247:
133:
453:, to a mask which covers the whole face, and must fit correctly to prevent gas wastage via leaks. The air is provided at a pressure slightly above ambient to ensure that any leaks are outwards. Recharging is simple and inexpensive. Vision through the mask is usually quite good, and voice communication is usually acceptable. Endurance depends on cylinder size and working pressure, effectiveness of the face seal, and level of exertion and anxiety of the user. 10 to 15 minutes is typical, though more is possible.
1916:
414:
carbon dioxide production, both of which use up the chemicals in the scrubber. The gas delivered can be fairly hot and may be uncomfortable to breathe in a hot environment. The sets are usually made for one use only so activation for false alarms or misuse can be costly. Some users may have a gag reflex from the mouthpiece. Potassium superoxide is violently reactive in contact with water, and could be dangerous for escape sets which may leak while immersed.
36:
1940:
495:(NIOSH) for use in the atmosphere types for which the respirator is intended. Some standards apply to the level of protection for the user, and others relate to the intrinsic safety of the equipment for use in flammable and potentially explosive atmospheres. Some standards are voluntary, going above the minimum requirements of a national authority such as NIOSH. Conformance with voluntary standards may be shown through third-party
259:
372:. A volume of air can be breathed several times before its oxygen content is exhausted, but carbon dioxide accumulates as the oxygen is used up, and causes discomfort and respiratory distress, so it must be removed from the breathing cycle. There is also a danger that when the oxygen level is too low, the user will lose consciousness due to hypoxia, and may asphyxiate, so oxygen must be provided to compensate for use.
461:
provided with a hood and seal on the neck, they are tolerant of facial hair and eyeglasses, but the large hood volume and soft plastic viewport do not provide very good vision, as it can wrinkle and crease, and it is possible to exercise hard enough to need more air than the regulator will provide. Voice communication is hindered by the soft hood fabric and the constant noise of the gas flowing into the hood.
1928:
337:
to escape most environments that require only respiratory protection. They are generally available with endurance ratings from 3 to 60 minutes. 10 and 15 minutes are common specifications. An escape respirator provides no chemical or environmental protection to the rest of the user's body, and the need for eye protection must be considered when choosing the user respiratory interface.
409:
A basic unit may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip, or may include goggles or a hood if eye protection is necessary. Some units have a cartridge to inflate the bag when first used, but this is mainly to provide a bit more volume in the counterlung, which can reduce the feeling of insufficient
270:
Escape breathing apparatus are a class of self contained atmosphere supplying or air purifying breathing apparatus for use in emergencies, intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe. These are
649:
1926: Draeger displayed a rescue breathing apparatus that the wearer could swim with. While the previous devices served only for ascending to the surface and were designed also to develop buoyancy so that the wearer arrived at the surface without swimming movements, the diving set had weights, which
464:
The air supply is typically from a 200 bar aluminium, steel or fibre-wound composite cylinder. A 2 litre cylinder will supply roughly 10 minutes endurance, and a 3 litre cylinder about 15 minutes at 35 to 37 litres per minute. A rubber neck seal helps provide a positive pressure within the hood. The
336:
An air purification type escape respirator includes a filter or absorbent cartridge suitable for the environment in which it is intended to be used. They are unsuitable for escape through potentially oxygen depleted environments. An escape respirator that provides autonomous gas will allow the user
460:
Constant flow open circuit breathing apparatus delivers compressed air from a storage cylinder at about 40 litres per minute, regardless of the activity of the user. This makes the endurance accurately predictable and dependent on the cylinder volume and charging pressure. Since they are commonly
413:
These sets can offer a relatively long endurance, and may be classed as working breathing apparatus as well, in which case they may be worn to carry out a task, unlike most escape sets which are for escape only. The endurance times are affected by exertion. Harder work increases oxygen usage and
328:
Escape breathing apparatus have the function of allowing a person working in an environment that is normally safe, enough time to escape from respiratory hazards that may occur without sufficient warning to evacuate without respiratory protection. therefore selection relies mainly on the time
444:
provides the highest level of protection against a toxic environment, but is relatively complex, expensive, and requires greater competence to use efficiently. They provide breathing air from a high pressure cylinder carried by the user, supplied through a
230:
apparatus, or constant flow apparatus using high pressure compressed air. Contamination of the breathing gas may be avoided by relying on a good seal around the user respiratory interface, or by a small positive pressure relative to the surroundings.
246:
186:
for a limited period, intended for escape from or through an environment where there is no breathable ambient atmosphere. This includes escape through water and in areas containing harmful gases or fumes or other atmospheres
332:
Calculation of the time likely to be needed for escape and the recommended escape route is the responsibility of the employer, and should take into account the reasonably foreseeable emergencies that might require escape.
456:
There may be difficulties with sealing over facial hair, and wearing over eyeglasses. More skill is needed to safely and effectively use this type of breathing apparatus, mainly due to the need to fit the mask correctly.
417:
Oxygen rebreathers can also use less reactive scrubber absorbent which only removes carbon dioxide, but must then have an alternative supply of oxygen, usually compressed gas from a high pressure cylinder.
1044:
525:
EN 402:2003 — Respiratory protective devices - Lung governed demand Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask or mouthpiece assembly for escape.
251:
402:
architecture, but is simpler and cheaper to manufacture. Endurance is generally from 20 to 100 minutes Oxygen is produced by a chemical reaction between the carbon dioxide and
699:
492:
1036:
1455:
437:
528:
ISO 23269-1:2008 — Ships and marine technology — Breathing apparatus for ships — Part 1: Emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD) for shipboard use.
609:
1905: An important innovation: metering valves to control the supply of oxygen. This was promptly adopted by other companies which made escape sets.
1467:
350:
These breathing apparatus carry a supply of breathing gas calculated to be sufficient for most users to escape within the specified time-frame.
1275:
1359:
957:
921:
506:
Depending on the industry in which they are used, escape respirators may have to comply with, or be approved in terms of, one or more of:
1966:
1944:
100:
53:
1083:
474:
72:
854:
772:
79:
666:
406:
absorbent, which both removes the carbon dioxide and supplies a slightly larger volume of oxygen to replace that which was used.
188:
540:
EN 13463-1:2009 — Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres – Part 1: Basic method and requirements
887:
234:
Escape breathing apparatus are not generally intended to be used for anything other than escaping a dangerous environment. An
86:
1932:
740:
1788:
1511:
1227:
1189:
1151:
1113:
317:
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68:
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1268:
1243:
1205:
1167:
1129:
811:
534:
EN 1127-1:2011 — Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology
119:
17:
425:
to prevent breathing water through the nose. The endurance of a submarine escape set was between 15 and 45 minutes.
1838:
1823:
1412:
728:
603:
591:
583:
290:
207:
602:
started to make this breathing set in
England; in the years afterwards it was improved, and later was called the
329:
required to escape, and the probability of IDLH or oxygen deficiency, rather than assigned protection factors.
1647:
1574:
1397:
57:
1462:
1971:
1920:
1308:
1261:
510:
ASTM E2952-23 — Standard
Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)
1833:
1818:
1490:
1450:
516:
NFPA 1984-22 — Standard on
Respirators for Wildland Fire-Fighting and Wildland Urban Interface Operations
446:
990:
513:
NFPA 1981-19 — Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
93:
1729:
629:
Both systems were based on oxygen supply from a high-pressure cylinder with simultaneous absorption of
500:
211:
798:
ASTM E2952 Standard
Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)
1865:
1560:
704:
132:
1144:
NFPA 1984 Standard on
Respirators for Wildland Fire-Fighting and Wildland Urban Interface Operations
522:
NFPA 1987-23 — Standard on
Combination Unit Respirator Systems for Tactical and Technical Operations
394:
Rebreathers using chemical oxygen generation can be small, light and easy to wear. They may use the
1569:
1543:
1106:
NFPA 1981 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
1880:
1848:
1793:
1700:
1616:
1380:
1313:
519:
NFPA 1986-23 — Standard on
Respiratory Protection Equipment for Tactical and Technical Operations
46:
1432:
1220:
NFPA 1987 Standard on
Combination Unit Respirator Systems for Tactical and Technical Operations
949:
913:
491:
Escape respirators should be certified by a national authority analogous to the United States'
219:
183:
800:(2023 ed.). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (published June 2023). May 1, 2023.
465:
total mass of a set, complete with sling carrying bag is typically in the order of 5 to 7 kg.
1710:
1688:
1673:
714:
496:
275:
198:
escape respirators or self-contained atmosphere-supplying escape respirators. They may use a
1182:
NFPA 1986 Standard on Respiratory Protection Equipment for Tactical and Technical Operations
1075:
1798:
1693:
643:
543:
IEC/TS 60079-32-1:2013 — Explosive atmospheres – Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
403:
285:
846:
743: – Whole-body exposure suit that allows submariners to escape from a sunken submarine
8:
1885:
1828:
1596:
1579:
1555:
1501:
1284:
395:
179:
546:
SOLAS Chapter II-2, the Marine Equipment Directive and the Pressure Equipment Directive.
320:
has the similar purpose of providing breathing gas to escape from a ditched helicopter.
1843:
1683:
1658:
1419:
1237:
1199:
1161:
1123:
805:
764:
564:
27:
Self contained breathing apparatus providing gas to escape from a hazardous environment
1108:(2019 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. September 3, 2018.
1897:
1892:
1875:
1668:
1589:
1373:
1223:
1185:
1147:
1109:
655:
731: – Early submarine escape oxygen rebreather also used for shallow water diving.
665:
developed from the escape set a type of rebreather with its bag on his back and two
563:
raised the question about rescue and escape if the submarine was unable to surface.
1621:
1222:(2023 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 24, 2022.
1184:(2023 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 24, 2022.
879:
634:
1146:(2022 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 8, 2021.
1019:
568:
560:
433:
Open circuit escape breathing apparatus may be demand supplied or constant flow.
399:
280:
1743:
1550:
1521:
1402:
630:
441:
369:
223:
199:
1960:
1783:
1753:
1663:
1584:
692:
375:
The absorbent used for non-regenerative carbon dioxide absorption is usually
1853:
1705:
1626:
1516:
651:
599:
450:
388:
227:
195:
238:
is defined as "a respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit".
1870:
1813:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1526:
1506:
613:
380:
737: – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency
483:, usually with hood, is a type of emergency escape breathing apparatus.
1860:
1533:
1427:
1350:
920:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. October 2004.
914:"NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 2004, Chapter IV. Escape Respirators"
734:
572:
421:
Submarine escape sets had a mouthpiece, so the user had to also wear a
359:
302:
295:
263:
215:
1253:
309:
that were unable to surface. Escape sets are also used ashore, in the
1808:
1748:
1538:
1407:
718:(To survive a prolonged submersion while under attack by a destroyer)
662:
556:
384:
306:
203:
1037:"Selecting Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Industrial Plants"
617:
35:
1368:
687:
422:
376:
398:
type breathing system, which has larger dead space than a one-way
368:. In normal breathing the body uses about 4% and replaces it with
258:
991:"Dräger Saver CF – Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA)"
587:
576:
365:
310:
136:
642:
1916: The Draeger model DM 2 became standard equipment of the
670:
1076:"Emergency Escape Breathing Devices use in OGP applications"
480:
691:(Johann das Gespenst stops water from breaking in under a
428:
475:
Self-contained breathing apparatus § Continuous-flow
379:, or a material based on sodalime, but in former times
1296:
493:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
313:
industry, and by the military for escape from tanks.
1338:
669:but no backpack box. These sets appear much in his
176:
Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED),
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1646:
438:positive pressure open circuit breathing apparatus
345:
262:Russian submarine-escape suit including an escape
586:. Escape sets were also used ashore, e.g. in the
1958:
1021:NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
1489:
1728:
468:
1269:
874:
872:
410:gas at startup when the bag is nearly empty.
880:"29 CFR § 1910.134 - Respiratory protection"
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
759:
757:
555:Development of the first militarily useful
1939:
1276:
1262:
869:
1017:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
818:
765:"Emergency escape breathing device EEBD"
754:
710:(controlled exit from a sunk submarine).
257:
245:
214:. Atmosphere-supplying apparatus may be
131:
1283:
1041:OH&S Occupational Health and Safety
950:"A Guide to Escape Breathing Apparatus"
908:
906:
904:
429:Open circuit escape breathing apparatus
305:and were typically used to escape from
271:ambient pressure systems, and include:
189:immediately dangerous to life or health
14:
1959:
1086:from the original on 25 September 2022
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
972:
1772:
1727:
1645:
1488:
1337:
1295:
1257:
944:
942:
940:
938:
847:"Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus"
682:Escape sets are used in these films:
633:by an inserted cartridge filled with
590:industry, and for escape from tanks (
1927:
901:
792:
790:
741:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1789:Breathing performance of regulators
1512:Continuous positive airway pressure
1059:
1047:from the original on March 29, 2024
1034:
960:from the original on 18 August 2023
857:from the original on 17 August 2023
677:
364:Atmospheric air contains about 21%
318:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device
24:
1967:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1386:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1321:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
935:
194:Escape breathing apparatus may be
168:emergency escape breathing devices
25:
1983:
1679:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1391:Self-contained self-rescue device
1298:High altitude breathing apparatus
884:LII / Legal Information Institute
787:
775:from the original on 27 July 2023
252:Emergency Escape Breathing Device
226:oxygen supply, positive pressure
1938:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1839:Respiratory protective equipment
1824:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1413:Powered air-purifying respirator
1339:Occupational breathing apparatus
729:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
604:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
592:Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus
584:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
501:Safety Equipment Institute (SEI)
486:
291:Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus
34:
1212:
1174:
1136:
1098:
924:from the original on 2023-08-18
890:from the original on 2020-09-10
346:Autonomous breathing gas supply
241:
160:emergency life saving apparatus
45:needs additional citations for
1648:Underwater breathing apparatus
1575:Respiratory gas humidification
1349:
1028:
1011:
918:NIOSH Publication No. 2005-100
353:
13:
1:
1242:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1204:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1166:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1128:: CS1 maint: date and year (
810:: CS1 maint: date and year (
747:
316:The small open-circuit scuba
301:Early escape sets were often
182:that provide the wearer with
1309:Aviation breathing apparatus
1035:Roy, Derek (April 1, 2020).
1018:Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987).
499:such as those issued by the
323:
69:"Escape breathing apparatus"
7:
1834:Positive pressure breathing
1819:Negative pressure breathing
1773:
1491:Medical breathing apparatus
722:
469:Continuous-flow Escape-SCBA
447:pressure reducing regulator
10:
1988:
1804:Escape breathing apparatus
1730:User respiratory interface
1468:GB2626 (China), and others
579:industry and under water.
575:, which was useful in the
550:
472:
357:
212:user respiratory interface
144:Escape breathing apparatus
1910:
1866:Closed circuit rebreather
1779:
1768:
1736:
1723:
1654:
1641:
1561:Built-in breathing system
1497:
1484:
1463:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1451:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1443:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1304:
1291:
650:also made it possible to
1570:Positive airway pressure
1544:Non-invasive ventilation
340:
1881:Carbon dioxide scrubber
1849:Constant flow regulator
1701:Atmospheric diving suit
1617:Partial rebreather mask
1381:Supplied-air respirator
1314:Emergency oxygen system
1433:Elastomeric respirator
1398:Particulate respirator
700:Haie und kleine Fische
624:= "submarine rescuer".
267:
255:
236:escape-only respirator
184:respiratory protection
140:
139:Au-2 escape respirator
1711:Helium reclaim system
1689:Helicopter escape set
1674:Full-face diving mask
497:product certification
276:Helicopter escape set
261:
249:
210:and nose-clip as the
135:
1799:Emergency gas supply
1694:Submarine escape set
404:potassium superoxide
391:was sometimes used.
286:Submarine escape set
54:improve this article
1972:Emergency equipment
1886:Semi-closed circuit
1829:Oxygen concentrator
1597:Non-rebreather mask
1580:Supplemental oxygen
1556:Hyperbaric medicine
1502:Anaesthetic machine
1285:Breathing apparatus
582:One example is the
180:breathing apparatus
1844:Pressure regulator
1659:Open-circuit scuba
1420:Chemical cartridge
851:/www.ashsafety.com
658:after an accident.
565:Robert Henry Davis
479:A continuous-flow
268:
256:
156:self-rescuer masks
148:escape respirators
141:
1954:
1953:
1906:
1905:
1898:Escape respirator
1893:Work of breathing
1876:Oxygen rebreather
1764:
1763:
1719:
1718:
1669:Diving rebreather
1637:
1636:
1590:Reservoir cannula
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1329:
1328:
656:search and rescue
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Escape respirator
16:(Redirected from
1979:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1770:
1769:
1725:
1724:
1643:
1642:
1622:Simple face mask
1486:
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1080:gb.msasafety.com
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956:. 27 July 2021.
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769:en.safetygas.com
761:
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678:In popular media
635:sodium hydroxide
531:ISO 23269-4:2011
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62:
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1987:
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1902:
1775:
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1740:Breathing mask
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1493:
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1456:ANSI K13.1-1973
1439:
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1229:978-145592946-7
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1191:978-145592947-4
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998:www.draeger.com
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667:breathing tubes
569:Henry A. Fleuss
561:First World War
553:
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477:
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348:
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326:
281:Mine escape set
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1744:Full facepiece
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1551:Oxygen therapy
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1522:Bag valve mask
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853:. Ash Safety.
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1854:Demand valve
1803:
1706:Gas extender
1627:Venturi mask
1517:Resuscitator
1219:
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1088:. Retrieved
1079:
1049:. Retrieved
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1001:. Retrieved
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962:. Retrieved
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777:. Retrieved
768:
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654:with it, to
621:
600:Siebe Gorman
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451:demand valve
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389:caustic soda
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1871:Counterlung
1814:Hazmat suit
1612:Oxygen tent
1607:Oxygen mask
1602:Oxygen hood
1527:Pocket mask
1507:Bubble CPAP
1444:Regulations
1424:Facepieces
703: [
644:German Navy
559:before the
537:EN1146:2005
381:slaked lime
354:Rebreathers
303:rebreathers
216:rebreathers
152:escape sets
110:August 2023
1961:Categories
1861:Rebreather
1794:Dead space
1534:Ventilator
1428:Smoke hood
1362:and others
1351:Respirator
928:2023-08-18
894:2020-09-27
748:References
735:Smoke hood
673:and books.
573:rebreather
557:submarines
360:Rebreather
307:submarines
296:Smoke hood
264:rebreather
208:mouthpiece
80:newspapers
1809:Facepiece
1749:Half mask
1539:Iron lung
1408:Dust mask
1238:cite book
1200:cite book
1162:cite book
1124:cite book
1090:17 August
1051:March 29,
1003:18 August
964:17 August
861:17 August
806:cite book
779:17 August
663:Hans Hass
652:dive down
385:quicklime
324:Selection
204:facepiece
1945:Glossary
1921:Category
1374:Canister
1369:Gas mask
1084:Archived
1045:Archived
958:Archived
922:Archived
888:Archived
855:Archived
773:Archived
723:See also
688:Das Boot
423:noseclip
396:pendulum
377:sodalime
250:US Navy
220:chemical
191:(IDLH).
1933:Commons
1774:General
1684:Snorkel
614:Draeger
551:History
440:with a
218:with a
174:), and
94:scholar
1226:
1188:
1150:
1112:
671:movies
661:1939:
618:Lübeck
612:1907:
598:1903:
588:mining
577:mining
449:and a
366:oxygen
311:mining
254:(EEBD)
228:demand
137:Polish
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1360:NIOSH
994:(PDF)
707:]
341:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
1244:link
1224:ISBN
1206:link
1186:ISBN
1168:link
1148:ISBN
1130:link
1110:ISBN
1092:2023
1053:2024
1005:2023
966:2023
863:2023
812:link
781:2023
567:and
481:SCBA
400:loop
172:EEBD
166:),
164:ELSA
73:news
616:of
594:).
387:or
383:or
222:or
206:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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