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517:("Discoveries in the Theory of Sound"), consisted of drawing a bow over a piece of metal whose surface was lightly covered with sand. The plate was bowed until it reached resonance, when the vibration causes the sand to move and concentrate along the nodal lines where the surface is still, outlining the nodal lines. The patterns formed by these lines are what are now called
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Chladni continued to develop his record of meteorite sightings throughout the next several decades as well as amassing a collection of meteorite samples. He donated this collection to the
Mineralogical Museum of Berlin University in 1827 and it now resides in the Museum of Natural History at Humboldt
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origin. He argued that this would explain the high speeds of the falling masses as well as linking the masses to the fireballs; they glow intensely bright as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. He hypothesized that these meteorites were chunks of material that had either never been consolidated in the
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sky in
November 1791. Inspired by this report, Chladni researched reports of similar phenomena as well as reports of other falling masses across Europe and North America within the last century. Based on the uniformity among these sightings, he concluded that the phenomena of fireballs and falling
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Chladni studied law and philosophy in
Wittenberg and Leipzig, obtaining a law degree from the University of Leipzig in 1782. That same year, his father died and he turned to physics in earnest. He gave lectures on law, mathematics, and natural sciences at the University of Wittenberg from 1783 to
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New York City, New York, US: Macmillan Co. pp. 101–102. From p. 100: "As I was scraping a brass plate with a sharp iron chisel in order to remove some spots from it and was running the chisel rather rapidly over it, I once or twice, during many strokes, heard the plate emit a rather strong and
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Biot, J.-B. (1803). "Relation d'un voyage fait dans le département de l'Orne pour constater la réalité d'un météore observé à l'Aigle le 6 floréal an XI" [Account of a trip made in the department of Orne to note the reality of a meteor observed at l'Aigle on 6 Floréal year XI].
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in northern France that had peppered the town with thousands of meteorite fragments. Unlike
Chladni's book and the scientific publication by Howard and de Bournon, Biot's lively report became popular and persuaded more people to take Chladni's insights seriously.
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Chladni estimated sound velocities in different gases by placing those gases in an organ pipe and measuring the characteristics of the sounds that emerged when the pipe was played. This built on work on measuring the speed of sound in air that
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Chladni's father, Ernst Martin
Chladni (1715–1782), was a law professor and rector of the University of Wittenberg. He had joined the law faculty there in 1746. Chladni's mother was Johanna Sophia and he was an
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Chladni's book was initially ridiculed by contemporary physicists, including
Lichtenberg. Still, his writings sparked a curiosity that eventually led to more researchers supporting his theory. In 1795, a large
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J. Michael McBride, "Chladni
Figures and One-Electron Atoms", Lecture #9, Freshman Organic Chemistry (CHEM 125) course, Open Yale Courses, Yale University, video recorded Fall 2008, accessed on YouTube,
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747:, created by filling beer glasses with varying amounts of water, was popular in Europe. The beer glasses were struck by wooden mallets shaped like spoons to produce "church and other solemn music".
413:. Chladni's uncle, Justus Georg Chladni (1701–1765), was a law professor at the university. Another uncle, Johann Martin Chladni (1710–1759), was a theologian, a historian and a professor at the
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Chladni's insights have led some in the field to call him the "father of meteoritics" while others have been more conservative with their appraisal of
Chladni's contributions to the field.
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had observed vibrational patterns in a brass plate as early as 1638. See: Galilei, Galileo; Crew, Henry and de Salvio, Alfonso, trans. (first published in
Italian 1638; 1914)
2329:"Experiments and Observations on certain stony and metalline Substances, which at different Times are said to have fallen on the Earth; also on various Kinds of native Iron"
528:
Chladni had visited the Paris
Academy in 1808 and had demonstrated the vibration patterns before an audience that included not only the leading French scientists but
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755:, in 1762. Franklin's armonica inspired several other instruments, including two created by Chladni. In 1791, Chladni invented the musical instrument called the
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McCoy, T.J.; Steele, I.M.; Keil, K.; Leonard, B.F.; Endreβ, M. (1994). "Chladniite, Na2CaMg7(PO4)6: A new mineral from the Carlton (IIICD) iron meteorite".
2411:"I. A new catalogue of meteoric stones, masses of meteoric iron, and other substances, the fall of which has been made known, down to the present time"
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Knöfel, A., and J. Rendtel. "Chladni and the cosmic origin of fireballs and meteorites. Two hundred years of meteor astronomy and meteorite science."
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2227:Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen und über einige damit in Verbindung stehende Naturerscheinungen
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clear whistling sound; on looking at the plate more carefully, I noticed a long row of fine streaks parallel and equidistant from one another."
3149:
763:), consisting of glass rods of different pitches. Chladni's euphon is the direct ancestor of the modern day musical instrument known as the
1748:
McCoy, T. J.; Steele, I. M.; Keil, K.; Leonard, B. F.; Endress, M. (1993). "Chladniite: A New Mineral Honoring the Father of Meteoritics".
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Relation d'un voyage fait dans le département de l'Orne pour constater la réalité d'un météore observé à l'Aigle le 6 floréal an XI
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P. Chen, Z. Luo, S. Guven, S. Tasoglu, A. Weng, A. V. Ganesan, U. Demirci, Advanced Materials 2014, 10.1002/adma.201402079.
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Kurze Übersicht der Schall und Klanglehre, nebst einem Anhange die Entwickelung und Anordnung der Tonverhältnisse betreffend
1548:, a simple algebraic relation for approximating the modal frequencies of the free oscillations of plates and other bodies.
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was sufficiently impressed by a verrillon performance on a visit to London in 1757 that he created his own instrument, the
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Account of a trip made in the department of Orne to note the reality of a meteor observed at l'Aigle on 6 Floréal year XI
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a few hundred kilometers away, no similar volcanoes exists within the same range of Wold Newton, with the closest being
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Marvin, Ursula B. (1996). "Ernst florens Friedrich Chladni (1756–1827) and the origins of modern meteorite research".
2175:
Marvin, Ursula B. (1996). "Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756–1827) and the origins of modern meteorite research".
401:. Chladni's grandfather, Martin Chladni (1669–1725), was also a Lutheran theologian and, in 1710, became professor of
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Variations of this technique are still commonly used in the design and construction of acoustic instruments such as
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769:. Chladni also improved on Hooke's "musical cylinder" to produce another instrument, the clavicylinder, in 1799.
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and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena") in 1794. In this book he proposed that
437:. His father disapproved of his son's interest in science and insisted that Chladni would become a lawyer.
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Chladni came from an educated family of academics and learned men. Chladni's great-grandfather, the
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2150:"Les Sculptures Sonores: The Sound Sculptures of Bernard and Francois Baschet" by Francois Baschet
2017:
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is now known to exist. This observation factored into his account for the origins of meteorites.
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Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques de l'Institut National de France
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Harmonious Triads: Physicists, Musicians, and Instrument Makers in Nineteenth-Century Germany
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536:'s answer, although rejected due to flaws, was the only entry with the correct approach.
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One of Chladni's best-known achievements was inventing a technique to show the various
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A mineral, first described in 1993 from the Carlton (IIICD) iron meteorite, was named
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409:. He was dean of the theology faculty in 1720–1721 and later became the university's
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1640:Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen
1553:
765:
521:. Similar nodal patterns can also be found by assembling microscale materials on
214:
1694:, a photographer who uses Chladni's work when creating images of liquid surfaces
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formation of larger masses or were debris from the formation and destruction of
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Chladni travelled throughout Europe with his instruments giving demonstrations.
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along the edge of a plate covered with flour and saw the nodal patterns emerge.
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Chladni became interested in meteoritics following a conversation he had with
307:. His most important work, for which he is sometimes labeled as the father of
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1775:"Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni, or Ernst F. F. Chladni (German physicist)"
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2229:(Riga, Latvia: Johann Friedrich Hartknoch, 1794). Available on-line at:
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clergyman Georg Chladni (1637–1692), had left Kremnica in 1673 during the
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over or under the plate to achieve a more accurate adjustable frequency.
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2139:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 956.
1608:
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for one-electron atoms, and the mathematics describing them was used by
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1989:
P. 101 Oxford Dictionary of Scientists – Oxford University Press – 1999
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1792. During this time, he began his first experiments with acoustics.
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Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni, German physicist, 1802 Image Preview
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himself; Napoleon set a prize for the best mathematical explanation.
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due to the various shapes or patterns created by various modes. When
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An explanation on how to construct a Chladni plate for the classroom
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associated with the vibrations of glass plates. Hooke ran a violin
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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201402079/abstract
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Hooke, Robert (1935). Robinson, Henry W.; Adams, Walter (eds.).
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Beiträge zur praktischen Akustik und zur Lehre vom Instrumentbau
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Examples with round, square, stadium plates and violin shapes
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Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources
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1494:. Although that event had been attributed to an eruption of
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2001:
The Diary of Robert Hooke, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., 1672–1680 …
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Prime Mystery: The Life and Mathematics of Sophie Germain
2333:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
513:
Chladni's technique, first published in 1787 in his book
466:
Chladni figure on a rectangular plate supported in center
320:
232:
2250:(2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
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was observed during its fall to Earth at a cottage near
1413:
about a fireball that Lichtenberg supposedly saw in the
2314:, www.jstor.org/stable/4018119. Accessed 16 March 2020.
2686:
Use of Chladni patterns in the construction of violins
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2231:
Saxon State and University Library at Dresden, Germany
1700:, a guitar causing particular forms of Chladni figures
2643:, 1802 by Ernst Chladni at Universities of Strasbourg
2441:
WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization
2003:. London, England: Taylor & Francis. p. 448.
570:
to arrive at the understanding of electron orbitals.
276:
264:
238:
226:
1660:Über die Hervorbringung der menschlichen Sprachlaute
323:. He also undertook pioneering work in the study of
273:
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235:
229:
21:"Chladni" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see
739:Since at least 1738, a musical instrument called a
261:
223:
2276:
498:). Chladni repeated the pioneering experiments of
2660:Simulated Chladni patterns on a rectangular plate
2648:Video of Chladni patterns through frequency range
2574:
1893:(Online), Issue Volume 145, Number 1, June 2007,
1877:– Special Topics, Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg,
3126:
1957:
2634:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
1404:
2515:Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
1743:
1741:
1576:and today the city of Wrocław in southwestern
759:(not to be confused with the brass instrument
296:; 30 November 1756 – 3 April 1827) was a
2753:
2096:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). p. 956.
2520:
1914:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1425:("On the Origin of the Iron Masses Found by
428:Chladni's method of creating Chladni figures
18:German physicist, mathematician and musician
2700:Other pictures of Chladni can be viewed at
2122:
2083:
2072:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kYLE8GhAuE
1964:An Early History of the Telephone 1664-1865
1738:
388:"Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges"
378:Martin Chladni, Ernst Chladni's grandfather
359:. Chladni has therefore been identified as
2760:
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2396:] (in French). Paris, France: Baudoin.
2241:
2239:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
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1862:
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1807:
2615:, American Journal of Physics 50, 271–274
2352:
1602:Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges
515:Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges
327:and is regarded by some as the father of
293:[ɛʁnstˈfloːʁɛnsˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈkladniː]
2681:Electromagnetically driven Chladni plate
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2310:, vol. 148, no. 16, 1995, pp. 248–249.
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502:who, on 8 July, 1680, had observed the
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2283:. Vol. 3. Harper. p. 168ff.
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1910:
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458:Chladni patterns of a guitar backplate
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2300:
2170:
2168:
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2164:
2152:, Author(s) of Review: Rahma Khazam,
2113:
2019:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
1998:
1974:
291:
3150:People from the Electorate of Saxony
2409:Chladni, E. F. F. (10 August 2009).
2385:
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2158:, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2000), pp. 336–337
1801:
1724:"Whipple Collections: Ernst Chladni"
1613:, Leipzig 1802. French translation:
2706:Science and Society Picture Library
2248:Meteorites and Their Parent Planets
2177:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
1797:Science and Society Picture Library
778:Bowed plaque instruments - Chladni
355:and today a mining town in central
13:
2691:Chladni patterns for guitar plates
2613:Chladni's Law for Vibrating Plates
2597:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02031.x
2561:
2488:Physics Department. Archived from
2317:
2297:
2225:Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich,
2197:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02031.x
2161:
2038:
449:
315:plates and the calculation of the
14:
3181:
2619:
1960:"Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni"
1871:"Life and work of E.F.F. Chladni"
1704:Vibrations of a circular membrane
1564:Chladni died on 3 April 1827, in
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3160:German people of Slovak descent
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2077:
2063:
2026:
2007:
1992:
1596:"Entdeckungen über die Theorie"
1583:
1515:French Minister of the Interior
209:Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni
3170:19th-century German physicists
3145:18th-century German physicists
2271:Williams, Henry Smith (1904).
2123:Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911).
2084:Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911).
2050:San Diego Supercomputer Center
1904:
1786:
1768:
1716:
474:Another mode of the same plate
1:
2767:
2733:Ernst Chladni at Monoskop.org
2306:Ron Cowen. “After the Fall.”
2108:with inventing the verrillon.
2046:"Revolutionary Mathematician"
1875:The European Physical Journal
1709:
1594:First page of a 1787 copy of
1539:
1506:. In 1803, the physicist and
482:on a rigid surface, known as
386:Title page of a 1787 copy of
347:, his family originated from
339:Although Chladni was born in
334:
1519:a meteor shower over L'Aigle
1405:Contributions to meteoritics
7:
2536:. AuthorHouse. p. 52.
2480:Kverno, Derek; Nolen, Jim.
1899:10.1140/epjst/e2007-00145-4
1675:
1411:Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
187:Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
10:
3186:
3155:Scientists from Wittenberg
2511:Chladni, Ernst (1756–1827)
2482:"History of Chladni's Law"
2415:The Philosophical Magazine
2384:Reprinted as a pamphlet:
2246:McSween, Harry Y. (1999).
1645:HathiTrust Digital Library
124:Chladni plates and figures
20:
3104:
3056:
2985:
2882:
2840:
2816:
2775:
2567:Jackson, Myles W. (2006)
2427:10.1080/14786442608674005
1958:Daniel P McVeigh (2000).
1726:. University of Cambridge
1619:Neue Beiträge zur Akustik
777:
440:
202:
192:
180:
166:
156:
149:
111:
101:
71:
46:
37:
30:
2726:University of Nottingham
2098:The 1911 edition of the
1559:
1513:was commissioned by the
1421:This led him to publish
1418:masses must be genuine.
407:University of Wittenberg
2785:Architectural acoustics
2589:1996M&PS...31..545M
2327:Howard, Edward (1802).
2189:1996M&PS...31..545M
2136:Encyclopædia Britannica
2101:Encyclopædia Britannica
2093:Encyclopædia Britannica
1911:Hockey, Thomas (2009).
1780:Encyclopædia Britannica
311:, included research on
2872:Fletcher–Munson curves
2867:Equal-loudness contour
2777:Acoustical engineering
2712:Bowley, Roger (2009).
2354:10.1098/rstl.1802.0009
1692:Alexander Lauterwasser
1617:, Paris 1809. Also in
1598:
1529:University of Berlin.
1468:Wold Cottage meteorite
1397:
1378:
1357:
1338:
1319:
1300:
1281:
1262:
1241:
1222:
1203:
1184:
1165:
1146:
1125:
1106:
1087:
1068:
1049:
1030:
1009:
990:
971:
952:
933:
914:
893:
874:
855:
836:
817:
798:
731:
475:
467:
459:
429:
415:University of Erlangen
390:
379:
171:University of Erlangen
3165:Meteorite researchers
3008:Hermann von Helmholtz
2906:Fundamental frequency
2810:Sympathetic resonance
2611:Rossing T. D. (1982)
2455:American Mineralogist
1687:Hans Jenny (cymatics)
1593:
1395:
1376:
1355:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1239:
1220:
1201:
1182:
1163:
1144:
1123:
1104:
1085:
1066:
1047:
1028:
1007:
988:
969:
950:
931:
912:
891:
872:
853:
834:
815:
796:
729:
473:
465:
457:
427:
419:University of Leipzig
385:
377:
175:University of Leipzig
2386:Biot, J.-B. (1803).
2279:A History of Science
1647:, Leipzig/Riga 1794.
564:Schrödinger equation
197:Ernst Heinrich Weber
95:German Confederation
3028:Werner Meyer-Eppler
2938:Missing fundamental
2530:(23 January 2015).
2467:1994AmMin..79..375M
2443:22 (1994): 217–219.
2345:1802RSPT...92..168H
1919:Springer Publishing
1831:1998AmSci..86..342M
1762:1993Metic..28Q.394M
1615:Traite d'acoustique
1572:, then part of the
1544:Chladni discovered
1470:, was given to the
735:Musical instruments
399:Counter Reformation
351:, then part of the
2911:Frequency spectrum
2667:(Accessed 5/18/14)
2655:(Accessed 5/31/08)
2630:Virtual Laboratory
2492:on 17 October 2016
1845:on 23 January 2008
1839:10.1511/1998.4.342
1818:American Scientist
1783:: Related Articles
1599:
1574:Kingdom of Prussia
1511:Jean Baptiste Biot
1488:Jacques de Bournon
1398:
1379:
1358:
1339:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1263:
1242:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1147:
1126:
1107:
1088:
1069:
1050:
1031:
1010:
991:
972:
953:
934:
915:
894:
875:
856:
837:
818:
799:
732:
480:modes of vibration
476:
468:
460:
430:
391:
380:
353:Kingdom of Hungary
3122:
3121:
3084:Musical acoustics
2916:harmonic spectrum
2714:"Chladni's Plate"
2528:Musielak, Dora E.
2290:978-0-250-40142-0
2257:978-0-521-58303-9
2126:"Harmonica"
2087:"Harmonica"
1928:978-0-387-31022-0
1813:"Good Vibrations"
1809:McLaughlin, Joyce
1652:Über Feuermeteore
1402:
1401:
1393:
1374:
1353:
1334:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1258:
1237:
1218:
1199:
1180:
1161:
1142:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1026:
1005:
986:
967:
948:
929:
910:
889:
870:
851:
832:
813:
794:
749:Benjamin Franklin
724:
723:
568:Erwin Schrödinger
560:quantum mechanics
206:
205:
193:Doctoral students
151:Scientific career
3177:
3112:
3111:
3013:Carleen Hutchins
2945:Combination tone
2832:
2825:
2805:String vibration
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2661:
2649:
2608:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2486:Davidson College
2477:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2324:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2243:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2172:
2159:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1970:on 7 March 2013.
1966:. Archived from
1955:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1908:
1902:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:. Archived from
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1682:Bessel functions
1641:
1627:, Leipzig 1821 (
1480:who, along with
1435:extraterrestrial
1394:
1375:
1354:
1335:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1238:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1143:
1122:
1103:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1006:
987:
968:
949:
930:
911:
890:
871:
852:
833:
814:
795:
775:
774:
720:
715:
710:
705:
696:
691:
686:
681:
672:
667:
662:
657:
648:
643:
638:
633:
624:
619:
614:
609:
600:
595:
590:
585:
576:Chladni figures
573:
572:
553:signal generator
488:Chladni patterns
295:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
256:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
218:
182:Doctoral advisor
82:
80:
57:
55:
50:30 November 1756
42:
28:
27:
23:Chladni (crater)
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3100:
3052:
3043:D. Van Holliday
2981:
2950:Mersenne's laws
2884:Audio frequency
2878:
2842:Psychoacoustics
2836:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2771:
2766:
2659:
2647:
2622:
2564:
2562:Further reading
2559:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2474:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2407:
2403:
2366:
2362:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2244:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2173:
2162:
2148:
2144:
2121:
2114:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1975:
1956:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1909:
1905:
1873:, D. Ullmann1,
1869:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1806:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1746:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1678:
1663:, Leipzig 1824.
1639:
1621:, Leipzig 1817.
1605:, Leipzig 1787.
1586:
1562:
1556:began in 1635.
1554:Pierre Gassendi
1542:
1517:to investigate
1452:stony meteorite
1407:
1383:
1364:
1343:
1324:
1305:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1227:
1208:
1189:
1170:
1151:
1132:
1111:
1092:
1073:
1054:
1035:
1016:
995:
976:
957:
938:
919:
900:
879:
860:
841:
822:
803:
784:
766:Cristal Baschet
737:
519:Chladni figures
484:Chladni figures
452:
450:Chladni figures
443:
337:
288:
260:
251:
250:
222:
213:
212:
145:
127:Estimating the
97:
84:
78:
76:
67:
58:
53:
51:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3057:Related topics
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Joseph Sauveur
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Marin Mersenne
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2709:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Chladni plates
2673:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2636:
2621:
2620:External links
2618:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2583:(5): 545–588.
2572:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2519:
2503:
2472:
2445:
2432:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2382:
2360:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2263:
2256:
2235:
2218:
2183:(5): 545–588.
2160:
2142:
2131:Chisholm, Hugh
2112:
2106:Edward Delaval
2076:
2074:, 5 June 2016.
2062:
2037:
2025:
2006:
1991:
1973:
1941:
1927:
1903:
1856:
1800:
1785:
1767:
1737:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1655:, Vienna 1820.
1648:
1636:
1622:
1606:
1585:
1582:
1561:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1536:in his honor.
1496:Mount Vesuvius
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1380:
1360:
1359:
1340:
1321:
1302:
1283:
1264:
1244:
1243:
1224:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1148:
1128:
1127:
1108:
1089:
1070:
1051:
1032:
1012:
1011:
992:
973:
954:
935:
916:
896:
895:
876:
857:
838:
819:
800:
780:
779:
753:glass armonica
736:
733:
722:
721:
698:
697:
674:
673:
650:
649:
626:
625:
602:
601:
578:
577:
534:Sophie Germain
504:nodal patterns
451:
448:
442:
439:
336:
333:
319:for different
317:speed of sound
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
136:
131:
129:speed of sound
125:
122:
115:
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
83:(aged 70)
73:
69:
68:
59:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Lord Rayleigh
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Ernst Chladni
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:Standing wave
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Inharmonicity
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Soundproofing
2798:
2796:
2795:Reverberation
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:Sixty Symbols
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2543:9781496965011
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2421:(333): 3–21.
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2376:(in French).
2375:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2104:also credits
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1671:, Mainz 1827.
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Lower Silesia
1567:
1557:
1555:
1549:
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1546:Chladni's law
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1444:Asteroid Belt
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728:
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523:Faraday waves
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32:Ernst Chladni
29:
24:
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3048:Thomas Young
3002:
2998:Jens Blauert
2986:Acousticians
2717:
2639:
2612:
2580:
2576:
2571:(MIT Press).
2568:
2547:. Retrieved
2532:
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2514:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
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2308:Science News
2307:
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2180:
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2134:
2099:
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2079:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2040:
2028:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1968:the original
1963:
1932:. Retrieved
1913:
1906:
1874:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
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1728:. Retrieved
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1584:Bibliography
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1527:
1524:
1492:Siena, Italy
1485:mineralogist
1448:
1422:
1420:
1408:
771:
764:
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518:
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500:Robert Hooke
487:
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477:
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431:
392:
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338:
208:
207:
167:Institutions
150:
75:3 April 1827
15:
3140:1827 deaths
3135:1756 births
3018:Franz Melde
2993:John Backus
2977:Subharmonic
2830:Spectrogram
2722:Brady Haran
2704:and at the
2640:Die Akustik
2577:Meteoritics
2461:: 375–380.
2339:: 168–212.
1901:, pp. 25–32
1750:Meteoritics
1730:27 February
1610:Die Akustik
1456:Wold Newton
496:nodal lines
329:meteoritics
102:Nationality
3129:Categories
3079:Ultrasound
3069:Infrasound
2855:Bark scale
2380:: 224–265.
1849:2 November
1825:(4): 342.
1756:(3): 394.
1710:References
1540:Other work
1534:chladniite
1508:astronomer
1431:meteorites
492:resonating
435:only child
341:Wittenberg
335:Early life
325:meteorites
140:meteorites
138:Theory of
79:1827-04-04
61:Wittenberg
54:1756-11-30
2960:Resonance
2860:Mel scale
2790:Monochord
2769:Acoustics
2702:this site
2605:210038676
2213:210038676
2205:1945-5100
1934:22 August
1891:1951-6401
1883:1951-6355
1633:457664981
1460:Yorkshire
1415:Gӧttingen
1280:septagram
1261:septagram
892:rectangle
873:rectangle
854:rectangle
835:rectangle
816:rectangle
797:rectangle
761:euphonium
745:verrillon
741:Glasspiel
365:Hungarian
313:vibrating
309:acoustics
301:physicist
142:' origins
120:acoustics
118:Study of
3114:Category
2955:Overtone
2923:Harmonic
2724:for the
2155:Leonardo
2055:16 March
1885:(Print)
1811:(1998).
1676:See also
1433:have an
1396:pentagon
1377:pentagon
1240:pentagon
1221:pentagon
1202:triangle
1183:triangle
1164:septagon
1145:septagon
1124:septagon
1086:septagon
1067:septagon
1048:septagon
1029:septagon
1008:septagon
989:triangle
970:triangle
951:triangle
932:triangle
913:triangle
530:Napoleon
417:and the
403:theology
395:Lutheran
357:Slovakia
349:Kremnica
305:musician
2901:Formant
2665:YouTube
2653:YouTube
2632:of the
2628:in the
2585:Bibcode
2549:1 April
2496:2 April
2463:Bibcode
2341:Bibcode
2185:Bibcode
2133:(ed.).
2014:Galileo
1827:Bibcode
1758:Bibcode
1698:Tritare
1643:at the
1566:Breslau
1504:Iceland
1475:chemist
1472:British
1464:England
1440:planets
545:guitars
541:violins
405:at the
289:German:
161:Physics
91:Prussia
87:Breslau
77: (
52: (
3094:Violin
2928:Series
2603:
2540:
2287:
2254:
2211:
2203:
1925:
1889:
1881:
1631:
1578:Poland
1482:French
1427:Pallas
1356:square
1337:square
1318:square
1299:square
757:euphon
549:cellos
547:, and
441:Career
411:rector
369:Slovak
361:German
345:Saxony
298:German
157:Fields
106:German
65:Saxony
3089:Piano
3074:Sound
2888:pitch
2850:Pitch
2601:S2CID
2392:[
2367:See:
2312:JSTOR
2209:S2CID
2129:. In
1560:Death
1500:Hekla
321:gases
3064:Echo
2970:Node
2896:Beat
2886:and
2551:2018
2538:ISBN
2498:2018
2285:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2201:ISSN
2057:2016
1936:2012
1923:ISBN
1887:ISSN
1879:ISSN
1851:2007
1732:2010
1629:OCLC
1105:disk
367:and
303:and
72:Died
47:Born
2663:on
2651:on
2593:doi
2423:doi
2349:doi
2273:"5"
2193:doi
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