus lacked influence at the time; however, questions of fossils and their significance were pursued and, while views against

9420:

Remane, Jürgen; Bassett, Michael G; Cowie, John W; Gohrbandt, Klaus H; Lane, H Richard; Michelsen, Olaf; Naiwen, Wang; the cooperation of members of ICS (1 September 1996).

3244:

were held in high regard at the time due to their pre-eminence in physics and geology. All of these early geochronometric determinations would later prove to be incorrect.

3078:

When any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting on it was fluid and, therefore, when the lowest stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed.

13403: 9005:

Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Beard, Brian L.; Hoffman, Paul F.; Johnson, Clark M.; Kasting, James F.; Melezhik, Victor A.; Nutman, Allen P. (2012),

15237: 10425:

Telluris Theoria Sacra: orbis nostri originen et mutationes generales, quasi am subiit aut olim subiturus est, complectens. Libri duo priores de Diluvio & Paradiso

13150: 12438: 10108: 15160: 12332:

Medlin, L. K.; Kooistra, W. H. C. F.; Gersonde, R.; Sims, P. A.; Wellbrock, U. (1997). "Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction?".

3040:(1452–1519) would reinvigorate the relationships between stratification, relative sea-level change, and time, denouncing attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge': 11819:

El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Bekker, Andrey; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Mazurier, Arnaud; Hammarlund, Emma U.; et al. (2010).

11632:

Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).

8485: 8469: 8456: 8426: 3965: 3957: 3664: 3656: 3437: 3423: 3411: 3395: 3374: 6066:

die out fully), brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, ammonoids (the goniatites die off fully), insects, parareptiles, synapsids, amphibians, and crinoids (only

4071:

each subdivision of time. As such, this table is not to scale and does not accurately represent the relative time-spans of each geochronologic unit. While the

3334:

era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.

13509: 8621: 4964:, wiping out all non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs, most marine reptiles, many other vertebrates (e.g. many Laurasian metatherians), most cephalopods (only 13093: 3900:

Ma) – names are respectively for the Lomagundi–Jatuli δC isotopic excursion event spanning its duration, and for the (proposed) first fossil appearance of

8713:

Kratian time span is not given in the article. It lies within the Neoarchean, and prior to the Siderian. The position shown here is an arbitrary division.

4984:(avians) diversify rapidly into a number of lineages following the extinction event (while the marine revolution stops). Multituberculates and the first 3276:, and Arthur Holmes, would culminate in what are considered the first international geological time scales by Holmes in 1911 and 1913. The discovery of 2956:(384–322 BCE) who (with additional observations) reasoned that the positions of land and sea had changed over long periods of time. The concept of 8704:

Geochronometric date for the Ediacaran has been adjusted to reflect ICC v2023/09 as the formal definition for the base of the Cambrian has not changed.

8480:. Using this method, three periods were defined, the Phyllocian (~4,500–4,000 Ma), Theiikian (~4,000–3,500 Ma), and Siderikian (~3,500 Ma to present). 244:– Small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming. 11987: 3236:

or orbital physics. These estimations varied from 15,000 million years to 0.075 million years depending on method and author, but the estimations of

12960: 11760:

El Albani, Abderrazak; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E.; Riboulleau, Armelle; Rollion Bard, Claire; Macchiarelli, Roberto; et al. (2014).

13071: 12661:

Chapter 3.1 the Early Archean Acasta Gneiss Complex: Geological, Geochronological and Isotopic Studies and Implications for Early Crustal Evolution

11743: 9718: 3069:

Niels Stensen, more commonly known as Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), is credited with establishing four of the guiding principles of stratigraphy. In

9768: 4076:

occurred during the first three eons compared to the current eon (the Phanerozoic). The use of subseries/subepochs has been ratified by the ICS.

6896:(collision between Laurentia, Baltica and one of the formerly small Gondwanan terranes) for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the 13430: 11176: 9505: 7699:

tapers off in North America. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 Ma. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920–850 Ma),

11241: 7116:

still persist and common. Cephalopods become dominant and common, with some trending toward a coiled shell. Anomalocarids decline. Mysterious

228:– Originally deposited layers of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer. 10474:"X. Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe " 9754:

Tableau des terrains qui composent l'écorce du globe ou Essai sur la structure de la partie connue de la terre . Par Alexandre Brongniart,...

3212: 9861:"XLIII.--On the Physical Structure of Devonshire, and on the Subdivisions and Geological Relations of its older stratified Deposits, &c" 3002:

by more than six centuries. Avicenna also recognised fossils as "petrifications of the bodies of plants and animals", with the 13th-century

748:(new life). Names of systems are diverse in origin, with some indicating chronologic position (e.g., Paleogene), while others are named for 16761: 16437: 16151: 15153: 13446: 12832:. Mars Express after 6 Years in Orbit: Mars Geology from Three-Dimensional Mapping by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment. 8727: 3992: 350: 10078: 3822:

Ma) – named after the Pongola Supergroup, in reference to the well preserved evidence of terrestrial microbial communities in those rocks.

3232:

rates and sedimentary thicknesses or ocean chemistry, and physicists determining ages for the cooling of the Earth or the Sun using basic

17592: 8751: 8531: 4176: 3678: 2827: 736:

becomes the Phanerozoic Eon). Names of erathems in the Phanerozoic were chosen to reflect major changes in the history of life on Earth:

13462: 10054: 9422:"Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)" 3317:

Chronostratigraphic Chart which is the standard, reference global Geological Time Scale to include the ratified Commission decisions".

2961: 133: 7719:(from holozoans) and terrestrial algal mats. Many endosymbiotic events concerning red and green algae occur, transferring plastids to 358:

which defines the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. (Recently this has been used to define the base of a system)

13502: 11002: 10556:

Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation

9236:

Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation

7029: 4550: 178: 7414:

of which wipe out many of the anomalocarids, artiopods, hyoliths, brachiopods, molluscs, and conodonts (early jawless vertebrates).

15691: 11475:

Bauer, Andrew M.; Edgeworth, Matthew; Edwards, Lucy E.; Ellis, Erle C.; Gibbard, Philip; Merritts, Dorothy J. (16 September 2021).

10573:

Principles of Geology: Being an Inquiry how for the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface are Referrable to Causes Now in Operation

9737:

Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde

8723: 7411: 6725:

ones, wipe out many acritarchs, corals, sponges, molluscs, trilobites, eurypterids, graptolites, brachiopods, crinozoans (e.g. all

788: 314:

is the scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments either through absolute (e.g.,

129: 13477: 15146: 14723: 14559: 12131: 12106:"Understanding the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evaluation of Deuterium Values (δD) Related to Precipitation and Temperature" 11420:"The Anthropocene: Comparing Its Meaning in Geology (Chronostratigraphy) with Conceptual Approaches Arising in Other Disciplines" 3416: 8656:

It is now known that not all sedimentary layers are deposited purely horizontally, but this principle is still a useful concept.

8424: 3418: 5800: 4546: 2979: 12509:"Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle – The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split" 3362: 197:, GSSAs) are used to divide geologic time. Proposals have been made to better reconcile these divisions with the rock record. 15929: 14188: 13367: 13351: 13317: 13296: 13275: 13254: 13233: 13212: 13184: 13021: 12677: 11649: 11602: 11559: 11211: 11198:, The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol. 1, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 19–21, 11152: 11114: 11076: 10401: 9803: 9481: 9026: 8747: 8454: 6051: 5990:

evolve. The very large arthropods and non-tetrapod tetrapodomorphs go extinct. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs;

4817:. The multituberculates and leptictidans go extinct by the end of the epoch. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its 4707: 3651:

Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (Shield et al. 2021, ICS working group on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphy), shown to scale:

3542:

Ma) – moved from Proterozoic to end of Archean, no start time given, base of Paleoproterozoic defines the end of the Siderian

13420: 9610:

Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C.; the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (20 January 2010).

5955:

or Proto-Pacific also forms). End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. Hot and dry climate. A possible drop in oxygen levels.

17677: 17597: 16208: 15660: 13495: 10473: 9946: 7148:, killing off some cephalopods and many brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, graptolites, trilobites, bivalves, corals and 4875: 4035: 3492:

Their recommend revisions of the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale were (changes from the current scale are italicised):

3363: 13397: 772:. The name of stages should also be derived from a geographic feature in the locality of its stratotype or type locality. 209:

The relative relationships of rocks for determining their chronostratigraphic positions use the overriding principles of:

13109: 11877: 10100: 9196:

Nicolai Stenonis de solido intra solidvm natvraliter contento dissertationis prodromvs ad serenissimvm Ferdinandvm II ...

8763: 7942:

forms as the second undisputed earliest supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on

219: 11539: 6054:(252 Ma) occur one after another: more than 80% of life on Earth becomes extinct in the lattermost, including most 3364: 3304:

would finally allow for the accurate determination of radiometric ages, with Holmes publishing several revisions to his

16555: 8551: 3352: 13080: 12191: 16756: 16352: 15411: 13334: 13327: 13307: 13286: 13265: 13244: 13223: 12615:

Bowring, Samuel A.; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada".

11190:

Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (2021), Benner, Susanne; Lax, Gregor; Crutzen, Paul J.; Pöschl, Ulrich (eds.),

10977: 10942: 10907: 10872: 10331: 10296: 10261: 8838: 8421: 8419: 6330: 4057: 3433: 3382: 3273: 3237: 363: 251:– Geologic features representing periods of erosion or non-deposition, indicating non-continuous sediment deposition. 194: 9522:

Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Piller, Werner E.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Harper, David A. T.; Finney, Stanley C. (1 March 2022).

8423: 3081:... strata which are either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to it were at one time parallel to the horizon. 3012:(c. 1200–1280) extending this into a theory of a petrifying fluid. These works appeared to have little influence on 16392: 11925: 8771: 7768: 6047: 13414: 10135:"The association of lead with uranium in rock-minerals, and its application to the measurement of geological time" 8451: 8420: 8299:, 4,404 ± 8 Ma). Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth, forming the first oceans. Formation of 3432: 3359: 17338: 17065: 14673: 14328: 12447: 8601: 8142: 7145: 3404: 225: 32: 10139:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

9572: 6526:

in New Zealand tapers off. Some lobe finned fish called rhizodonts become abundant and dominant in freshwaters.

3371: 3228:

During the 19th century, the debate regarding Earth's age was renewed, with geologists estimating ages based on

17167: 15484: 14552: 8767: 8755: 7294:, when some animals started burrowing through the microbial mats (affecting some other animals as well). First 4081: 4039: 3419: 3370: 3360: 3356: 585:

is a non-hierarchical formal geochronology unit of unspecified rank and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

10356: 9828:

On the Geological Structure of the Central and Southern Regions of Russia in Europe, and of the Ural Mountains

3408: 3393: 3389: 3372: 555:

and Quaternary. The use of subepochs as formal units in international chronostratigraphy was ratified in 2022.

17662: 16802: 16550: 15665: 11371:"The Great Acceleration is real and provides a quantitative basis for the proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch" 9612:"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma" 4973: 4770: 4666:

and closing the Tethys Ocean, while allowing a faunal interchange. At the same time, Afro-Arabia splits into

4522: 3725:

Ma) – both names allude to the Jack Hills Greenstone Belt which provided the oldest mineral grains on Earth,

3350: 3347: 3136:. This attribution to the 'Deluge', while questioned earlier by the likes of da Vinci, was the foundation of 1409: 17: 3481:

currently defined eons and eras of the pre-Cambrian, and the proposals in the "Geological Time Scale" books

3434: 3386: 3379: 3361: 3357: 3342: 16545: 14635: 12701:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" 8576: 8526: 7407: 4789:" etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. 4631: 3421: 3157: 1486: 12991: 12015: 9699:[Observations on a trial geological map of France, the Low Countries, and neighboring countries]. 3387: 3365: 3348: 3341: 17509: 17431: 16735: 16605: 16141: 15620: 15600: 15546: 15431: 15267: 14926: 13518: 12566:

Yoon, Hwan Su; Hackett, Jeremiah D.; Ciniglia, Claudia; Pinto, Gabriele; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2004).

10608: 8631: 8626: 8536: 3417: 3406: 3401: 3390: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3343: 235: 160: 12567: 11712: 9080:

Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved".

8453: 8422: 6333:

occurs, initiating a dry climate which favors amniotes over amphibians. Amniotes diversify rapidly into

3420: 3405: 3399: 3367: 3366: 3351: 17667: 17436: 16945: 16925: 15952: 15287: 15272: 15210: 15189: 14278: 14258: 10205:"The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: a historical overview" 10204: 9251:"International Commission on Stratigraphy - Stratigraphic Guide - Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units" 8591: 8443: 8326: 7976: 7141: 5551: 4453: 4339: 3463: 3403: 3392: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3175: 3153: 3050: 12825: 10867:. J. W. Cowie. Frankfurt a.M.: Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 10860: 3415: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3353: 17441: 16935: 16907: 16519: 15922: 15441: 15252: 14989: 14838: 14718: 14268: 14181: 13038:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.; Bleeker, Wouter; Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004).

7939: 6909: 6379: 4961: 4585: 4199: 3918: 3435: 3409: 3388: 3378: 3204: 3120:

The apparent, earliest formal division of the geologic record with respect to time was introduced by

2149: 241: 13426: 11582: 10718: 9783: 9697:"Observations sur un essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas, et des contrées voisines" 9006: 8452: 7570:. Enigmatic vendozoans include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like 3345: 3220:

erathem/era rank in use on the modern ICC/GTS were determined during the early to mid-19th century.

17672: 17243: 17157: 17002: 16201: 14688: 13409: 11245: 9671: 9658: 8636: 8611: 8586: 8322: 8023: 7339: 4879: 4530: 3407: 3402: 3383: 3369: 2888: 625:

Period (geochronologic unit) is used in place of Lower Triassic Series (chronostratigraphic unit).

128:. The definition of standardised international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the 8347:

have sufficiently rigid structures to have preserved records of their own histories, for example,

7290:

sponges initially abundant, then vanish. Stromatolites replace them, but quickly fall prey to the

2952:. This view was shared by a few of Xenophanes's contemporaries and those that followed, including 16940: 16890: 16677: 16524: 16173: 16022: 15701: 15479: 15381: 15297: 15292: 14944: 14595: 13791: 13786: 12659: 9907: 8788: 8784: 8566: 8304: 8093: 7992: 7809:

starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080–),

6399: 6226: 4915: 4903: 4883: 4440:

content reaches present-day levels while landmasses also reach their current locations (e.g. the

4311: 4028: 3346: 3293: 3025: 2914: 2832: 2540: 2522: 2493: 2475: 2457: 2424: 769: 3400: 17682: 16840: 16641: 16387: 16286: 14298: 11820: 8364: 8255: 7806: 7692: 6897: 6067: 5736:

remained common in Gondwana, before being replaced by advanced gymnosperms. Many large aquatic

3986:

It has been suggested that the details about life in the "Major events" column of the table be

3368: 3196:. Their theories strongly contested the 6,000 year age of the Earth as suggested determined by 3137: 1453: 379: 238:– A rock feature that cuts across another feature must be younger than the rock it cuts across. 216:– Newer rock beds will lie on top of older rock beds unless the succession has been overturned. 9860: 9696: 9524:"Ratification of subseries/subepochs as formal rank/units in international chronostratigraphy" 8680:

Precambrian or pre-Cambrian is an informal geological term for time before the Cambrian period

5982:

in this period. In the mid-Permian, lycophytes are heavily replaced by ferns and seed plants.

5063:

proliferate (after developing many features since the Carboniferous), along with new types of

3325:

to 2013) although these versions were published in close association with the ICS. Subsequent

3108:

Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances

17210: 16442: 15854: 15127: 14759: 14704: 14658: 14643: 14288: 13170: 13065: 9712: 9609: 8616: 8059: 8051: 8000: 7995:

in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 Ma. Glenburgh Orogeny,

7712: 7708: 7630: 7383: 7375: 6917: 6702: 6119: 6043: 5948: 5788: 4711: 4396: 4392: 4315: 4173: 4085: 3855: 3682: 3427:

Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline)

3289: 3192: 3105:

Sequences of strata often become eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition

2896: 929: 544: 521: 383: 355: 12841: 12054: 11731: 9843: 6844:

diversify rapidly, becoming widespread and dominant. Cephalopods continue to flourish. True

566:

is the smallest hierarchical geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

17371: 17323: 17095: 16875: 16816: 16792: 16787: 16131: 16079: 15972: 15915: 15681: 15595: 15421: 15282: 15010: 14979: 14428: 14323: 14174: 12975: 12884: 12837: 12790: 12624: 12380: 12290: 12224: 12150: 12050: 12037:

Bartoli, G; Sarnthein, M; Weinelt, M; Erlenkeuser, H; Garbe-Schönberg, D; Lea, D.W (2005).

11951:

Cox, Simon J. D.; Richard, Stephen M. (2014). "A geologic timescale ontology and service".

11835: 11773: 11727: 11683: 11488: 11431: 10776: 10675: 10620: 10216: 10146: 9960: 9623: 9394: 9146: 9089: 8581: 8571: 7291: 6115: 5823:

except crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, and many ammonoids (including the whole

5776: 4911: 4343: 4252: 4169: 3774: 3216: 2945: 2928:, the broader concept that rocks and time are related can be traced back to (at least) the 1457: 567: 327: 319: 213: 73: 14153: 13056: 13039: 12345: 12003: 9588: 9438: 9421: 8949: 8932: 465:

is the second largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

8: 17471: 17305: 17248: 17090: 17082: 17058: 16902: 16797: 16705: 16480: 16397: 16377: 16367: 16194: 15891: 15541: 15406: 15358: 14343: 14303: 11821:"Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago" 11018: 10838: 10821: 10020: 10003: 9951: 8376: 8035: 7968: 7704: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7387: 6527: 6286: 6279: 5214: 5186: 4899: 4623: 4518: 4481: 4426: 4303: 4248: 3987: 3170: 3088:

If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum.

3058: 3033: 3029: 3024:

to explain the origins of fossils and sea-level changes, often attributing these to the '

2994: 2376: 590: 386:(chronostratigraphic units) has not changed, merely the geochronometry has been refined. 273: 15227: 12979: 12888: 12794: 12628: 12384: 12294: 12228: 12154: 11839: 11777: 11687: 11538:

Bleeker, W. (17 March 2005), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (eds.),

11492: 11435: 11191: 10780: 10679: 10624: 10381: 10220: 10150: 9964: 9627: 9398: 9150: 9093: 7662:

still rare. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off. First uncontroversial

6892:

not as varied. Three minor extinction events. Some echinoderms go extinct. Beginning of

5546:

levels 3–4 times the present-day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv).

401:

Period, is defined as 201,400,000 years old with an uncertainty of 200,000 years. Other

17383: 17027: 17007: 16885: 16870: 16855: 16777: 16576: 16540: 16342: 16036: 15957: 15866: 15640: 15564: 15494: 14833: 14811: 14678: 14502: 14473: 14408: 14401: 13473: 13142: 12916: 12736: 12640: 12543: 12508: 12489: 12476: 12433: 12409: 12368: 12314: 12256: 11968: 11903: 11859: 11796: 11761: 11641: 11608: 11594: 11520: 11457: 11400: 11350: 11300: 11217: 11170: 10802: 10746: 10699: 10644: 10501: 10232: 10048: 9984: 9888: 9825:

Murchison; Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey; Verneuil; Keyserling, Graf Alexander (1842).

9795: 9762: 9611: 9553: 9499: 9172: 9105: 9018: 8962: 8561: 7873: 7582: 7379: 7252: 6893: 6714: 6523: 6031: 5780: 4907: 4895: 4223: 4195: 4165: 3696: 2975: 2910: 601:

units as they are based on previously defined stratigraphic units or geologic features.

315: 291: 265: 139:

While some regional terms are still in use, the table of geologic time conforms to the

77: 37: 12872: 12669: 12275: 12166: 12105: 4654:

and mammal families become recognizable. The last of the primitive whales go extinct.

3061:

shared da Vinci's views, and found the attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge' absurd.

543:

is the second smallest geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

17602: 17579: 17499: 17466: 16835: 16631: 16626: 16470: 16306: 16026: 15714: 15579: 15396: 14914: 14793: 14693: 14546: 14449: 14353: 13920: 13884: 13363: 13347: 13313: 13292: 13271: 13250: 13229: 13208: 13180: 13134: 13117: 13017: 12908: 12900: 12853: 12806: 12728: 12720: 12673: 12644: 12597: 12589: 12548: 12530: 12493: 12481: 12463: 12414: 12396: 12306: 12248: 12240: 12007: 11851: 11801: 11645: 11612: 11598: 11555: 11524: 11512: 11504: 11476: 11461: 11449: 11404: 11392: 11387: 11370: 11354: 11342: 11337: 11320: 11304: 11292: 11284: 11221: 11207: 11158: 11148: 11120: 11110: 11082: 11072: 11022: 10983: 10973: 10948: 10938: 10913: 10903: 10878: 10868: 10843: 10794: 10750: 10738: 10691: 10648: 10636: 10505: 10493: 10397: 10362: 10337: 10327: 10302: 10292: 10267: 10257: 10236: 10228: 10164: 10025: 9988: 9976: 9927: 9892: 9880: 9799: 9639: 9592: 9557: 9545: 9540: 9523: 9487: 9477: 9443: 9176: 9164: 9109: 9022: 8954: 8855: 8726:

International Chronostratigraphic chart (v2023/06). An indicates boundaries where a

8412: 8340: 7849: 7814: 7802: 7756: 7696: 7626: 7477: 7371: 7246: 7180: 6293:, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. First 6245: 6103: 6011: 5772: 5768: 5539: 5535: 4441: 4361: 3760: 3700: 3297: 3285: 3265: 3248: 3179: 3037: 2949: 2846: 2746: 2510: 594: 277: 202: 13146: 12920: 12873:"Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data" 12082: 11972: 11268: 10382:"2.27 the Prodromus to a Dissertation on a Solid Naturally Contained within a Solid" 8966: 2152:

in 1874 as a portmanteau of paleo- + Eocene, but on the surface from Greek παλαιός (

413:(kiloannum, thousand years), with the latter often represented in calibrated units ( 17625: 17620: 17526: 17393: 17378: 17255: 17235: 17177: 17032: 16981: 16897: 16845: 16621: 16599: 16465: 16362: 16012: 15859: 15605: 15584: 15536: 15499: 15312: 15032: 15020: 14848: 14816: 14648: 14517: 14433: 14423: 14338: 14014: 13889: 13858: 13655: 13379:

The current version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart can be found at

13126: 13051: 12983: 12947: 12892: 12845: 12798: 12759: 12740: 12712: 12665: 12632: 12579: 12538: 12520: 12507:Žárský, Jakub; Žárský, Vojtěch; Hanáček, Martin; Žárský, Viktor (27 January 2022). 12471: 12455: 12451: 12404: 12388: 12349: 12341: 12318: 12298: 12260: 12232: 12158: 12058: 11999: 11960: 11863: 11843: 11791: 11781: 11735: 11691: 11637: 11590: 11547: 11496: 11439: 11382: 11332: 11276: 11199: 11014: 10833: 10806: 10784: 10730: 10703: 10683: 10628: 10485: 10389: 10224: 10154: 10015: 9968: 9919: 9872: 9791: 9631: 9584: 9535: 9433: 9402: 9154: 9135:"A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale" 9097: 9014: 8944: 8606: 8556: 8511: 8348: 8330: 8259: 8134: 8089: 7996: 7988: 7947: 7920: 7845: 7790: 7700: 7555: 7507: 7492: 7482: 7205: 6978: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6346: 6099: 5412: 5404: 5279: 5202: 5159: 5005: 4957: 4834: 4822: 4627: 4584:

Middle Miocene climate optimum temporarily provides a warm climate. Extinctions in

4457: 4284: 4219: 3708: 3269: 2764: 2722: 2697: 2189: 2165: 1514: 1390: 1120: 613:

subdivisions are used as the geochronologic equivalents of the chronostratigraphic

486: 434:

is the largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic

170: 156: 113: 11321:"A practical solution: the Anthropocene is a geological event, not a formal epoch" 11140: 10632: 10588: 10439: 9101: 3144:

theory in which all rocks precipitated out of a single flood. A competing theory,

885: 17521: 17504: 17461: 17451: 17343: 16965: 16930: 16917: 16880: 16827: 16685: 16580: 16514: 16475: 16312: 16061: 15590: 15569: 15401: 15373: 15138: 15094: 14959: 14936: 14904: 14856: 14843: 14806: 14788: 14418: 14413: 14114: 14110: 14106: 13983: 13879: 13817: 13712: 13681: 13650: 13481: 13457: 13434: 13358: 13342: 13202: 13174: 13108:; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July 2004). 13105: 13011: 12664:, Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 15, Elsevier, pp. 127–147, 11786: 11551: 10571: 10554: 10456: 10393: 9826: 9735: 9382: 9234: 9194: 8596: 8541: 8516: 8352: 8206: 7951: 7779: 7587: 7551: 7018: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6747: 6698: 6694: 6666: 6317:. Variscan orogeny continues (these collisions created orogenies, and ultimately 6314: 6111: 6107: 6087: 6015: 5859: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5764: 5586: 5576: 5531: 5210: 5198: 5123: 5099: 5060: 5050: 5009: 4830: 4731: 4723: 4514: 4489: 3797: 3281: 3252: 3009: 3003: 2978:, who wrote on the processes of stratification over the passage of time in their 2582: 2293: 2232: 1307: 1087: 598: 490: 269: 65: 14139: 11242:"Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' | Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy" 11203: 10542:. Digitised by London Natural History Museum Library. Edinburgh: Neill & Co. 10103:. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 9752: 9381:

Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2006).

3886:

Ma) – named for displaying the first evidence for a global oxidising atmosphere.

17635: 17554: 17544: 17408: 17403: 17162: 17152: 17051: 16865: 16663: 16651: 16595: 16590: 16584: 16509: 16432: 16357: 16126: 16089: 15886: 15645: 15635: 15574: 15531: 15363: 15353: 15322: 15222: 15194: 15037: 15027: 14826: 14698: 14668: 14653: 14438: 14396: 14391: 14263: 14133: 13952: 13822: 13717: 13686: 13385:

Interactive version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart is found at

12849: 12778: 12392: 12063: 12038: 11739: 11500: 11280: 10861:

International Union of Geological Sciences. Commission on Stratigraphy (1986).

9912:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

8546: 8502: 8284: 8239: 8210: 8198: 8105: 7943: 7881: 7869: 7865: 7838: 7810: 7755:) also appear: eukaryotes diversify rapidly, including algal, eukaryovoric and 7732: 7667: 7655: 7591: 7532: 7406:

start colonising land. 3 extinction events occur 517, 502 and 488 Ma, the

6869: 6853: 6821: 6772: 6706: 6662: 6651: 6578: 6467: 6423: 6411: 5933: 5884: 5631: 5547: 5500: 5206: 5190: 5103: 4997: 4826: 4682: 4635: 4554: 4477: 4346: 3915: 3842: 3801: 3233: 3208: 2933: 2600: 2558: 2417: 2365: 2312: 2269: 2250: 2207: 1692: 1518: 1449: 1054: 918: 494: 414: 341: 323: 121: 13487: 13040:"A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene" 12987: 12276:"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2" 12162: 11964: 11929: 11162: 10489: 9972: 9923: 9876: 9491: 9406: 7691:

supercontinent occurs in early Tonian, with breakup beginning c. 800 Ma.

7036:

diversify into many new types (especially brachiopods and molluscs; e.g. long

6673:, slowly becoming amphibious. The last non-trilobite artiopods die off. First 2398: 2336: 17656: 17564: 17494: 17446: 17413: 17285: 17275: 17265: 17225: 17220: 16782: 16700: 16695: 16646: 16636: 16276: 16156: 16136: 15773: 15724: 15709: 15655: 15426: 15262: 15257: 15173: 15117: 15067: 15015: 14949: 14921: 14909: 14899: 14889: 14771: 14615: 14541: 14490: 14443: 14358: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14241: 13853: 13843: 13812: 13775: 13707: 13676: 12904: 12857: 12810: 12724: 12699:

Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001).

12593: 12534: 12525: 12467: 12434:"Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions" 12400: 12244: 12212: 12011: 11762:"The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota: Biogenicity, Taphonomy and Biodiversity" 11508: 11453: 11396: 11346: 11288: 11124: 11086: 11026: 10864:

Guidelines and statutes of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

10847: 10798: 10742: 10734: 10695: 10640: 10497: 10306: 10271: 10168: 10043: 10029: 9980: 9931: 9884: 9643: 9596: 9549: 9447: 9168: 8958: 8408: 8396: 8384: 8380: 8280: 8179: 8063: 8055: 8007: 7980: 7764: 7287: 7101: 6953: 6812: 6670: 6647: 6608: 6599: 6594: 6567: 6515: 6447: 6342: 6261: 6220: 6130: 6039: 6035: 5972: 5924: 5737: 5681: 5646: 5496: 5424: 5408: 5400: 5349: 5201:

and the islands of the Indian (and some of the Atlantic) Ocean. Beginning of

5163: 5107: 5055: 4806: 4671: 4485: 4449: 4445: 4429:

develops as the cold slowly intensifies towards the Pleistocene. Atmospheric

4307: 4264: 4190: 3756: 3241: 3187: 3183: 3121: 3095: 2999: 2925: 2728: 2703: 2674: 2668: 2618: 2606: 2588: 2564: 2546: 2528: 2499: 2481: 2318: 2257: 2238: 1644: 1619: 1590: 1565: 1532: 1526: 1503: 1471: 1031: 903: 547:. There are 37 defined epochs and one informal one. The current epoch is the 529: 281: 93: 85: 13451:

A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene

13391:

A list of current Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Points is found at

13130: 12896: 12802: 12584: 12353: 11904:"Geologic Timescale Elements in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 10987: 10952: 10882: 10341: 8336: 5067:, while other seed plants (gymnosperms and seed ferns) decline. More modern 2080: 2051: 1993: 1060: 845: 644:

Formal, hierarchical units of the geologic time scale (largest to smallest)

17607: 17569: 17559: 17549: 17489: 17270: 17115: 17105: 16860: 16658: 16372: 16347: 16332: 16298: 16258: 15871: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15735: 15474: 15089: 15083: 14749: 14683: 14605: 14536: 14485: 14386: 14333: 14273: 14144: 14075: 13925: 13848: 13138: 12912: 12732: 12601: 12552: 12485: 12418: 12310: 12252: 12196: 11855: 11805: 11516: 11296: 11142: 11001:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin (23 July 2008).

10965: 10917: 10663: 10366: 10159: 10134: 9471: 8477: 8473: 8360: 8344: 8194: 8161: 8130: 7897: 7818: 7760: 7671: 7577: 7502: 7422: 7335: 7331: 7279: 7033: 6968: 6928: 6658: 6654: 6531: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6405: 6338: 6095: 6019: 5979: 5748: 5695: 5566: 5527: 5523: 5416: 5194: 5111: 4993: 4887: 4579: 4538: 4534: 4493: 4400: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4350: 4319: 4299: 4244: 4238: 3704: 3452: 3301: 3260: 3197: 3165: 3161: 2877: 2871: 2788: 2770: 2752: 2685: 2649: 2643: 2624: 2463: 2445: 2441: 2430: 2300: 2275: 2214: 2195: 2022: 1914: 1889: 1864: 1839: 1814: 1789: 1764: 1681: 1438: 1246: 1217: 1211: 1188: 1159: 1126: 1093: 874: 474: 296: 261: 248: 174: 152: 140: 109: 101: 13440: 12700: 12636: 12213:"New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" 11269:"Anthropocene now: influential panel votes to recognise Earth's new epoch" 11104: 11066: 10101:"Place Details: Ediacara Fossil Site – Nilpena, Parachilna, SA, Australia" 5118:

appear in water and probably cause the last temnospondyls to die out; and

3111:

The strata of any given area represented only part of Earth's long history

2171: 1739: 1002: 17366: 17172: 17100: 16560: 16457: 16419: 16402: 16337: 16318: 16251: 16231: 16105: 16046: 15938: 15881: 15876: 15521: 15504: 15436: 15416: 15302: 15184: 15099: 15077: 14984: 14969: 14764: 14744: 14734: 14663: 14620: 14600: 14529: 14348: 14250: 14070: 13939: 13915: 13760: 13555: 12039:"Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation" 11581:

Strachan, R.; Murphy, J.B.; Darling, J.; Storey, C.; Shields, G. (2020),

11444: 11419: 10967: 10932: 10862: 10520: 10321: 9214: 8931:

Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (1 September 2013).

8867:

Not enough is known about extra-solar planets for worthwhile speculation.

8288: 8171: 8138: 8124: 8113: 7912:(remains of marine algae possibly) start appearing in the fossil record. 7893: 7736: 7728: 7634: 7572: 7527: 7442: 7403: 7226: 7185: 7137: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7097: 7081: 7041: 6849: 6817: 6586: 6552: 6503: 6491: 6459: 6427: 6241: 6140: 6027: 6003: 5995: 5968: 5952: 5816: 5812: 5792: 5723: 5707: 5555: 5476: 5460: 5440: 5396: 5324: 5314: 5076: 5001: 4790: 4663: 4662:, including humans. Afro-Arabia collides with Eurasia, fully forming the 4614: 4279: 4139: 4072: 3256: 3017: 2929: 2853: 2816: 2810: 2359: 2109: 1987: 1964: 1710: 1417: 1182: 839: 816: 810: 776: 478: 451: 447: 345:

is the field of geochronology that numerically quantifies geologic time.

13337:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-99242-8. 13330:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-98913-8. 12302: 12236: 11847: 11696: 11671: 10897: 9159: 9134: 6689:

to lose their shells while anomalocarids vanish. "Old Red Continent" of

6325:(e.g. temnospondyls) spread in Euramerica, with some becoming the first 3085:

must be found that kept the material of the strata from being dispersed.

1394: 1333: 17456: 17423: 17398: 17280: 17200: 17110: 16327: 16322: 16217: 16146: 16110: 16067: 15896: 15849: 15833: 15719: 15625: 15446: 15307: 15277: 15215: 14994: 14894: 14801: 14776: 14579: 14363: 14065: 14025: 13968: 13868: 13765: 13639: 13539: 12936: 12367:

Williams, Joshua J.; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; Lenton, Timothy M. (2019).

11988:"African Environmental Change from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene" 10537: 9298: 9250: 8243: 8187: 8079: 7946:, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 Ma, on the 7931: 7925: 7740: 7720: 7649: 7605:, leading to the formation of the short-lived Ediacaran supercontinent 7447: 7367: 7347: 7319: 7307: 7275: 7263: 7129: 7109: 7065: 7049: 7037: 7023: 7013: 7003: 6933: 6889: 6861: 6845: 6841: 6797: 6690: 6643: 6631: 6615: 6590: 6499: 6471: 6415: 6389: 6369: 6302: 6265: 6190: 6175: 6145: 6079: 6071: 5991: 5960: 5824: 5741: 5732: 5727: 5666: 5656: 5503: 5480: 5464: 5420: 5360: 5334: 5269: 5182: 5174: 5158:) mammals appear while the last non-mammalian cynodonts die out. First 5151: 5135: 5127: 5115: 5087: 5045: 4965: 4838: 4786: 4765: 4727: 4421: 4256: 4207: 4160: 4150: 4090:

Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information

4042: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3845: 3229: 3149: 2941: 2937: 2739: 2714: 2689: 2392: 2182: 2138: 1833: 1704: 1613: 1385: 1362: 1296: 1290: 1153: 765: 761: 586: 571: 525: 482: 410: 190: 186: 105: 14128: 12459: 10323:

The meaning of fossils : episodes in the history of palaeontology

9329: 8803:

This is divided into Lower/Early, Middle, and Upper/Late series/epochs

8496: 8472:

A second time scale based on mineral alteration observed by the OMEGA

7950:

in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 Ma), Gawler Craton,

7251:

Major diversification of (fossils mainly show bilaterian) life in the

5162:. Many snails become terrestrial. Further breakup of Gondwana creates 4910:) while Eurasia completely separates from North America, creating the 2998:(1027) on the concept of stratification and superposition, pre-dating 2924:

While a modern geological time scale was not formulated until 1911 by

973: 397:'). For example, 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma, the lower boundary of the 17688:

International Commission on Stratigraphy geologic time scale of Earth

17388: 17333: 17318: 17290: 17260: 17187: 17120: 17017: 16997: 16730: 16690: 16427: 16236: 16050: 16002: 15977: 15962: 15793: 15630: 15514: 15489: 15469: 15386: 15338: 15332: 15317: 15057: 14974: 14610: 14522: 14497: 14478: 14368: 14080: 14030: 14004: 13963: 13910: 13755: 13731: 13612: 13602: 13591: 13386: 13094:"Pondering 'Deep Time' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change" 12951: 12716: 12192:"Here's What the Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans Looked Like" 10789: 10764: 10687: 10286: 10251: 9683:"La crainte de voir mal comprise ... que ceux du bassin de la Seine." 9635: 8521: 8400: 8388: 8276: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8109: 8031: 7962: 7909: 7889: 7860: 7610: 7567: 7537: 7517: 7399: 7343: 7323: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7241: 7195: 7149: 7113: 7105: 7085: 7069: 6983: 6881: 6837: 6825: 6717:

in New Zealand. A series of extinction events, including the massive

6686: 6639: 6635: 6604: 6572: 6511: 6507: 6495: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6357:

remained common before they died out by the end of the period. First

6354: 6334: 6322: 6290: 6274: 6269: 6249: 6237: 6200: 6180: 6075: 6023: 5975: 5964: 5956: 5944: 5919: 5909: 5889: 5820: 5804: 5744: 5711: 5699: 5691: 5601: 5591: 5392: 5388: 5372: 5354: 5304: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5218: 5170: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5020: 4969: 4951: 4946: 4919: 4849: 4782: 4735: 4715: 4697: 4692: 4593: 4569: 4542: 4509: 4461: 4334: 4289: 4268: 4227: 4211: 4203: 3901: 3470: 3145: 3141: 3071:

De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus

2971: 2957: 2953: 2782: 2330: 2132: 2074: 1858: 1808: 1675: 1630: 1356: 1240: 1025: 934: 784: 775:

Informally, the time before the Cambrian is often referred to as the

753: 749: 737: 570:. There are 96 formal and five informal ages. The current age is the 498: 470: 406: 402: 390: 372: 182: 166: 117: 97: 41: 11196:

Paul J. Crutzen and the Anthropocene: A New Epoch in Earth's History

10441:

Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten

10388:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 763–825, 9824: 8892: 8213:) may have formed during this period. Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica. 6542: 4017: 941:, the god of the underworld (hell, the inferno) in Greek mythology. 310:

stage, and substage are the hierarchical chronostratigraphic units.

17012: 16850: 16494: 16407: 15998: 15828: 15808: 15650: 15556: 15456: 15247: 15242: 14625: 14468: 14378: 14236: 14226: 14040: 14035: 13999: 13899: 13832: 13801: 13696: 13665: 13626: 13576: 13550: 13526: 12763: 11759: 9004: 8247: 8190: 8175: 8104:

begins to form, stabilises by 2,600 Ma. First uncontroversial

8046: 8027: 8018: 7885: 7833: 7747:(the events may have begun in the Mesoproterozoic) while the first 7744: 7622: 7606: 7563: 7559: 7395: 7327: 7311: 7283: 7267: 7236: 7170: 7093: 7089: 7073: 7061: 6993: 6958: 6943: 6873: 6829: 6807: 6762: 6752: 6737: 6726: 6674: 6623: 6562: 6519: 6479: 6350: 6310: 6306: 6294: 6253: 6232: 6210: 6091: 6083: 6059: 5929: 5864: 5760: 5715: 5703: 5686: 5676: 5636: 5621: 5611: 5515: 5511: 5492: 5488: 5472: 5444: 5432: 5384: 5380: 5344: 5259: 5143: 5119: 5095: 5072: 5040: 4927: 4923: 4869: 4859: 4778: 4750: 4702: 4604: 4472: 4416: 4386: 4323: 4155: 4144: 4092: 3054: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2964: 2864: 2575: 2286: 2225: 2016: 1958: 1908: 1883: 1783: 1638: 1584: 1559: 1465: 1432: 1319: 996: 967: 745: 741: 733: 629: 622: 548: 506: 502: 435: 398: 376: 13392: 12568:"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes" 12036: 11670:

Goldblatt, C.; Zahnle, K. J.; Sleep, N. H.; Nisbet, E. G. (2010).

9947:"I.—On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks" 9355: 8762:

levels over the past ~550, 65, and 5 million years can be seen at

4316:

Pleistocene megafauna (including the last terror birds) extinction

3531:(no fixed time given, prior to the Siderian) – from Greek κράτος ( 3164:

with a key driver for resolution of this debate being the work of

92:

that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by

17481: 17358: 17328: 17144: 17125: 17022: 16246: 16241: 15823: 15813: 15743: 15615: 15526: 15391: 14964: 14954: 14876: 14867: 14852: 14739: 14584: 14507: 14216: 14054: 13994: 13744: 13581: 13565: 13469:

Deep Time – A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic

13380: 13104: 11141:

F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; Gabi Ogg (2020).

9675:"Ce que je désirerais ... dont il faut également les distinguer." 9383:"The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" 9380: 8404: 8392: 8292: 8183: 8167: 8146: 8097: 8074: 7984: 7935: 7905: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7748: 7724: 7716: 7688: 7638: 7614: 7594: 7467: 7457: 7432: 7351: 7315: 7271: 7077: 6885: 6877: 6833: 6787: 6682: 6638:, independently) with the former group very abundant (especially 6627: 6487: 6475: 6326: 6318: 6165: 6155: 6055: 5983: 5936: 5914: 5874: 5849: 5828: 5752: 5719: 5718:

become smaller and nocturnal, eventually becoming the first true

5519: 5507: 5484: 5468: 5456: 5428: 5364: 5178: 5083: 5068: 4989: 4935: 4818: 4794: 4739: 4655: 4619: 4558: 4526: 4504: 4411: 4088:

representation of the time scale, which is available through the

3941: 3277: 3013: 2838: 2045: 1758: 1655: 1605: 1497: 1490: 1327: 868: 757: 552: 466: 443: 89: 81: 14754: 12658:

Iizuka, Tsuyoshi; Komiya, Tsuyoshi; Maruyama, Shigenori (2007),

10458:

De'crostacei e degli altri marini corpi che si truovano su'monti

9571:

Head, Martin J.; Gibbard, Philip; Salvador, Amos (1 June 2008).

6630:

are all abundant in the oceans. First fully coiled cephalopods (

6122:

begins (c. 260–225 Ma), forming the New England Fold Belt.

3124:

who applied a two-fold terminology to mountains by identifying "

2127:) 'new', referring to the dawn of modern life during this epoch 17348: 17215: 17195: 15818: 15768: 15763: 15062: 14221: 14090: 13973: 13607: 11818: 11109:. Gabi Ogg, F. M. Gradstein. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 8851: 8296: 8270: 8202: 8150: 8101: 8092:

overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 Ma.

8085: 7972: 7752: 7682: 7663: 7659: 7547: 7543: 7259: 7256: 7215: 7210: 7160: 6857: 6777: 6693:

persists after forming in the Caledonian orogeny. Beginning of

6678: 6619: 6612: 6358: 6282: 6063: 6007: 5899: 5839: 5756: 5448: 5436: 5399:, become the dominant land vertebrates. Mammals diversify into 5294: 5284: 5167: 5091: 5080: 5064: 5030: 4985: 4977: 4814: 4774: 4760: 4719: 4667: 4430: 4296: 4260: 4215: 4096: 3809: 3805: 3726: 3006: 2892: 2660: 2635: 2347: 2103: 1733: 1696: 1311: 897: 439: 125: 15907: 10047: 9131: 8483: 8467: 8450: 8418: 6685:. Pressure from jawed fishes cause eurypterids to decline and 3963: 3960:

Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:

3955: 3808:, to reflect the growth of stable continental nuclei or proto- 3662: 3659:

Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale:

3654: 3431: 3414: 3398: 3377: 3338: 3115: 3101:

Over the course of the 18th-century geologists realised that:

354:(GSSP) is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a 17536: 17313: 17295: 17135: 17074: 16447: 16186: 15798: 15610: 15509: 15464: 15072: 14821: 14512: 14460: 11317: 9694: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9243: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 7901: 7822: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7133: 7045: 6582: 6483: 6298: 6010:

arise from earlier diapsids, and split into the ancestors of

5999: 5940: 5368: 4589: 3021: 2968: 2803: 2379:

of the American Southwest, ultimately from Arabic وَادِي ٱل (

1663: 1659: 1601: 1576: 1543: 1421: 1413: 1315: 922: 914: 69: 12870: 12210: 11546:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–146, 9048: 8379:

of Earth's Moon has been divided into a time scale based on

7132:

at the end of the period. First uncontroversial terrestrial

6912:

ends late in this period after starting in Late Ordovician.

6642:). Trilobites and ostracoderms decline, while jawed fishes ( 4898:

to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling.

3128:" for rock formed at the time of the 'Deluge', and younger " 1489:

in reference to a trio of formations widespread in southern

699:

Hundreds of thousands of years to tens of millions of years

17587: 17205: 16381: 16263: 15803: 15788: 15778: 15232: 15169: 14211: 14197: 14158: 13458:

Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time

13010:

Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).

11580: 9419: 8363:, do not comparably preserve their history. Apart from the 8356: 8300: 8227: 7842: 6419: 6257: 5791:

occurs around 234–232 Ma, allowing the first dinosaurs and

5452: 5376: 4981: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4651: 4647: 3699:

Era/Erathem (4567–4404 Ma) – the name alluding both to the

3311: 1929: 524:. There are 22 defined periods, with the current being the 394: 61: 15238:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

12432:

Naranjo-Ortiz, Miguel A.; Gabaldón, Toni (25 April 2019).

12331: 11669: 11474: 11417: 11367: 11000: 9751:

Brongniart, Alexandre (1770-1847) Auteur du texte (1829).

9454: 9116: 8733: 7558:, possibly caused by a large-scale oxidation event. First 7398:) levels (6000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm) 7378:

tapers off (550–535 Ma). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica.

5714:(a group of sauropterygians) dominate large marine fauna. 3952:

Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (GTS2012), shown to scale:

389:

The numeric values on the ICC are represented by the unit

189:

and Paleogene systems/periods. For divisions prior to the

16281: 15783: 12506: 12439:

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

12097: 11986:

Hoag, Colin; Svenning, Jens-Christian (17 October 2017).

8251: 7255:

as oxygen levels increase. Numerous fossils; most modern

5987: 5518:, with the latter also breaking into two main parts; the 5217:

oxygen and carbon dioxide levels similar to present day.

4931: 4659: 222:– All rock layers were originally deposited horizontally. 36:

The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a

17043: 13037: 12565: 10966:

F. M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; A. Gilbert Smith (2004).

10093: 9521: 8722:

The dates and uncertainties quoted are according to the

7554:

flourish worldwide in seas, possibly appearing after an

6729:), and fish, including all placoderms and ostracoderms. 5811:, many marine reptiles (e.g. all sauropterygians except 528:

period. As an exception two subperiods are used for the

14166: 13468: 12961:"A Geologic Time scale 2004 – Why, How and Where Next!" 12758:. Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey. 12083:"NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution" 11636:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365. 9517: 9515: 8316: 7144:

at the end of this period, as well as a series of mass

5978:

remain common, with the latter probably giving rise to

5221:

disappear. Climate initially warm, but later it cools.

3667: 551:. There are also 11 subepochs which are all within the 13312:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13291:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13270:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13249:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13228:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 13207:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). 9000: 8998: 8996: 8262:

Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 Ma.

3441: 3064: 2982:. Their work likely inspired that of the 11th-century 12698: 12431: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8930: 8622:

Timeline of the geologic history of the United States

8283:) c. 4,031 to 3,580 Ma. Possible first appearance of 5550:(last pseudosuchians) seek out an aquatic lifestyle. 3446: 3178:

in 1785. Hutton's theory would later become known as

3057:

doctrine was in some places unwise, scholars such as

2904: 12657: 10288:

The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences

10253:

Science in ancient China: researches and reflections

9512: 9374: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 8492: 7633:. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 Ma. 7128:

fish appear, the latter probably giving rise to the

6309:

and Siberia-Kazakhstania, the latter of which forms

5827:), bivalves, brachiopods, corals and sponges. First 4730:). Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of 4484:. Cooling climate continues from the Miocene. First 2634:

Named for the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near

1460:

was the first to publish the term Jurassic in 1829.

16762:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

12369:"A tectonically driven Ediacaran oxygenation event" 12366: 11574: 11531: 10593:. Gerstein - University of Toronto. London, Harper. 9570: 9293: 9291: 9007:"A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian" 8748:

Atmosphere of Earth#Evolution of Earth's atmosphere

8370: 8291:. End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known 8137:phototrophic bacteria, like cyanobacteria). Oldest 4650:down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene. Modern 4456:). The last non-marsupial metatherians go extinct. 3462:been ratified by the ICS; however, in May 2019 the 1271:Time span and etymology of ICS system/period names 666:Several hundred million years to two billion years 15168: 13421:National Museum of Natural History – Geologic Time 12425: 12136:-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic" 11917: 10539:Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the earth 9324: 9322: 9320: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9082:Special Publications, Geological Society of London 8973: 7880:1,600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland. First 6506:, etc.) recover and become very common again, but 3471:Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline 1939:Time span and etymology of ICS series/epoch names 13362:(1st ed.). Forest Hills, NY: Callisto Reference. 13009: 11665: 11663: 11661: 10854: 10609:"Arthur Holmes' vision of a geological timescale" 10075:LISTSERV 16.0 - AUSTRALIAN-LINGUISTICS-L Archives 9859:Sedgwick, A.; Murchison, R. I. (1 January 1840). 9858: 9688: 9603: 9066: 8933:"The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 8833: 8831: 8829: 5467:diverse. Rhynchocephalians throughout the world. 948:Time span and etymology of ICS erathem/era names 165:The geologic time scale is a way of representing 17654: 13443:from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe 13437:. Information model for the geologic time scale. 12824:Carr, Michael H.; Head, James W. (1 June 2010). 11411: 11260: 10723:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 10613:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 10203:Fischer, Alfred G.; Garrison, Robert E. (2009). 10198: 9865:Transactions of the Geological Society of London 9775: 9413: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8700: 8698: 7975:while more cyanobacterial stromatolites appear. 7609:, which by the end of the period breaks up into 4996:) and mammals (up to bear or small hippo size). 4642:, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO 4218:becomes a desert. End of Stone Age and start of 185:System/Period and thus the boundary between the 13517: 13410:British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart 12614: 11896: 11713:"Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System" 11189: 11064: 10202: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10178: 9356:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points" 9317: 9268: 9208: 9206: 7386:. Some small terranes split off from Gondwana. 6426:, radiating significantly one last time. First 3223: 2003:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλεῖστος ( 688:Millions of years to tens of millions of years 143:, ages, and colour codes set forth by the ICS. 13456:Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937. 13179:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 12747: 12360: 12273: 11812: 11753: 11658: 11631: 10478:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10128: 10126: 9899: 9818: 9781: 9744: 9650: 9573:"The Quaternary: its character and definition" 9564: 9469: 9228: 9226: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8844: 8437: 7040:cephalopods like the long lasting and diverse 5951:, among other mountain ranges (the superocean 1456:as 'Jura Kalkstein' (Jura limestone) in 1799. 169:based on events that have occurred throughout 17059: 16202: 15923: 15154: 14182: 13503: 13335:Stratigraphy of Geo- and Biodynamic Processes 13016:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 12864: 12608: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12119: 12076: 12074: 10972:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10930: 10895: 10813: 10602: 10600: 10529: 10512: 9938: 9852: 9835: 9727: 8907: 8806: 8799: 8797: 8695: 8650: 6900:. Also continued into Devonian period as the 4738:, miacoids and condylarths go extinct. First 3841:Ma) – named for the inferred predominance of 3330:ratified by the ICS since the prior version. 2032:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλείων ( 420: 40:with some major events in Earth's history. A 13070:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12958: 12770: 12651: 12500: 12267: 12030: 11985: 11311: 11183: 10563: 10546: 10379: 10348: 10313: 10175: 10062: 10058:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9203: 9188: 9186: 8728:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point 8460:Martian time periods (millions of years ago) 8254:-based genes around 3800 Ma. The end of the 3993:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life 2802:) 'lotus', referring to the state symbol of 2061:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek μείων ( 636:the Silurian Series and they were deposited 438:. There are four formally defined eons: the 351:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point 12692: 12325: 12274:Deconto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (2003). 12184: 11926:"SPARQL endpoint for CGI timescale service" 11540:"Toward a "natural" Precambrian time scale" 11266: 11060: 11058: 11056: 10710: 10580: 10465: 10431: 10416: 10373: 10243: 10123: 9782:Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A.; Huang, C. (2012), 9767:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9223: 8880: 8688: 8686: 8532:Formation and evolution of the Solar System 6530:collides with a different small continent, 6042:. Cynodonts evolve from larger therapsids. 5722:, while other remaining synapsids die out. 3116:Formulation of a modern geologic time scale 3053:were not readily accepted and dissent from 27:System that relates geologic strata to time 17066: 17052: 16209: 16195: 15930: 15916: 15161: 15147: 14189: 14175: 13510: 13496: 13453:, Episodes, Vol. 27, no. 2 June 2004 (pdf) 13110:"A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale" 12817: 12559: 12204: 12116: 12071: 11992:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 11950: 11468: 11175:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11136: 11134: 11098: 11096: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 10902:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 10597: 10278: 9750: 9504:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9473:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences 9362:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9336:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9305:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 9049:"International Commission on Stratigraphy" 8895:. International Commission on Stratigraphy 8794: 2452:(forest) + -ia by analogy to Transylvania 2416:), referring to the western slopes of the 2350:, China, an anglicization of Mandarin 乐平 ( 2119:Coined in the early 1830s from Greek ἠώς ( 727: 193:, arbitrary numeric boundary definitions ( 134:International Union of Geological Sciences 13305: 13284: 13263: 13242: 13221: 13200: 13055: 12617:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 12583: 12542: 12524: 12475: 12408: 12110:Honors Projects in Science and Technology 12062: 11979: 11795: 11785: 11695: 11443: 11386: 11361: 11336: 10937:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10837: 10788: 10448: 10158: 10019: 9905: 9656: 9539: 9437: 9183: 9158: 9079: 8948: 8716: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8307:. Formation of Earth (4,543 to 4,540 Ma) 7030:Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event 4918:diverges from the rest of Eurasia. First 4718:and diversification of fauna, especially 4058:Learn how and when to remove this message 3968: 16757:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 15692:International Commission on Stratigraphy 12823: 12753: 11944: 11710: 11625: 10819: 10535: 10326:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10042: 9944: 9841: 9733: 9348: 8777: 8752:Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere 8724:International Commission on Stratigraphy 8683: 8659: 8359:. Dominantly fluid planets, such as the 8058:) increases oxygen. Sleaford Orogeny on 7338:are dominant and giant predators, while 6002:, ammonoids (including goniatites), and 5967:) become widespread and dominant, while 4972:survived) and many other invertebrates. 4874:Two transient events of global warming ( 3759:, one of the oldest preserved pieces of 3622:Ma) – respectively from Greek κλείσιμο ( 3312:Modern international geologic time scale 721:Thousands of years to millions of years 710:Thousands of years to millions of years 130:International Commission on Stratigraphy 31: 14159:Articles related to Geologic time scale 13091: 13078: 11537: 11131: 11093: 11033: 10994: 10959: 10924: 10757: 10354: 10319: 10068: 10001: 9330:"Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures" 9041: 8707: 7032:occurs as plankton increase in number: 4742:(modern, fully aquatic whales) appear. 2090:Coined in the 1850s from Greek ὀλίγος ( 1699:'Yata Takarra' 'hard or stony ground'. 1695:. Ediacara is possibly a corruption of 1318:Basin that appeared to be younger than 520:is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic 44:(Ma) represents one million (10) years. 14: 17655: 13309:Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy 13092:Ialenti, Vincent (21 September 2014). 13079:Ialenti, Vincent (28 September 2014). 12776: 12103: 11884:. Paleontological Research Institution 11068:The geologic time scale 2012. Volume 2 10716: 10586: 10518: 10471: 10437: 10422: 10132: 9908:"VII. On the silurian system of rocks" 9299:"Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units" 9212: 8669: 8447:and Amazonian (~3,000 Ma to present). 8182:) diversify rapidly, along with early 7852:in North America. Columbia breaks up. 7394:content roughly 15 times present-day ( 6824:and fully terrestrialised arthropods: 4366:Further cooling of the climate. Giant 3475: 677:Tens to hundreds of millions of years 405:units commonly used by geologists are 17047: 16190: 15911: 15142: 14170: 14157: 13491: 13463:Lessons for Children on Geologic Time 13346:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. 13246:Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology 13168: 13156:from the original on 15 December 2011 12959:Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2004). 12129: 12080: 12004:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060653 11071:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 10889: 10661: 10606: 10569: 10552: 10461:(in Italian). Appresso Stefano Monti. 10380:Kardel, Troels; Maquet, Paul (2018), 10284: 10249: 9232: 9192: 8791:are official sub-systems/sub-periods. 8758:. Specific graphs of reconstructed CO 8006:2,005–1,920 Ma. Kimban Orogeny, 7938:with nuclei and endomembrane system. 4267:, and the Americas (mainland and the 3990:out into another article titled 3940:Ma) – named after the supercontinent 3132:formed later from the debris of the " 2948:over the land and at other times had 1513:Named after the historical region of 179:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 17598:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 15123: 13449:, Gradstein, Felix M. et al. (2004) 13267:Case Studies in Isotope Stratigraphy 10662:Soddy, Frederick (4 December 1913). 10454: 10361:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. 8317:Non-Earth based geologic time scales 5706:also arise from bipedal archosaurs. 5142:, who migrate to South America) and 4988:widespread. First large birds (e.g. 4797:diversify after returning to water. 4588:, decreasing shark diversity. First 4040:adding citations to reliable sources 4011: 3972: 3668:Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012) 14109:= kiloannum (thousands years ago); 12830:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 12043:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11749:from the original on 19 April 2012. 11720:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11102: 10820:Harrison, James M. (1 March 1978). 10576:. Vol. 3. London: John Murray. 10559:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 10002:Bassett, Michael G. (1 June 1979). 9239:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 9053:International Geological Time Scale 8764:File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png 7703:, Western Australia. Deposition of 5803:occurs 201 Ma, wiping out all 5726:(archosaur relatives) also common. 3442:Major proposed revisions to the ICC 3065:Establishment of primary principles 830:) 'visible' or 'abundant' and ζωή ( 24: 16556:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 14113:= megaannum (millions years ago); 13328:Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy 12930: 11642:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0 11595:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00016-4 11267:Subramanian, Meera (21 May 2019). 11106:A concise geologic time scale 2016 10358:The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 9906:Murchison, Roderick Impey (1835). 9796:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00026-3 9019:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0 8746:For more information on this, see 8552:Graphical timeline of the universe 8141:. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. 7562:(unknown affinity among animals), 6597:), first trees (the progymnosperm 5801:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 4521:. Sahara desert formation begins. 4395:and unstable climate. Rise of the 3447:Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch 3320:Following on from Holmes, several 2992:(Ibn Sînâ, 980–1037) who wrote in 2905:History of the geologic time scale 1412:in reference to extensive beds of 1144:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 1111:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 1078:) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή ( 649:Chronostratigraphic unit (strata) 469:. There are ten defined eras: the 195:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages 181:, marks the lower boundary of the 25: 17699: 15412:Discrete time and continuous time 14117:= gigaannum (billions years ago). 13474:Geology Buzz: Geologic Time Scale 13373: 13225:Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy 11003:"On the Geologic Time Scale 2008" 10765:"A Revised Geological Time-Scale" 10719:"A revised geological time-scale" 10004:"100 Years of Ordovician Geology" 9139:Journal of the Geological Society 8943:(3) (updated ed.): 199–204. 8850:The age of the oldest measurable 8839:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age 8238:around 4000 Ma, after which true 8153:, ends by roughly 2,696 Ma. 6904:, above (thus Euramerica forms). 6331:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse 6052:Permian–Triassic extinction event 5000:in Europe and Asia begins. First 4902:collides with Eurasia and starts 4547:separating from gorilla ancestors 4222:. Humans finally expand into the 2841:, Mandarin for 'sprouting peaks' 859:) 'former' or 'earlier' and ζωή ( 364:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age 132:(ICS), a constituent body of the 17631: 17630: 17134: 16740: 15337: 15331: 15122: 15113: 15112: 14138: 14127: 13427:SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems 13081:"Embracing 'Deep Time' Thinking" 12756:The geologic history of the Moon 11019:10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0005 10438:Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1787). 10229:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01009.x 10111:from the original on 3 June 2011 9734:Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). 8861: 8772:File:Five Myr Climate Change.png 8730:has been internationally agreed. 8495: 8430:Millions of years before present 8371:Lunar (selenological) time scale 8010:in Australian continent begins. 7769:Neoproterozoic oxygenation event 7346:and molluscs diversify rapidly. 7322:, pentaradial echinoderms (e.g. 6289:continues to the Early Permian. 5130:coexist with pterosaurs. Modern 4882:) and warming climate until the 4710:extinction. Start of widespread 4517:with hypersaline lakes in empty 4016: 3977: 3796:Ma) – based on the names of the 3569:–2300 Ma) – from Greek σκουριά ( 3308:with his final version in 1960. 2919: 1173:) 'new' or 'young' and ἀρχαῖος ( 509:, with none from the Hadean eon. 409:(gigaannum, billion years), and 17339:Human impact on the environment 16438:English and British regnal year 15937: 13057:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002 12783:Journal of Geophysical Research 12572:Molecular Biology and Evolution 12448:Cambridge Philosophical Society 12346:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/1 12143:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12104:Gannon, Colin (26 April 2013). 11923: 11870: 11711:Chambers, John E. (July 2004). 11704: 11477:"Anthropocene: event or epoch?" 11234: 10655: 10427:(in Latin). London: G. Kettiby. 10036: 9995: 9831:. Print. by R. and J.E. Taylor. 9663:Annales des Sciences Naturelles 9589:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009 9439:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007 8950:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002 8602:New Zealand geologic time scale 8143:Blake River Megacaldera Complex 8030:glaciation. First hypothetical 7366:continue to present day. First 7334:), and numerous other animals. 5755:fish appear, as do many modern 5427:but mostly remain small. First 4658:become ubiquitous. Ancestor of 4027:needs additional citations for 3854:Ma) – named for the voluminous 3608:Neoproterozoic (1000–538.8 Ma) 3168:(1726–1797), in particular his 1542:Means 'coal-bearing', from the 17168:Climate variability and change 16216: 15485:History of timekeeping devices 13359:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 13343:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 11589:, Elsevier, pp. 481–493, 10839:10.18814/epiiugs/1978/v1i1/005 10444:(in German). Dresden: Walther. 10133:Holmes, Arthur (9 June 1911). 10021:10.18814/epiiugs/1979/v2i2/003 9790:, Elsevier, pp. 731–791, 9695:d'Halloy, d'O., J.-J. (1822). 9013:, Elsevier, pp. 299–392, 8768:File:65 Myr Climate Change.png 8145:begins to form in present-day 7637:forms. An increase in oceanic 6522:continues from Late Devonian. 5554:continues from late Triassic. 5094:all common. Many new types of 4551:chimpanzee and human ancestors 4095:project as a service and at a 4082:Resource Description Framework 3872:Paleoproterozoic Era/Erathem ( 3203:During the early 19th century 3032:in 1282. It was not until the 1629:Named after the Celtic tribe, 1074:) 'new' or 'young', πρότερος ( 255: 13: 1: 17593:Evolution of the Solar System 16551:Old Style and New Style dates 16023:creation of chemical elements 13556:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) 12670:10.1016/s0166-2635(07)15031-3 12081:Tyson, Peter (October 2009). 11882:Digital Atlas of Ancient Life 11672:"The Eons of Chaos and Hades" 10717:Holmes, A. (1 January 1959). 10633:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.10 10107:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10069:Butcher, Andy (26 May 2004). 9616:Journal of Quaternary Science 9102:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 8874: 8858:, is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma. 8084:Stabilization of most modern 8003: 7877: 7112:, and other taxa all common. 6240:radiate suddenly; some (esp. 5359:Climate becomes humid again. 4801:continue to diversify. First 4274:0.0117 ± 0.000099 3926:Mesoproterozoic Era/Erathem ( 3679:formation of the Solar System 3457:First suggested in 2000, the 3174:, first presented before the 175:4.54 ± 0.05 Ga 146: 17344:Evolutionary history of life 16503:Pre-Julian / Julian 11787:10.1371/journal.pone.0099438 11634:The geologic time scale 2012 11552:10.1017/cbo9780511536045.011 11388:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021031 11338:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021029 10607:Lewis, Cherry L. E. (2001). 10455:Moro, Anton Lazzaro (1740). 10394:10.1007/978-3-662-55047-2_38 10105:Australian Heritage Database 9541:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021016 8577:List of geochronologic names 8527:Evolutionary history of life 8303:(4,510 Ma), probably from a 7954:. Oxygen levels drop again. 7868:expand. Barramundi Orogeny, 7666:fossils. First hypothetical 7340:many Ediacaran fauna die out 6607:(palaeoptera and neoptera). 5815:and all ichthyosaurs except 5787:ends, (c. 260–225 Ma). 5759:orders and suborders. First 4634:. Widespread forests slowly 4632:Southern Alps in New Zealand 4243:Climate stabilises. Current 3224:The advent of geochronometry 2383:) 'valley of the' and Latin 1487:Friedrich August von Alberti 935: 779:or pre-Cambrian (Supereon). 7: 17678:Evolution-related timelines 16736:Geological history of Earth 16606:Astronomical year numbering 15432:Gravitational time dilation 15268:Barycentric Coordinate Time 14927:Geological history of Earth 13519:Geological history of Earth 13423:(archived 11 November 2005) 13333:Montenari, Michael (2023). 13326:Montenari, Michael (2022). 13306:Montenari, Michael (2021). 13288:Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy 13285:Montenari, Michael (2020). 13264:Montenari, Michael (2019). 13243:Montenari, Michael (2018). 13222:Montenari, Michael (2017). 13204:Stratigraphy and Timescales 13201:Montenari, Michael (2016). 13100:. NPR Cosmos & Culture. 13087:. NPR Cosmos & Culture. 12777:Tanaka, Kenneth L. (1986). 11204:10.1007/978-3-030-82202-6_2 11192:"The 'Anthropocene' (2000)" 11007:Newsletters on Stratigraphy 10570:Lyell, Sir Charles (1834). 10553:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832). 9233:Lyell, Sir Charles (1832). 8632:Timeline of natural history 8627:Timeline of human evolution 8537:Geological history of Earth 8488: 8438:Martian geologic time scale 7884:(the first eukaryotes with 6705:of North America, also the 6110:in Europe/Asia tapers off. 5904:251.902 ± 0.024 4537:, the last non-crocodilian 4255:. Humans spread across the 4138: 3858:formed within its duration. 2974:-philosophers, notably the 1662:form of the Welsh name for 1372:Derived from Greek παλιός ( 652:Geochronologic unit (time) 318:) or relative means (e.g., 236:Cross-cutting relationships 161:Geological history of Earth 10: 17704: 17132: 15953:Chronology of the universe 15288:Geocentric Coordinate Time 15273:Barycentric Dynamical Time 15211:Coordinated Universal Time 14279:Orders of magnitude (time) 13792:Mississippian (323–359 Ma) 13787:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) 13551:Holocene (present–11.7 ka) 13406:(archived 20 January 2019) 13387:stratigraphy.org/timescale 13013:A Geologic Time Scale 2004 12850:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.042 12826:"Geologic history of Mars" 12779:"The stratigraphy of Mars" 12513:Frontiers in Plant Science 12393:10.1038/s41467-019-10286-x 12064:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020 11740:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.031 11544:A Geologic Time Scale 2004 11501:10.1038/d41586-021-02448-z 11281:10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5 11147:. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 10969:A geologic time scale 2004 10934:A geologic time scale 1989 10320:Rudwick, M. J. S. (1985). 10291:. Williams & Wilkins. 9945:Lapworth, Charles (1879). 9476:(Fifth ed.). Oxford. 8893:"Statues & Guidelines" 8592:Martian geologic timescale 8444:geological history of Mars 8327:Martian geologic timescale 8320: 8279:of the oldest known rock ( 8038:. Kenorland disassembles. 7900:(giving rise to the first 7526: 7250: 7235: 7136:and fully terrestrialised 6470:are dominant and diverse; 6412:lycopodian primitive trees 6248:) of them as well as some 5908: 5552:Mesozoic marine revolution 5358: 5343: 5059: 5044: 5039: 4340:Mid-Pleistocene Transition 4143: 3865:Proterozoic Eon/Eonothem ( 3741:Paleoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3464:Anthropocene Working Group 3450: 3284:, and the developments in 3176:Royal Society of Edinburgh 3154:Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti 2908: 2440:Named for the US state of 2366:273.01 to 259.51 1420:. Ultimately derived from 923: 904:4,567.3 to 4,031 421:Divisions of geologic time 259: 150: 17616: 17578: 17535: 17480: 17422: 17357: 17304: 17234: 17186: 17143: 17081: 17073: 16990: 16974: 16958: 16916: 16908:Thermoluminescence dating 16826: 16815: 16803:Samarium–neodymium dating 16770: 16749: 16723: 16714: 16676: 16614: 16569: 16533: 16502: 16493: 16456: 16418: 16297: 16272: 16224: 16165: 16119: 16098: 15986: 15945: 15842: 15733: 15700: 15674: 15555: 15455: 15442:Time-translation symmetry 15372: 15346: 15329: 15253:International Atomic Time 15203: 15180: 15108: 15050: 15003: 14990:Time translation symmetry 14935: 14875: 14865: 14787: 14714: 14634: 14575: 14459: 14377: 14287: 14249: 14235: 14204: 14164: 14104: 14089: 14076:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) 14053: 14013: 13982: 13951: 13938: 13926:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) 13898: 13867: 13831: 13800: 13774: 13743: 13730: 13695: 13664: 13638: 13625: 13590: 13564: 13538: 13525: 13169:Levin, Harold L. (2010). 12988:10.1080/00241160410006483 12754:Wilhelms, Don E. (1987). 12163:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031 11965:10.1007/s12145-014-0170-6 11953:Earth Science Informatics 11583:"Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)" 10525:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh. 10490:10.1017/S0080456800029227 9973:10.1017/S0016756800156560 9924:10.1080/14786443508648654 9877:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.633 9407:10.1080/00241160500409223 9219:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 8837:Defined by absolute age ( 8310:4567.3 ± 0.16 8274: 8225: 8165: 8128: 8083: 8073: 8050: 8022: 7993:Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies 7966: 7929: 7919: 7888:from cyanobacteria; e.g. 7864: 7837: 7801:forms, surrounded by the 7788: 7778: 7686: 7653: 7541: 7531: 7501: 7476: 7441: 7240: 7204: 7179: 7027: 7017: 7012: 6977: 6952: 6927: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6771: 6746: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6409: 6398: 6256:become very large. First 6236: 6225: 6219: 6205:293.52 ± 0.17 6174: 6170:273.01 ± 0.14 6150:264.28 ± 0.16 6139: 6135:259.51 ± 0.21 6125:254.14 ± 0.07 6048:End-Capitanian extinction 5928: 5918: 5913: 5883: 5858: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5630: 5585: 5542:taper off. Atmospheric CO 5348: 5278: 5049: 4955: 4945: 4771:Moderate, cooling climate 4769: 4759: 4706: 4696: 4691: 4618: 4586:middle Miocene disruption 4583: 4523:Moderate icehouse climate 4513: 4503: 4415: 4410: 4278: 4200:Holocene climatic optimum 4154: 4149: 3782:Mesoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3674:Geologic Time Scale 2012, 3626:) 'closure' and σύνδεση ( 2737: 2573: 2508: 2439: 2412:(before) + Russian Урал ( 2399:298.9 to 273.01 2337:259.51 to 251.9 2284: 2223: 2180: 2150:Wilhelm Philippe Schimper 1950:Duration (million years) 1343:Derived from Greek νέος ( 1310:in 1829 for sediments in 1282:Duration (million years) 959:Duration (million years) 802:Duration (million years) 393:(megaannum, for 'million 80:(the process of relating 60:) is a representation of 17603:Location in the Universe 17545:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 17244:List of sovereign states 16622:Chinese sexagenary cycle 14196: 14071:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) 13916:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) 13761:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) 13613:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) 13603:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) 13404:GSA: Geologic Time Scale 13400:(archived 18 April 2005) 13356:Williams, Aiden (2019). 12526:10.3389/fpls.2021.735020 11587:Geologic Time Scale 2020 11144:Geologic time scale 2020 11065:F. M. Gradstein (2012). 10735:10.1144/transed.17.3.183 10355:McCurdy, Edward (1938). 10285:Adams, Frank D. (1938). 9193:Steno, Nicolaus (1669). 8643: 8637:Timeline of paleontology 8612:Timeline of the Big Bang 8587:Lunar geologic timescale 8323:Lunar geologic timescale 8112:, and first terrestrial 8024:Bushveld Igneous Complex 7382:(c. 514–490 Ma) on 7370:from earlier chordates. 7286:) appear. Reef-building 6414:flourish and amphibious 6215:298.9 ± 0.15 6195:290.1 ± 0.26 6088:edrioasteroid crinozoans 5483:very common, along with 5114:) evolve on land, while 5008:(stem primates) appear. 4531:East Antarctic Ice Sheet 4529:and re-establishment of 4133:Start, million years ago 3850:Siderian Period/System ( 3827:Neoarchean Era/Erathem ( 3643:Ediacaran (635–538.8 Ma) 3597:Calymmian (1600–1400 Ma) 3579:Orosirian (2050–1800 Ma) 3300:during the early to mid- 2729:458.4 to 443.8 2704:443.8 to 433.4 2675:433.4 to 427.4 2607:419.2 to 393.3 2589:393.3 to 382.7 2565:382.7 to 358.9 2547:358.9 to 346.7 2529:346.7 to 330.9 2500:330.9 to 323.2 2482:323.2 to 315.2 2319:251.9 to 247.2 2258:201.4 to 174.7 2239:174.7 to 161.5 1915:2,500 to 2,300 1890:2,300 to 2,050 1865:2,050 to 1,800 1840:1,800 to 1,600 1815:1,600 to 1,400 1790:1,400 to 1,200 1765:1,200 to 1,000 1645:538.8 to 485.4 1620:485.4 to 443.8 1591:443.8 to 419.2 1566:419.2 to 358.9 1533:358.9 to 298.9 1504:298.9 to 251.9 1472:251.9 to 201.4 1380:) 'genesis' or 'birth'. 1351:) 'genesis' or 'birth'. 1247:4,031 to 3,600 1218:3,600 to 3,200 1202:) 'middle' and ἀρχαῖος ( 1189:3,200 to 2,800 1160:2,800 to 2,500 1127:2,500 to 1,600 1094:1,600 to 1,000 1061:1,000 to 538.8 1032:538.8 to 251.9 875:4,031 to 2,500 846:2,500 to 538.8 760:), or are tribal (e.g., 306:chronostratigraphic unit 88:(a scientific branch of 16836:Amino acid racemisation 16080:Agricultural Revolution 15702:Astronomical chronology 15675:Archaeology and geology 15382:Absolute space and time 15298:IERS Reference Meridian 15293:International Date Line 15204:International standards 14945:Absolute space and time 14596:Astronomical chronology 14066:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) 14031:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) 14026:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) 13969:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) 13859:Llandovery (433–444 Ma) 13766:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) 13577:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) 13465:(archived 14 July 2011) 13417:(archived 23 June 2004) 13131:10.1126/science.1098803 12897:10.1126/science.1122659 12842:2010E&PSL.294..185C 12803:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139 12130:Royer, Dana L. (2006). 12055:2005E&PSL.237...33B 11878:"Geological time scale" 11732:2004E&PSL.223..241C 10587:Holmes, Arthur (1913). 10536:Playfair, John (1802). 10423:Burnet, Thomas (1681). 10055:Encyclopædia Britannica 9842:Phillips, John (1835). 9788:The Geologic Time Scale 9470:Michael Allaby (2020). 9011:The Geologic Time Scale 8567:History of paleontology 8094:Abitibi greenstone belt 7983:asteroid impacts. Much 7522:538.8 ± 0.2 7310:(unhinged lampshells), 7231:485.4 ± 1.9 7221:477.7 ± 1.4 7190:467.3 ± 1.1 7175:458.4 ± 0.9 7155:445.2 ± 1.4 7008:443.8 ± 1.5 6998:440.8 ± 1.2 6988:438.5 ± 1.1 6973:433.4 ± 0.8 6963:430.5 ± 0.7 6948:427.4 ± 0.5 6938:425.6 ± 0.9 6802:419.2 ± 3.2 6792:410.8 ± 2.8 6782:407.6 ± 2.6 6767:393.3 ± 1.2 6757:387.7 ± 0.8 6742:382.7 ± 1.6 6732:372.2 ± 1.6 6669:transform into digited 6557:358.9 ± 0.4 6547:346.7 ± 0.4 6160:266.9 ± 0.4 5998:brachiopods, bivalves, 5775:begins in New Zealand. 5671:201.4 ± 0.2 5661:199.5 ± 0.3 5651:192.9 ± 1.0 5641:184.2 ± 0.7 5626:174.7 ± 1.0 5616:170.9 ± 1.4 5606:168.2 ± 1.3 5571:154.8 ± 1.0 4916:Maritime Southeast Asia 4884:Eocene Climatic Optimum 4460:common in East Africa; 4342:occurs, high amplitude 3908:Columbian Period/System 3640:Cryogenian (720–635 Ma) 3600:Ectasian (1400-1200 Ma) 3576:Rhyacian (2300–2050 Ma) 3322:A Geological Time Scale 3294:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster 3213:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy 3130:monticulos secundarios" 2960:was also recognised by 2915:History of paleontology 2081:33.9 to 23.03 2052:23.03 to 5.33 1994:2.58 to 0.012 1410:Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy 892:) 'beginning, origin'. 728:Naming of geologic time 589:. These correlate with 173:, a time span of about 16841:Archaeomagnetic dating 16353:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 14995:Time reversal symmetry 14299:Italian six-hour clock 14036:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) 14005:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) 13964:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) 13911:Furongian (485–497 Ma) 13756:Lopingian (252–260 Ma) 13582:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) 13480:12 August 2021 at the 13393:stratigraphy.org/gssps 13381:stratigraphy.org/chart 13340:Nichols, Gary (2013). 13176:The Earth Through Time 11275:: d41586–019–01641–5. 11103:Ogg, James G. (2016). 10931:W. B. Harland (1990). 10896:W. B. Harland (1982). 10519:Hutton, James (1795). 10472:Hutton, James (1788). 10250:Sivin, Nathan (1995). 10160:10.1098/rspa.1911.0036 9657:Desnoyers, J. (1829). 9213:Hutton, James (1795). 8365:Late Heavy Bombardment 8256:Late Heavy Bombardment 8226:First uncontroversial 8205:on Earth (such as the 7930:First uncontroversial 7807:Sveconorwegian orogeny 7693:Sveconorwegian orogeny 7580:of possible worm-like 6898:Scandinavian Mountains 6852:, also roam the seas. 6537:330.9 ± 0.2 6384:315.2 ± 0.2 6185:283.5 ± 0.6 5596:165.3 ± 1.2 5581:161.5 ± 1.0 5561:149.2 ± 0.9 5254:89.8 ± 0.3 5244:86.3 ± 0.5 5234:83.6 ± 0.2 5224:72.1 ± 0.2 5071:fish begin to appear. 5012:migrate to Australia. 4393:Quaternary glaciations 4370:go extinct. Spread of 4170:Austronesian expansion 3969:Table of geologic time 3914:Ma) – named after the 3856:banded iron formations 3800:(Southern Africa) and 3773:Ma) – named after the 3755:Ma) – named after the 3734:Archean Eon/Eonothem ( 3603:Stenian (1200–1000 Ma) 3186:(1748–1819) and later 3138:Abraham Gottlob Werner 3091: 3047: 2938:Xenophanes of Colophon 2878:538.8 to 521 2789:497 to 485.4 2771:485.4 to 470 2753:470 to 458.4 2650:427.4 to 423 2625:423 to 419.2 2464:315.2 to 307 2431:307 to 298.9 2301:247.2 to 237 2276:237 to 201.4 2215:161.5 to 145 2196:145 to 100.5 2023:5.33 to 2.58 1978:) 'whole' and καινός ( 1740:1,000 to 720 1724:) 'cold' and γένεσις ( 1682:635 to 538.8 1454:Alexander von Humboldt 1439:201.4 to 145 1260:) 'dawn' and ἀρχαῖος ( 1107:) 'middle', πρότερος ( 320:stratigraphic position 45: 17324:Biogeochemical cycles 17249:dependent territories 16741:Geological time units 15661:Weekday determination 15547:Sundial markup schema 14760:Time and fate deities 14705:The Unreality of Time 14644:A series and B series 14041:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) 14000:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) 13921:Series 2 (509–521 Ma) 13608:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) 12637:10.1007/s004100050465 12585:10.1093/molbev/msh075 12373:Nature Communications 10899:A geologic time scale 10775:(4731): 27–28. 1960. 10664:"Intra-atomic Charge" 8617:Timeline of evolution 8287:. First hypothetical 8066:2,440–2,420 Ma. 8052:Great Oxidation Event 7715:. First hypothetical 7709:Centralian Superbasin 7200:470 ± 1.4 7165:453 ± 0.7 6923:423 ± 2.3 6703:Appalachian Mountains 6701:of North Africa, and 6454:. First five-digited 5789:Carnian pluvial event 5128:toothless avian birds 4962:K–Pg extinction event 4837:begins in Greece and 4638:massive amounts of CO 4397:Pleistocene megafauna 4318:. Humans expand into 4086:Web Ontology Language 3944:, stable environment. 3683:Great Oxidation Event 3306:geological time-scale 3290:Francis William Aston 3193:Principles of Geology 3075: 3042: 2513:, from Ojibwe ᒥᐦᓯᓰᐱ ( 2172:100.5 to 66 2123:) 'dawn' and καινός ( 2065:) 'less' and καινός ( 2036:) 'more' and καινός ( 2007:) 'most' and καινός ( 1874:From Greek ὀροσειρά ( 1849:From Greek σταθερός ( 1452:. Originally used by 1231:) 'old' and ἀρχαῖος ( 1003:251.9 to 66 855:From Greek πρότερος ( 640:the Silurian Period. 356:stratigraphic section 328:stable isotope ratios 54:geological time scale 35: 17663:Geologic time scales 17372:Computer cartography 17096:Prebiotic atmosphere 16793:Law of superposition 16788:Isotope geochemistry 16132:Cynthia Stokes Brown 16037:formation of planets 15973:Goldilocks principle 15682:Chronological dating 15422:Theory of relativity 15283:Daylight saving time 15011:Chronological dating 14980:Theory of relativity 14324:Daylight saving time 14081:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) 13974:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) 13854:Wenlock (427–433 Ma) 13844:Pridoli (419–423 Ma) 13433:23 July 2008 at the 12172:on 27 September 2019 11445:10.1029/2020EF001896 10590:The age of the earth 9740:(in German). Vieweg. 9199:(in Latin). W. Junk. 8582:Logarithmic timeline 8572:List of fossil sites 8246:) evolve along with 8193:. Oldest definitive 8060:Australian continent 8001:Australian continent 7876:, and Isan Orogeny, 7841:continue to expand. 7713:Australian continent 7631:Australian continent 7384:Australian continent 7376:Australian continent 7306:worms, inarticulate 7292:Agronomic revolution 6918:Australian continent 6699:Anti-Atlas Mountains 6665:) proliferate. Some 6468:cartilaginous fishes 6374:307 ± 0.1 6120:Australian continent 6116:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny 5777:Hunter-Bowen Orogeny 5694:dominant on land as 4912:North Atlantic Ocean 4712:Antarctic glaciation 4553:gradually separate; 4454:a faunal interchange 4036:improve this article 3804:(Western Australia) 3775:Isua Greenstone Belt 3217:Alexandre Brongniart 2854:521 to 509 2817:509 to 497 2523:Middle Mississippian 2458:Middle Pennsylvanian 2156:) 'old' and καινός ( 2110:56 to 33.9 2094:) 'few' and καινός ( 1965:0.012 to 0 1924:From Greek σίδηρος ( 1903:) 'stream of lava'. 1878:) 'mountain range'. 1824:From Greek κάλυμμᾰ ( 1799:From Greek ἔκτᾰσῐς ( 1711:720 to 635 1458:Alexandre Brongniart 1306:First introduced by 1016:) 'middle' and ζωή ( 826:From Greek φανερός ( 817:538.8 to 0 752:(e.g., Cretaceous), 591:magnetostratigraphic 530:Carboniferous Period 74:chronological dating 72:. It is a system of 17515:Geologic time scale 17236:Culture and society 17091:Atmosphere of Earth 16926:Fluorine absorption 16903:Luminescence dating 16798:Luminescence dating 16706:Milankovitch cycles 16546:Proleptic Gregorian 16378:Hindu units of time 16106:Big History Project 16099:Web-based education 15946:Themes and subjects 15892:Time value of money 15687:Geologic time scale 15542:History of sundials 15407:Cosmological decade 15359:Greenwich Mean Time 15190:Orders of magnitude 14304:Thai six-hour clock 14136: • 14125: • 14123:Geologic time scale 13885:Middle (458–470 Ma) 13849:Ludlow (423–427 Ma) 13818:Middle (383–393 Ma) 13713:Middle (237–247 Ma) 13682:Middle (164–174 Ma) 13398:NASA: Geologic Time 12980:2004Letha..37..175G 12889:2006Sci...312..400B 12795:1986JGR....91E.139T 12629:1999CoMP..134....3B 12385:2019NatCo..10.2690W 12303:10.1038/nature01290 12295:2003Natur.421..245D 12237:10.1038/nature23456 12229:2017Natur.548..169N 12155:2006GeCoA..70.5665R 11848:10.1038/nature09166 11840:2010Natur.466..100A 11778:2014PLoSO...999438E 11697:10.5194/se-1-1-2010 11688:2010SolE....1....1G 11493:2021Natur.597..332B 11436:2021EaFut...901896Z 10822:"The Roots of IUGS" 10781:1960Natur.187T..27. 10680:1913Natur..92..399S 10625:2001GSLSP.190..121L 10522:Theory of the Earth 10221:2009Sedim..56....3F 10151:1911RSPSA..85..248H 9965:1879GeoM....6....1L 9952:Geological Magazine 9669:: 171–214, 402–491. 9628:2010JQS....25...96G 9399:2006Letha..39...13K 9216:Theory of the Earth 9160:10.1144/jgs2020-222 9151:2022JGSoc.179..222S 9094:2001GSLSP.190..205D 8036:Francevillian biota 7771:(NOE), 850-540 Ma. 7705:Adelaide Superbasin 7603:Pan-African Orogeny 7599:Indian subcontinent 6104:Innuitian orogenies 6070:survived), and all 6050:(260 Ma), and 5540:Cimmerian orogenies 4624:Northern Hemisphere 4519:Mediterranean Basin 4482:Mediterranean Basin 4427:Greenland ice sheet 4304:last glacial period 4249:Holocene extinction 3507:Paleoarchean (4000– 3476:Shields et al. 2021 3327:Geologic Time Scale 3190:(1797–1875) in his 3171:Theory of the Earth 3148:, was developed by 3059:Girolamo Fracastoro 3034:Italian Renaissance 2995:The Book of Healing 2541:Lower Mississippian 2494:Upper Mississippian 2476:Lower Pennsylvanian 2425:Upper Pennsylvanian 2387:'wolf' via Spanish 2377:Guadalupe Mountains 2354:) 'peaceful music' 1940: 1774:From Greek στενός ( 1395:145 to 66 1376:) 'old' and γενεά ( 1347:) 'new' and γενεά ( 1334:23 to 2.6 1272: 1227:From Greek παλιός ( 1140:) 'old', πρότερος ( 1136:From Greek παλιός ( 1041:From Greek παλιός ( 983:From Greek καινός ( 949: 792: 791:eonothem/eon names 744:(middle life), and 645: 336:geochronologic unit 274:Magnetostratigraphy 114:paleoclimatologists 50:geologic time scale 17510:Geological history 17384:Geodetic astronomy 17028:Terminus post quem 17008:Synchronoptic view 16975:Linguistic methods 16936:Obsidian hydration 16871:Radiometric dating 16856:Incremental dating 16778:Chronostratigraphy 15867:Mental chronometry 15495:Marine chronometer 15347:Obsolete standards 14834:Rosy retrospection 14812:Mental chronometry 14636:Philosophy of time 14134:Geology portal 13995:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) 13890:Early (470–485 Ma) 13823:Early (393–419 Ma) 13718:Early (247–252 Ma) 13687:Early (174–201 Ma) 13656:Early (100–145 Ma) 13651:Late (66.0–100 Ma) 13171:"Time and Geology" 10081:on 23 October 2007 9145:(1): jgs2020–222. 8562:History of geology 7971:becomes much more 7874:Northern Australia 7687:Final assembly of 7590:in North America. 7380:Delamerian Orogeny 7253:Cambrian Explosion 7108:, etc.), branched 6894:Caledonian Orogeny 6663:cartilaginous fish 6450:insects and first 6106:in North America. 6058:plankton, corals ( 6044:Olson's Extinction 5781:Northern Australia 5767:in South America. 5747:extremely common. 5698:and in the air as 5534:in North America. 5405:australosphenidans 4908:biotic interchange 4833:in North America. 4545:go extinct. After 4253:Agriculture begins 4224:Arctic Archipelago 4196:8.2-kiloyear event 4166:4.2-kiloyear event 3701:mythological Chaos 3555:Paleoproterozoic ( 3020:who looked to the 2976:Brothers of Purity 2962:Chinese naturalist 2911:History of geology 2798:From Mandarin 芙蓉 ( 2139:66 to 56 1953:Etymology of name 1938: 1749:From Greek τόνος ( 1720:From Greek κρύος ( 1363:66 to 23 1297:2.6 to 0 1285:Etymology of name 1270: 962:Etymology of name 947: 805:Etymology of name 782: 643: 595:lithostratigraphic 316:radiometric dating 295:is the element of 292:Chronostratigraphy 266:Chronostratigraphy 226:Lateral continuity 78:chronostratigraphy 46: 17668:Geology timelines 17650: 17649: 17644: 17643: 17580:Planetary science 17500:Extremes on Earth 17467:Signal processing 17041: 17040: 16954: 16953: 16811: 16810: 16672: 16671: 16627:Geologic Calendar 16489: 16488: 16184: 16183: 16059:- development of 16051:evolution of life 16013:creation of stars 15905: 15904: 15715:Nuclear timescale 15397:Continuous signal 15136: 15135: 15046: 15045: 15021:Circadian rhythms 14839:Tense–aspect–mood 14694:Temporal finitism 14571: 14570: 14547:Grandfather clock 14151: 14150: 14049: 14048: 14015:Paleoproterozoic 13934: 13933: 13880:Late (444–458 Ma) 13813:Late (359–383 Ma) 13726: 13725: 13708:Late (201–237 Ma) 13677:Late (145–164 Ma) 13621: 13620: 13542:(present–2.58 Ma) 13530:(present–66.0 Ma) 13368:978-1-64116-075-9 13352:978-1-4051-3592-4 13319:978-0-12-824624-5 13298:978-0-12-820991-2 13277:978-0-12-817552-1 13256:978-0-12-815098-6 13235:978-0-12-813077-3 13214:978-0-12-811549-7 13186:978-0-470-38774-0 13125:(5684): 621–622. 13023:978-0-521-78142-8 12883:(5772): 400–404. 12711:(6817): 175–178. 12679:978-0-444-52810-0 12460:10.1111/brv.12510 12289:(6920): 245–249. 12223:(7666): 169–174. 12200:. 10 August 2017. 11924:Cox, Simon J. D. 11834:(7302): 100–104. 11651:978-0-44-459425-9 11604:978-0-12-824360-2 11561:978-0-521-78673-7 11213:978-3-030-82201-9 11154:978-0-12-824361-9 11116:978-0-444-59468-6 11078:978-0-444-59448-8 10674:(2301): 399–400. 10403:978-3-662-55046-5 9805:978-0-444-59425-9 9701:Annales des Mines 9483:978-0-19-187490-1 9028:978-0-444-59425-9 8856:continental crust 8461: 8431: 8314: 8313: 7997:Glenburgh Terrane 7850:Grenville Orogeny 7815:Central Australia 7803:Pan-African Ocean 7697:Grenville Orogeny 7668:terrestrial fungi 7627:Petermann Orogeny 7372:Petermann Orogeny 7146:extinction events 6498:and brachiopods ( 6462:. In the oceans, 6458:(amphibians) and 6422:-forming coastal 6246:Palaeodictyoptera 6114:orogeny in Asia. 5980:modern amphibians 5809:last parareptiles 5797:rhynchocephalians 5783:, Queensland and 5773:Rangitata Orogeny 5769:Cimmerian Orogeny 5463:ichthyosaurs and 5413:multituberculates 5160:terrestrial crabs 4904:Himalayan Orogeny 4894:levels from 3500 4478:Zanclean flooding 4452:, while allowing 4442:Isthmus of Panama 4068: 4067: 4060: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3761:continental crust 3584:Mesoproterozoic ( 3428: 3298:Alfred O. C. Nier 3286:mass spectrometry 3266:Ernest Rutherford 3249:radioactive decay 3247:The discovery of 3182:, popularised by 3180:uniformitarianism 3038:Leonardo da Vinci 2940:(c. 570–487 2902: 2901: 2880:million years ago 2856:million years ago 2847:Cambrian Series 2 2819:million years ago 2791:million years ago 2773:million years ago 2755:million years ago 2747:Middle Ordovician 2731:million years ago 2706:million years ago 2677:million years ago 2652:million years ago 2627:million years ago 2609:million years ago 2591:million years ago 2567:million years ago 2549:million years ago 2531:million years ago 2511:Mississippi River 2502:million years ago 2484:million years ago 2466:million years ago 2433:million years ago 2401:million years ago 2368:million years ago 2339:million years ago 2321:million years ago 2303:million years ago 2278:million years ago 2260:million years ago 2241:million years ago 2217:million years ago 2198:million years ago 2174:million years ago 2141:million years ago 2112:million years ago 2083:million years ago 2054:million years ago 2025:million years ago 1996:million years ago 1974:From Greek ὅλος ( 1967:million years ago 1936: 1935: 1917:million years ago 1899:From Greek ῥύαξ ( 1892:million years ago 1867:million years ago 1842:million years ago 1817:million years ago 1792:million years ago 1767:million years ago 1742:million years ago 1713:million years ago 1684:million years ago 1647:million years ago 1622:million years ago 1593:million years ago 1568:million years ago 1535:million years ago 1506:million years ago 1474:million years ago 1441:million years ago 1397:million years ago 1365:million years ago 1336:million years ago 1299:million years ago 1268: 1267: 1249:million years ago 1220:million years ago 1198:From Greek μέσο ( 1191:million years ago 1169:From Greek νέος ( 1162:million years ago 1129:million years ago 1103:From Greek μέσο ( 1096:million years ago 1070:From Greek νέος ( 1063:million years ago 1045:) 'old' and ζωή ( 1034:million years ago 1012:From Greek μέσο ( 1005:million years ago 987:) 'new' and ζωή ( 976:million years ago 974:66 to 0 945: 944: 932: 906:million years ago 877:million years ago 848:million years ago 819:million years ago 725: 724: 278:Lithostratigraphy 247:Relationships of 16:(Redirected from 17695: 17634: 17633: 17527:History of Earth 17178:Paleoclimatology 17138: 17068: 17061: 17054: 17045: 17044: 17033:ASPRO chronology 16982:Glottochronology 16898:Tephrochronology 16846:Dendrochronology 16824: 16823: 16721: 16720: 16520:Proleptic Julian 16510:Pre-Julian Roman 16500: 16499: 16295: 16294: 16211: 16204: 16197: 16188: 16187: 15987:Eight thresholds 15958:Cosmic evolution 15932: 15925: 15918: 15909: 15908: 15606:Dominical letter 15537:Equation of time 15500:Marine sandglass 15341: 15335: 15313:Terrestrial Time 15170:Time measurement 15163: 15156: 15149: 15140: 15139: 15126: 15125: 15116: 15115: 15033:Glottochronology 14873: 14872: 14789:Human experience 14649:B-theory of time 14247: 14246: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14168: 14167: 14155: 14154: 14145:World portal 14143: 14142: 14132: 14131: 14094: 14058: 14018: 13987: 13984:Mesoproterozoic 13956: 13949: 13948: 13944: 13903: 13872: 13836: 13805: 13779: 13748: 13741: 13740: 13736: 13700: 13669: 13643: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13595: 13569: 13543: 13536: 13535: 13531: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13489: 13488: 13415:GeoWhen Database 13323: 13302: 13281: 13260: 13239: 13218: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13155: 13114: 13106:Knoll, Andrew H. 13101: 13088: 13075: 13069: 13061: 13059: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12997:on 17 April 2018 12996: 12990:. Archived from 12965: 12955: 12952:10.7916/D8DR35JQ 12925: 12924: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12717:10.1038/35051550 12696: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12587: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12546: 12528: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12479: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12412: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12354:10013/epic.12689 12329: 12323: 12322: 12280: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12171: 12165:. Archived from 12140: 12127: 12114: 12113: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12078: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12034: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12014:. Archived from 11983: 11977: 11976: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11932:on 6 August 2014 11928:. Archived from 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11825: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11799: 11789: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11726:(3–4): 241–252. 11717: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11667: 11656: 11655: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11447: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11390: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11340: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11244:. Archived from 11238: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11187: 11181: 11180: 11174: 11166: 11138: 11129: 11128: 11100: 11091: 11090: 11062: 11031: 11030: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10841: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10792: 10790:10.1038/187027d0 10761: 10755: 10754: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10688:10.1038/092399c0 10659: 10653: 10652: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10200: 10173: 10172: 10162: 10145:(578): 248–256. 10130: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10077:. Archived from 10066: 10060: 10059: 10051: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10023: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9766: 9758: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9716: 9708: 9692: 9686: 9670: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9636:10.1002/jqs.1338 9607: 9601: 9600: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9543: 9519: 9510: 9509: 9503: 9495: 9467: 9452: 9451: 9441: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9360:stratigraphy.org 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9334:stratigraphy.org 9326: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9303:stratigraphy.org 9295: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9255:stratigraphy.org 9247: 9241: 9240: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9201: 9200: 9190: 9181: 9180: 9162: 9129: 9114: 9113: 9077: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9002: 8971: 8970: 8952: 8928: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8889: 8868: 8865: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8804: 8801: 8792: 8781: 8775: 8744: 8731: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8693: 8690: 8681: 8678: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8607:Prehistoric life 8557:History of Earth 8512:Age of the Earth 8505: 8500: 8499: 8459: 8429: 8385:impact cratering 8383:markers, namely 8381:geomorphological 8377:geologic history 8355:and the Earth's 8331:Geology of Venus 8228:living organisms 8034:. Multicellular 8005: 7948:Gascoyne Complex 7921:Paleoproterozoic 7882:archaeplastidans 7879: 7701:Gascoyne Complex 7080:, many types of 7038:straight-shelled 6820:thickens. First 6687:some cephalopods 6667:lobe finned fish 6347:protorothyridids 6278:, etc.). Higher 6270:giant horsetails 5207:Sevier Orogenies 5199:Antarctic Oceans 5061:Flowering plants 5006:plesiadapiformes 4974:Climate tropical 4958:Chicxulub impact 4835:Hellenic Orogeny 4827:Sevier Orogenies 4791:Primitive whales 4732:flowering plants 4628:Kaikoura Orogeny 4525:, punctuated by 4458:Australopithecus 4220:recorded history 4102: 4101: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4020: 4012: 4001: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3709:planet formation 3689:Hadean Eon (4567 3426: 3270:Bertram Boltwood 3158:Giovanni Arduino 3156:(1712–1783) and 3030:Ristoro d'Arezzo 2967:(1031–1095) and 2881: 2857: 2836: 2820: 2792: 2774: 2765:Lower Ordovician 2756: 2732: 2723:Upper Ordovician 2707: 2678: 2653: 2628: 2610: 2592: 2568: 2550: 2532: 2517:) 'great river' 2503: 2485: 2467: 2434: 2402: 2369: 2340: 2322: 2304: 2279: 2261: 2242: 2218: 2199: 2190:Lower Cretaceous 2175: 2166:Upper Cretaceous 2142: 2113: 2084: 2055: 2026: 1997: 1968: 1941: 1937: 1918: 1893: 1868: 1843: 1818: 1793: 1768: 1743: 1714: 1685: 1648: 1623: 1600:Named after the 1594: 1569: 1536: 1507: 1475: 1448:Named after the 1442: 1408:used in 1822 by 1398: 1366: 1337: 1300: 1273: 1269: 1256:From Greek ἠώς ( 1250: 1221: 1192: 1163: 1130: 1121:Paleoproterozoic 1097: 1064: 1035: 1006: 977: 950: 946: 940: 928: 926: 925: 907: 878: 849: 820: 793: 781: 646: 642: 599:biostratigraphic 583: 582: 564: 563: 541: 540: 518: 517: 487:Paleoproterozoic 463: 462: 432: 431: 157:History of Earth 124:properties, and 94:Earth scientists 21: 17703: 17702: 17698: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17692: 17673:Natural history 17653: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17640: 17612: 17574: 17531: 17522:Geologic record 17476: 17462:Plate tectonics 17452:Mineral physics 17432:Earth structure 17418: 17353: 17300: 17230: 17182: 17139: 17130: 17077: 17072: 17042: 17037: 16986: 16970: 16966:Molecular clock 16959:Genetic methods 16950: 16931:Nitrogen dating 16918:Relative dating 16912: 16881:Potassium–argon 16828:Absolute dating 16818: 16807: 16766: 16745: 16710: 16686:Cosmic Calendar 16678:Astronomic time 16668: 16610: 16565: 16529: 16515:Original Julian 16485: 16452: 16414: 16313:Ab urbe condita 16291: 16268: 16220: 16215: 16185: 16180: 16161: 16142:David Christian 16115: 16094: 15982: 15941: 15936: 15906: 15901: 15838: 15729: 15696: 15670: 15551: 15451: 15402:Coordinate time 15374:Time in physics 15368: 15342: 15336: 15327: 15199: 15176: 15167: 15137: 15132: 15104: 15095:Time immemorial 15042: 14999: 14960:Coordinate time 14931: 14885:Geological time 14861: 14844:Time management 14807:Generation time 14791: 14783: 14728: 14710: 14630: 14589: 14567: 14455: 14373: 14290: 14283: 14239: 14231: 14200: 14195: 14160: 14152: 14147: 14137: 14126: 14118: 14100: 14092: 14085: 14056: 14045: 14016: 14009: 13985: 13978: 13954: 13953:Neoproterozoic 13943:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga) 13942: 13941: 13940:Proterozoic Eon 13930: 13901: 13894: 13870: 13863: 13834: 13827: 13803: 13796: 13777: 13770: 13746: 13734: 13733: 13722: 13698: 13691: 13667: 13660: 13641: 13629: 13628: 13617: 13593: 13586: 13567: 13560: 13541: 13529: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13482:Wayback Machine 13435:Wayback Machine 13376: 13320: 13299: 13278: 13257: 13236: 13215: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13112: 13063: 13062: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12963: 12933: 12931:Further reading 12928: 12869: 12865: 12822: 12818: 12775: 12771: 12752: 12748: 12697: 12693: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12656: 12652: 12613: 12609: 12564: 12560: 12505: 12501: 12430: 12426: 12365: 12361: 12330: 12326: 12278: 12272: 12268: 12209: 12205: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12149:(23): 5665–75. 12138: 12135: 12128: 12117: 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12079: 12072: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12019: 11984: 11980: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11823: 11817: 11813: 11758: 11754: 11746: 11715: 11709: 11705: 11668: 11659: 11652: 11630: 11626: 11617: 11615: 11605: 11579: 11575: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11536: 11532: 11473: 11469: 11416: 11412: 11366: 11362: 11316: 11312: 11265: 11261: 11251: 11249: 11248:on 7 April 2022 11240: 11239: 11235: 11226: 11224: 11214: 11188: 11184: 11168: 11167: 11155: 11139: 11132: 11117: 11101: 11094: 11079: 11063: 11034: 10999: 10995: 10980: 10964: 10960: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10910: 10894: 10890: 10875: 10859: 10855: 10818: 10814: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10715: 10711: 10660: 10656: 10605: 10598: 10585: 10581: 10568: 10564: 10551: 10547: 10534: 10530: 10517: 10513: 10470: 10466: 10453: 10449: 10436: 10432: 10421: 10417: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10378: 10374: 10353: 10349: 10334: 10318: 10314: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10264: 10248: 10244: 10201: 10176: 10131: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10071:"Re: Ediacaran" 10067: 10063: 10049:"Cambria" 10041: 10037: 10000: 9996: 9943: 9939: 9904: 9900: 9857: 9853: 9840: 9836: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9780: 9776: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9745: 9732: 9728: 9710: 9709: 9693: 9689: 9655: 9651: 9608: 9604: 9569: 9565: 9520: 9513: 9497: 9496: 9484: 9468: 9455: 9418: 9414: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9328: 9327: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9231: 9224: 9211: 9204: 9191: 9184: 9130: 9117: 9078: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9003: 8974: 8929: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8849: 8845: 8836: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8782: 8778: 8774:, respectively. 8761: 8745: 8734: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8597:Natural history 8542:Geology of Mars 8517:Cosmic calendar 8501: 8494: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8457: 8455: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8373: 8333: 8321:Main articles: 8319: 8285:plate tectonics 8236:RNA-based genes 8207:Canadian Shield 8096:in present-day 7952:South Australia 7866:Platform covers 7839:Platform covers 7780:Mesoproterozoic 7733:dinoflagellates 7601:. Beginning of 7588:Taconic Orogeny 7552:Ediacaran biota 7393: 7213: 7106:star-like forms 6914:Lachlan Orogeny 6910:Icehouse period 6906:Taconic Orogeny 6902:Acadian Orogeny 6822:vascular plants 6715:Tuhua orogenies 6695:Acadian Orogeny 6593:, from earlier 6402: 6315:Uralian orogeny 6229: 6223: 6108:Uralian orogeny 6046:(273 Ma), 6040:sauropterygians 5939:, creating the 5785:New South Wales 5548:Crocodylomorphs 5545: 5532:Nevadan orogeny 5433:lizards, snakes 5425:boreosphenidans 5211:Rocky Mountains 5124:Bonarelli Event 5010:Some marsupials 4893: 4831:Rocky Mountains 4645: 4641: 4539:crocodylomorphs 4515:Messinian Event 4439: 4434: 4180: 4147: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4064: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4033: 4021: 4006: 4003:(November 2023) 3982: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3936:Period/System ( 3896:Period/System ( 3882:Period/System ( 3837:Period/System ( 3818:Period/System ( 3792:Period/System ( 3751:Period/System ( 3670: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3630:) 'connection'. 3478: 3473: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3424: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3373: 3314: 3282:Frederick Soddy 3253:Henri Becquerel 3226: 3140:'s (1749–1817) 3126:montes primarii 3118: 3067: 3018:Medieval Europe 3010:Albertus Magnus 2922: 2917: 2907: 2876: 2852: 2830: 2815: 2787: 2769: 2751: 2727: 2702: 2673: 2648: 2623: 2605: 2587: 2583:Middle Devonian 2563: 2545: 2527: 2498: 2480: 2462: 2429: 2397: 2364: 2335: 2317: 2299: 2296: 2294:Middle Triassic 2274: 2256: 2253: 2237: 2233:Middle Jurassic 2213: 2210: 2194: 2170: 2137: 2108: 2079: 2050: 2021: 1992: 1963: 1913: 1888: 1863: 1838: 1813: 1803:) 'extension'. 1788: 1763: 1738: 1709: 1680: 1643: 1618: 1589: 1564: 1531: 1502: 1470: 1437: 1406:Terrain Crétacé 1393: 1361: 1332: 1308:Jules Desnoyers 1295: 1245: 1216: 1187: 1158: 1125: 1092: 1088:Mesoproterozoic 1059: 1030: 1001: 972: 902: 873: 844: 815: 730: 580: 579: 561: 560: 538: 537: 515: 514: 491:Mesoproterozoic 460: 459: 429: 428: 423: 284: 270:Biostratigraphy 258: 171:Earth's history 163: 149: 102:paleontologists 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17701: 17691: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17648: 17647: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17638: 17628: 17623: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17584: 17582: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17555:Atlantic Ocean 17552: 17547: 17541: 17539: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17486: 17484: 17478: 17477: 17475: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17437:Fluid dynamics 17434: 17428: 17426: 17420: 17419: 17417: 17416: 17411: 17409:Geopositioning 17406: 17404:Remote Sensing 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17363: 17361: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17310: 17308: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17252: 17251: 17240: 17238: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17192: 17190: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17163:Climate change 17160: 17158:Energy balance 17155: 17153:Climate system 17149: 17147: 17141: 17140: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17087: 17085: 17079: 17078: 17071: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17048: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17003:New Chronology 17000: 16994: 16992: 16991:Related topics 16988: 16987: 16985: 16984: 16978: 16976: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16968: 16962: 16960: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16922: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16868: 16866:Paleomagnetism 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16832: 16830: 16821: 16813: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16764: 16759: 16753: 16751: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16727: 16725: 16718: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16682: 16680: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16666: 16664:New Earth Time 16661: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16608: 16603: 16593: 16588: 16573: 16571: 16567: 16566: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16537: 16535: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16527: 16525:Revised Julian 16522: 16517: 16512: 16506: 16504: 16497: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16450: 16445: 16443:Lists of kings 16440: 16435: 16433:Canon of Kings 16430: 16424: 16422: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16385: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16358:Before present 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16316: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16255: 16254: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16221: 16214: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16191: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16169: 16167: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16127:Walter Alvarez 16123: 16121: 16120:Notable people 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16108: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16092: 16082: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16053: 16039: 16029: 16015: 16005: 15990: 15988: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15949: 15947: 15943: 15942: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15912: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15887:Time metrology 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15852: 15846: 15844: 15843:Related topics 15840: 15839: 15837: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15740: 15738: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15706: 15704: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15678: 15676: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15561: 15559: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15532:Dialing scales 15529: 15524: 15519: 15518: 15517: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15461: 15459: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15378: 15376: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15364:Prime meridian 15361: 15356: 15354:Ephemeris time 15350: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15323:180th meridian 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15166: 15165: 15158: 15151: 15143: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15130: 15120: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15038:Time geography 15035: 15030: 15028:Clock reaction 15025: 15024: 15023: 15013: 15007: 15005: 15001: 15000: 14998: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14941: 14939: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14881: 14879: 14870: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14830: 14829: 14827:time signature 14824: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14798: 14796: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14726: 14721: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14701: 14699:Temporal parts 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14669:Eternal return 14666: 14661: 14656: 14654:Chronocentrism 14651: 14646: 14640: 14638: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14587: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14465: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14446: 14441: 14439:Hindu Panchang 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14405: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14383: 14381: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14295: 14293: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14255: 14253: 14244: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14194: 14193: 14186: 14179: 14171: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14149: 14148: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14062: 14060: 14051: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14022: 14020: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13991: 13989: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13946: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13907: 13905: 13896: 13895: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13876: 13874: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13840: 13838: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13809: 13807: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13776:Carboniferous 13772: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13752: 13750: 13738: 13728: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13702: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13673: 13671: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13633: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13599: 13597: 13594:(23.0–66.0 Ma) 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13573: 13571: 13568:(2.58–23.0 Ma) 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13547: 13545: 13533: 13523: 13522: 13515: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13471: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13444: 13441:Exploring Time 13438: 13424: 13418: 13412: 13407: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13375: 13374:External links 13372: 13371: 13370: 13354: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13318: 13303: 13297: 13282: 13276: 13261: 13255: 13240: 13234: 13219: 13213: 13198: 13185: 13166: 13102: 13089: 13076: 13035: 13022: 13007: 12974:(2): 175–181. 12956: 12946:(2): 100–105. 12932: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12863: 12836:(3): 185–203. 12816: 12769: 12764:10.3133/pp1348 12746: 12691: 12678: 12650: 12607: 12578:(5): 809–818. 12558: 12499: 12454:): 1443–1476. 12424: 12359: 12324: 12266: 12203: 12183: 12133: 12115: 12096: 12070: 12049:(1–2): 33–44. 12029: 11978: 11943: 11916: 11895: 11869: 11811: 11752: 11703: 11657: 11650: 11624: 11603: 11573: 11560: 11530: 11467: 11424:Earth's Future 11410: 11381:(4): 359–376. 11360: 11331:(4): 349–357. 11310: 11259: 11233: 11212: 11182: 11153: 11130: 11115: 11092: 11077: 11032: 10993: 10978: 10958: 10943: 10923: 10908: 10888: 10873: 10853: 10812: 10756: 10729:(3): 183–216. 10709: 10654: 10619:(1): 121–138. 10596: 10579: 10562: 10545: 10528: 10511: 10484:(2): 209–304. 10464: 10447: 10430: 10415: 10402: 10386:Nicolaus Steno 10372: 10347: 10332: 10312: 10297: 10277: 10262: 10242: 10174: 10122: 10092: 10061: 10046:, ed. (1911). 10044:Chisholm, Hugh 10035: 9994: 9937: 9898: 9871:(3): 633–703. 9851: 9834: 9817: 9804: 9774: 9743: 9726: 9687: 9649: 9602: 9583:(2): 234–238. 9563: 9511: 9482: 9453: 9412: 9373: 9347: 9316: 9267: 9242: 9222: 9202: 9182: 9115: 9088:(1): 205–221. 9065: 9040: 9027: 8972: 8906: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8860: 8843: 8805: 8793: 8776: 8759: 8756:climate change 8732: 8715: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8668: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8547:Geon (geology) 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8503:Geology portal 8490: 8487: 8482: 8466: 8458: 8449: 8439: 8436: 8428: 8417: 8372: 8369: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8211:Pilbara Craton 8199:microbial mats 8186:. First known 8164: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8106:supercontinent 8082: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8011: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7944:Yilgarn craton 7928: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7870:McArthur Basin 7863: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7811:Musgrave Block 7789:Narrow highly 7787: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7757:biomineralised 7685: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7656:Snowball Earth 7652: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7592:Aravalli Range 7540: 7535: 7533:Neoproterozoic 7530: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7391: 7332:eleutherozoans 7288:archaeocyathan 7249: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7120:appear. First 7068:(nautiloids), 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6880:all abundant. 6870:Rhynchonellida 6815: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6605:winged insects 6595:progymnosperms 6575: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6448:ephemeropteran 6432:holometabolous 6408: 6403: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6305:collides with 6238:Winged insects 6235: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6016:kuehneosaurids 6008:Crown reptiles 6006:all abundant. 5934:supercontinent 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5799:) to radiate. 5765:Andean Orogeny 5696:pseudosuchians 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5543: 5409:eutriconodonts 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5191:South Atlantic 5126:. Toothed and 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5013: 4998:Alpine orogeny 4954: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4891: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4708:Grande Coupure 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4643: 4639: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4592:. Ancestor of 4582: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4555:Sahelanthropus 4512: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4450:South Americas 4437: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4347:glacial cycles 4337: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4306:, ending with 4294: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4066: 4065: 4024: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4007: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3916:supercontinent 3905: 3887: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3848: 3843:methanotrophic 3825: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3764: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3712: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3631: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594:(1800–1600 Ma) 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3519: 3512: 3500:Archean (4000– 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3451:Main article: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3430: 3413: 3397: 3376: 3337: 3336: 3313: 3310: 3234:thermodynamics 3225: 3222: 3209:Georges Cuvier 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3073:Steno states: 3066: 3063: 2934:Ancient Greece 2921: 2918: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2885: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2842: 2826:Named for the 2824: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2796: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2684:Named for the 2682: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2603: 2601:Lower Devonian 2597: 2596: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2561: 2559:Upper Devonian 2555: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2509:Named for the 2507: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2438: 2435: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418:Ural Mountains 2406: 2403: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2375:Named for the 2373: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2315: 2313:Lower Triassic 2309: 2308: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2272: 2270:Upper Triassic 2266: 2265: 2262: 2254: 2251:Lower Jurassic 2247: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2208:Upper Jurassic 2204: 2203: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2146: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2117: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2056: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2001: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1972: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1715: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1693:Ediacara Hills 1691:Named for the 1689: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1598: 1595: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552:to bear, carry 1540: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1519:Russian Empire 1511: 1508: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1479: 1476: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1450:Jura Mountains 1446: 1443: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1402: 1399: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1266: 1265: 1254: 1251: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1101: 1098: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1068: 1065: 1057: 1055:Neoproterozoic 1051: 1050: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1010: 1007: 999: 993: 992: 981: 978: 970: 964: 963: 960: 957: 954: 943: 942: 911: 908: 900: 894: 893: 882: 879: 871: 865: 864: 853: 850: 842: 836: 835: 824: 821: 813: 807: 806: 803: 800: 797: 783:Time span and 729: 726: 723: 722: 719: 716: 712: 711: 708: 705: 701: 700: 697: 694: 690: 689: 686: 683: 679: 678: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 661: 657: 656: 653: 650: 639: 635: 621:, e.g., Early 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 602: 575: 556: 533: 510: 495:Neoproterozoic 455: 422: 419: 415:before present 366: 353: 344: 342:Geochronometry 337: 324:paleomagnetism 313: 307: 294: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249:unconformities 245: 239: 233: 229: 223: 217: 148: 145: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17700: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17683:Geochronology 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17637: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17615: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17585: 17583: 17581: 17577: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17565:Pacific Ocean 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17538: 17534: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17516: 17513: 17512: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17495:Earth science 17493: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17483: 17479: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17447:Magnetosphere 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17425: 17421: 17415: 17414:Virtual globe 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17379:Earth's orbit 17377: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17307: 17303: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17286:World history 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17276:World economy 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17237: 17233: 17227: 17226:South America 17224: 17222: 17221:North America 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17193: 17191: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17148: 17146: 17142: 17137: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17069: 17064: 17062: 17057: 17055: 17050: 17049: 17046: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16989: 16983: 16980: 16979: 16977: 16973: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16957: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16919: 16915: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16829: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817:Chronological 16814: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16783:Geochronology 16781: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16716:Geologic time 16713: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16701:Metonic cycle 16699: 16697: 16696:Galactic year 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16675: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16637:ISO week date 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16613: 16607: 16604: 16601: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16532: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16492: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16459: 16455: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16425: 16423: 16421: 16417: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16343:Byzantine era 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16314: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16299:Calendar eras 16296: 16293: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16274: 16271: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16212: 16207: 16205: 16200: 16198: 16193: 16192: 16189: 16177:(2013 series) 16176: 16175: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16164: 16158: 16157:Graeme Snooks 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16137:Eric Chaisson 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15933: 15928: 15926: 15921: 15919: 15914: 15913: 15910: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15736:units of time 15732: 15726: 15725:Sidereal time 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15710:Galactic year 15708: 15707: 15705: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15673: 15667: 15666:Weekday names 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15656:Tropical year 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15621:Intercalation 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587:(lunar Hijri) 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15458: 15454: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15427:Time dilation 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15375: 15371: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15340: 15334: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15263:24-hour clock 15261: 15259: 15258:12-hour clock 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15164: 15159: 15157: 15152: 15150: 15145: 15144: 15141: 15129: 15121: 15119: 15111: 15110: 15107: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15085: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15017: 15016:Chronobiology 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15002: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14950:Arrow of time 14948: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14934: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14922:Geochronology 14920: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14864: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14790: 14786: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14772:Wheel of time 14770: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14637: 14633: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14616:Periodization 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14574: 14562: 14561: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14554: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14542:Digital clock 14540: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14319:Relative hour 14317: 14315: 14314:24-hour clock 14312: 14310: 14309:12-hour clock 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14192: 14187: 14185: 14180: 14178: 14173: 14172: 14169: 14163: 14156: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14130: 14124: 14121: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14088: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14052: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14012: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13981: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13955:(539 Ma–1 Ga) 13950: 13947: 13945: 13937: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13897: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13873: 13866: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13837: 13830: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13799: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13773: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13732:Paleozoic Era 13729: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13694: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13663: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13642:(66.0–145 Ma) 13637: 13634: 13632: 13630:(66.0–252 Ma) 13624: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13589: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13544: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13524: 13520: 13513: 13508: 13506: 13501: 13499: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13442: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13336: 13332: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13315: 13311: 13310: 13304: 13300: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13283: 13279: 13273: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13210: 13206: 13205: 13199: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13077: 13073: 13067: 13058: 13053: 13050:(2): 83–100. 13049: 13045: 13041: 13036: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13014: 13008: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12962: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12867: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12820: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12789:(B13): E139. 12788: 12784: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12750: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12695: 12681: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12654: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12554: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12428: 12420: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12340:(1–4): 1–11. 12339: 12335: 12334:Nova Hedwigia 12328: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12207: 12199: 12198: 12193: 12187: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12137: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12084: 12077: 12075: 12065: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12033: 12018:on 1 May 2022 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11947: 11931: 11927: 11920: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11807: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11772:(6): e99438. 11771: 11767: 11763: 11756: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11628: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11577: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11487:(7876): 332. 11486: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11263: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11186: 11178: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11137: 11135: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11099: 11097: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10979:0-511-08201-0 10975: 10971: 10970: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10944:0-521-38361-7 10940: 10936: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10909:0-521-24728-4 10905: 10901: 10900: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10874:3-924500-19-3 10870: 10866: 10865: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10816: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10591: 10583: 10575: 10574: 10566: 10558: 10557: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10532: 10524: 10523: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10443: 10442: 10434: 10426: 10419: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10333:0-226-73103-0 10329: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10298:0-486-26372-X 10294: 10290: 10289: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10263:0-86078-492-4 10259: 10255: 10254: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10209:Sedimentology 10206: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10170: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10127: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9918:(37): 46–52. 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9846: 9838: 9830: 9829: 9821: 9807: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9764: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9739: 9738: 9730: 9720: 9714: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9668: 9665:(in French). 9664: 9660: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9622:(2): 96–102. 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9567: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9377: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9207: 9198: 9197: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8879: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8840: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8789:Pennsylvanian 8786: 8785:Mississippian 8780: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8662: 8653: 8649: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8493: 8481: 8479: 8476:on board the 8475: 8465: 8448: 8445: 8435: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409:Eratosthenian 8406: 8402: 8398: 8397:Pre-Nectarian 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8361:giant planets 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281:Acasta Gneiss 8278: 8275:Formation of 8272: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8180:cyanobacteria 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8131:stromatolites 8126: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064:Gawler Craton 8061: 8057: 8056:cyanobacteria 8053: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008:Gawler craton 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7981:Sudbury Basin 7978: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7848:in the seas. 7847: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7825:proliferate. 7824: 7820: 7819:Stromatolites 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7793:belts due to 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7761:Trace fossils 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7578:trace fossils 7575: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7546:of primitive 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7336:Anomalocarids 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7280:hemichordates 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7118:tentaculitans 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102:sea cucumbers 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7058:Strophomenida 7055: 7051: 7048:, articulate 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034:invertebrates 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6848:, along with 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6603:), and first 6602: 6601: 6600:Archaeopteris 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524:Tuhua Orogeny 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6492:orthoceridans 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6444:odonatopteran 6441: 6440:polyneopteran 6437: 6436:paraneopteran 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400:Mississippian 6397: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6301:proliferate. 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227:Pennsylvanian 6222: 6221:Carboniferous 6218: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131:Wuchiapingian 6129: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6036:thalattosaurs 6033: 6029: 6028:testudinatans 6025: 6021: 6020:choristoderes 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6004:orthoceridans 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5925:Changhsingian 5923: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5817:parvipelvians 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749:Modern corals 5746: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5647:Pliensbachian 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556:Tentaculitans 5553: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5524:Arctic Oceans 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5506:. Breakup of 5505: 5502: 5501:rhynchonellid 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417:symmetrodonts 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:Greater India 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5164:South America 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5056:Maastrichtian 5054: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002:proboscideans 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900:Greater India 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535:Choristoderes 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312:Toba eruption 4309: 4308:Younger Dryas 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265:Extreme North 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Northgrippian 4189: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172:, increasing 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130:Major events 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4062: 4059: 4051: 4048:November 2023 4041: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4025:This section 4023: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3961: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757:Acasta Gneiss 3754: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3721:Era/Erathem ( 3720: 3716: 3715:Jack Hillsian 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3660: 3652: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3535:) 'strength'. 3534: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3514:Mesoarchean ( 3513: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3429: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288:pioneered by 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274:Robert Strutt 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3242:Clarence King 3239: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:William Smith 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3188:Charles Lyell 3185: 3184:John Playfair 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122:Thomas Burnet 3110: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028:', including 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000:Nicolas Steno 2997: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:Arthur Holmes 2920:Early history 2916: 2912: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837:mountains of 2834: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753:) 'stretch'. 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1527:Carboniferous 1525: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404:Derived from 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1264:) 'ancient'. 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235:) 'ancient'. 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206:) 'ancient'. 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177:) 'ancient'. 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 969: 966: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 939: 938: 931: 920: 916: 912: 909: 905: 901: 899: 896: 895: 891: 887: 883: 880: 876: 872: 870: 867: 866: 862: 858: 854: 851: 847: 843: 841: 838: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 814: 812: 809: 808: 804: 801: 798: 795: 794: 790: 786: 780: 778: 773: 771: 770:type locality 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 720: 717: 714: 713: 709: 706: 703: 702: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 684: 681: 680: 676: 673: 670: 669: 665: 662: 659: 658: 654: 651: 648: 647: 641: 637: 633: 631: 626: 624: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 576: 573: 569: 565: 557: 554: 550: 546: 542: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 424: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 378: 374: 368: 365: 362: 359: 357: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 338: 335: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312:Geochronology 311: 308: 305: 301: 298: 293: 290: 288: 283: 282:Geochronology 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 250: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220:Horizontality 218: 215: 214:Superposition 212: 211: 210: 207: 204: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 162: 158: 154: 144: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:paleomagnetic 119: 115: 111: 107: 106:geophysicists 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:geochronology 84:to time) and 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64:based on the 63: 59: 55: 51: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 18:Eon (geology) 17608:Solar System 17570:Oceanography 17560:Indian Ocean 17550:Arctic Ocean 17514: 17490:Age of Earth 17442:Geomagnetism 17116:Thermosphere 17106:Stratosphere 16946:Stratigraphy 16891:Uranium–lead 16861:Lichenometry 16715: 16659:Winter count 16642:Mesoamerican 16570:Astronomical 16388:Mesoamerican 16373:Sothic cycle 16348:Seleucid era 16333:Bosporan era 16321: / 16311: 16259:Paleontology 16172: 16085: 16075: 16062:Homo sapiens 16060: 16056: 16042: 16032: 16018: 16008: 15994: 15967: 15872:Decimal time 15686: 15601:Astronomical 15480:Complication 15475:Atomic clock 15090:Time capsule 15084:Tempus fugit 15082: 15004:Other fields 14884: 14703: 14684:Perdurantism 14606:Calendar era 14558: 14551: 14537:Cuckoo clock 14474:astronomical 14448: 14274:Unit of time 14205:Key concepts 14122: 14119: 14055:Archean Eon 14017:(1.6–2.5 Ga) 13902:(485–539 Ma) 13871:(444–485 Ma) 13835:(419–444 Ma) 13804:(359–419 Ma) 13778:(299–359 Ma) 13747:(252–299 Ma) 13735:(252–539 Ma) 13699:(201–252 Ma) 13668:(145–201 Ma) 13627:Mesozoic Era 13527:Cenozoic Era 13450: 13357: 13341: 13308: 13287: 13266: 13245: 13224: 13203: 13190:. Retrieved 13175: 13158:. Retrieved 13122: 13116: 13097: 13084: 13066:cite journal 13047: 13043: 13027:. Retrieved 13012: 12999:. Retrieved 12992:the original 12971: 12967: 12943: 12940:Stratigraphy 12939: 12880: 12876: 12866: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12755: 12749: 12708: 12704: 12694: 12683:, retrieved 12660: 12653: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12575: 12571: 12561: 12516: 12512: 12502: 12443: 12437: 12427: 12376: 12372: 12362: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12286: 12282: 12269: 12220: 12216: 12206: 12197:Live Science 12195: 12186: 12174:. Retrieved 12167:the original 12146: 12142: 12109: 12099: 12087:. Retrieved 12046: 12042: 12032: 12020:. Retrieved 12016:the original 11998:(1): 27–54. 11995: 11991: 11981: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11934:. Retrieved 11930:the original 11919: 11907:. Retrieved 11898: 11886:. Retrieved 11881: 11872: 11831: 11827: 11814: 11769: 11765: 11755: 11723: 11719: 11706: 11679: 11675: 11633: 11627: 11616:, retrieved 11586: 11576: 11565:, retrieved 11543: 11533: 11484: 11480: 11470: 11427: 11423: 11413: 11378: 11374: 11363: 11328: 11324: 11313: 11272: 11262: 11250:. Retrieved 11246:the original 11236: 11225:, retrieved 11195: 11185: 11143: 11105: 11067: 11010: 11006: 10996: 10968: 10961: 10933: 10926: 10898: 10891: 10863: 10856: 10832:(1): 20–23. 10829: 10825: 10815: 10772: 10768: 10759: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10616: 10612: 10589: 10582: 10572: 10565: 10555: 10548: 10538: 10531: 10521: 10514: 10481: 10477: 10467: 10457: 10450: 10440: 10433: 10424: 10418: 10407:, retrieved 10385: 10375: 10357: 10350: 10322: 10315: 10287: 10280: 10256:. Variorum. 10252: 10245: 10212: 10208: 10142: 10138: 10113:. Retrieved 10104: 10095: 10083:. Retrieved 10079:the original 10074: 10064: 10053: 10038: 10014:(2): 18–21. 10011: 10007: 9997: 9956: 9950: 9940: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9868: 9864: 9854: 9844: 9837: 9827: 9820: 9809:, retrieved 9787: 9777: 9757:(in French). 9753: 9746: 9736: 9729: 9713:cite journal 9704: 9700: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9672:From p. 193: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9619: 9615: 9605: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9534:(1): 97–99. 9531: 9527: 9472: 9432:(3): 77–81. 9429: 9425: 9415: 9393:(1): 13–30. 9390: 9386: 9376: 9364:. Retrieved 9359: 9350: 9338:. Retrieved 9333: 9307:. Retrieved 9302: 9258:. Retrieved 9254: 9245: 9235: 9215: 9195: 9142: 9138: 9085: 9081: 9056:. Retrieved 9052: 9043: 9032:, retrieved 9010: 8940: 8936: 8897:. Retrieved 8863: 8846: 8779: 8718: 8709: 8661: 8652: 8478:Mars Express 8474:spectrometer 8471: 8463: 8441: 8433: 8374: 8345:Solar System 8334: 8305:giant impact 8195:microfossils 8188:phototrophic 8166:Prokaryotic 8162:Paleoarchean 8139:macrofossils 7898:opisthokonts 7767:eukaryotes. 7765:multi-celled 7672:streptophyta 7583:Trichophycus 7581: 7571: 7503:Terreneuvian 7423:Jiangshanian 7404:streptophyta 7057: 7053: 6969:Sheinwoodian 6920:tapers off. 6908:tapers off. 6865: 6850:ostracoderms 6846:jawed fishes 6659:acanthodians 6626:corals, and 6609:Strophomenid 6598: 6532:Kazakhstania 6482:) abundant. 6474:(especially 6406:Serpukhovian 6339:parareptiles 6273: 6096:acanthodians 6032:ichthyosaurs 5973:temnospondyl 5969:parareptiles 5949:Appalachians 5740:amphibians. 5738:temnospondyl 5731: 5724:Rhynchosaurs 5708:Ichthyosaurs 5567:Kimmeridgian 5528:Tethys Ocean 5497:terebratulid 5461:Parvipelvian 5401:shuotheriids 5397:coelurosaurs 5383:, including 5363:(especially 5152:leptictidans 5116:crocodilians 5100:tyrannosaurs 4994:terror birds 4956:Starts with 4906:(allowing a 4890:decreased CO 4888:Azolla event 4807:diprotodonts 4722:(e.g. first 4580:Serravallian 4494:Ardipithecus 4490:elephantines 4401:Homo habilis 4376:Afro-Eurasia 4372:Homo erectus 4368:terror birds 4351:Homo sapiens 4320:Near Oceania 4300:interglacial 4287: 4245:interglacial 4239:Greenlandian 4206:flooding of 4078: 4069: 4054: 4045: 4034:Please help 4029:verification 4026: 4002: 3991: 3959: 3951: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3851: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3690: 3673: 3671: 3658: 3650: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3591: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3539: 3538:Siderian (?– 3532: 3528: 3522: 3521:Neoarchean ( 3515: 3508: 3501: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3459:Anthropocene 3458: 3456: 3453:Anthropocene 3425: 3332: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3302:20th century 3261:Pierre Curie 3246: 3227: 3202: 3198:James Ussher 3191: 3169: 3166:James Hutton 3162:19th century 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3100: 3092: 3070: 3068: 3048: 3043: 2993: 2946:transgressed 2930:philosophers 2923: 2897:Newfoundland 2872:Terreneuvian 2799: 2713:Named after 2686:Wenlock Edge 2659:Named after 2514: 2449: 2446:William Penn 2442:Pennsylvania 2413: 2409: 2384: 2380: 2351: 2157: 2153: 2124: 2120: 2095: 2091: 2066: 2062: 2037: 2033: 2008: 2004: 1979: 1975: 1925: 1900: 1875: 1853:) 'stable'. 1850: 1825: 1800: 1778:) 'narrow'. 1775: 1750: 1725: 1721: 1667: 1575:Named after 1551: 1550:) and ferō ( 1547: 1482: 1424: 1405: 1377: 1373: 1348: 1344: 1261: 1257: 1232: 1228: 1212:Paleoarchean 1203: 1199: 1174: 1170: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1046: 1042: 1017: 1013: 988: 984: 936: 889: 860: 856: 831: 827: 774: 740:(old life), 731: 627: 604: 578: 559: 536: 513: 475:Paleoarchean 458: 427: 388: 371:between the 369: 360: 347: 334: 332: 304: 302: 297:stratigraphy 289: 285: 262:Stratigraphy 208: 199: 164: 153:Age of Earth 141:nomenclature 138: 57: 53: 49: 47: 29: 17367:Cartography 17306:Environment 17173:Climatology 17101:Troposphere 16886:Radiocarbon 16561:Dual dating 16420:Regnal year 16398:Short Count 16338:Bostran era 16319:Anno Domini 16252:Big History 16232:Archaeology 16174:Big History 16076:Agriculture 16047:abiogenesis 16027:dying stars 15968:Time scales 15939:Big History 15882:System time 15877:Metric time 15596:Solar Hijri 15522:Water clock 15505:Radio clock 15437:Time domain 15417:Proper time 15303:Leap second 15185:Chronometry 15100:Time travel 15078:System time 14985:Time domain 14970:Proper time 14794:use of time 14765:Father Time 14745:Immortality 14735:Ages of Man 14664:Endurantism 14621:Regnal year 14601:Big History 14530:water-based 14429:Solar Hijri 14339:Hexadecimal 14289:Measurement 14251:Chronometry 14237:Measurement 14091:Hadean Eon 13869:Ordovician 13640:Cretaceous 13540:Quaternary 13192:18 November 13160:18 November 13029:18 November 13001:30 November 12379:(1): 2690. 11676:Solid Earth 11013:(1): 5–13. 10215:(1): 3–41. 9959:(1): 1–15. 8335:Some other 8244:prokaryotes 8230:: at first 8172:methanogens 8125:Mesoarchean 8114:prokaryotes 8088:; possible 7894:green algae 7821:decline as 7791:metamorphic 7737:cryptophyta 7729:brown algae 7635:Ozone layer 7573:Dickinsonia 7568:bilaterians 7528:Proterozoic 7443:Miaolingian 7388:Atmospheric 7368:vertebrates 7348:Prokaryotes 7344:Crustaceans 7324:blastozoans 7320:graptolites 7308:brachiopods 7298:(including 7276:echinoderms 7262:(including 7227:Tremadocian 7206:Lower/Early 7186:Darriwilian 7126:ostracoderm 7122:eurypterids 7110:graptolites 7098:sea urchins 7082:echinoderms 7066:cephalopods 7050:brachiopods 7042:Orthocerida 6890:graptolites 6866:Pentamerida 6862:brachiopods 6842:Eurypterids 6832:(including 6818:Ozone layer 6773:Lower/Early 6648:lobe-finned 6616:brachiopods 6587:seed plants 6553:Tournaisian 6504:Spiriferida 6472:echinoderms 6460:land snails 6428:gymnosperms 6416:eurypterids 6343:cotylosaurs 6280:atmospheric 6262:scale trees 6242:Protodonata 6141:Guadalupian 6080:graptolites 6072:eurypterids 6068:articulates 6012:lepidosaurs 5961:pelycosaurs 5953:Panthalassa 5932:unite into 5885:Lower/Early 5821:crocopodans 5813:plesiosaurs 5795:(including 5793:lepidosaurs 5742:Ceratitidan 5632:Lower/Early 5558:disappear. 5504:brachiopods 5481:Sea urchins 5465:plesiosaurs 5441:brown algae 5421:dryolestids 5361:Gymnosperms 5325:Valanginian 5315:Hauterivian 5280:Lower/Early 5215:Atmospheric 5156:cimolestans 5146:(including 5138:(including 5136:metatherian 5112:ceratopsids 5104:titanosaurs 5088:sea urchins 4787:condylarths 4736:Cimolestans 4664:Alpide Belt 4626:. Start of 4615:Burdigalian 4561:in Africa. 4496:in Africa. 4280:Pleistocene 4140:Phanerozoic 4099:end-point. 4073:Phanerozoic 3869:–538.8 Ma) 3846:prokaryotes 3280:in 1913 by 3257:Marie Curie 3238:Lord Kelvin 2891:, a French 2889:Terre-Neuve 2849:(informal) 2831: [ 2811:Miaolingian 2408:From Latin 2360:Guadalupian 1988:Pleistocene 1828:) 'cover'. 1728:) 'birth'. 1604:tribe, the 1579:, England. 1418:Paris Basin 1416:within the 1183:Mesoarchean 884:From Greek 840:Proterozoic 811:Phanerozoic 777:Precambrian 479:Mesoarchean 452:Phanerozoic 448:Proterozoic 256:Terminology 232:continuous. 118:lithologies 110:geochemists 96:(including 66:rock record 17657:Categories 17472:Tomography 17457:Seismology 17424:Geophysics 17399:Navigation 17291:Time zones 17256:In culture 17201:Antarctica 17188:Continents 17111:Mesosphere 17083:Atmosphere 16481:Vietnamese 16393:Long Count 16328:Anno Mundi 16323:Common Era 16225:Key topics 16218:Chronology 16152:Fred Spier 16147:Carl Sagan 16111:ChronoZoom 16090:modern era 15897:Timekeeper 15850:Chronology 15834:Millennium 15720:Precession 15626:Julian day 15447:T-symmetry 15308:Solar time 15278:Civil time 14802:Chronemics 14777:Kalachakra 14689:Presentism 14674:Eternalism 14580:Chronology 14518:mechanical 14469:Main types 14387:Main types 14093:(4–4.6 Ga) 14057:(2.5–4 Ga) 13986:(1–1.6 Ga) 13592:Paleogene 12519:: 735020. 11888:17 January 11682:(1): 1–3. 11163:1224105111 9848:J. Murray. 9784:"Jurassic" 9724:terrain".) 9707:: 353–376. 9679:Quaternary 9492:1137380460 8875:References 8413:Copernican 8341:satellites 8289:life forms 8232:protocells 8133:(probably 8080:Neoarchean 8032:eukaryotes 7969:atmosphere 7932:eukaryotes 7926:Statherian 7910:Acritarchs 7763:of simple 7741:haptophyta 7721:ochrophyta 7711:begins on 7658:" period. 7654:Possible " 7650:Cryogenian 7576:). Simple 7564:cnidarians 7560:vendozoans 7448:Guzhangian 7400:Arthropods 7328:crinozoans 7300:trilobites 7264:arthropods 7214:(formerly 7130:jawed fish 7114:Acritarchs 7070:trilobites 7024:Hirnantian 7019:Upper/Late 7014:Ordovician 7004:Rhuddanian 6979:Llandovery 6934:Ludfordian 6882:Trilobites 6798:Lochkovian 6723:Hangenberg 6719:Kellwasser 6691:Euramerica 6661:and early 6652:ray-finned 6644:placoderms 6640:goniatites 6632:Ammonoidea 6591:seed ferns 6568:Upper/Late 6516:Glaciation 6512:nautiloids 6508:trilobites 6500:Productida 6496:goniatites 6418:live amid 6390:Bashkirian 6370:Kasimovian 6355:Rhizodonts 6323:Amphibians 6303:Euramerica 6297:. Testate 6291:Goniatites 6266:club trees 6250:millipedes 6191:Artinskian 6176:Cisuralian 6146:Capitanian 6076:trilobites 6024:archosaurs 5996:spiriferid 5976:amphibians 5965:therapsids 5930:Landmasses 5825:Ceratitida 5733:Dicroidium 5728:Seed ferns 5712:nothosaurs 5700:pterosaurs 5692:Archosaurs 5682:Upper/Late 5667:Hettangian 5657:Sinemurian 5479:abundant. 5477:belemnites 5393:stegosaurs 5389:carnosaurs 5373:cycadeoids 5350:Upper/Late 5335:Berriasian 5309:~125.77 5270:Cenomanian 5219:Acritarchs 5189:, and the 5183:Madagascar 5175:Antarctica 5148:placentals 5140:marsupials 5132:monotremes 5108:hadrosaurs 5077:belemnites 5051:Upper/Late 5046:Cretaceous 4966:Nautilidae 4920:passerines 4839:Aegean Sea 4773:. Archaic 4766:Priabonian 4683:Aquitanian 4594:great apes 4444:joins the 4422:Piacenzian 4349:. Rise of 4285:Upper/Late 4257:wet Sahara 4208:Doggerland 4174:industrial 4161:Meghalayan 4151:Quaternary 3902:eukaryotes 3672:The book, 3592:Statherian 3588:–1000 Ma) 3230:denudation 3150:Anton Moro 2909:See also: 2887:Named for 2740:Ordovician 2715:Llandovery 2698:Llandovery 2692:, England 2690:Shropshire 2663:, England 2638:, Czechia 2515:misi-ziibi 2393:Cisuralian 2346:Named for 2183:Cretaceous 2148:Coined by 1947:Time span 1834:Statherian 1705:Cryogenian 1654:Named for 1614:Ordovician 1386:Cretaceous 1291:Quaternary 1279:Time span 1154:Neoarchean 1148:) 'life'. 1115:) 'life'. 1082:) 'life'. 1049:) 'life'. 1020:) 'life'. 991:) 'life'. 956:Time span 863:) 'life'. 834:) 'life'. 799:Time span 766:stratotype 762:Ordovician 704:Subseries 655:Time span 587:chronozone 572:Meghalayan 526:Quaternary 483:Neoarchean 260:See also: 191:Cryogenian 187:Cretaceous 151:See also: 147:Principles 98:geologists 76:that uses 38:log-spiral 17389:Geomatics 17334:Ecosystem 17319:Biosphere 17281:Etymology 17261:Earth Day 17211:Australia 17121:Exosphere 17018:Year zero 16998:Chronicle 16941:Seriation 16876:Lead–lead 16750:Standards 16731:Deep time 16691:Ephemeris 16577:Lunisolar 16541:Gregorian 16534:Gregorian 16495:Calendars 16458:Era names 16428:Anka year 16307:Human Era 16237:Astronomy 16086:Modernity 16068:Stone Age 16003:cosmogony 15978:Modernity 15963:Deep time 15794:Fortnight 15641:Lunisolar 15631:Leap year 15565:Gregorian 15515:stopwatch 15490:Hourglass 15470:Astrarium 15387:Spacetime 15318:Time zone 15195:Metrology 15174:standards 15058:Leap year 14975:Spacetime 14849:Yesterday 14750:Dreamtime 14724:Mythology 14611:Deep time 14523:stopwatch 14498:hourglass 14479:astrarium 14409:Gregorian 14402:Lunisolar 14379:Calendars 14369:Time zone 14242:standards 14120:See also: 13900:Cambrian 13833:Silurian 13802:Devonian 13697:Triassic 13666:Jurassic 12905:0036-8075 12858:0012-821X 12811:0148-0227 12725:0028-0836 12645:128376754 12594:1537-1719 12535:1664-462X 12494:131775942 12468:1464-7931 12401:2041-1723 12245:0028-0836 12089:8 October 12012:1543-5938 11613:229513433 11525:237515330 11509:0028-0836 11462:233816527 11454:2328-4277 11405:244145710 11397:0705-3797 11355:244165877 11347:0705-3797 11305:182238145 11289:0028-0836 11222:245639062 11171:cite book 11125:949988705 11087:808340848 11027:0078-0421 10848:0705-3797 10799:0028-0836 10751:129166282 10743:0371-6260 10696:0028-0836 10649:128686640 10641:0305-8719 10506:251578886 10498:0080-4568 10307:165626104 10272:956775994 10237:128604255 10169:0950-1207 10030:0705-3797 9989:129165105 9981:0016-7568 9932:1941-5966 9893:128475487 9885:2042-5295 9763:cite book 9644:0267-8179 9597:0705-3797 9558:240772165 9550:0705-3797 9500:cite book 9448:0705-3797 9177:236285974 9169:0016-7649 9110:130092094 8959:0705-3797 8522:Deep time 8401:Nectarian 8389:volcanism 8277:protolith 8222:Eoarchean 8201:. Oldest 8110:Kenorland 7977:Vredefort 7963:Orosirian 7906:holozoans 7861:Calymmian 7749:retarians 7745:euglenids 7629:forms on 7611:Laurentia 7556:explosion 7538:Ediacaran 7518:Fortunian 7462:~504.5 7452:~500.5 7316:bryozoans 7304:priapulid 7296:artiopods 7284:chordates 7242:Furongian 7196:Dapingian 7150:conodonts 7086:blastoids 7078:bryozoans 7074:ostracods 7060:, etc.), 7044:). Early 6984:Telychian 6888:diverse; 6872:, etc.), 6838:arachnids 6826:myriapods 6671:fishapods 6655:bony fish 6636:Nautilida 6573:Famennian 6514:decline. 6488:bryozoans 6480:blastoids 6456:tetrapods 6452:barnacles 6380:Moscovian 6335:synapsids 6275:Cordaites 6264:, ferns, 6260:forests ( 6254:scorpions 6201:Sakmarian 6181:Kungurian 6092:blastoids 5992:productid 5957:Synapsids 5945:Ouachitas 5920:Lopingian 5910:Paleozoic 5890:Olenekian 5805:conodonts 5771:in Asia. 5745:ammonoids 5716:Cynodonts 5704:Dinosaurs 5602:Bathonian 5592:Callovian 5577:Oxfordian 5536:Rangitata 5473:ammonoids 5385:sauropods 5381:Dinosaurs 5355:Tithonian 5319:~132.6 5305:Barremian 5250:Coniacian 5240:Santonian 5230:Campanian 5144:eutherian 5120:mosasaurs 5096:dinosaurs 5073:Ammonoids 5021:Selandian 4970:Coleoidea 4952:Thanetian 4947:Paleocene 4934:and true 4928:pangolins 4924:ruminants 4850:Bartonian 4821:; End of 4779:creodonts 4724:macropods 4716:evolution 4698:Oligocene 4693:Paleogene 4672:West Asia 4646:from 650 4570:Tortonian 4543:creodonts 4510:Messinian 4462:Stone Age 4391:Start of 4362:Calabrian 4335:Chibanian 4290:Tarantian 4269:Caribbean 4233:0.0082 4228:Greenland 4212:Sundaland 4204:Sea level 4185:0.0042 4105:Eonothem/ 3912:2060–1780 3898:2250–2060 3894:Eukaryian 3884:2420–2250 3880:Oxygenian 3874:2420–1780 3852:2630–2420 3839:2780–2630 3835:Methanian 3829:2780–2420 3820:3020–2780 3794:3490–3020 3790:Vaalbaran 3784:3490–2780 3769:Period (3 3753:4030–3810 3743:4030–3490 3736:4030–2420 3723:4404–4030 3719:Zirconian 3707:phase of 3573:) 'rust'. 3557:2450–1800 3523:3000–2450 3516:3500–3000 3146:Plutonism 3142:Neptunism 3134:primarii" 3055:religious 3004:Dominican 2980:treatises 2972:scientist 2958:deep time 2954:Aristotle 2950:regressed 2828:Miao Ling 2783:Furongian 2331:Lopingian 2133:Paleocene 2075:Oligocene 1859:Orosirian 1851:statherós 1809:Calymmian 1676:Ediacaran 1660:latinised 1631:Ordovices 1481:From the 1427:'chalk'. 1357:Paleogene 1241:Eoarchean 1026:Paleozoic 930:translit. 785:etymology 754:geography 750:lithology 738:Paleozoic 707:Subepoch 660:Eonothem 499:Paleozoic 471:Eoarchean 403:SI prefix 373:Ediacaran 242:Inclusion 183:Paleogene 167:deep time 42:megaannus 17636:Category 17588:The Moon 17013:Timeline 16851:Ice core 16724:Concepts 16471:Japanese 16403:Tzolk'in 16368:Egyptian 16019:Elements 15999:Big Bang 15995:Creation 15855:Duration 15829:Saeculum 15809:Olympiad 15651:Solstice 15580:Holocene 15557:Calendar 15457:Horology 15248:ISO 8601 15243:ISO 31-1 15118:Category 14866:Time in 14857:Tomorrow 14719:Religion 14659:Duration 14626:Timeline 14560:Timeline 14359:Sidereal 14227:Eternity 13745:Permian 13566:Neogene 13478:Archived 13447:Episodes 13431:Archived 13151:Archived 13147:32763298 13139:15286353 13044:Episodes 12921:13968348 12913:16627738 12733:11196637 12623:(1): 3. 12602:14963099 12553:35154170 12486:31021528 12419:31217418 12311:12529638 12253:28796200 12176:6 August 11973:42345393 11959:: 5–19. 11936:3 August 11909:3 August 11856:20596019 11806:24963687 11766:PLOS ONE 11744:Archived 11517:34522014 11375:Episodes 11325:Episodes 11297:32433629 11252:17 April 11227:15 April 10988:60770922 10953:20930970 10883:14352783 10826:Episodes 10409:20 April 10342:11574066 10109:Archived 10008:Episodes 9577:Episodes 9528:Episodes 9426:Episodes 9260:16 April 8967:51819600 8937:Episodes 8489:See also 8464:Epochs: 8248:proteins 8209:and the 8197:. First 8191:bacteria 8176:bacteria 8135:colonial 8054:(due to 8047:Siderian 8028:Huronian 8019:Rhyacian 7989:Penokean 7973:oxygenic 7940:Columbia 7936:protists 7886:plastids 7846:colonies 7834:Ectasian 7641:levels. 7623:Gondwana 7607:Pannotia 7478:Series 2 7396:Holocene 7352:protists 7312:hyoliths 7272:annelids 7268:molluscs 7247:Stage 10 7237:Cambrian 7171:Sandbian 7094:crinoids 7090:cystoids 7062:bivalves 6994:Aeronian 6959:Homerian 6944:Gorstian 6886:molluscs 6878:crinoids 6874:cystoids 6860:corals, 6854:Tabulate 6830:hexapods 6808:Silurian 6763:Eifelian 6753:Givetian 6738:Frasnian 6727:cystoids 6711:Variscan 6675:decapods 6628:crinoids 6624:tabulate 6579:lycopods 6563:Devonian 6520:Gondwana 6518:in East 6476:crinoids 6430:. First 6394:323.2 6351:diapsids 6327:amniotes 6313:and the 6311:Laurasia 6307:Gondwana 6295:woodlice 6285:levels. 6233:Gzhelian 6211:Asselian 6100:Ouachita 6084:hyoliths 6060:Tabulata 6056:retarian 5865:Ladinian 5807:and the 5761:starfish 5687:Rhaetian 5677:Triassic 5637:Toarcian 5622:Aalenian 5612:Bajocian 5516:Gondwana 5512:Laurasia 5489:starfish 5485:crinoids 5469:Bivalves 5457:lobsters 5439:. First 5379:common. 5365:conifers 5345:Jurassic 5274:100.5 5260:Turonian 5203:Laramide 5084:bivalves 5041:Mesozoic 4960:and the 4936:primates 4870:Ypresian 4860:Lutetian 4844:37.71 4823:Laramide 4795:sea cows 4783:miacoids 4751:Rupelian 4745:27.82 4740:neocetes 4714:. Rapid 4703:Chattian 4687:23.03 4630:forming 4609:15.98 4605:Langhian 4599:13.82 4574:11.63 4564:7.246 4527:ice ages 4499:5.333 4473:Zanclean 4464:begins. 4417:Pliocene 4387:Gelasian 4324:Americas 4322:and the 4251:begins. 4156:Holocene 4145:Cenozoic 4110:Erathem/ 4093:GeoSciML 3938:1780–850 3934:Rodinian 3928:1780–850 3919:Columbia 3890:Jatulian 3816:Pongolan 3812:kernels. 3810:cratonic 3798:Kaapvaal 3771:810–3490 3703:and the 3697:Chaotian 3681:and the 3637:–720 Ma) 3633:Tonian ( 3624:kleísimo 3620:1000–800 3612:Kleisian 3563:Skourian 3278:isotopes 3096:Creation 3014:scholars 2990:Avicenna 2987:polymath 2965:Shen Kuo 2865:Cambrian 2717:, Wales 2576:Devonian 2450:silvanus 2448:+ Latin 2287:Triassic 2226:Jurassic 2160:) 'new' 2098:) 'new' 2069:) 'new' 2040:) 'new' 2017:Pliocene 2011:) 'new' 2005:pleîstos 1982:) 'new' 1959:Holocene 1909:Siderian 1884:Rhyacian 1876:oroseirá 1784:Ectasian 1639:Cambrian 1585:Silurian 1560:Devonian 1466:Triassic 1433:Jurassic 1320:Tertiary 1262:arkhaîos 1233:arkhaîos 1204:arkhaîos 1175:arkhaîos 1142:próteros 1109:próteros 1076:próteros 1038:286.898 1009:185.902 997:Mesozoic 968:Cenozoic 857:próteros 828:phanerós 746:Cenozoic 742:Mesozoic 734:Eonothem 671:Erathem 630:Silurian 623:Triassic 549:Holocene 507:Cenozoic 503:Mesozoic 436:eonothem 399:Jurassic 377:Cambrian 203:horizons 17626:History 17621:Outline 17482:Geology 17394:Gravity 17359:Geodesy 17329:Ecology 17145:Climate 17126:Weather 17023:Floruit 16771:Methods 16632:Iranian 16600:Islamic 16466:Chinese 16277:Periods 16247:History 16242:Geology 16166:Related 16033:Planets 16025:inside 15824:Century 15814:Lustrum 15744:Instant 15616:Equinox 15585:Islamic 15527:Sundial 15392:Chronon 15128:Commons 15051:Related 14965:Instant 14955:Chronon 14937:Physics 14877:Geology 14868:science 14740:Destiny 14585:History 14553:History 14508:sundial 14491:quantum 14434:Chinese 14424:Islamic 14334:Decimal 14329:Chinese 14291:systems 14217:Present 13118:Science 12976:Bibcode 12968:Lethaia 12885:Bibcode 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