Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

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him they lost a kind, dear master and a good friend, who was for ever willing to help where help was needed. If it took half a century to win the affection and confidence of these self-retained hardy mountain people, his memory will a century hence be as green as are the firs and pines that cling so tenaciously to their native rock; and the deeds and words of the popular “Herr Herzog” will there be spoken of when in the outer world his name will be remembered only by the historian. The dead sportsman's hunting - knife, which I saw so often in his strong hand, is now lying before me, a cherished memento, kindly sent me by the stricken dowager-duchess a few weeks after the funeral. It will ever remind me, not so much of a sportsman prince, as of a prince among sportsmen.” From the book: Sport in the Alps in the Past and Present, An Account of the Chase of the Chamois, Red Deer, Bouquetin, Roe-deer, Capercaillie, and Black-cock, with Personal Adventures and Historical Notes and Some Sporting Reminiscences of H.R.H. the Late Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – William Adolphus Baillie-Grohman. As fitting as these final words was the act that closed this long and distinguished sporting career, for less than an hour before that fatal attack of apoplexy, his master hand had brought down two royals ! A lifelong sportsman, his last words were apparently "Let the drive commence!" His funeral was held in the

635:, Albert had been constructing his own liberal reform plan, under which a single monarch, chancellor, and parliament would unite the German states; in addition, each state would retain its own current ruling dynasty. As this plan pertained to his brother, Ernest was given a copy in the hope that he would develop his own liberal constitution. Ernest subsequently made a few concessions, but his position remained sound, not counting the increasing problem of his debts. A constitution was drafted and promulgated in 1849 in Gotha, though one had existed in Coburg since 1821. In 1852, both constitutions were converged into one, which converted the personal union of the two duchies into a real union; the duchies were now inseparable, with a common set of institutions. During the political turmoil, timely concessions and Ernest's popular habit of mingling with "the people in their pleasures" were instrumental in keeping him from losing his throne. Furthermore, various contemporary sources state that Ernest was an able, just and very popular ruler, which may have also helped keep him in power. 382: 1610: 1185:, in 1864. One example of the many problems of his education concerned the language he would speak. Although he grew up learning German, his native language was decided to be English. In addition, a naval career was chosen for Alfred, a common profession for a British prince but almost unheard of for a German prince. Ernest also wanted Alfred to be educated in Coburg, but his brother refused. Albert's refusal most likely stemmed from the negative British reaction that would have inevitably occurred and the fact that Albert was fearful of Alfred's moral development. Thus, despite Ernest's protests, he went unheeded in Albert's lifetime. In 1863, Ernest told Victoria that it was time for Alfred to leave the navy and enter a German university. By March of the following year, it was decided that Alfred would attend 1401: 516: 481:. Their father at first thought that Ernest would make a better husband to Victoria than Albert, possibly because his sporting interests would be better received by the British public. However, most others favored Albert over Ernest as a possible husband. Temperamentally, Victoria was much more like Ernest, for both were lively and sociable with a love for dancing, gossip, and late nights; conversely, this fast pace made Albert physically ill. Victoria believed Ernest had a "most kind, honest, and intelligent expression in his countenance", while Albert "seemed full of goodness and sweetness, and very clever and intelligent." No offer of marriage was forthcoming for either brother however, and they returned home. 31: 1234: 1248: 1290: 650: 1459: 1423: 458: 1712: 1241: 1554: 1525: 1729: 1674: 1691: 900:, was Foreign Minister, and no one foresaw that Ernest would immediately side with the better-equipped Prussians upon breakout of the war. His reasoning is usually understood as acting in the best interests of his duchies, and by extension, of himself. Some influence came from Bismarck, who explained his policy and tactics in a letter to Ernest. Regardless, it was seen as a betrayal of former friends; Queen Victoria commented that Ernest "might have agreed to neutrality—for that might be necessary, but to change colours I cannot think right". 794: 1653: 1326: 1348: 962: 1589: 1366: 1631: 492:. As rumors of an impending marriage between her and Albert interfered with their studies, the two brothers left on 28 August 1837 at the close of the term to travel around Europe. They returned to Bonn in early November to continue their studies. The brothers travelled to England again in 1839, at which time Victoria found her cousin Albert agreeable, and soon proposed. This connection would have many implications for Ernest in the future; for example, he was selected as 751:, most likely attempting to discourage him from the match in person. In an 11 April letter, Victoria unhappily noted to her eldest daughter, "You did not tell me that Bertie had met Uncle Ernest at Thebes...I am always alarmed when I think of Uncle Ernest and Bertie being together as I know the former will do all he can to set Bertie against the marriage with Princess Alix". Despite Ernest's disapproval, Bertie was duly married to Alexandra on 10 March 1863. 1133: 990:

still met with Victoria and her family occasionally. In 1891, they met in France; Victoria's lady-in-waiting commented "the old Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha has been here today with his wife. He is the Prince Consort's only brother and an awful looking man, the Queen dislikes him particularly. He is always writing anonymous pamphlets against the Queen and the Empress Frederick, which naturally creates a great deal of annoyance in the family".

454:'s daughter. Their stepmother was thus also their first cousin. The duke and his new duchess were not close, and would produce no children; while the boys formed a happy relationship with their stepmother, Marie had little to no input in her stepsons' lives. The separation and divorce of their parents, as well as the later death of their mother, left the boys scarred and in close companionship with each other. 739:

way to prevent a break with Prussia and the only way to keep the game in our own hands, impose the conditions that we think necessary, and as far as we can, take off its political edge". Albert also warned his son of Ernest's endeavors to interfere with the match, commenting, "Your uncle...will try his hand at this work. Your best defence will be not to enter on the subject, should he broach it".

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brother against finding a wife until his 'condition' was fully recovered. He further warned that continued promiscuity could leave Ernest incapable of fathering children. Some historians believe that while he himself was able to father other children, the disease rendered his young wife infertile. Ernest was married for 51 years and with his wife visited Queen Victoria in Paris in 1890.

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and the same sorrows, they were bound to each other by no common feelings of mutual love". Perhaps the aforementioned "sorrows" related to their parents' marriage; it was not happy, and Duke Ernest I was continually unfaithful. In 1824, Ernest I and Louise divorced; she subsequently left Coburg and was disallowed from seeing her sons again. She soon remarried to

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leader in the mounting conflict between the northern and southern powers. He grew tired of the advice he received from Albert on the subject however; as Ernest "was by no means inclined to consent to an energetic rule such as I adopted immediately afterwards for the perfection of the constitutional system", according to Albert's letters.

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disagreements, and Albert's death left Ernest "wretched", noted Victoria in a letter to her eldest daughter. The death did not solve their argument however; seeing that his direct involvement had failed to persuade Victoria, Ernest tried a new tactic. He began to spread gossip about Alexandra and her family, saying that her mother

944:, Ernest "was increasingly lost in a whirl of private amusements which earned only contempt from outside". Ernest funneled his political thoughts into the private sphere, preferring to write covertly sponsored articles in the Coburg press that became increasingly embittered against England. In 1886, Ernest published 948:, a pamphlet that greatly angered his family; though produced anonymously, no one doubted that it was written by Ernest. It attacked Vicky as a disloyal German that was too dependent on her mother, and declared that she had been too indiscreet in passing along confidential information during both war and peacetime. 928:("Vicky") was for one pleased with his Prussian support and commented "I am not accustomed to hearing so much praise of Coburg here. was not among the crushed and beaten foe, it is sad enough as it is to see so many of one's friends suffering from the effects of their miscalculations". Victoria's husband 998:

would later describe Ernest as "an old beau, squeezed into a frock-coat too tight for his bulk and uncomfortably pinched in at the waist, sporting a top hat, lemon coloured gloves, and a rosebud in his lapel". He put on weight and though on paper his wealth was large, he was still constantly in debt.

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Later in his reign, Ernest's actions managed to continually anger his sister-in-law. Though Victoria loved Ernest because he was Albert's brother, she was displeased that Ernest was writing his memoirs, worrying about their contents mainly in regard to her dead husband. Despite their disputes, Ernest

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was furious, writing to Vicky, "What you told me of Uncle E and that pamphlet is simply monstrous. I assure you that I felt great difficulty in writing to him for his birthday, but I wrote it as short and cool as I could consistently with civility". "Dear Uncle Ernest does us all a great deal of harm

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of 1866 was triggered by the desire of German conservative leaders to unify, albeit on different terms than their liberal counterparts. Ernest urged Prussian leaders against the impending war, and was an active advocate of the Austrian cause. Though Ernest normally followed more liberal politics than

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has racked her brains to help us to find someone, but in vain...We have no choice". Albert agreed there were going to be problems with the match, but as he could find no alternative bride, he wrote to Ernest that keeping the affair a private matter (and outside the realm of government) was "the only

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There are various accounts of Ernest's childhood. When he was fourteen months old, a servant commented that Ernest "runs around like a weasel. He is teething and as cross as a little badger from impatience and liveliness. He is not pretty now, except his beautiful black eyes." In May 1820, his mother

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Issues arose over authority to control the upbringing of his heir-presumptive. As head of the Coburg family, Ernest would normally have been able to arrange Alfred's education and general upbringing unchallenged. This however was not the case. Alfred was torn between his British birth and his German

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on 22 August 1893 after a short illness. “When the news of the duke's death reached the secluded Hinter - Riss, the deepest consternation took possession of the people, amongst whom the prince and the duchess had passed, as they often used to say, the happiest days of their long, eventful lives. In

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in 1890 inspired dismal reviews, with one spectator commenting that its "music was simply rubbish". Ernest was also an avid hunter and sportsman; one contemporary remarked that he was "one of the foremost and keenest sportsman produced by the present century". In addition, Ernest was an enthusiastic

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Extravagant to a great degree, Ernest had many money troubles throughout his reign. In January 1848, Ernest visited his brother in the midst of political unrest in Germany. Upon his return, he also discovered unrest in Coburg. One of the many concerns related to finances. Although Ernest had a large

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further strengthened his ties to Prussia, and in 1862 he offered to make his troops available to the King of Prussia in case of war. But his liberalism caused increased suspicion in Germany of the Coburg influence. Prussian conservatives would soon turn against him, and in particular he was opposed

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He and Albert were brought up and educated together as if they were twins. Though Albert was fourteen months younger, he surpassed Ernest intellectually. According to their tutor, "they went hand-in-hand in all things, whether at work or at play. Engaging in the same pursuits, sharing the same joys

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but be left to consider his future, as he was having reservations over permanently residing outside England. The matter was eventually resolved; Alfred came to accept his inheritance, and Victoria understood and accepted that Ernest needed to be involved in the upbringing of his heir-presumptive,

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There were problems to the nomination; Ernest had no legitimate children, and thus would have had to adopt one of the princes of his house to succeed him as King of Greece. To solve this problem, Ernest suggested to Palmerston that he simply take the title Regent of Greece and hold the kingdom in

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Zeepvat, p. 5. Victoria wrote in 1873, "The accounts of Uncle Ernest's conduct are too distressing", and two weeks later to her Vicky, "What you say about Uncle E. alas! alas! is what I have heard from but too many and is most painful and humiliating. Really one cannot go to Coburg when Uncle is

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Throughout his reign, Ernest had been known for his extravagance and womanizing; as he grew older, Ernest enjoyed gossip and was "now a thoroughly disreputable old roué who enjoyed the outrage provoked by his actions", leading Vicky to declare that her uncle "was his own enemy". His behavior and

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for political refugees from other German states. In 1863, he attended the liberal Frankfurt Conference, which was openly avoided by more conservative Prussia. Though his attendance made him no friends in Prussia, he developed such strong contacts in Austria that many looked to him as a potential

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of Queen Victoria, observed at Windsor Castle in 1839 that he was "very thin and hollow-cheeked and pale, and no likeness to his brother, nor much beauty. But he has fine dark eyes and black hair, and light figure, and a great look of spirit and eagerness". Later that year, Albert counselled his

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in his late teens and early twenties, most likely as the consequence of living a wild, promiscuous lifestyle. He had come to behave in such a fashion by the tutelage of his father, who took his sons to "sample the pleasures" of Paris and Berlin, to Albert's "horror and shame". Ernest had been so

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of the United Kingdom), were born 14 months apart and raised as though twins. They became closer upon the separation and divorce of their parents as well as the eventual death of their mother. Their relationship experienced phases of closeness as well as minor arguments as they grew older. After

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Soon after writing these letters, Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861. His death helped Ernest repair his relationship with his sister-in-law, as Victoria had been becoming increasingly angry over Ernest's objections to the Danish match. The two brothers had always been close, whatever their

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of 1862. After his ineligibility was confirmed however, the Greeks began looking for other possible candidates, which included Duke Ernest at the British government's suggestion. To their and Victoria's reasoning, if Ernest were to take the Greek throne, Alfred could immediately take up his

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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Volume 1, p. 48. A letter written to him by his servant Von Stein states that while there were many candidates who could take command of parts of the army, there was only one Duke, hinting that Ernest was needed to continue promulgating the German Constitution in his

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contingent; he commented in a letter to his brother that "I should have declined any other command of the kind, but I could not refuse this one, as, in the present condition of our States, it is important to keep the executive power in our hands". As commander of a German corps, Ernest was

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still maintain control of his "safer" duchies. In the end, the British cabinet thought the proposed conditions unacceptable. His recommendations having been turned down, Ernest in turn refused. In 1863, the Greek throne was accepted by another member of a royal family: the

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with much interest and tried to build links with the movement's leaders. During Albert's lifetime, Ernest took a close interest in the movement for reform, and was perceived as a progressive within Germany. His favorable view of liberalism caused his duchy to become an

421:. Though Duke Ernest fathered numerous children in various affairs, the two boys would have no other legitimate siblings. In 1826, their father succeeded as Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through an exchange of territories after the death of the duke's uncle, 693:. He also desired to be given a military job during the war, but was refused, as it was "extremely difficult to offer me a position in the army of Schleswig-Holstein corresponding to my rank", according to his memoirs. He agreed to a smaller command, coming to lead a 433:

writes that "even from their infancy, it was plainly evident that the elder son took after his father, in character and appearance, while Albert strongly resembled his mother in most respects." Ernest and his brother often lived with their grandmother the

586:. Though he gave his consent, his father was disappointed that his first son did not do more to advance the concerns of Coburg. The marriage did not produce any issue, though Ernest apparently fathered at least three illegitimate children in later years. 923:

for instance were all annexed to Prussia at the expense of their respective rulers. Though he had only recently changed his political views, Ernest was allowed to ride at the head of his battalion during the victory parade. His eldest niece Prussian

325:

was deposed in 1862, the British government put Ernest's name forward as a possible successor. Negotiations concerning this failed for various reasons—not least of which was that he would not give up his beloved duchies in favor of the Greek throne.

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Sport in the Alps in the Past and Present: An Account of the Chase of the Chamois, Red-deer, Bouquetin, Roe-deer, Capercaillie, and Black-cock, with Personal References and Historical Notes and Some Sporting Reminisces of H.R.H. the Late Duke of

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trust for his chosen heir. He also stipulated that if he accepted the throne, it should be subject to certain guarantees by the other powers. The apparent deal-breaker, though, was the fact that Ernest wanted to acquire the Greek throne

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became real, a reality that was deemed undesirable. Special arrangements were made by a combination of constitutional clauses and renunciations to pass Ernest's throne to a son of Albert while preventing a personal union. Consequently,

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inheritance, he also had frequent debts. There were increasing calls to nationalize most of his property. Indeed, Albert had to intervene at one point and spare his brother the embarrassment of losing one of his Coburg properties.

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many of his counterparts, he began switching his views to align more closely with Bismarck by the mid-1860s. Despite this change in his private political views, he still had strong publicly known ties to Austria, where his cousin

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Ernest, like his brother, was in favor of a unified but federal German state. In seeking to realize this goal, Ernest liked to dabble in whatever political system promised the most success. He subsequently watched the growth of

747:"had illegitimate children and Alexandra had flirtations with young officers"; he also wrote to Louise herself, warning that Bertie would be an unfortunate choice for a husband. Additionally, Ernest met with his nephew at 1002:

An excellent musician and amateur composer all his life, Ernest was a great patron of the arts and sciences in Coburg, often giving awards and titles to members of the artistic and scientific world, such as

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was also pleased with Ernest's decision, writing in his journal 28 September 1871, that the duke's "society always affords me peculiar pleasure, especially...when his heart beats so warmly for Germany".

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to take that position, albeit unsuccessfully. Ernest also brought about a Berlin conference of German princes in 1850; he highly valued such opportunities for the political influence they brought him.

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Various candidates were put forward as a possible wife for Ernest. His father wanted him to look to a woman of high rank, such as a Russian grand duchess, for a wife. One possibility was

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meant he was no longer the potential leader of a political movement; although it was true that he had been able to retain his duchies, it had come at a price. According to historian

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A bust of Ernest at the Landestheater in Coburg. Ernest was a strong enthusiast for music and plays all his life, and was the artistic force behind many that were popular in Germany.

3209: 4975: 734:(and therefore an enemy of the German states). He believed that such a match flew in the face of German interests. Albert replied angrily: "What has that got to do with you?... 842:

in 1831), as well as her desire for her second son, Alfred, to succeed his uncle in the duchy. As negotiations continued however, she began to lose enthusiasm for the idea.

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Thanks to his widespread royal connections, he travelled widely at this stage of his life. In 1840 and 1841 he went to Spain and Portugal; in Portugal another cousin,

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A supporter of a unified Germany, Ernest watched the various political movements with great interest. While he initially was a great and outspoken proponent of

4646: 477:. Both boys, especially Albert, were considered by their family to be a potential husband for the young princess, and they were both taught to speak competent 345:. His support of the conservatives came at a price however, and he was no longer viewed as the possible leader of a political movement. According to historian 361:

Albert's death in 1861, Ernest published anonymous pamphlets against various members of the British royal family. However, he accepted Albert's second son,

4866: 3859: 3825: 4475: 1182: 1835: 4485: 1955: 4799: 4672: 4019: 4667: 4547: 2165: 4532: 4353: 4970: 4542: 4173: 4042: 3249: 1777: 1173:, his brother's second eldest son, was designated the childless Ernest's heir presumptive, when his older brother, the Prince of Wales (later 4552: 4537: 4495: 4417: 3974: 3090:

Griffiths, Eleanor Bley. Victoria: Who was the real Harriet Duchess of Sutherland--and did she fall in love with Prince Ernest? RadioTimes.

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in what was to be a childless marriage. Two years later, he became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his father died. Ernest supported the

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His close relationship with the English court gave him a position of great influence, and the marriage of his niece, Princess Victoria, to

3735: 1216:. In real life, Ernest likely never met the Duchess; he was already married at the time, and the Duchess was twelve years older than him. 317:

against Denmark, sending thousands of troops and becoming the commander of a German corps; he was instrumental in the 1849 victory at the

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An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick, Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm

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described Ernest as "very big for his age, as well as intelligent. His big black eyes are full of spirit and vivacity." Biographer

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The first war ended in 1851, but would resume in 1864. During this interlude, Ernest fervently opposed the marriage of his nephew

4950: 4412: 4368: 4306: 4289: 4216: 4131: 4079: 3933: 3270: 2019: 1897: 1861: 406: 245: 67: 5015: 5010: 4709: 4283: 4258: 4125: 4113: 3798: 2257: 2045: 548: 366: 985:. It opened on 27 April 1857 to the public. The statue was constructed in 1899 in order to commemorate Ernest's contributions. 4348: 4201: 4063: 4047: 3951: 3651: 3641: 3391: 3091: 1803: 1137: 1121: 966: 814: 333:, he surprised many by switching sides and supporting the more conservative (and eventually victorious) Prussians during the 77: 2077: 497: 1923: 818: 595: 552: 528: 435: 1534: 4316: 3164: 523:. She would remain fiercely devoted to Ernest during their marriage, believing that their childlessness was her fault. 4641: 4594: 3811: 3787: 3768: 3745: 3721: 3630: 3606: 3574: 3553: 3543: 1717: 681:

announced on 27 March 1848 the duchies would become an integral part of Denmark under his new liberal constitution.

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Ernest entered military training later that year. In April 1837, Ernest and Albert and their household moved to the

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inheritance. This was partly because Alfred was second-in-line to the United Kingdom until the birth of his nephew

1170: 362: 515: 4990: 4438: 4189: 3564: 2262: 1662: 711: 813:. The Greeks were eager to have someone close to Britain and Queen Victoria replace Otto; some desired to allow 447: 4358: 3894: 3876: 3837: 3804: 835: 231: 1311: 349:, Ernest became "increasingly lost in a whirl of private amusements which earned only contempt from outside". 4995: 3675: 3429: 2766: 1378: 929: 778: 760: 755: 615:, one of the territories their family had recently acquired. Ernest consequently succeeded to the duchies of 571: 560: 520: 306: 287: 170: 47: 4386: 302:. His father became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Ernest I) in 1826 through an exchange of territories. 30: 4391: 1738: 1575: 1203: 859:. Ernest would later comment, "That this cup was spared me, I always regarded as a piece of good fortune". 575: 4945: 4756: 4636: 2272: 1683: 1511: 1445: 644: 314: 4901: 4490: 4443: 1700: 1598: 1566: 1258: 1111: 1101: 649: 153: 3152: 3148: 2621: 903:

Ernest was fortunate in his support of victorious Prussia; for his services he received the forest of

4896: 4841: 4815: 1410: 583: 579: 3320: 3189: 1530: 907:. Many other petty German dukes, princes, and kings who had supported Austria suffered immensely at 822:

inheritance and succeed Ernest as duke (the Prince of Wales having passed his claim to the duchy of

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A coin depicting Ernest II, 1869. It was issued to commemorate the twenty-fifth year of his reign.

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with a strong German element added to his education and (carefully chaperoned) visits to Coburg.

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against Danish forces, capturing two frigates. Also at this time, Ernest took an interest in the

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times, but there remained a large German majority. This majority was sparked to rebellion after

4589: 1491: 1435: 1271: 1153: 1042:, which met with success in Germany. He could also draw and play the piano. One of his operas, 1011: 744: 500:, and would eventually come to give her away at her wedding, only months after Albert's death. 446:, dying in 1831 at the age of thirty. The year after her death, their father married his niece 414: 386: 353: 342: 4693: 4568: 4516: 4311: 3941: 3368: 2625: 1233: 1149: 1056:, S.116 (E. H. z. S.-C.-G. was short for Ernst Herzog zu Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha). However, its 879: 823: 616: 4381: 3384:

Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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on to his younger brother). Many were in favor of his nomination, including Prime Minister

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https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2019-04-15/victoria-real-harriet-duchess-of-sutherland/

817:(her second son) to succeed as King of Greece. He was elected with 95% of the vote in the 8: 4836: 4746: 4448: 4376: 1641: 1559: 1336: 1160:. When it became increasingly clear that Ernest would be childless, the possibility of a 937: 916: 892: 872: 868: 686: 338: 334: 322: 3737:

Kenning's Masonic Encyclopedia and Handbook of Masonic Archeology, History and Biography

3662: 3336:[Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. 3243: 2983: 1463: 1371: 1353: 1331: 1061: 912: 856: 777:

to the position of consul in the state of Texas. On 30 July 1861, Raven applied to the

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manner of dress increasingly became a joke for younger generations. His great-niece

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patron of everything connected with natural history, for instance traveling to

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by his odd ways and uncontrollable tongue with his very lively imagination".

430: 136: 3694:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 751–752. 1077: 1004: 908: 904: 4621: 4000: 1209: 1049: 774: 540: 488:. Six weeks into their academic term, Victoria succeeded as Queen of the 265: 3622:

Albert and Victoria: The Rise and Fall of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

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The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge, Volume 10

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Ernest's support of the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War and later

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In 1836, Ernest and Albert visited their matrimonially eligible cousin

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Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

4626: 1084:, published in 1862. He also published his memoirs in three volumes: 1074: 782: 666: 567: 536: 493: 3584:

Coit Gilman, Daniel; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby (1903).

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Alden, Raymond; George Berry; Ernest I. Bogart; et al. (1918).

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and the Prince of Wales. He is buried in the ducal mausoleum in the

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as well as Ernest's sister-in-law. In a letter written to her uncle

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Burials at the Ducal Family Mausoleum, Glockenburg Cemetery, Coburg

4480: 3334:"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" 1019: 674: 670: 539:. However, such a marriage would have required his conversion from 409:(later Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) and his first wife 4917:*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826 3426: 2771:, Volume 5 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 1100:

in Coburg; thousands of spectators came to the funeral, including

689:. Ernest sent 8,000 men initially, adding to the army sent by the 3679: 3530: 2688:

Coit Gilman et al, p. 841 and Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481.

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soon became involved, supporting the uprising and beginning the

3013:

Grove's Dictionary of Music, 5th ed, 1954, Liszt: Works, p. 275

1022:, as well as musical pieces for opera and the stage, including 974: 402: 397:

Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was born at

291: 104: 3479:

Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima

208:

English: Ernest Augustus Charles John Leopold Alexander Edward

3365:

Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi

1082:

Reise des Herzogs Ernst von Sachsen-Koburg-Gotha nach Ägypten

1015: 834:, Victoria stated her support for a new royal branch of the 673:. Historically, the duchies had been ruled by Denmark since 3106:

Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

862: 3613:

The Coburgs: The Story of the Rise of a Great Royal House.

2714: 2712: 290:

from 29 January 1844 to his death in 1893. He was born in

3669:

The Early Years of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort.

3598:

The Coburgs: The Story of the Rise of a Great Royal House

3181:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865

2878: 2876: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 1177:

of the United Kingdom), renounced his succession rights.

206:

German: Ernst August Karl Johann Leopold Alexander Eduard

3664:

The Early Years of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort

3545:

The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III - 1870 - 1871

717: 3123:(1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" 2709: 2140:

Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

1663:

Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen

1214:

Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland

1212:. He is inaccurately depicted as having an affair with 1127: 4976:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

3566:

The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War

2873: 2502: 444:

Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf

352:

Ernest and his only full sibling, his younger brother

3643:

We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals

3511: 2852:

Zeepvat, p. 4 and Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481.

2763:

58th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 234,

1753:

Ancestors of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

594:

visibly deteriorating in appearance as a result that

4188: 3227:

Königlich Sächsischer Hof-, Civil- und Militär-Staat

977:. In the 1850s, Ernest dramatically transformed the 286:; 21 June 1818 – 22 August 1893) was 3989: 3537:. New York: The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 3317:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg

2620: 1183:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

698:instrumental in winning the 5 April 1849 battle of 3756: 3709: 788: 4149:** became prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826 3512:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke Ernest II of (1888). 3465:Ruolo Generale del Sov.o M. Ordine Gerosolomitano 3101: 3099: 284:Ernst August Karl Johann Leopold Alexander Eduard 4927: 3946:29 January 1844 – 22 August 1893 3467:(Roma: Tipografia Fratelli Pallotta, 1877), 104. 3145:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 2166:Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1836:Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1627: 1080:in 1862. That journey was chronicled in a book, 622: 606: 4986:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 3999:The generations are numbered from the union of 3569:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3515:Memoirs of Ernest II: Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 3499: 3027:, The Metropolitan Opera House, 10 January 1891 2660:Baillie-Grohman, p. 60 and Kenning, pp. 204-05. 1956:Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg 16:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1844 to 1893 4966:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo 4961:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 1st class 4278:King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves 3667:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. 3594: 3386:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 523. 3177: 3165:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern 3096: 1778:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1720:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, 535:, whom he met while visiting the court at the 4174: 3975: 3325: 3138: 3121:Staatshandbücher ... Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 3108:(1890), "Genealogie des Herzoglichen Hauses" 1567:Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ 1259:Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1054:Festmarsch nach Motiven von E. H. z. S.-C.-G. 555:as a possible husband for her young daughter 4259:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom 4114:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom 3618: 3587:The New International Encyclopædia, Volume 6 3171: 3002:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 2976:The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 2843:Zeepvat, p. 2 and Coit Gilman et al, p. 841. 611:On 29 January 1844, Ernest's father died in 946:Co-Regents and Foreign Influence in Germany 4181: 4167: 3982: 3968: 3481:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 607. 3362: 3248:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2783:D'Auvergne, pp. 269-270 and Zeepvat, p. 4. 2647: 2645: 2643: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 1052:the following year to write an orchestral 665:fought over control of the two duchies of 638: 570:on 3 May 1842, Ernest married 21-year-old 423:Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 29: 3890:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3800:Uncrowned King: The Life of Prince Albert 3796: 3562: 3518:. London: Remington & Co. Publishers. 3051:Zeepvat, p. 6 and Baillie-Grohman, p. 60. 2311:"House Laws of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" 1362: 1322: 405:on 21 June 1818. He was the elder son of 4108:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3541: 3500:Baillie-Grohman, William Adolph (1896). 3331: 3075: 2406:Packard, p. 16 and Weintraub, pp. 40–41. 2253:List of knights and ladies of the Garter 1982:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1419: 1131: 1007:, a German opera singer and the English 960: 863:Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars 792: 648: 514: 456: 417:, who would later become the husband of 407:Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 385:Ernest (right) with his younger brother 380: 373:, Alfred succeeded to the ducal throne. 296:Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3820: 3754: 3733: 3698: 3674: 3454:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143. 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3205:(1843), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 3129: 3038: 3036: 3034: 2941:Zeepvat, p. 6 and Feuchtwanger, p. 209. 2882: 2821: 2819: 2679:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Volume 1, p. 50. 2640: 2616: 2614: 2588: 2517: 2293: 2198:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2104:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2020:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1862:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1388:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 1117:which he himself had built in 1853–58. 559:, and by Queen Victoria for her cousin 436:Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 411:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 300:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 256:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 246:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4928: 3777: 3601:. New York: James Pott & Company. 3476: 2855: 2809: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2562:Feuchtwanger, p. 62; Gill, pp. 142-43. 2558: 2556: 2554: 2432: 2430: 2258:List of members of the House of Wettin 2119: 2046:Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1999: 1995: 1985: 1877: 1767: 1763: 549:Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4971:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 4162: 3963: 3707: 3069: 2967: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2475: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2357: 2355: 2195: 2185: 2181: 2169: 2163: 2153: 2137: 2127: 2123: 2107: 2101: 2091: 2075: 2065: 2061: 2049: 2043: 2033: 2017: 2007: 2003: 1979: 1969: 1953: 1943: 1939: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1865: 1859: 1849: 1833: 1823: 1819: 1807: 1804:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1801: 1791: 1775: 1771: 1510:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal 718:Relationship with Victoria and Albert 393:, shortly before her exile from court 4145:* prince of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699 3782:. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. 3660: 3639: 3590:. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. 3444: 3381: 3256: 3054: 3031: 3016: 2897: 2816: 2611: 2078:Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 1898:Henry XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf 1535:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1128:Inheritance to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1086:Aus meinem Leben und aus meiner Zeit 4981:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3701:Edward VII: The Last Victorian King 3400: 3271:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 2861:Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481. 2739: 2721: 2654: 2565: 2551: 2427: 1924:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf 1619:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 1120:Ernest was succeeded by his nephew 413:. He was soon joined by a brother, 13: 5026:19th-century German male musicians 4423:Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians 3716:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 3367:(in French). Vol. 1. p. 3332:Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). 2944: 2932: 2916: 2786: 2730: 2523: 2448: 2352: 1739:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo 1576:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 186: 14: 5037: 3853: 3595:D'Auvergne, Edmund Basil (1911). 2894:Pakula, p. 241 and Zeepvat, p. 5. 2754:Zeepvat, p. 3 and Hibbert, p. 57. 2697:Zeepvat, p. 3 and Hibbert, p. 43. 2290:Grey, p. 29 and Weintraub, p. 21. 1718:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1684:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 1312:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 574:. She was the eldest daughter of 57:29 January 1844 – 5001:19th-century classical composers 4956:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4663:Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold 4190:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3763:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3740:. London: Kessinger Publishing. 3319:(1886/7), "Königliche Orden" p. 3147:(1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" 1727: 1710: 1689: 1672: 1651: 1629: 1608: 1587: 1552: 1523: 1457: 1421: 1399: 1364: 1346: 1324: 1288: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1171:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 1144:For much of Ernest's reign, the 1138:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 1122:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 815:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 706:and may have hoped to be chosen 551:. Ernest was also considered by 363:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 5006:German male classical composers 3991:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3703:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3625:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 3470: 3458: 3438: 3420: 3375: 3356: 3310: 3301: 3218: 3196: 3168:(1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 8 3157: 3114: 3084: 3045: 3007: 2994: 2958: 2906: 2888: 2864: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2777: 2765:Journal of the Congress of the 2757: 2748: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2663: 2602: 2579: 2493: 2484: 2466: 2439: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2263:List of famous big game hunters 1411:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 838:(as Leopold had been chosen as 789:Nomination for the Greek throne 582:, daughter of the deposed King 182: 4951:Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4229:King Leopold I of the Belgians 3895:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3877:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3382:M. Wattel, B. Wattel. (2009). 3078:Coburg Stadt und Land (German) 3061:"Buried in the Moritzkirche", 2382: 2373: 2364: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2284: 956: 930:Crown Prince Frederick William 836:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 819:Greek head of state referendum 724:Albert Edward, Prince of Wales 529:Princess Clémentine of Orléans 1: 5016:Generals of Cavalry (Prussia) 5011:19th-century German composers 3699:Hibbert, Christopher (2007). 3646:. New York: Ballatine Books. 3563:Berwanger, Eugene H. (1994). 2767:Confederate States of America 2278: 1642:Stranger Knight of the Garter 1358:Grand Cross of Henry the Lion 809:, was deposed in a bloodless 728:Princess Alexandra of Denmark 623:Development of a constitution 607:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 572:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 561:Princess Augusta of Cambridge 553:Dowager Queen Maria Christina 521:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 496:for Albert's second daughter 376: 321:against Danish forces. After 307:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 288:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 171:Princess Alexandrine of Baden 48:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 36: 3524: 3427:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 1492:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle 1164:between his duchies and the 576:Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden 448:Duchess Marie of Württemberg 7: 4307:Crown Prince Louis Philippe 3797:Weintraub, Stanley (1997). 3755:Packard, Jerome M. (1998). 3661:Grey, Hon. Charles (1868). 3619:Feuchtwanger, E.J. (2006). 2246: 1744: 1512:House Order of Hohenzollern 1507:(1870), 1st and 2nd Classes 1446:Military Order of St. Henry 1198:Ernest appears in the 2016 1193: 967:equestrian statue of Ernest 730:, a daughter of the future 645:Schleswig-Holstein Question 589:Ernest had suffered from a 510: 10: 5042: 3836:(109): 1–7. Archived from 3493: 3488: 3230:. Dresden. 1857. pp. 3076:Klüglein, Norbert (1991). 2651:Coit Gilman et al, p. 841. 2113: 1997: 1871: 1765: 1701:Order of the Chrysanthemum 1219: 1136:Ernest's heir-presumptive 898:Alexander, Count Mensdorff 866: 642: 473:, spending a few weeks at 4914: 4889: 4873: 4861: 4854: 4829: 4808: 4792: 4776: 4769: 4739: 4723: 4702: 4681: 4655: 4614: 4607: 4582: 4561: 4525: 4504: 4468: 4461: 4431: 4405: 4367: 4336: 4329: 4299: 4268: 4245: 4238: 4209: 4196: 4141: 4100: 4072: 4056: 4035: 4012: 3997: 3948: 3938: 3930: 3923: 3888: 3477:Acović, Dragomir (2012). 2183: 2175: 2147: 2125: 2121: 2085: 2063: 2055: 2027: 2005: 2001: 1963: 1941: 1933: 1905: 1883: 1879: 1843: 1821: 1813: 1785: 1769: 1470:Knight of the Black Eagle 1028:Tony, oder die Vergeltung 1014:. Ernest composed songs, 857:Prince William of Denmark 712:King Frederick of Prussia 584:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 580:Princess Sophie of Sweden 471:Princess Victoria of Kent 438:until her death in 1831. 369:. Upon Ernest's death at 261: 251: 241: 216: 205: 200: 196: 164: 142: 118: 87: 83: 73: 63: 53: 46: 28: 23: 4800:Prince Johannes Heinrich 4486:Hereditary Prince Alfred 4120:Ferdinand II of Portugal 3734:Kenning, George (1878). 3432:22 December 2010 at the 3275:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3080:. Verkehrsverein Coburg. 3065:, Coburg, 29 August 1893 2964:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 6. 2870:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 2. 2718:quoted in Zeepvat, p. 3. 2608:Zeepvat, p. 2 and Lundy. 2490:Feuchtwanger, pp. 38-39. 2472:Feuchtwanger, pp. 35-36. 2397:Feuchtwanger, pp. 29-31. 983:English landscape garden 756:Prince Frederick William 679:Frederick VII of Denmark 305:In 1842, Ernest married 4673:Prince Friedrich Josias 4548:Prince Joseph Ferdinand 3864:German National Library 3826:"The Queen and Uncle E" 3778:Pakula, Hannah (1997). 3708:Hough, Richard (1996). 3691:Encyclopædia Britannica 3676:Headlam, James Wycliffe 3542:Allinson, A.R. (2006). 3178:Staat Hannover (1865). 3042:Baillie-Grohman, p. 60. 2622:Encyclopædia Britannica 2585:D'Auvergne, pp. 188-89. 1436:Knight of the Rue Crown 1303:House Order of Fidelity 1107:Friedhof am Glockenberg 926:Crown Princess Victoria 732:Christian IX of Denmark 710:, but instead he urged 639:Schleswig-Holstein wars 633:1848 turmoil in Germany 315:Schleswig-Holstein Wars 149:Friedhof am Glockenberg 4991:German opera composers 4533:Prince Leopold Clement 3873:Biography of Ernest II 3860:Biography of Ernest II 3640:Gill, Gillian (2009). 3408:The Knights of England 3184:. Berenberg. pp. 2982:(607): 539–540. 1893. 1699:: Grand Cordon of the 1597:: Grand Cordon of the 1265:; Joint Grand Master, 1141: 986: 798: 779:Confederate Government 654: 524: 466: 394: 343:unification of Germany 283: 4543:Prince August Leopold 4496:Duke Charles Edward I 3942:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3000:Weintraub, p. 50 and 2415:Weintraub, pp. 25–28. 2379:Weintraub, pp. 23-25. 1272:Knight of St. Joachim 1152:was his only sibling 1150:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1135: 964: 880:liberalism in Germany 824:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 796: 652: 617:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 518: 460: 450:, who was his sister 384: 319:battle of Eckernförde 232:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 129:Reinhardsbrunn Castle 4996:Male opera composers 4553:Prince Ludwig Gaston 4538:Prince Pedro Augusto 4476:Prince Albert Victor 4418:Prince Ludwig August 4091:Leopold I of Belgium 3900:Cadet branch of the 3840:on 19 September 2009 3759:Victoria's Daughters 3728:Victoria and albert. 3406:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 3135:Kenning, pp. 204-05. 2481:Weintraub, p. 58-59. 2424:Feuchtwanger, p. 37. 2388:Weintraub, p. 25-28. 2273:Schloss Ketschendorf 1407:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1379:Knight of St. George 1337:Knight of St. Hubert 840:King of the Belgians 832:Leopold I of Belgium 801:On 23 October 1862, 773:, the Duke assigned 704:Frankfurt Parliament 691:German Confederation 663:German Confederation 557:Isabella II of Spain 507:, was King Consort. 339:Franco-Prussian Wars 311:German Confederation 226:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 113:German Confederation 109:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3712:Victoria and Albert 3548:. Home Farm Books. 3507:. London: Scribner. 3363:H. Tarlier (1854). 2834:D'Auvergne, p. 272. 2825:D'Auvergne, p. 271. 2445:D'Auvergne, p. 164. 1565:Grand Cross of the 1560:Kingdom of Portugal 1546:Foreign decorations 1012:William Ernest Bush 938:Franco Prussian War 893:Austro-Prussian War 873:Franco-Prussian War 869:Austro-Prussian War 687:First Schleswig War 657:From 1848 to 1864, 323:King Otto of Greece 4946:People from Coburg 4689:Prince Luís Filipe 4020:Christian Ernst II 3822:Zeepvat, Charlotte 3681:"Ernest II." 3212:2020-07-06 at the 3063:The New York Times 3025:The New York Times 1142: 1102:Emperor Wilhelm II 1091:Ernest II died at 1062:Metropolitan Opera 996:Marie of Edinburgh 987: 855:' younger brother 799: 785:and was accepted. 771:American Civil War 761:Minister President 655: 525: 486:University of Bonn 467: 395: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4850: 4849: 4765: 4764: 4603: 4602: 4457: 4456: 4325: 4324: 4156: 4155: 4151: 3958: 3957: 3949:Succeeded by 3653:978-0-345-52001-2 3504:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 3393:978-2-35077-135-9 3340:(in Portuguese). 3307:Allinson, p. 112. 2903:Allinson, p. 139. 2576:Weintraub, p. 52. 2436:Weintraub, p. 49. 2361:Weintraub, p. 30. 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 1735:Kingdom of Serbia 1615:Kingdom of France 1496:19 September 1865 1487:11 September 1849 1444:Commander of the 1253:Ernestine duchies 1048:(1858), prompted 1045:Diana von Solange 942:Charlotte Zeepvat 853:Princess of Wales 781:for a diplomatic 764:Otto von Bismarck 545:Roman Catholicism 347:Charlotte Zeepvat 331:German liberalism 271: 270: 212: 211: 133:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 5033: 4859: 4858: 4774: 4773: 4757:Prince Alexandre 4622:King Edward VIII 4612: 4611: 4590:King Leopold III 4466: 4465: 4392:Infante Fernando 4334: 4333: 4243: 4242: 4223:Prince Ferdinand 4183: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4143: 4085:Prince Ferdinand 4043:Ernest Frederick 3984: 3977: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3931:Preceded by 3919: 3912: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3869: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3817: 3805:John Murray Inc. 3793: 3774: 3762: 3751: 3730: 3715: 3704: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3657: 3636: 3615: 3591: 3580: 3559: 3538: 3519: 3508: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3239: 3222: 3216: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2942: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2814: 2811: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2628:. Britannica.com 2618: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2563: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2499:Packard, p. 104. 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2331:Grey, pp. 32-33. 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309:François Velde. 2306: 2291: 2288: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1722:16 December 1839 1716: 1714: 1713: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1680:Empire of Brazil 1678: 1676: 1675: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1646:12 December 1844 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1603:18 November 1839 1599:Order of Leopold 1593: 1591: 1590: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1146:heir presumptive 1115: 1073:with the German 591:venereal disease 533:Louis Philippe I 531:, a daughter of 399:Ehrenburg Palace 367:heir-presumptive 281: 198: 197: 190: 188: 184: 157: 125: 101:Ehrenburg Palace 97: 95: 41: 38: 33: 21: 20: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5030: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4906: 4902:Prince Emmanuel 4885: 4869: 4867:Prince Hubertus 4846: 4837:King Philippe I 4825: 4804: 4788: 4761: 4747:King Baudouin I 4735: 4719: 4698: 4677: 4668:Prince Hubertus 4651: 4647:Prince Alastair 4599: 4578: 4557: 4521: 4500: 4453: 4444:Prince Baudouin 4427: 4401: 4397:Infante Augusto 4363: 4344:King Edward VII 4321: 4317:Prince Philippe 4312:King Leopold II 4295: 4264: 4234: 4205: 4192: 4187: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4137: 4096: 4068: 4052: 4031: 4008: 3993: 3988: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3903:House of Wettin 3898: 3891: 3880: 3867: 3856: 3843: 3841: 3814: 3790: 3771: 3748: 3724: 3654: 3633: 3609: 3577: 3556: 3527: 3520:, four volumes. 3496: 3491: 3486: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3434:Wayback Machine 3425: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3380: 3376: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3269: 3268: 3257: 3241: 3240: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3214:Wayback Machine 3201: 3197: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745:Hibbert, p. 57. 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727:Hibbert, p. 43. 2726: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2706:Hibbert, p. 42. 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2547: 2524: 2516: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2313:. Heraldica.org 2307: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2249: 2244: 1747: 1728: 1726: 1711: 1709: 1697:Empire of Japan 1690: 1688: 1673: 1671: 1659:Austrian Empire 1652: 1650: 1630: 1628: 1609: 1607: 1588: 1586: 1553: 1551: 1543: 1524: 1522: 1514:, with Swords, 1498:; with Swords, 1476:; with Collar, 1458: 1456: 1422: 1420: 1415:13 January 1840 1400: 1398: 1365: 1363: 1347: 1345: 1325: 1323: 1289: 1287: 1267:29 January 1844 1245: 1238: 1231: 1222: 1208:, portrayed by 1196: 1187:Bonn University 1175:King Edward VII 1130: 1109: 1024:Die Gräberinsel 959: 875: 865: 828:Lord Palmerston 803:Otto of Bavaria 791: 745:Princess Louise 726:('Bertie'), to 720: 647: 641: 625: 609: 600:lady-in-waiting 596:Sarah Lyttelton 513: 465:of Ernest, 1842 379: 341:and subsequent 335:Austro-Prussian 277: 237: 207: 192: 180: 176: 173: 160: 151: 127: 123: 99: 93: 91: 58: 42: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5039: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897:Prince Gabriel 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4856: 4855:7th generation 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4842:Prince Laurent 4839: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4784:Prince Andreas 4780: 4778: 4771: 4770:6th generation 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4752:King Albert II 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4731:Tsar Simeon II 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4715:Prince Philipp 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4694:King Manuel II 4691: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:King George VI 4624: 4618: 4616: 4615:United Kingdom 4609: 4608:5th generation 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4595:Prince Charles 4592: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4569:Tsar Boris III 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 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4102: 4101:5th generation 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4073:4th generation 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4057:3rd generation 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4036:2nd generation 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4026:Francis Josias 4023: 4016: 4014: 4013:1st generation 4010: 4009: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3925:German royalty 3921: 3920: 3918:22 August 1893 3899: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3870: 3855: 3854:External links 3852: 3851: 3850: 3830:Royalty Digest 3818: 3812: 3794: 3788: 3775: 3769: 3752: 3746: 3731: 3722: 3705: 3696: 3686:Chisholm, Hugh 3672: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3616: 3607: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3539: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3509: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3469: 3457: 3437: 3419: 3399: 3392: 3374: 3355: 3324: 3309: 3300: 3255: 3217: 3195: 3170: 3156: 3137: 3128: 3113: 3095: 3083: 3068: 3053: 3044: 3030: 3023:"Amusements", 3015: 3006: 3004:, pp. 539-540. 2993: 2966: 2957: 2955:Zeepvat, p. 6. 2943: 2931: 2929:Zeepvat, p. 5. 2915: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2885:, p. 752. 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2815: 2813:Zeepvat, p. 4. 2785: 2776: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2736:Zeepvat, p. 3. 2729: 2720: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2662: 2653: 2639: 2610: 2601: 2587: 2578: 2564: 2550: 2548:Zeepvat, p. 2. 2522: 2520:, p. 751. 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2463:Zeepvat, p. 1. 2447: 2438: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2081: 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1508: 1502: 1489: 1483:Pour le Mérite 1480: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1417: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1385: 1360: 1343: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1301:Knight of the 1285: 1284: 1283: 1274: 1269: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225:German honours 1221: 1218: 1195: 1192: 1166:United Kingdom 1162:personal union 1158:Queen Victoria 1129: 1126: 1093:Reinhardsbrunn 958: 955: 950:Queen Victoria 864: 861: 807:King of Greece 790: 787: 719: 716: 708:German Emperor 640: 637: 624: 621: 619:as Ernest II. 608: 605: 519:Ernest's wife 512: 509: 498:Princess Alice 490:United Kingdom 475:Windsor Castle 419:Queen Victoria 378: 375: 371:Reinhardsbrunn 358:Queen Victoria 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 236: 235: 229: 222: 220: 214: 213: 210: 209: 203: 202: 194: 193: 178: 174: 169: 168: 166: 162: 161: 146: 144: 140: 139: 126:(aged 75) 122:22 August 1893 120: 116: 115: 89: 85: 84: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 59:22 August 1893 55: 51: 50: 44: 43: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5038: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 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