Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement

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Ethiopia vocalized their distrust about the motives of unspecified "western entities" during the process, alleging that "unsubstantiated and politically motivated" claims were being made about the war for a "sinister" agenda, that "irresponsible propaganda" from the TPLF was being repeated uncritically, and further stated that "venerable organizations and well-meaning actors could be unwitting participants in this campaign." Still, despite these concerns, negotiations continued.

1525: 4949: 128: 880:, Kenya, in order to discuss restoring humanitarian access to the Tigray Region, as well as the process of Tigrayan disarmament. On 12 November, they signed a declaration reaffirming their commitment to the original agreement, laid out the specifics of how to implement it, and agreed to begin the Tigrayan disarmament process on 15 November. Both parties also agreed to create a Joint Committee, per the agreement's rules on "Monitoring, Verification, and Compliance." 714: 321:, the TPLF requested a ceasefire. Fighting slowed down, and on 24 March 2022, the Ethiopian government declared "an indefinite humanitarian truce." Both Ethiopia and the TPLF initially agreed to negotiate an official end to the war; in the intervening months, however, relations became increasingly hostile, with both parties accusing each other of having no sincere interest in peace – by late August, peace talks had deteriorated completely, and the war resumed. 5846: 1345: 1446: 1741: 1494: 5264: 825: 791: 195: 161: 3493: 5277: 1693: 1555: 762: 104: 1539: 4937: 772: 116: 1476: 405:, initially scheduled to take place between 7–8 October. However, talks were soon postponed, reportedly due to a combination of factors, including poor planning, logistical issues, the rapid escalation of fighting, and concerns from the TPLF about not having enough information available on how the talks would be conducted. Eventually, a new date for peace negotiations was set for 25 October, where talks would take place in 1511: 1462: 5855: 1144:

potentially undermine the ceasefire. They stated that entrusting all of Tigray's security to the ENDF made Tigrayans too vulnerable to possible violent attacks, particularly from the Eritrean military and Amhara regional forces. The GSTS argued, instead, that the TDF should be strengthened, describing the actions of Ethiopian and Eritrean allied troops as

673:"Within a week" of the TPLF's terrorist designation being removed – but before elections are held – an "Inclusive Regional Administration" should be established; a week after the removal of the "terrorist" designation, both parties must engage in a political dialogue to "find lasting solutions." Ethiopia also agreed to institute a 333:, wartime violence surged to a level not seen in months. Joint Ethiopian–Eritrean forces and the TPLF mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops against each other, displacing 574,000 people, and killing around 100,000 more within the span of a few weeks. By October 2022, the war overall had killed around 385,000 to 600,000 people. 1044: 1043: 992:

speech and propaganda, as "false information and hateful speech are counterproductive to the ideas of peace." The 12 November declaration makes a specific note about a "Responsible Use of Media," stating that media controlled by both parties should "play a constructive role" in carrying out the aims of the Pretoria agreement.

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There is general acknowledgement among the mediators, as well as some outside observers, that the agreement represents a step towards peace, but that true peace had yet to be fully realized. Olusegun Obasanjo said, after the agreement was signed, that "this moment is not the end of the peace process.

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On 12 November, military leaders from both parties announced in a joint statement that, as part of the Nairobi declaration, they had agreed to lift the restrictions on aid to those who needed it in Tigray and the surrounding regions; Obasanjo made assurances that humanitarian access would "begin with

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In the immediate days after the signing of the Pretoria agreement, Tigrayan civilians, international observers and humanitarian organizations expressed a hope that aid would finally be made available in the region. The agreement stated that Ethiopia must "mobilize and expedite humanitarian assistance

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The full agreement contains a preamble, and 15 articles, starting with the objectives of the agreement (Article 1), followed by the general principles underlying the ceasefire (Article 2). Article 13 instructs both parties to "implement this Agreement in good faith," and avoid trying to undermine it.

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On 2 November 2022, the Ethiopian federal government and the TPLF released a joint statement, in which they stated that they had "agreed to permanently silence the guns and end the two years of conflict in northern Ethiopia." Obasanjo explained that the agreement will involve a "systematic, orderly,

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The negotiating and mediating parties, likewise, generally chose not to address the question of Eritrea outright. When asked questions about it during the Nairobi talks, Uhuru Kenyatta said that they were "not here to talk about any particular country this way or that way," and were instead focused

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stated that "further negotiations are encouraged to reach a permanent ceasefire agreement." He also said that "the EU stands by the families of the people who have been killed and those who have been victims of the worst atrocities ," and urged that the perpetrators of the aforementioned crimes be

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Eritrea's absence from the peace talks was noted by many news outlets, both before and after the agreement was signed. Eritrean authorities made no statements on the agreement, nor did they respond to most requests for comment. It was also not clear if they would agree to the ceasefire, and it was

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said "we are ready to implement and expedite this agreement," and indicated that the TPLF had made "painful concessions" in order to "build trust." He further stated: "ultimately, the fact that we have reached a point where we have now signed an agreement speaks volumes about the readiness on the

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As part of the agreement, the ENDF will be deployed along the international borders of Ethiopia; the agreement states that they must "safeguard the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security of the country from foreign incursion and ensure that there will be no provocation or incursion from

1288:'s Director for East and Southern Africa, Muleya Mwananyanda, expressed dissatisfaction with the peace agreement, stating that while it was "a step in the right direction," it nevertheless "fails to offer a clear roadmap on how to ensure accountability for war crimes and crimes against humanity" 1036:

regional forces, continued to engage in fighting, even as the federal government expressed support for peace. According to eyewitnesses, aid workers and Tigrayan officials, both Eritrean and Amhara forces were responsible for killings, looting, kidnappings and mass detentions throughout November

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By 9 November, concerns were being vocalized about the continued lack of aid to Tigray, as a number of humanitarian agencies were reporting that they were being prevented from delivering aid to the area. On 11 November, Ethiopia's Redwan Hussien responded to these concerns by saying that "aid is

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On 9 November, Mohammed Idris, Director-General of the Ethiopian Media Authority (EMA), announced that new guidelines were being established for how the Ethiopian media reports on news of these negotiations. This was done as a way to keep it in line with the peace agreement's rules against hate

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Hopes that these talks could definitively stop the war were noted as being low; fighting did not appear to slow down, even as peace discussions began, and Eritrean forces, in particular, were reportedly still engaged in the killing of civilians for most of the negotiating period. On 28 October,

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welcomed the agreement, stating that it was "monumental in moving Ethiopia forward on the path of the reforms we embarked upon four and a half years ago." He stated further that Ethiopia's "commitment to peace remains steadfast. And our commitment to collaborating for the implementation of the

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The Global Society of Tigray Scholars and Professionals (GSTS), an organization representing 5,000 Tigrayan academics, strongly rejected the disarmament clause. While they welcomed the peace agreement overall, they argued that disarmament was "illogical" and "self-defeating," and that it could

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Ogwell Ouma stated that, while they were not present at the signing, they were nevertheless pleased to hear about the outcome of the talks. Ouma further indicated that "as soon as the situation allows, we will be sending back our teams to the ground because there's a lot of the public health

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Ethiopia and the TPLF agreed that an open communication channel should be created "within 24 hours" of signing the agreement. Both parties also needed to recognize that Ethiopia "has only one defense force," that Tigrayan rebel forces should "demobiliz and reintegrat", and that the TPLF must

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In accordance with the agreement, a "hotline" between the two parties was established, with the goal of "fully communicating with all their units to stop fighting," and prevent mistrust from developing, according to an anonymous official familiar with the Nairobi discussions. Despite these

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into Ethiopian society, provided it is safe enough to do so. Both parties agreed to cooperate with each other, as well as with humanitarian agencies working to reunite families. Both parties also agreed to not misappropriate aid, and make sure it is actually used for humanitarian purposes.

4794:"I express my deep satisfaction at the signing of the Ethiopia peace agreement in Pretoria & congratulate @AbiyAhmedAli's leadership, mediation teams, & the AU for this momentous outcome to silence the guns! IGAD played an active role in the AU-led mediation efforts from the start" 4629:"I welcome the news of the agreement to end hostilities in #Ethiopia. I hope this will be the first step towards sustainable peace, built on dialogue and political engagement. Thanks to H.E. Olusegun Obasanjo & H.E. Uhuru Kenyatta for their role in the @_AfricanUnion negotiations" 1126:

Prior to this agreement, the TPLF had rejected calls to disarm by the Ethiopian government, and questions have been raised as to how it will be carried out, or if it will be successful; Eritrea's continued presence in Tigray was noted as a potential roadblock to this being achieved.

936:– "remain constrained," and called for restrictions in these areas to be lifted. In early January 2023, the biggest hospital in the region claimed that they were still short on medical supplies, and had not received enough help from the federal government to alleviate this shortage. 4489:"will do what it takes to protect our people who have suffered beyond what ordinary mortals can endure. We are fighting not because we are a trigger-happy nation but because our survival as a people is at stake. If a peace agreement can ensure our survival, why not give it a try?!" 1371:

said after the signing: "We thank our brothers from the other side also for this constructive engagement to allow the country to put this tragic period of conflict behind us. It is now for all of us to honour this agreement. We must be true to the letter and to the spirit of this

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Implementation of the peace agreement signed today is critical for its success." Uhuru Kenyatta said that "the lasting solution can only be through political engagement and being able to accommodate our differences," but cautioned that "the devil will be in the implementation."

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said that he "warmly commend the Parties for signing a cessations of hostilities agreement following talks facilitated by the AU Panel" and that the African Union "is committed to continue supporting the Parties to find lasting peace & reconciliation for all Ethiopians."

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assurances, however, some Tigrayan officials alleged as early as 4 November that attacks from Ethiopian and Eritrean forces were still taking place. News agencies were unable to verify these claims independently, as Tigray was reportedly still under an information blackout.

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on the topic of peace. Ethiopia's Redwan Hussien said that Ethiopia and Tigray were so busy fighting each other that it "paved the way for a third party to undermine us further." He also said that this unnamed third party "may not be interested in this peace process"; the

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part of the two sides to lay the past behind them to chart a new path of peace." He lamented, however, that the war "has turned Ethiopia, once on the cusp of great economic progress, into a bad parody of itself and caused tremendous suffering to the people of Tigray."

1118:, stated that while the agreement is a step forward, peace had not been achieved yet. She further said that in order for a cessation of hostilities to turn into peace, the agreement has to be implemented "decisively," and unresolved issues would need to be addressed. 3057:"Declaration of the Senior Commanders on the Modalities for the Implementation of the Agreement for Lasting Peace Through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" 706:

Declaration of the Senior Commanders on the Modalities for the Implementation of the Agreement for Lasting Peace Through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and the Tigray People's Liberation Front

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The Nairobi Declaration added a corollary to the Tigrayan armament clause, which stated that the disarming of heavy weapons "will be done concurrently with the withdrawal of foreign and non-ENDF forces in the region." In spite of this, Eritrea, as well as

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Multiple news outlets described the agreement as having an unclear stance on the issue. In a speech to parliament on 15 November 2022, Prime Minister Abiy said he was looking for a constitutional solution for this dispute, and that "unless the people of

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and other relevant Federal Institutions shall have an expeditious, smooth, peaceful, and coordinated entry" into the city. In exchange, government guaranteed that Tigray will be properly represented in government institutions, so as to not violate the

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to begin a new set of talks on carrying out disarmament. One day later, the TPLF announced that they had withdrawn their troops from a number of towns and cities, and by 4 December, Tadesse Werede stated that around 65% of their forces had withdrawn.

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Getachew acknowledged on 7 November that "whether we will deliver on our promise in a manner that satisfies our people time will tell," but reiterated his support for the agreement, saying if it "can ensure our survival, why not give it a

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Abiy's government says any negotiations must be led by the African Union's Horn of Africa envoy, Olusegun Obasanjo, who is leading the international push for peace, but the rebels want the outgoing Kenyan president, Uhuru Kenyatta, to

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argued the issue of disarmament would be "extremely controversial," thinking it unlikely that Tigrayan rebel forces would voluntarily disarm "in the face of an enemy they have been fighting for two years." Benjamin Petrini of the

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immediate effect." Later that same day, Ethiopian authorities stated that they were making efforts to "deliver humanitarian assistance to most of the Tigray region," of which around 70% was now claimed to be under their control.

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issued a statement saying that, for peace to be sustainably achieved, the implementation of the agreement "should be preceded and informed by a nation-wide, genuine, consultative, inclusive, and victim-centred conversation."

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welcomed the peace accord, congratulating the African Union and South Africa for successfully arranging it. He further expressed hope that this would "lead to stability, development, and growth in Ethiopia and peace for its

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said that he had no comment, as "he had just received the documents." Eritrea was firmly on the side of the Ethiopian government throughout the war, and was attributed responsibility for high-profile atrocities such as the

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security forces also played a significant role during the war, Amhara was, similarly, not included in the negotiations. In the early months of the conflict, Amhara regional forces took control of Tigray's

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for all those in need." Within hours of the agreement being signed, UN personnel began talks with Ethiopian officials to remove the blockade, with supplies already prepared to be sent in immediately.

2161: 1216:'s Alan Boswell also supported this interpretation, saying that the provision may have been "designed to assure the Tigrayans that Eritrea will withdraw." Etana Habte, assistant history professor at 3819: 1208:

While Eritrea is not mentioned by name, sections in the Pretoria document about stopping "provocation or incursion from either side of the border" were interpreted by East Africa correspondent for

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flowing like no other times." This statement was seemingly at odds with outside reports, and was deemed to be false by Tigrayan officials and local humanitarian workers, with Getachew Reda telling

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Canada said it welcomed the agreement, congratulated everyone involved in the peace process, and called on them to protect civilians and address "the pressing humanitarian needs" of Ethiopians.

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noted that the documents do not make explicit mentions of ethnic cleansing in the Western Zone, and stated that it generally "lacks details on formal accountability." The government-established

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On 29 November, Ethiopian official Belete Molla stated that, while they planned to restore Tigray's access to the internet eventually, they did not have a set timeline on when this would occur.

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welcomed the news of the peace agreement, and congratulated the combined efforts of everyone involved in creating "security, peace and prosperity to our region and to our Ethiopian brothers."

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that reaching an agreement to end the war, while necessary, should not mean they "forgo seeking justice and accountability" for victims of human rights violations, and especially in cases of

3942: 3903: 2620: 1763:, expressed his "deep satisfaction" at the outcome of the talks, and congratulated Abiy Ahmed, the mediation teams and the African Union for successfully negotiating for a peace agreement. 2806: 1592:

said the UK welcomed the agreement, saying "I applaud their choice of peace, and the mediation efforts of African Union, South Africa and Kenya. UK is ready to support the peace process."

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to "hold Ethiopian leaders accountable," and said, while mentioning the peace agreement, that the war had prevented millions in the region from getting access to humanitarian assistance.

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Peaceful protests in Mekelle, Tigray Region (December 2022); protesters hold up a banner that reads, in part: "Don't Punish Women & Children of Tigray for The Mistakes of Others!"

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Agreement for Lasting Peace through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front

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also sent in nearly 18,000 metric tonnes of aid. Even with this relaxation of restrictions, however, UN officials stated in late November that some parts of Tigray – namely in the

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stated "It is very much a welcome first step, which we hope can start to bring some solace to the millions of Ethiopian civilians that have really suffered during this conflict."

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met the following day to establish guidelines for the IRA. On 23 March, prime minister Abiy Ahmed declared that Getachew Reda was appointed to the position of head of the IRA.

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stated that "the situation in Ethiopia is spiraling out of control," and many other agencies, scholars and human rights organizations began to warn of a dramatic rise in

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It was agreed that this process must be monitored and observed by a "Joint Committee," with one representative each from the Ethiopian government, the TPLF and the

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said the agreement "signifies a momentous step towards peace," and that they "stand with the signatories" in working to ensure peace and prosperity in the region.

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welcomed the news of a peace agreement, commending the efforts of everyone involved, and vocalized support for allowing humanitarian access into the country.

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said during a press conference that the United States "remains committed" to supporting the peace process "to ensure it brings a lasting peace to Ethiopia."

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announced it was prepared to have regularly scheduled flights into Tigray resume (with flights between Addis Ababa and Mekelle returning in late December).

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The agreement stipulates that the Ethiopian federal government must be allowed to reestablish authority in the Tigray Region, including in the capital of

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welcomed the news of the agreement, saying "I hope this will be the first step towards sustainable peace, built on dialogue and political engagement."

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from every part of Ethiopian and Tigrayan territory, under international monitoring, to positions in which they can no longer pose any threat to us.

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in the area. The TPLF had previously stated that the return of the Western Zone to Tigrayan control was a "non-negotiable" prerequisite to peace.

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expressed support for the agreement, saying on Twitter that he "commend the for its extraordinary efforts to bring peace to northern Ethiopia."

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Tigrayan rebels needed to disarm themselves of heavy weapons as soon as possible, while firearms overall had to be removed within the deadline

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On 7 November 2022, five days after the agreement was signed, Ethiopian and Tigrayan military officials – primarily, ENDF Chief of Staff

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in Ethiopia said that it welcomed the agreement, saying it hopes that it will "serve as a solid foundation" for rebuilding the country.

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on 29 December. Despite this, humanitarian workers said that the EDF was still maintaining a presence in the region, and according to

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acted as the lead negotiators. Though originally scheduled to last from 25 to 30 October, this was later extended by a few more days.

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Additionally, both parties pledged to resolve "issues of contested areas," in a way that complies with the Constitution of Ethiopia.

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questioned what security guarantees would be provided to the TPLF, saying they would not completely disarm for "vague promises."

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Return to the constitutionally recognized borders of Tigray as they stood prior to the outbreak of hostilities in November 2020."

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Attempts to renegotiate for a peace deal were attempted throughout September and early October. On 7 September, TPLF chairperson

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on 2 December, and by the end of the month, they had also returned to Mekelle and 27 other towns in the region. On 6 December,

916:(ICRC) announced that, for the first time since August, their delivery of medical supplies had reached the Tigrayan capital of 602:"Refrain from aiding and abetting, supporting, or collaborating with any armed or subversive group in any part of the country." 4690: 3761: 2240:"News: Over half a million people newly displaced in Tigray, Afar and Amhara since militarized conflict resumed in August: UN" 401:

On 5 October, both the Ethiopian government and Tigrayan rebel forces accepted an invitation by the AU to have peace talks in

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praised the agreement, and urged "all Ethiopians and the international community to support the bold step taken today."

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Federal authorities will also take "full and effective control" of all aviation space, airports and highways in Tigray.

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Respect Ethiopian sovereignty, and to not undermine it, either on their own, or through "relations with foreign powers."

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both welcomed news of the agreement, but also expressed opposition to any potential territorial concessions to Tigray.

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said that Sudan supported the agreement, and that they "commend the positive spirit that prevailed among the parties."

5728: 5522: 5503: 5410: 5361: 4292: 3708:"News: Tigray forces start withdrawing from front lines as regional leader urge the people to support the peace deal" 1611: 1320: 1299: 1168: 534: 303: 4347: 4276:"'We Will Erase You from This Land': Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia's Western Tigray Zone" 3403:"News: Tigray's biggest hospital remains short of medical supply despite peace deal, pleads for laboratory reagents" 3014: 2724: 5778: 5356: 5087: 2674: 1795: 1636: 1602: 1161: 657: 457: 2015: 5907: 5195: 5045: 4874: 4853: 3056: 2707: 1174:'s long-standing antagonism to the TPLF would disincentivize him from withdrawing Eritrean forces. When asked by 1023:

Starting on 10 January 2023, Tigrayan forces began the process of handing over their heavy weaponry to the ENDF.

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Respect the "constitutional mandate of the Federal Government" to send troops and security forces into Tigray.

5887: 5169: 5112: 5102: 5023: 1258: 662: 4391: 995: 263:. The agreement was made effective the next day on 3 November, marking the two-year anniversary of the war. 5912: 5599: 5513: 5482: 5441: 5056: 4327: 2284:'The carnage is horrendous. Likely as many as 100,000 have been slaughtered over the last weeks,' tweeted. 1289: 590: 501:

The agreement forbids "all forms of hostilities," both direct and indirect; this includes participating in

299: 3033: 2807:"Tigray conflict talks: Ethiopia threatens to cut ties with countries pushing 'sinister political agenda'" 5858: 5771: 5436: 5200: 5190: 5159: 4655: 4083:"News: Federal army, Tigray topmost military leaders meet today amidst Tigrayan criticism on disarmament" 3580: 3439:"#ASDailyScoop: Ethiopian Airlines says preparations underway to resume regular flights to Tigray region" 2729: 1770:(IMF) welcomed the agreement, calling it "a critical step towards restoring lasting peace and stability." 1767: 1623: 1250: 999: 952:

of Tigray (which was still under occupation by the Amhara Region), and was planning on doing the same in

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and protect civilians from human rights violations. Specific condemnations were made towards acts of

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Unfettered humanitarian access, including clear and agreed protocols and arrangements to this effect.

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Official version of the Agreement for Lasting Peace through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities

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welcomed the agreement, and supported "the establishment of peace and tranquility in Ethiopia."

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Declaration of the Senior Commanders on the Modalities for the Implementation of the Agreement

4448: 2639:"AU launches peace talks to end the conflict in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia | African Union" 1453: 5594: 5366: 5144: 5040: 4332: 4283: 4146: 1546: 1502: 1285: 929: 869: 4392:"She was in Abiy Ahmed's cabinet as war broke out. Now she wants to set the record straight" 2516: 4889:

Joint Statement between the Government of the FDRE and the Tigray People's Liberation Front

4793: 4775:"Ethiopia: Peace agreement between Government and Tigray 'a critical first step': Guterres" 4141: 2616: 2442: 1639: 1567: 1499: 1364:, the mediation team, the "friends of Ethiopia" and the Ethiopian National Defense Forces. 1234: 949: 933: 921: 901: 674: 4533:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on November 3, 2022" 4510: 1682: 8: 5849: 5552: 5205: 4967: 4953: 1237:– an area that was already the source of intense dispute between Amhara and Tigray – and 1084:

In mid-March 2023, the TPLF central committee voted internally in favour of recommending

692:(IGAD), all while being presided over by the African Union through a "High-Level Panel." 4651:"Signed Peace Agreement Can Be Solid Foundation For Nat'l Stability, Prosperity: Russia" 1675: 608:

Not conscript, train or deploy military forces, or to act in "preparation for conflict."

348: 317:

On 20 December 2021, after the government successfully pushed back an incursion towards

5680: 5645: 5537: 4352: 4310:"News: Peace talk in South Africa not about which side "Wolkait" should go to: PM Abiy" 4287: 4166: 3898: 3575: 2989:"Ethiopia's truce is a step toward ending civil war, but there are reasons for caution" 2523: 2351: 2152:"Ethiopia PM says committee looking into possibility of peace talks with Tigray rebels" 1626: 1295: 957: 383:

An immediate, unconditional and complete lifting of the blockade on essential services.

4671:"South Sudan welcomes Ethiopian peace agreement, to support parties in implementation" 4063:"Tigrayan academics welcome Ethiopian ceasefire, but reject proposed TPLF disarmament" 5660: 5557: 5547: 5149: 4399: 4328:"Ethiopia: Peace agreement must deliver justice to victims and survivors of conflict" 3421:"News: Commercial Bank restores banking services in seven branches in western Tigray" 2675:"Peace talks aimed at ending Ethiopia's deadly Tigray conflict begin in South Africa" 1822: 1586: 1016: 1003: 438: 108: 3726:"News: Tigray forces commander says nearly 65% combatants disengage from front line" 5748: 5655: 5569: 5139: 5097: 5016: 4369:"Ethiopian government, Tigrayan rebels reach truce, but enormous challenges remain" 4023: 3966: 3934: 3858:"Ethiopia Peace Process Undermined as Eritrean Forces Continue Attacking Civilians" 2811: 1830: 1760: 1437: 1242: 1201: 1115: 1054: 554: 3925:"TPLF Central Committee picks Getachew Reda to lead Tigray interim regional admin" 3744:"Ethiopia's Tigray forces say they have withdrawn 65% of fighters from frontlines" 2589: 677:

policy that will aim to be accountable and truthful, and give justice to victims.

5665: 5630: 5620: 5564: 5154: 4907: 4896: 4882: 4866: 3474: 2518:"Peace talks in Ethiopian conflict delayed for logistical reasons, diplomats say" 2297: 2279: 1132: 973: 379:"e propose a cessation of hostilities that includes the following four elements: 4001:"Analysis: Truce in Ethiopia's Tigray war just first step on long road to peace" 3876:"Looting, forced removals plague Ethiopia's Tigray despite truce, witnesses say" 5387: 4774: 4735: 4472: 3961: 3929: 3348:"First aid trucks arrive in Ethiopia's Tigray after peace deal, says Red Cross" 2272:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Civilian bloodbath warning as offensive escalates" 2244: 1986: 1740: 1667: 1605: 1589: 1581: 1484: 1368: 1171: 1071: 965: 948:

stated on 12 November that access to backing services had been restored in the

873: 807: 468: 445: 434: 337: 165: 120: 4733:[UAE welcomes permanent peace agreement in Ethiopia's Tigray region]. 425: 5871: 5670: 5640: 5615: 5584: 5579: 5327: 5303: 4929: 4757:"Ethiopia Peace Deal Hailed as First Step to End Africa's Deadliest Conflict" 4403: 4236: 3637: 2746:"Tigray peace talks begin in South Africa but hopes low for halt to fighting" 1748: 1713: 1597: 1392: 1229: 1186: 1085: 1033: 961: 464: 449: 341: 287: 177: 5753: 5701: 3970: 3938: 3475:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Flights resume between Addis Ababa and Mekelle" 2539:"Empieza el diálogo de paz para acabar con la guerra en el norte de Etiopía" 1973: 1971: 1969: 1269:

get the opportunity to self-determination, there won't be a lasting peace."

1076:

both EDF and Amhara forces continued to be in Tigray by early January 2023.

5650: 4941: 3210:"'Nothing is moving': WHO chief decries Tigray aid blockade amid ceasefire" 3192:"Tigray still without aid eight days after deal to end Ethiopia's blockade" 2903:"Warring parties in Ethiopia agree on 'permanent cessation of hostilities'" 2772: 2611: 2500: 2175: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1314: 865: 795: 410: 402: 371:

sent a letter to the UN making a request for peace. He stated that, if the

248: 81: 49: 3632: 3512:"Etiopía restablece la electricidad en la capital de Tigré tras la guerra" 298:

on one side, and the TPLF on the other, the war has been characterized by

5340: 4675: 4067: 3633:"Ethiopia government accused of drone attacks, shelling after peace deal" 2496:"Postponement of Tigray peace talks latest blow in Ethiopia's hidden war" 2416:"Ethiopia's Tigray rebels say ready for ceasefire and AU-led peace talks" 2298:"Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat" 1721: 1524: 1433: 1306: 1181: 521:, or collaborating with any hostile "external force" against each other. 506: 352: 336:

The scale of the violence alarmed international observers, including the

318: 2700:"Ethiopia and Tigray sign peace agreement in bid to end devastating war" 1946: 713: 4990: 4367:

Schifrin, Nick; Warsi, Zeba; Aranda, Teresa Cebrian (3 November 2022).

3957:"PM Abiy 'appoints' Getachew Reda head of Tigray Interim Admin" 3514:[Ethiopia restores electricity to post-war capital of Tigray]. 2868: 2819: 2438: 2156: 1352: 510: 272: 260: 59: 3781:"Tigray Forces Start Handing Over Heavy Weapons as Part of Peace Deal" 5446: 4695: 3614:"Ethiopian and Tigray forces launch hotline as new peace talks begin" 3516: 2541:[Peace dialogue begins to end the war in northern Ethiopia]. 2220: 1650: 1632: 1617: 1246: 1195:

contributor Noé Hochet-Bodin as a "shadow looms over the conflict."

1148:, and therefore, not to be trusted with the protection of Tigrayans. 1111: 518: 514: 502: 356: 3129:"For Survivors of Ethiopia's Tigray War, Truce Brings Cautious Hope" 614:

Not force a change in the government through unconstitutional means.

4591: 4191: 4154: 2679: 2302: 1445: 1344: 1191: 1037:

2022, including in Shire, where disarmament talks were later held.

830: 406: 307: 291: 200: 77: 3894:"Eritrean soldiers leaving parts of Ethiopia's Tigray – witnesses" 3535:"Mediators meet to bolster Ethiopia truce as Tigray conflict dims" 2935:"Details in Ethiopia's Peace Deal Reveal Clear Winners and Losers" 5282: 4813:"IMF Welcomes Ethiopia Truce Amid Talks on Economic Reform Plans" 4232:"Ethiopia's Amhara Seize Disputed Territory Amid Tigray Conflict" 3917: 1493: 1357: 1266: 1176: 972:

said that it had restored Mekelle's access to Ethiopia's overall

953: 917: 877: 743: 653: 562: 344:, who urged the warring parties to return to peace negotiations. 295: 3312:"Ethiopia's rival sides agree on humanitarian access for Tigray" 3252:"Ethiopia says Tigray aid allowed, agencies say still no access" 2477:"Ethiopia, Tigrayan forces accept African Union-led peace talks" 2458:"Tigray President Writes Open Letter to the UN Security Council" 2392:"A Call to Action: Averting Atrocities in Ethiopia's Tigray War" 2194:"Ethiopia government proposes plan for peace in war-torn Tigray" 1913:"Ethiopia's gov't and Tigrayan forces agree to end two-year war" 1620:

said the agreement "represents an important step towards peace."

625:

Restore basic, essential services to Tigray as soon as possible.

5451: 3457:"Ethiopian Airlines to resume flights to Tigray capital Mekele" 1559: 1554: 1510: 1461: 1414: 4711:"Turkey: Press Release Regarding the Developments in Ethiopia" 4441:"Expression of Gratitude on the Conclusion of the Peace Talks" 4383: 4045:"Ethiopia peace deal leaves unanswered questions and concerns" 3595:"Ethiopia offers no date for end to blackout in Tigray region" 2768:"Witnesses allege Eritrean abuses during Ethiopia peace talks" 2108:"Tigrayan forces announce retreat to Ethiopia's Tigray region" 2037:"UN: Warring sides committing atrocities in Ethiopia's Tigray" 1015:

On 1 December 2022, the Ethiopian–TPLF Joint Committee met in

4959: 4835: 4731:"الإمارات ترحب باتفاق السلام الدائم في إقليم تيغراي بإثيوبيا" 4715: 4691:"Ethiopian crisis: Sudan welcomes signing of peace agreement" 4537:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

4213:"Analysis: Can Ethiopia iron out issues after AU peace deal?" 3839:"Kidnappings, looting cited in Ethiopia's Tigray after truce" 2963:"Ethiopia asserts government got '100%' in Tigray peace deal" 2582:"Media Briefing on AU-led negotiations for peace in Ethiopia" 2374:"UN genocide official: Hate speech is fueling Ethiopia's war" 1773: 1538: 1424: 747: 4904:

Expression of Gratitude on the Conclusion of the Peace Talks

4124:"Ethiopian govt, Tigray agree to end fighting after 2 years" 3886: 3762:"Tigray forces start handing over heavy weapons in Ethiopia" 3689:"Ethiopia says new talks begin inside Tigray on disarmament" 1079: 905:(AFP) that Redwan was "plucking his facts out of thin air." 648:

Restoration of federal authority and Tigrayan representation

294:. Primarily a conflict between the Ethiopian government and 4592:"Iran supports cessation of conflicts in northern Ethiopia" 3949: 3653:"Tigray rebels accuse Ethiopia of attacks after peace deal" 3086:"Ethiopia combatants sign deal to start implementing truce" 2601: 2599: 2312:'...100,000 have probably died in this third phase,' said. 1475: 1212:, Abdi Latif Dahir, as being directed towards Eritrea. The 1066: 4422:"Abiy Vows 'Strong' Commitment To Implement Ethiopia Deal" 4102:"Ethiopian civil war: parties agree on end to hostilities" 3384:"Food aid into Ethiopia's Tigray 'not matching needs': UN" 3330:"Ethiopia, Tigray military leaders agree on peace roadmap" 3291:"Ethiopia govt says aid flowing to Tigray but rebels deny" 3015:"New round of peace talks between Ethiopia, Tigray envoys" 2607:"Fighting in northern Ethiopia shatters months-long truce" 2131:"Ethiopian government declares Tigray truce to let aid in" 2077: 2558:

Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 October 2022).

2543: 1888:"Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities" 1531:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

1006:, Tigray Region, where disarmament talks were being held. 2596: 2340: 2338: 2176:"Ethiopia: Tigray Rebels Lack 'Interest' in Peace Talks" 4019:"What to watch next on Ethiopia's peace deal in Tigray" 3273:"Ethiopia Govt Says Army Controls 70 Percent Of Tigray" 2296:

Chothia, Farouk; Bekit, Teklemariam (19 October 2022).

1936:"AU announces peace deal in Ethiopia's Tigray conflict" 1205:

interpreted this as an indirect comment about Eritrea.

622:

Stop all military operations against "TPLF combatants."

3553:"Tigray Capital Back On Ethiopia Power Grid: Operator" 557:

into the country as soon as possible, and reintegrate

4913: 4187:"Eritrea's shadow looms over Ethiopian peace process" 4162:"Ethiopia: Eritrean Forces Massacre Tigray Civilians" 2335: 1189:. Their outsized role led to them being described by 415:

Department of International Relations and Cooperation

3612:

Holland, Hereward; Wilkes, Tommy (7 November 2022).

2657:"Ethiopia peace talks enter day two in South Africa" 1360:, he expressed his gratitude to many, including the 1057:

of Eritrean forces leaving a city (20 January 2023).

4366: 2864:"Ethiopia: government and TPLF agree to cease-fire" 2557: 3250:Wilkes, Tommy; Mersie, Ayenat (11 November 2022). 2356: 1886:Winning, Alexander; Cocks, Tim (2 November 2022). 1223: 537:, violence against children (including the use of 4122:Magome, Mogomotsi; Anna, Cara (2 November 2022). 3494:"Ethiopia restores electricity in Tigray capital" 2434:"Ethiopia: Tigray rebels offer conditional truce" 2146: 2144: 631:Provide unhindered humanitarian access to Tigray. 19:For other peace treaties signed in Pretoria, see 5869: 4755:Harter, Fred; Solomon, Salem (3 November 2022). 4348:"Ethiopia: Truce Needs Robust Rights Monitoring" 3856:Marks, Simon; Gebre, Samuel (30 November 2022). 964:reestablished its telecommunication services in 1845:Preferred mediator for the Ethiopian government 1114:, French politician and senior director at the 636:International boundaries and federal facilities 628:Stop designating the TPLF as a terrorist group. 2141: 1659: 362: 4975: 4754: 3611: 2725:"Tigray peace talks continue in South Africa" 2216:"Ethiopia's return to conflict: what we know" 1733:emergency issues to deal with at the moment." 1138:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1010: 581:completely disarm within 30 days of signing. 576:Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration 570:Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration 4184: 3249: 2560:"Ethiopia peace talks start in South Africa" 2295: 1885: 2122: 1857: 1104: 982: 5804:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present) 4982: 4968: 4831:"Oxfam reaction to Tigray peace agreement" 4627:Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson (2 November 2022). 4121: 3855: 3034:"Will Ethiopia's shaky Tigray truce hold?" 2474: 2083: 1757:Intergovernmental Authority on Development 939: 890:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present) 821: 712: 690:Intergovernmental Authority on Development 324: 191: 37: 5273: 4792:Gebeyehu, Dr. Workneh (2 November 2022). 4438: 4256:"Bridging the Divide in Ethiopia's North" 3279:. Agence France Presse. 11 November 2022. 1090:Interim Regional Administration of Tigray 1080:Interim Regional Administration of Tigray 487: 21:Pretoria peace agreement (disambiguation) 5521: 5424: 4791: 4550:Guelleh, Ismail Omar (2 November 2022). 4428:. Agence France Presse. 2 November 2022. 4042: 3836: 2884:"Key Points Of Joint Ethiopia Statement" 2371: 2182:. Agence France-Presse. August 18, 2022. 2128: 1789:, the agreement that formally ended the 1276: 1272: 1088:(18 votes out of 41) as the head of the 1039: 994: 914:International Committee of the Red Cross 599:Respect the authority of the government. 467:and Ethiopian national security advisor 424: 5083:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 4626: 4549: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3998: 3778: 3705: 3571:"Power back in Ethiopia Tigray capital" 3400: 3031: 2804: 1468:Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs 1321:sexual violence against women and girls 1121: 684:Monitoring, verification and compliance 286:The war began in November 2020, in the 5870: 5165:2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency 4750: 4748: 4746: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4389: 4244:from the original on October 13, 2022. 4211:Zelalem, Zecharias (4 November 2022). 4185:Hochet-Bodin, Noé (15 November 2022). 4117: 4115: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3796: 3794: 3529: 3527: 3492:Bekit, Teklemariam (7 December 2022). 3306: 3304: 3267: 3265: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3185: 3183: 3164: 3162: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3083: 3073:from the original on 12 November 2022. 3051: 3049: 3047: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2986: 2900: 2761: 2759: 2687:from the original on October 27, 2022. 2623:from the original on 11 October 2022. 2475:Paravicini, Giulia (October 6, 2022). 2310:from the original on 22 October 2022. 2269: 2224:. AFP. August 25, 2022. Archived from 2096:from the original on October 11, 2022. 2084:Paravicini, Giulia (August 20, 2022). 1158:Eritrean involvement in the Tigray war 883: 859: 433:The talks were jointly mediated by AU 5761:Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia 4963: 4810: 4379:from the original on 7 November 2022. 4229: 4099: 4043:Vincenot, Aymeric (4 November 2022). 3837:Muhumuza, Rodney (27 November 2022). 3706:Kirstos, Mercy G. (2 December 2022). 3631:Tekle, Tesfa-Alem (4 November 2022). 3630: 3491: 3401:Kristos, Mihret G. (3 January 2023). 3189: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2933:Dahir, Abdi Latif (3 November 2022). 2932: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901:Feleke, Bethlehem (3 November 2022). 2743: 2719: 2717: 2493: 2404:from the original on 29 October 2022. 2372:Muhumuza, Rodney (October 19, 2022). 2047:from the original on October 6, 2022. 1881: 1879: 1290:committed by all sides during the war 1026: 618:Meanwhile, the government agreed to: 553:The Ethiopian government is to allow 484:smooth and coordinated disarmament." 420: 5893:November 2022 events in South Africa 5854: 5213:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia 4486: 4268: 4199: 4031: 3999:Shirbon, Estelle (3 November 2022). 3012: 2960: 2765: 2697: 2514: 2344: 2129:Akinwotu, Emmanuel (24 March 2022). 1930: 1928: 1926: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1326: 545:, and violence against the elderly. 437:envoy and former Nigerian President 5067:Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn 4743: 4455: 4439:Ahmed Ali, Abiy (2 November 2022). 4112: 3981: 3977:from the original on 23 March 2023. 3945:from the original on 23 March 2023. 3791: 3524: 3520:(in Spanish). EFE. 7 December 2022. 3301: 3283: 3262: 3220: 3180: 3096: 3084:Mersie, Ayenat (12 November 2022). 3044: 2999: 2756: 2263: 2164:from the original on July 16, 2022. 1752:held accountable for their actions. 1481:Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1065:started withdrawing from Shire and 13: 4487:Reda, Getachew (7 November 2022). 4174:from the original on 8 March 2021. 3139: 3032:Kaledzi, Isaac (8 November 2022). 2973: 2945: 2913: 2805:Ndebele, Lenin (29 October 2022). 2714: 2698:York, Geoffrey (2 November 2022). 2345:York, Geoffrey (21 October 2022). 2118:from the original on June 8, 2022. 1876: 1800:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 1746:Union Minister for Foreign Affairs 1644:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1406: 1331: 497:Permanent cessation of hostilities 241:Cessation of Hostilities Agreement 14: 5964: 5362:Transitional Government of Tigray 5098:Formation of the Prosperity Party 4847: 4811:Gebre, Samuel (4 November 2022). 4410:from the original on 3 June 2022. 3779:Misikir, Maya (11 January 2023). 3190:Burke, Jason (10 November 2022). 3170:"Reaction to Ethiopia truce deal" 2744:Burke, Jason (October 25, 2022). 2588:. 2 November 2022. Archived from 2200:. August 17, 2022. Archived from 1923: 1898: 1356:agreement is equally strong." On 1300:Ethiopian Human Rights Commission 695: 5948:November 2022 events in Ethiopia 5933:African Union–Ethiopia relations 5928:Ethiopia–United States relations 5853: 5845: 5844: 5784:Refoulement of Eritrean refugees 5357:Ethiopian National Defense Force 5333: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5275: 5262: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4823: 4804: 4785: 4767: 4723: 4703: 4683: 4663: 4643: 4620: 4610:"Iran Hails Ethiopia Peace Deal" 4602: 4584: 4566: 4543: 4525: 4503: 4480: 4432: 4414: 4390:Bearak, Max (30 December 2021). 4360: 4340: 4320: 4302: 4248: 4230:Gebre, Samuel (March 16, 2021). 4223: 4178: 4142:"Ethiopia: The Massacre in Axum" 4134: 4100:Burke, Jason (2 November 2022). 4093: 4075: 4055: 4011: 2987:Harter, Fred (3 November 2022). 2494:Burke, Jason (October 8, 2022). 2270:Harper, Mary (16 October 2022). 1805:Ethiopia–African Union relations 1739: 1712: 1691: 1666: 1596: 1580: 1566: 1553: 1537: 1523: 1509: 1492: 1474: 1460: 1444: 1423: 1413: 1385: 1343: 876:– met for a new set of talks in 837: 823: 801: 789: 770: 760: 727:Implementing the peace agreement 543:violence against women and girls 535:sexual and gender-based violence 458:Deputy-President of South Africa 257:Tigray People's Liberation Front 214:Tigray People's Liberation Front 207: 193: 171: 159: 138: 126: 114: 102: 5923:Ethiopia–South Africa relations 5825:EHRC–OHCHR Tigray investigation 5234:Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement 5196:2021 Ethiopian general election 4910: (archived 6 November 2022) 4291:. April 6, 2022. Archived from 3906:from the original on 2022-12-31 3868: 3849: 3830: 3812: 3772: 3754: 3736: 3718: 3699: 3681: 3663: 3645: 3624: 3605: 3587: 3563: 3545: 3504: 3485: 3467: 3449: 3431: 3413: 3394: 3376: 3358: 3340: 3322: 3243: 3202: 3121: 3077: 3025: 2894: 2876: 2856: 2845:from the original on 2022-11-02 2798: 2780: 2766:Anna, Cara (October 29, 2022). 2737: 2691: 2667: 2649: 2631: 2574: 2551: 2531: 2508: 2487: 2468: 2450: 2426: 2408: 2384: 2365: 2317: 2289: 2252:from the original on 2022-11-04 2232: 2208: 2186: 2168: 2100: 1997:from the original on 2022-11-04 1854:Preferred mediator for the TPLF 1848: 1839: 1681:Secretary-General spokesperson 1224:Amhara and territorial disputes 531:international human rights laws 233:Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement 27:Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement 5953:November 2022 events in Africa 4989: 3013:Anna, Cara (7 November 2022). 2961:Anna, Cara (3 November 2022). 2515:Anna, Cara (October 7, 2022). 2051: 2029: 2023:United Nations (press release) 2008: 1816: 529:Both parties agreed to follow 329:Following the collapse of the 1: 5170:ENDF National Unity Offensive 5113:2020 Tigray regional election 5103:COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia 5024:1995 Constitution of Ethiopia 4739:(in Arabic). 4 November 2022. 1869: 1311:Prime Minister Abiy's cabinet 1259:Amhara Association of America 478: 281: 266: 5483:Casualties of the Tigray war 5269:Ethiopian federal government 5088:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit 3541:. Reuters. 30 December 2022. 1796:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit 1313:, said in an interview with 1180:, Eritrean Foreign Minister 1162:2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit 641:either side of the border." 591:Confidence-building measures 585:Confidence-building measures 559:internally displaced persons 7: 4656:Fana Broadcasting Corporate 4558:(in French). Archived from 3882:. Reuters. 2 December 2022. 3768:. AFP; AP. 11 January 2023. 3581:Australian Associated Press 3295:Radio France Internationale 3135:. Reuters. 5 November 2022. 2730:Radio France Internationale 1780: 1768:International Monetary Fund 1660:International organizations 1624:White House press secretary 1574:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1336: 1251:National Movement of Amhara 1099: 1000:Internally displaced people 946:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia 363:New attempts at peace talks 16:Peace treaty signed in 2022 10: 5969: 5903:Peace treaties of Ethiopia 5898:Treaties concluded in 2022 5820:ACHPR Tigray investigation 5062:2016–18 state of emergency 4261:International Crisis Group 2835:Peace and Security Council 2397:International Crisis Group 1706:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 1642:and Ranking Member of the 1367:National security advisor 1214:International Crisis Group 1155: 1151: 1129:Peace and conflict studies 1011:Disarmament and withdrawal 887: 588: 573: 270: 18: 5842: 5812: 5796: 5769: 5689: 5608: 5530: 5512: 5491: 5475: 5468: 5401: 5380: 5349: 5254: 5247: 5221: 5183: 5125: 5075: 5012:History of Western Tigray 5004: 4997: 1834: 1826: 1719:AU Commission Chairperson 1702:World Health Organization 1587:British Foreign Secretary 1241:what was described as an 1092:(IRA). The federal-level 926:World Health Organization 872:(TDF) Commander-in-Chief 849: 815: 782: 753: 739: 731: 723: 711: 705: 221: 185: 152: 95: 87: 73: 65: 55: 45: 36: 31: 5918:Ethiopia–Kenya relations 5740:Destruction of Heritage 5135:Northern Command attacks 4881:12 November 2022 at the 4865:11 November 2022 at the 4596:Iranian Foreign Ministry 3463:. AFP. 27 December 2022. 3354:. AFP. 15 November 2022. 3297:. AFP. 11 November 2022. 2683:. AP. October 25, 2022. 1810: 1787:Algiers Agreement (2000) 1759:'s Executive Secretary, 1430:Chinese Foreign Ministry 1362:African Union Commission 1218:James Madison University 1105:Potential to end the war 983:Cessation of hostilities 970:Ethiopian Electric Power 5372:Eritrean Defence Forces 5160:TDF–OLA joint offensive 4895:2 November 2022 at the 3659:. AFP. 4 November 2022. 3559:. AFP. 6 December 2022. 3336:. AP. 12 November 2022. 2890:. AFP. 2 November 2022. 2872:. AFP. 3 November 2022. 2329:Global Conflict Tracker 1603:U.S. Secretary of State 1544:Vice President of Sudan 1378: 1255:Dessalegn Chanie Dagnew 1063:Eritrean Defence Forces 940:Restoration of services 525:Protection of civilians 369:Debretsion Gebremichael 325:Reescalation of the war 5908:Tigrayan peace process 5239:Interim Administration 5108:Hachalu Hundessa riots 5057:2014–16 Oromo protests 5029:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 4519:Foreign Affairs Canada 2204:on September 19, 2022. 2043:. September 19, 2022. 1791:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1282: 1058: 1007: 718:Nairobi, Kenya in 2023 663:Ethiopian constitution 488:Terms of the agreement 461:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka 430: 429:Pretoria, South Africa 399: 331:March–August ceasefire 304:massacres of civilians 277:Tigrayan peace process 253:government of Ethiopia 133:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka 5779:Hamdayet (Ethiopians) 5367:Tigray Defense Forces 5145:Asmara rocket attacks 5041:Elections in Ethiopia 4333:Amnesty International 4284:Amnesty International 4147:Amnesty International 2114:. December 20, 2021. 1547:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 1503:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 1309:, a former member of 1286:Amnesty International 1280: 1273:Human rights concerns 1156:Further information: 1052: 998: 870:Tigray Defence Forces 669:Transitional measures 452:Horn of Africa envoy 428: 377: 5888:2022 in South Africa 5093:Tripartite Agreement 4859:PDF of the agreement 4499:on 18 November 2022. 4298:on November 2, 2022. 3214:Africanews & AFP 3066:. 12 November 2022. 2617:Agence France-Presse 2592:on 15 November 2022. 2443:Agence France-Presse 2422:. 12 September 2022. 2282:on 16 October 2022. 1673:UN Secretary-General 1500:President of Liberia 1466:France, through its 1451:Djiboutian President 1122:Tigrayan disarmament 1017:Shire, Tigray Region 922:World Food Programme 912:On 15 November, the 902:Agence France-Presse 675:transitional justice 595:The TPLF agreed to: 463:. TPLF spokesperson 346:UN Secretary-General 310:, and a devastating 5913:History of Pretoria 4639:on 3 November 2022. 4562:on 7 November 2022. 4451:on 6 November 2022. 4396:The Washington Post 4316:. 15 November 2022. 4150:. 26 February 2021. 4130:. Associated Press. 3826:. 21 November 2022. 3601:. 29 November 2022. 3481:. 28 December 2022. 3445:. 23 November 2022. 3427:. 12 November 2022. 3390:. 26 November 2022. 3372:. 26 November 2022. 3318:. 12 November 2022. 3239:. 11 November 2022. 3216:. 11 November 2022. 3117:. 12 November 2022. 2969:. Associated Press. 2776:. Associated Press. 2710:on 2 November 2022. 2570:on 27 October 2022. 2527:. Associated Press. 2464:. 9 September 2022. 2446:. 9 September 2022. 2400:. 20 October 2022. 2380:. Associated Press. 2361:on 4 November 2022. 2228:on August 25, 2022. 1728:Acting Director of 1454:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh 1257:and advocacy group 1239:proceeded to commit 884:Humanitarian access 860:Nairobi Declaration 702: 701:Nairobi Declaration 549:Humanitarian access 375:did not intervene: 373:UN Security Council 312:humanitarian crisis 28: 4839:. 2 November 2022. 4781:. 2 November 2022. 4719:. 3 November 2022. 4699:. 3 November 2022. 4679:. 4 November 2022. 4659:. 3 November 2022. 4616:. 8 November 2022. 4614:Tasnim News Agency 4598:. 8 November 2022. 4580:. 3 November 2022. 4539:. 3 November 2022. 4476:. 3 November 2022. 4356:. 4 November 2022. 4353:Human Rights Watch 4336:. 3 November 2022. 4288:Human Rights Watch 4167:Human Rights Watch 4089:. 7 November 2022. 4071:. 5 November 2022. 4027:. 4 November 2022. 3899:Al Jazeera English 3880:The Globe and Mail 3808:. 11 January 2023. 3750:. 4 December 2022. 3732:. 5 December 2022. 3695:. 1 December 2022. 3677:. 9 November 2022. 3583:. 6 November 2022. 3576:The Canberra Times 3176:. 3 November 2022. 2939:The New York Times 2794:. 28 October 2022. 2733:. 1 November 2022. 2704:The Globe and Mail 2663:. 26 October 2022. 2645:. 25 October 2022. 2619:. 24 August 2022. 2547:. 25 October 2022. 2524:The Globe and Mail 2352:The Globe and Mail 2331:. 20 October 2022. 2025:. 19 October 2022. 1942:. 2 November 2022. 1919:. 2 November 2022. 1798:, which ended the 1627:Karine Jean-Pierre 1296:Human Rights Watch 1283: 1210:The New York Times 1059: 1053:News footage from 1027:Amhara and Eritrea 1008: 958:Ethiopian Airlines 956:. On 23 November, 700: 431: 421:Negotiating period 389:The withdrawal of 237:Pretoria Agreement 235:, also called the 26: 5865: 5864: 5838: 5837: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5150:Mekelle offensive 5121: 5120: 3965:. 23 March 2023. 3933:. 17 March 2023. 3498:BBC News Tigrinya 2325:"War in Ethiopia" 2160:. June 14, 2022. 1683:Stéphane Dujarric 1327:Initial reactions 1050: 857: 856: 766:Olusegun Obasanjo 439:Olusegun Obasanjo 306:, accusations of 229: 228: 109:Olusegun Obasanjo 5960: 5943:2020s in Nairobi 5883:2022 in Ethiopia 5857: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5518: 5504:Internment camps 5499:Ethnic profiling 5473: 5472: 5422: 5421: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5252: 5251: 5140:Battle of Humera 5017:Welkait question 5002: 5001: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4841: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4761:Voice of America 4752: 4741: 4740: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4635:. Archived from 4624: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4578:France Diplomacy 4570: 4564: 4563: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495:. Archived from 4484: 4478: 4477: 4464: 4453: 4452: 4447:. Archived from 4436: 4430: 4429: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4280: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4208: 4197: 4196: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4170:. 5 March 2021. 4158: 4152: 4151: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4040: 4029: 4028: 4024:Atlantic Council 4015: 4009: 4008: 3996: 3979: 3978: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843:Associated Press 3834: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3785:Voice of America 3776: 3770: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3693:Associated Press 3685: 3679: 3678: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3599:Associated Press 3591: 3585: 3584: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3218: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3166: 3137: 3136: 3133:Voice of America 3125: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3019:Associated Press 3010: 2997: 2996: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2706:. Archived from 2695: 2689: 2688: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2566:. Archived from 2555: 2549: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2355:. Archived from 2342: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2278:. Archived from 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2180:Voice of America 2172: 2166: 2165: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1983: 1975: 1944: 1943: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1820: 1761:Workneh Gebeyehu 1744: 1743: 1717: 1716: 1698:Director-General 1696: 1695: 1676:António Guterres 1671: 1670: 1612:State Department 1601: 1600: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1558: 1557: 1542: 1541: 1528: 1527: 1514: 1513: 1497: 1496: 1479: 1478: 1465: 1464: 1449: 1448: 1438:press conference 1428: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1348: 1347: 1243:ethnic cleansing 1202:Associated Press 1116:Atlantic Council 1051: 842: 841: 840: 833: 829: 827: 826: 806: 805: 804: 794: 793: 792: 775: 774: 773: 765: 764: 763: 735:12 November 2022 716: 703: 699: 656:, and that "the 555:humanitarian aid 443:Kenyan President 349:António Guterres 212: 211: 210: 203: 199: 197: 196: 176: 175: 174: 164: 163: 162: 143: 142: 141: 131: 130: 129: 119: 118: 117: 107: 106: 105: 41: 29: 25: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5834: 5808: 5792: 5765: 5729:Sexual violence 5716: 5685: 5604: 5508: 5487: 5456: 5420: 5403: 5397: 5376: 5345: 5334: 5332: 5321: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5276: 5274: 5263: 5261: 5243: 5217: 5179: 5175:Battle of Shire 5155:Operation Alula 5117: 5071: 5034:border conflict 4993: 4988: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4908:Wayback Machine 4897:Wayback Machine 4883:Wayback Machine 4867:Wayback Machine 4850: 4845: 4844: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4753: 4744: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4625: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4485: 4481: 4466: 4465: 4456: 4437: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4388: 4384: 4365: 4361: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4264:. 12 June 2020. 4254: 4253: 4249: 4228: 4224: 4209: 4200: 4183: 4179: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4120: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4041: 4032: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3997: 3982: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3629: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3188: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3140: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3097: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3011: 3000: 2985: 2974: 2959: 2946: 2931: 2914: 2899: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2803: 2799: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2764: 2757: 2742: 2738: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2696: 2692: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2513: 2509: 2504:. The Guardian. 2492: 2488: 2473: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2370: 2366: 2343: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2294: 2290: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2127: 2123: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1911: 1910: 1899: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1783: 1738: 1711: 1690: 1665: 1662: 1595: 1579: 1565: 1552: 1536: 1522: 1517:Russian Embassy 1508: 1491: 1473: 1459: 1443: 1436:said, during a 1422: 1412: 1409: 1407:Other countries 1386: 1384: 1381: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1332:Signing parties 1329: 1275: 1226: 1167:suggested that 1164: 1154: 1133:Kjetil Tronvoll 1124: 1107: 1102: 1082: 1040: 1029: 1013: 985: 974:electrical grid 942: 892: 886: 862: 838: 836: 824: 822: 802: 800: 790: 788: 771: 769: 761: 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4473:Addis Standard 4454: 4431: 4413: 4382: 4359: 4339: 4319: 4314:Addis Standard 4301: 4267: 4247: 4222: 4198: 4177: 4153: 4133: 4111: 4092: 4087:Addis Standard 4074: 4054: 4030: 4010: 3980: 3962:Addis Standard 3948: 3930:Addis Standard 3916: 3902:. 2022-12-30. 3885: 3867: 3862:Bloomberg News 3848: 3829: 3824:Addis Standard 3811: 3806:Addis Standard 3790: 3771: 3753: 3735: 3730:Addis Standard 3717: 3712:Addis Standard 3698: 3680: 3675:Addis Standard 3662: 3644: 3623: 3604: 3586: 3562: 3544: 3523: 3503: 3484: 3466: 3448: 3443:Addis Standard 3430: 3425:Addis Standard 3412: 3407:Addis Standard 3393: 3375: 3370:Addis Standard 3357: 3339: 3321: 3300: 3282: 3261: 3242: 3237:Addis Standard 3219: 3201: 3179: 3138: 3120: 3115:Addis Standard 3095: 3076: 3064:Addis Standard 3043: 3038:Deutsche Welle 3024: 2998: 2972: 2944: 2912: 2893: 2875: 2855: 2838:. 2022-11-02. 2818: 2797: 2792:Addis Standard 2779: 2755: 2736: 2713: 2690: 2666: 2648: 2630: 2595: 2573: 2550: 2530: 2507: 2486: 2467: 2449: 2425: 2407: 2383: 2364: 2334: 2316: 2288: 2262: 2248:. 2022-10-31. 2245:Addis Standard 2231: 2207: 2185: 2167: 2140: 2121: 2099: 2076: 2050: 2028: 2007: 1990:. 2022-11-02. 1987:Addis Standard 1945: 1940:Deutsche Welle 1922: 1897: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1753: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1709: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1648:U.S. President 1630: 1621: 1606:Antony Blinken 1593: 1590:James Cleverly 1577: 1563: 1550: 1534: 1529:South Sudan's 1520: 1506: 1489: 1485:Nasser Kanaani 1471: 1457: 1441: 1420: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369:Redwan Hussien 1350:Prime Minister 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1274: 1271: 1225: 1222: 1172:Isaias Afwerki 1153: 1150: 1123: 1120: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1081: 1078: 1072:Addis Standard 1028: 1025: 1012: 1009: 984: 981: 941: 938: 888:Main article: 885: 882: 874:Tadesse Werede 861: 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