Ethiopian Jews in Israel

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of facilitating their assimilation to Jewish culture in Israel. By 1984, Ethiopian Jews opposed this policy, which they argued disregarded their religious practices as Jews. Many immigrants began to refuse to undergo conversion ceremonies and re-circumcision. In early 1985, the Chief Rabbinate changed the policy so that only Ethiopian Jews who wanted to marry as Jews in Israel would have to undergo the process. However, the Ethiopians still opposed the policy, which no other immigrant group in Israel had to undergo, and launched a strike on September 4, 1985. The strike aimed to achieve recognition as Jews without formal conversion or circumcision. Strikers also demanded that Ethiopians who wanted to marry as Jews should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, and with the involvement of Ethiopian elders. The Ethiopians set up their strike in Jerusalem, outside the office of the Chief Rabbinate. Located next to the Great Synagogue, this was a prime location because people walking to and from synagogue everyday could see the protest. Eventually, non-Ethiopian Israelis began to join the protest. The strike continued for a month, into Rosh Hashanah. Anxious for the strike to end before Yom Kippur, the Chief Rabbinate began to negotiate with the protesters. The protestors denied the compromises, and once Yom Kippur was over, the Chief Rabbinate stopped negotiating with the protestors. The protestors realized their demonstration was taking a step back, so in order to avoid humiliation they decided to accept a deal presented to them weeks prior to the end of the strike. The Ethiopian Jews and Israeli officials agreed that in order for Ethiopians to marry in Israel, they would need to apply with their local registrar. The registrar would take testimony from Ethiopian elders into account, and those who could prove Jewish lineage could get married without the conversion ceremony.

351: 2772: 781:) and has been on the rise in recent years (it was 62% in 2018 and 53% in 2013). The rate of eligibility for a matriculation certificate that meets the threshold requirements of the universities among 12th grade students of Ethiopian descent is 56.1% compared to 75.1% in the Hebrew education system overall (excluding ultra-Orthodox supervision) and 51.3% in the Arab education sector. the percentage of students of Ethiopian descent eligible for a matriculation certificate that meets university entrance requirements has been increasing in recent years, and the gap between them and the general Hebrew-speaking students has narrowed from 34 percentage points in 2016 to 19 in 2021. This gap is still high in comparison to the gap in matriculation certificate eligibility. 856:

obstacles in their integration to Israeli society. The Ethiopian Beta Israel community's internal challenges have been complicated by: entering a relatively modern country (Israel) from non-modern, rural, remote regions of Ethiopia (compared with other immigrant groups entering from industrialized countries, and who typically possess significantly greater formal education); the disruption of long-standing hierarchies and customs within Beta Israel in which elders lead and guide their community; racial prejudice; and a degree of lingering doubt within a minority of groups regarding the "Jewishness" of certain Ethiopians (e. g., the Falash Mura). However, with successive generations, Ethiopian Israelis have climbed in Israeli society.

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past. The Israeli authorities originally gave many of the new immigrants Hebrew given names, Hebrew names, and required them all to have family names, which did not exist in the Ethiopian society. These name-changes created a two-tier system, in which old and new names were used by the new immigrants. The immersion with the Hebrew language was not easy for the new immigrants, and the majority of the new immigrants never managed to master the language, even after living many years in Israel, resulting in a strong social marginalization. Finally, the questioning of their traditional religious practices by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel led to great confusion amongst the new immigrants.

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second wave of immigration in 1991 from Ethiopia. The first Master Plan contained an elaborate and detailed program. It covered issues of housing, education, employment, and practical organization, together with policy guidelines regarding specific groups, including women, youths, and single-parent families. Like earlier absorption policies, it adopted a procedural approach which assumed that the immigrants were broadly similar to the existing majority population of Israel. The Plans were created with a firm belief in assimilation. As noted in this section, results have been disappointing, and suggest that much greater attention needs to be paid to issues of ethnicity.

1032: 717:: In July 2024, the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA) announced the completion of a $ 9 million, two-year campaign to help Ethiopian immigrants, or olim, move to Israel. The campaign, which is part of "Operation Tzur Israel" ("Operation Rock of Israel"), helped 3,170 Ethiopians make aliyah, including 1,535 men, 1,635 women, and 754 families. Many of the immigrants were young, with 35% aged 18 to 35 and 39% under 18. The campaign also provided food and medicine to thousands of people in Addis Ababa and Gondar. With the support of JFNA, more than 100,000 Ethiopians have now made aliyah. 501:, was ousted as governor and his successor removed restrictions on travel. Beta Israel began to arrive in large numbers and the Mossad was unable to evacuate them in time. Due to poor conditions in the camps, many refugees died of disease and hunger. Of these victims, it is estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 were Beta Israel. In late 1984, the Sudanese government, following the intervention of the United States, allowed the emigration of 7,200 Beta Israel refugees to Europe. They immediately flew from there to Israel. The first of two operations during this period was 2983: 868:

language. Unlike Russian immigrants, many of whom arrived with job skills, Ethiopians came from a subsistence economy and were ill-prepared to work in an industrialized society. Since then, much progress has been made. Through military service, most Ethiopian Beta Israel have been able to increase their chances for better opportunities. Today, most Ethiopian Beta Israel have been for the most part integrated into Israeli society; however, a high drop-out rate is a problem, although a higher number are now edging towards the higher areas of society.

370:", decided to assist them. These supporters began organizing in associations, among others under the direction of Ovadia Hazzi, an Eritrean-born Yemeni Jew who married a Beta Israel woman in Israel. With the assistance of these support associations, a number of illegal immigrants managed to get their status regularized by the Israeli authorities. Some agreed to convert to Judaism, so as to be able to remain in Israel. People who obtained regularization often brought their families to Israel as well. 1044: 2718: 7502: 444: 660:: Operation Tzur Israel (Rock of Israel). The operation was implemented in two phases with the goal of facilitating the immigration of 5,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel, most of whom had close relatives already living there. The first phase, which ran from 28 November 2020 until March 15, 2021, brought 2,000 Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. The second phase, which began on June 2, 2022, brought another 3,000 immigrants, and concluded on 12 July 2023. 2969: 1021: 795: 528: 290: 25: 727: 2957:, the government investigation in 2016 into 35 Ethiopian women's claims found no evidence that forced birth control injections for Ethiopian-Israelis took place. In a subsequently published independent study, the rapid decline in fertility rate was shown to be "the product of urbanization, improved educational opportunities, a later age of marriage and commencement of childbirth and an earlier age of cessation of childbearing." 607:, with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel directly to Israel. Again, the operation was mainly carried out due to the intervention and international pressure of the U.S. Dr. Rick Hodes, an American doctor who emigrated to Ethiopia, was the medical director for Operation Solomon. It was a difficult two days as he covertly arranged for a number of very ill people to be air-lifted to Israel. 1060: 7512: 3247: 3832: 3940: 3914: 2726:

aware of the situation of most African diaspora communities in other Western countries, hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of discrimination. The Ethiopian Beta Israel community's internal challenges have been complicated by perceived racist attitudes in some sectors of Israeli society and the establishment.

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of rural living in Ethiopia, illiteracy was very common although young people were better educated, Therefore, the very abrupt transition from village life in Ethiopia to Israel, has been accompanied by adjustment crises which in turn greatly affected their learning and integration into Israeli society.

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announced: "I strongly condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier, and those responsible will be held accountable." Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence, Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community, including Pakado. Netanyahu

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In September 2006, the Israeli government's proposed 2007 budget included reducing Ethiopian immigration from 600 persons per month to 150. On the eve of the Knesset vote, the Prime Minister's office announced that the plan had been dropped. Advocates for the Falash Mura noted that although the quota

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Ethiopian Beta Israel are gradually becoming part of the mainstream Israeli society in religious life, military service (with nearly all males doing national service), education, and politics. Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews, who made aliyah to Israel, the Ethiopian Beta Israel have faced

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criticized international coverage of the issue, alleging that many Ethiopian women's procreational rights had been violated through poor medical practice on immigrant communities, but dismissed ideas of state-sponsored sterilization as false as the effects of Depo-Provera last only for three months.

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The break-up of many of the close and extended families after being brought to the various integration centers in Israel, as well as the initial integration with the Israeli society was very difficult for many of the new immigrants. Name-changing also caused a symbolic break with the new immigrants'

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According to a 1999 BBC article, a report commissioned by Israel's Ministry of Immigrant Absorption stated that 75% of the 70,000 Ethiopian Beta Israel community, living in Israel in 1999 could not read or write Hebrew. More than half the population could not hold a simple conversation in the Hebrew

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To prepare for the absorption of tens of thousands of Ethiopian Beta Israel, the State of Israel prepared two "Master Plans" (Ministry of Absorption, 1985, 1991). The first was prepared in 1985, a year after the arrival of the first wave of immigrants. The second updated the first in response to the

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Controversy regarding the treatment of Ethiopian Jews began as early as the 1980s. Early that decade, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate put a policy in place that required immigrants to go through a ritual conversion ceremony, accept Rabbinic law, and - for males - be re-circumcised, with the stated goal

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The first contact with Israel generally led to a culture shock amongst many of the new immigrants. Many of the Beta Israel immigrants, especially those who came from remote villages in Ethiopia, had never used electricity, elevators, flush toilets, or televisions. In addition, the adaptation to the

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In 2020 the net income per household among Israelis of Ethiopian descent amounted to 14,027 NIS, compared to 17,779 NIS for all Jewish households and 11,810 NIS for Arab households. The income gap between Israelis of Ethiopian origin the overall population has narrowed from 44% in 2014 to 23%

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The biggest challenge to the Israeli Ethiopian Beta Israel community probably lies in the very low level of formal education of the immigrants. With some exceptions, when they first arrived in Israel, they had no useful training for a developed economy like that of Israel and due to the oral nature

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The city of Kiryat Malakhi has a large concentration of Ethiopian Beta Israel, with 17.3% of the town’s population being members of the Beta Israel as of 2006. This proportion would slightly decline to 16% by 2019. Southern towns, including Qiryat Gat, Kiryat Malakhi, Be'er Sheva, Yavne, Ashkelon,

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Individual Ethiopian Beta Israel had lived in Eretz Yisrael prior to the establishment of the state. A youth group arrived in Israel in the 1950s to undergo training in Hebrew education, and returned to Ethiopia to educate young Beta Israeli community members there. Also, Ethiopian Beta Israel had

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birth control drug under intimidation, and without full explanation of its effects, although, in response to a letter from the Association of Civil Rights in Israel, the Israeli health ministry instructed all health maintenance organizations not to use the treatment unless patients understand the

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with Walla Bayach, an Israeli of Ethiopian descent, brought the Ethiopian community to protest. Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20, 2015, to decry what they view as "rampant racism" and violence in Israel directed at their community. Israel Police

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In May 2015, The Jewish Daily Forward described the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel as one that has "long complained of discrimination, racism, and poverty". The absorption of Ethiopians in Israeli society represents an ambitious attempt to deny the significance of race. Israeli authorities,

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Weil, S., 2016. "The Complexities of Conversion among the 'Felesmura'". In: Eloi Ficquet, Ahmed Hassen and Thomas Osmond (eds.), Movements in Ethiopia, Ethiopia in Movement: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa: French Center for Ethiopian Studies,

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In April 2015, an Ethiopian IDF soldier was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh, was arrested and then released, after being accused of attacking the policeman. Pakadeh is an orphan who

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threatened to fire any school principal from Shas's school system who refused to receive Ethiopian students. The Israeli Education Ministry decided to pull funding from the Lamerhav, Da'at Mevinim, and Darkhei Noam schools, which refused to accept the students. Israeli Prime Minister

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met with representatives of the Israeli Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and members of the community. When over a thousand people protested police brutality against Ethiopians and dark-skinned Israelis, Prime Minister

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creates a sense of pride in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government is also an important ally of Israel on the international stage. Israel often sends expert assistance for development projects in Ethiopia. Strategically, Israel "has always aspired to protect itself by means of a

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emigrated from Ethiopia with his siblings in 2008. He believes the incident was racially motivated, and that, if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Instead, the police officer and volunteer were suspended pending an investigation. Likud MK

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In 2012, Israel appointed the country's first Ethiopian-born ambassador, Beylanesh Zevadia. According to the foreign minister of Israel, this represents an important milestone in fighting racism and prejudice. This was followed in 2020 by the appointment of

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Tests conducted on 650 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated to Israel in 1984–1990 and 5,200 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated in 1990–1992 revealed no HIV carriers before July 1990. Nevertheless, among the 5,200 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated during

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Between the years 1963 and 1975, a relatively small group of Beta Israel emigrated to Israel. The Beta Israel immigrants during that period were mainly men who had studied and come to Israel on a tourist visa, and then remained in the country illegally.

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and natives of countries which have been widely affected by the AIDS epidemic, including donations from the natives of Ethiopia. Since 1991, all immigrants from Ethiopia undergo mandatory HIV screenings, regardless of their intention to donate blood.

3201: 600:. Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, together with several private groups, secretly prepared to continue with the migration. Over the course of the next 36 hours, a total of 34 4029:"Kaïliña – a "new" Agaw dialect and its implications for Agaw dialectology". In Voice and Power. The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Ed. by R.J. Hayward & I. Lewis. pp. 1–19. London, SOAS. 1996 (March). 761:

The unemployment rate among Ethiopian adults was high in the past, and in 2005 it was 65% among those aged 40 and over, but today it has decreased significantly and is lower than the unemployment rate in the general Israeli population

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Although some non-Jewish Ethiopians expressed bitterness towards the Beta Israel emigration out of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Jews have close ties with Ethiopian people and tradition. Achievements by the Ethiopian Jews like

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February 2: The Israeli Supreme Court issues an interim order halting the immigration of 3,000 Ethiopians with close relatives in Israel, while hearing an appeal alleging many of them had faked their claims of Jewish

479:, which often escorted them to the Sudanese border. Many Ethiopian Jews also immigrated to Israel to flee from the civil war, famine during and after the war, as well as hostility toward Ethiopian Jews. In 1981, the 2941:(Hebrew: Woman to Woman), an Israeli women's rights organization. Hedva Eyal, the report's author, stated: "We believe it is a method of reducing the number of births in a community that is black and mostly poor." 232:, a community of Beta Israel which had converted to Christianity over the course of the past two centuries, but were permitted to immigrate to Israel upon returning to Israelite religion—this time largely to 772:

In 2021 the percentage of 12th-grade students of Ethiopian descent taking matriculation exams was 92%, compared with 95.2% of the students in the Hebrew education system overall.The rate of eligibility for a

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Bar-Yehuda, S; Weisman, Z; Kalinkovich, A; Vonsover, A; Zlotnikov, S; Jehuda-Cohen, T; Bentwich, Z (January 1997). "High prevalence of HIV-specific immunity in seronegative Ethiopian immigrants in Israel".

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been trickling into Israel prior to the 1970s. The numbers of such Ethiopian immigrants grew after the Israeli government officially recognized them in 1973 as Jews, entitled to Israeli citizenship.

350: 5302: 2871:. The police force was surprised and unprepared for the violence that erupted, leading to policemen being injured by stones, sticks, and steel rods. The police repelled the demonstrators with 5191: 2898:. After several months, the committee published its conclusions, calling for a change in policy. The Committee did not find evidence of racism, although some researchers have contested this. 251:(1991). Today, Israel is home to the largest Beta Israel community in the world, with about 168,800 citizens of Ethiopian descent in 2022, who mainly reside in southern and central Israel. 2771: 2816:

said the meeting would include Danino and representatives of several ministries, including Immigrant Absorption. Danino already announced that the officer who beat Pakado had been fired.

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to prosecute the police officer and volunteer, saying they engaged in "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us".

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The following is a list of the most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel in localities above 2,000 people, as of 2022, which account for 77.5% of the group's population.

7222: 3554: 505:(original name: "The Lion of Judah's Cub"), which took place between November 20, 1984 and January 20, 1985, during which time 6,500 people emigrated to Israel. A few weeks later, the 4707:

Alkan, ML; Maayan, S; Belmaker, I; Arbeli, Y; Mani, N; Ben-Yshai, F (June–July 1993). "Serological markers for hepatitis B and treponemal infection among HIV carriers from Ethiopia".

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Despite those challenges, large improvement has been made in terms of educational attainment and socio-economic status in recent years and progress is being made on several fronts.

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were given birth control while in transit camps. The drug has existed for around thirty years and about forty percent of women use this method of birth control in Ethiopia.

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party, now repurposed as an unrelated "shelf party", saw itself as the political representative of the community, though other parties include Ethiopian members. In 2006,

4166: 5295: 3416: 5171: 3084:"The Ethiopian Jews of Israel - Personal Stories of Life in the Promised Land - by Len Lyons, PHD; - Photographs by Ilan Ossendryver - Foreword by Alan Dershowitz" 493:: this emigration wave was in part motivated by word of mouth reports on the success of the emigration of many Jewish refugees to Israel. In 1983, the governor of 4468: 4521: 4342: 3190:. Addis Ababa: French Center for Ethiopian Studies, Institute of Ethiopian Studies of Addis Ababa University; Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers, Vol. 1 pp.435-445. 2733:. However, the delay may be attributed to religious motivations rather than racism, since there was debate whether or not Beta Israel people were indeed Jewish. 4764:

Pollack, S; Ben-Porath, E; Fuad, B; Raz, R; Etzioni, A (August 1994). "Epidemiological and serological studies in HIV-infected Ethiopian immigrants to Israel".

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refused to accept a large increase in Ethiopian immigrants due to fear of having the property of the town decrease in value or having an increase in crime.

4964: 4114: 596:: In 1991, the political and economic stability of Ethiopia deteriorated as rebels mounted attacks against, and eventually controlled, the capital city of 7576: 3523: 4480: 2856:

traced this back to a misinterpretation of a 1984 instruction to mark blood donations from Ethiopian immigrants due to a relatively high prevalence of

4240: 5059: 4429: 634:, which was and still is mainly subjected to political developments in Israel. These immigrants are required to convert from Christianity to Judaism. 908:, in a conscious attempt to represent diverse geographic and ethnic groups. Shas was not the only party attempting to appeal to the Ethiopian vote. 5650: 3257: 498: 3109: 5464: 4494: 4417: 5605: 4590: 4141: 3620: 7581: 2798:

against Ethiopian Israelis, with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and treated more harshly than other citizens".

467:, called the Beta Israel to come to Sudan where they would eventually be taken to Israel via Europe. Jewish Ethiopian refugees from the 6193: 3491: 2883:. 41 policemen and 20 demonstrators were injured, and 200 cars belonging to the employees of the Prime Minister's Office were damaged. 2819: 2775: 89: 4734: 4004: 3806: 777:

certificate among 12th grade students of Ethiopian descent is 77.1%(compared to 85.1% in the Hebrew education sector and 74.5% in the

7434: 6889: 4394: 816: 549: 311: 61: 42: 5145: 7536: 7334: 6698: 5617: 389:, and eventually acknowledged their "Jewishness" in February 1973. This ruling was initially rejected by the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi 4884: 3474: 2905:

in the wake of the Israeli Health Ministry's decision to continue the MDA policy of disposing of donations from high-risk groups.

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policy that drew heavy criticism in Israel and worldwide. According to the policy, which was not brought to the attention of the

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In 1973, Ovadia Hazzi officially raised the question of the "Jewishness" of the Beta Israel with Israel's Sephardi Chief Rabbi

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Seeman, D (June 1999). "One people, one blood": public health, political violence, and HIV in an Ethiopian-Israeli setting".

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November 28: The Israeli government approves the resumption of immigration for the remainder of the community from Ethiopia.

5643: 6673: 4444: 75: 7369: 6590: 6411: 5459: 3252: 3062: 228:

who now reside in Israel. To a lesser, but notable, extent, the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is also composed of

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broke out in July 2019 after Solomon Teka, a young Ethiopian man, was shot and killed by an off-duty policy officer, in

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Zerihun, Muluken Fekadie; Malik, Tabarak; Ferede, Yohannes Mulu; Bekele, Tesfahun; Yeshaw, Yigizie (August 15, 2019).

513:. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the intervention and international pressure of the United States. 7571: 7566: 7515: 6978: 6688: 6372: 5494: 4058: 4034: 3351: 2852:

or donors, blood donations received from Ethiopian immigrants and their offspring were secretly disposed of. A later

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Farmer P., 'AIDS and accusation. Haiti and the geography of blame', University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992.

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On November 6, 2006, hundreds of Ethiopian protesters clashed with police while attempting to block the entrance to

924:'s Ethiopian absorption department, was ranked 33rd on Kadima's list, and Avraham was number three on Herut's list. 824: 557: 319: 7339: 6523: 6244: 6217: 5260: 948:

The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens and amongst the Ethiopian Beta Israel in Israel is

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Movements in Ethiopia, Ethiopia in Movement: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies

5636: 5563: 4217:"The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2022" 4191: 3248:"The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2023" 3016: 960:

at home with their family members and friends. The Amharic language and the Tigrinya language are written in the

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Institute of Ethiopian Studies of Addis Ababa University; Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers, Vol. 1 pp. 435–445.

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In 2009, schoolchildren of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into three semi-private Haredi schools in

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Gerald M. Oppenheimer, 'In the eye of the storm: The epidemiological construction of AIDS', pp. 267–300, in

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November 14: Falasha in Israel stage a protest so their relatives left behind in Ethiopia can go to Israel.

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protested against the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of HIAS in

5088:"Changes in body weight and blood pressure among women using Depo-Provera injection in Northwest Ethiopia" 3595:"Operation "Tzur Yisrael" has concluded with the arrival of the 9th and last flight carrying 300 New Olim" 7364: 7319: 7247: 6894: 6508: 6040: 5952: 5520: 5469: 2894:

The public outcry led to the establishment of a commission of inquiry headed by former Israeli president

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Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994

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claimants in Israel - slightly more than their representation in the population, which is close to 2%.

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The official memorial site to the memory of Ethiopian Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), who died in their

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The following is a list of the most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel, as of 2006:

82: 7505: 7145: 6998: 6993: 6179: 5986: 5739: 5366: 5336: 3037: 2849: 1006: 778: 420: 5270: 4314: 3966: 2794:

notes that in 2015, "there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of

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In 2004, racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting Ethiopian Beta Israel to Israel under the

7546: 6772: 6483: 6222: 6103: 5858: 5789: 5558: 5510: 5361: 5331: 5323: 5192:"No Evidence That Ethiopian-Israeli Women Were Forced to Take Birth-control Shot, Comptroller Says" 4978:

Walters, Leroy (1988). "Ethical Issues in the Prevention and Treatment of HIV Infection and AIDS".

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Demonstrations in Israel have occurred protesting the alleged racism against Ethiopian immigrants.

805: 538: 300: 4937:"Ethiopian-Israelis clash with police, disrupt Jerusalem traffic over discarding of donated blood" 4691:"ONE PEOPLE, ONE BLOOD: PUBLIC HEALTH, POLITICALVIOLENCE, AND HIV IN AN ETHIOPIAN-ISRAELI SETTING" 4629: 3417:"Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas" 7551: 7481: 7273: 6928: 6599: 5939: 5863: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5816: 5811: 5794: 5744: 5535: 5515: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5389: 5384: 5346: 4522:"Dozens arrested in demonstrations protesting Ethiopian-Israeli's shooting death by off-duty cop" 3461: 3228: 3183: 3026: 809: 542: 506: 304: 35: 5875: 5275: 5024:

and Daniel M. Fox, eds., 'AIDS: The Burdens of History', (University of California Press, 1988)

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The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh and alleged brutality of officials from Israel's

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March 15: The first phase of the operation concludes, with 2,000 immigrants brought to Israel.

642:: In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia. 7451: 7376: 7283: 7199: 7184: 7138: 7133: 7008: 6648: 6575: 6570: 6441: 6284: 6231: 6072: 5890: 5761: 5712: 5553: 5548: 4301: 3283:

The Chief Rabbinate of the Land of Israel and the Jews of Ethiopia during the British Mandate

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from Ethiopia to Israel in two waves of mass immigration assisted by the Israeli government:

4456: 3886: 7541: 7409: 7189: 6988: 6738: 5821: 5717: 5685: 5449: 4987: 4809:"Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?" 4742: 3859: 3006: 2760:

spoke out against the rejection of Ethiopian children, calling it "a moral terror attack".

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in the mid 1970s began to arrive at the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Beta Israel came from

4911: 2747:. An Israeli government official criticized the Petah Tikva Municipality and the schools. 872:

was set at 600 per month in March 2005, actual immigration has remained at 300 per month.

404:(an Israeli act which grants all the Jews in the world the right to immigrate to Israel). 8: 7167: 7158: 7123: 6899: 6528: 6333: 6108: 6045: 6017: 6002: 5722: 4646:

Kaplan, Edward H. (April–June 1999). "Implicit Valuation of a Blood-exclusion Decision".

4591:"Israel's ban on use of Ethiopians' blood: how many infectious donations were prevented?" 3770: 1541: 1503: 468: 6316: 4991: 4469:

Netanyahu condemns police beating of Ethiopian soldier, but calls for calm amid protests

7441: 7324: 7090: 7053: 7013: 6948: 6663: 6138: 6060: 6024: 6012: 5771: 5766: 5667: 5232: 5122: 5087: 4958: 4888: 4833: 4824: 4808: 4789: 4777: 4690: 4671: 4621: 4571: 4289: 4071: 3569:"Last 'Operation Zur Israel' flight lands in Israel, bringing new Ethiopian immigrants" 3398: 3381:

Kaplan, Stephen (1988). "The Beta Israel and the Rabbinate: Law, Ritual and Politics".

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According to a TV program in 2012, female Ethiopian immigrants may have been given the

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Times of Israel rabbi-of-8000-stranded-ethiopian-jews-fights-to-complete-their-exodus/

7404: 7344: 7204: 7070: 6938: 6829: 6585: 6560: 6055: 5127: 5109: 5041: 5025: 5003: 4866: 4838: 4781: 4716: 4663: 4613: 4563: 4054: 4030: 3778: 3555:"130 Ethiopian Olim Arrive in Israel, Second Phase of Operation Tzur Israel Complete" 3402: 3331: 3001: 2888: 965: 961: 957: 591: 248: 173: 6609: 4793: 4675: 4625: 4575: 3087: 7177: 6846: 6799: 6767: 6693: 6631: 6614: 6580: 6513: 6478: 6473: 6451: 6446: 6382: 6360: 6264: 6239: 6202: 6113: 5680: 5117: 5099: 4995: 4828: 4820: 4773: 4655: 4605: 4555: 4367: 3716: 3690: 3594: 3540: 3390: 3135: 2867:

A few days after the expose, ten thousand Beta Israel demonstrated in front of the

2845: 2795: 1864: 953: 510: 233: 189: 165: 7102: 3297:"Religion, Blood and the Equality of Rights: The Case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel" 900:

Jews of Sephardic and Middle Eastern background, included an Ethiopian rabbi from

7128: 7060: 6983: 6865: 6841: 6809: 6804: 6755: 6728: 6718: 6624: 6503: 6323: 6306: 6269: 6259: 6123: 6118: 5981: 5976: 5962: 5947: 5751: 5707: 5695: 5315: 4049:, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, 4046: 3666:"High Court Halts Immigration of 3,000 Ethiopians With Close Relatives in Israel" 3568: 2783: 2228:

Table - The Population of Ethiopian Origin at the End of 2022, in Main Localities

2224:

Rehovot, Kiryat Ekron, and Gedera have significant Ethiopian Jewish populations.

502: 472: 416: 382: 273: 244: 157: 2891:", there were 118 HIV carriers, who made up 2.3 percent of the test population. 7471: 7456: 6968: 6958: 6916: 6884: 6879: 6819: 6723: 6668: 6658: 6619: 6461: 6456: 6345: 6254: 6133: 5880: 5853: 5690: 5600: 4659: 4430:

Video: Police suspended after assaulting IDF soldier in incident caught on tape

3394: 2872: 2853: 2807: 2787: 2111: 2073: 1807: 1674: 1294: 976: 897: 743: 707:

July 12: Operation Tzur Israel concludes with a final flight of 130 immigrants.

614: 408: 140: 5104: 4807:

Bentwich, Z.; Weisman, Z.; Moroz, C.; Bar-Yehuda, S.; Kalinkovich, A. (1996).

4559: 4142:"In southern Likud stronghold, young Ethiopians lose patience with status quo" 3453: 7530: 7172: 7097: 7033: 6963: 6824: 6814: 6794: 6782: 6750: 6545: 6466: 6399: 6328: 6289: 5967: 5113: 5021: 4343:"Ethiopian children cannot go to school in Or Yehuda while politicians argue" 2988: 2974: 2895: 2876: 2730: 1826: 1655: 1617: 1218: 1043: 984: 980: 949: 921: 401: 397: 355: 5310: 4999: 7429: 7424: 7263: 6921: 6911: 6643: 6249: 5910: 5905: 5885: 5781: 5756: 5311: 5131: 4667: 4567: 3051: 2926: 2752: 2092: 1769: 1750: 1693: 1389: 1071: 1001: 917: 696:

June 1: Second phase of operation begins with an airlift of 181 immigrants.

648:: In April 2019, an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia. 464: 412: 390: 386: 374: 209: 5007: 4870: 4842: 4785: 4720: 4617: 3435:

From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry

7446: 7288: 7112: 7075: 7065: 7038: 6653: 6565: 6274: 5927: 5922: 5900: 5895: 5628: 4495:"ETHIOPIAN ISRAELIS CONTINUE PROTESTS AS FAMILY OF VICTIM CALLS FOR CALM" 4100: 3717:"Operation Tzur Yisrael: 181 new immigrants land in Israel from Ethiopia" 3506:"Forty-three Falashmura Arrive in Israel, Accompanied by Likud Lawmakers" 2861: 2823: 2744: 2149: 1978: 1940: 1275: 1052: 631: 597: 229: 221: 201: 5957: 5236: 5220: 3541:"Operation Tzur Israel reaches milestone: 5,000 Ethiopian olim reunited" 3368:, Nijmegen, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, 1984, p. 114 3312: 3296: 2717: 7414: 7085: 7025: 6743: 6350: 6338: 6065: 6007: 4293: 3366:

The Falashas In Ethiopia And Israel: The Problem of Ethnic Assimilation

1997: 1560: 1427: 1370: 997: 509:

evacuated the 494 Beta Israel refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel in

367: 2908:

To date, the MDA prohibits the use of blood donations from natives of

2589:(1) Localities with 2,000 or more residents of Ethiopian origin 6683: 4241:

Ethiopian Israelis Clash With Police as Anti-Racism Protests Escalate

3743:"Jewish Federations complete $ 9 million campaign for Ethiopian Olim" 3472: 2913: 2902: 2737: 2721:

Men attending a demonstration against racism and discrimination, 2012

2206: 1959: 1921: 1883: 1731: 1598: 1256: 1123: 901: 889: 484: 443: 4855: 1020: 794: 669:

March 11: Operation Tzur Israel brings 300 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.

527: 289: 24: 6834: 6787: 6733: 6550: 6434: 6404: 6387: 6171: 5700: 4885:"אגודה ישראלית למען יהודי אתיופיה - הזווית האחרת של פרשת שפיכת הדם" 4340: 2880: 2054: 2035: 1902: 1579: 1199: 726: 654:: On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasha arrived in Israel from Ethiopia. 604: 494: 400:

officially accepted the Beta Israel as Jews for the purpose of the

225: 185: 144: 6279: 952:. The majority of the Beta Israel immigrants continue to speak in 7476: 7466: 6077: 5196: 5176: 5172:"Ethiopian women and birth control: when a scoop becomes a smear" 5064: 4457:

Ethiopians protest racist attack: 'Israel will be like Baltimore'

4418:

Thousands in Jerusalem protest racism against Ethiopian Israelis.

4399: 2953: 2943: 2912:, except South Africa, natives of Southeast Asia, natives of the 2187: 1712: 1522: 1446: 1161: 1104: 1036: 1024: 905: 4395:"Olmert: Ethiopian Jews Are Right to Feel Discriminated Against" 3807:"ההכנסה למשק בית אצל יוצאי אתיופיה נמוכה ב-40% מבכלל האוכלוסייה" 3647:"Government approves immigration of thousands of Ethiopian Jews" 1059: 1009:

that has included at various times Iran, Turkey, and Ethiopia".

6760: 6678: 6636: 6311: 5610: 5595: 5265: 3524:"Operation 'Tzur Israel' to Bring Jews from Ethiopia Takes off" 2931: 2803:

Administration of Border Crossings, Population, and Immigration

2130: 1845: 1788: 1484: 1237: 1142: 913: 731: 460: 456: 265: 240: 5146:"Furore in Israel over birth control drugs for Ethiopian Jews" 5060:"Israel admits Ethiopian women were given birth control shots" 4806: 7153: 6777: 4005:"Pnina Tamano-Shata: From desert exodus to member of cabinet" 3223:

Weil, Shalva (2007). "Operation Solomon by Stephen Spector".

2857: 2827: 2016: 1636: 1465: 1408: 1351: 1313: 1180: 1063: 601: 366:

Several of their supporters in Israel, who recognized their "

4945:. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008 3186:”. In: Eloi Ficquet, Ahmed Hassen and Thomas Osmond (eds.), 393:, who eventually changed his opinion on the matter in 1974. 377:. The rabbi, citing a rabbinic ruling from the 16th century 4329:

Israelis in conflict: hegemonies, identities and challenges

3941:"האוכלוסייה ממוצא אתיופי בישראל - לקט נתונים לרגל חג הסיגד" 3887:"יוצאי אתיופיה 2018: עובדים יותר; פערי השכר וההשכלה גדולים" 3833:"האוכלוסייה ממוצא אתיופי בישראל - לקט נתונים לרגל חג הסיגד" 3473:

Abdul Raouf Arnaout; Ali H. M.Abo Rezeg (October 8, 2018).

2748: 2247:

Population of Ethiopian origin out of total population (%)

2168: 893: 765:

In 2018, Israelis of Ethiopian descent made up 2.5% of all

476: 4321: 220:

are immigrants and descendants of the immigrants from the

4706: 4341:

Yuval Azoulay and Yulie Khromchenko (September 4, 2005).

4259:

Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns

3915:"האוכלוסייה המוסלמית בישראל – נתונים לרגל חג הקורבן 2023" 3475:"Israel vows to take in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia" 2864:

infections, in blood samples taken from this population.

1332: 5085: 4763: 4445:

Cops beat Ethiopian IDF soldier in alleged racist attack

3860:"שירות התעסוקה: צעירים יוצאי אתיופיה מתקשים למצוא עבודה" 3621:"Hundreds in Israel protest for rescue of Ethiopia Jews" 3110:"Ethiopian Jews in Israel still await the promised land" 721: 381:, asserted that the Beta Israel were descendants of the 4167:"Kiryat Malakhi Demonstrators: Proud of Our Skin Color" 3804: 3691:"High Court decides to resume aliyah of Ethiopian Jews" 3285:. Haberman Institute for Literary Studies. pp. 191–198. 1027:

is home to the largest Beta Israel community in Israel.

3805:ירון, לי; של "הארץ", כתבת הרווחה (November 10, 2015). 3771:

https://www.gov.il/he/departments/policies/dec787-2023

630:: From 1993 onwards, an irregular emigration began of 3204:. International Relations and Security Network (ISN) 3184:

The Complexities of Conversion among the ‘Felesmura’

2964: 2766: 2700:*Referred to as Judea & Samaria in the report. 940:, as the first Ethiopian-born government minister. 358:

visiting kindergarten class of Ethiopian immigrants

49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3301:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 16:Jews who came from Ethiopia to the State of Israel 5261:Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews 2593:Population of Ethiopian Origin by District, 2022 2244:Total Population of Ethiopian origin (thousands) 430:, to remove any doubt as to their Jewish status. 411:obtained clear rulings from Chief Sephardi Rabbi 7528: 4963:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 423:did, however, initially require them to undergo 4492: 4115:"Residential patterns among olim from Ethiopia" 2930:ramifications. Ethiopian Jewish women awaiting 4493:Keinon, Herb; Ahronheim, Anna (July 3, 2019). 4274:, Scarecrow Press; Reprint edition 2002, p. 40 3992:J'lem appoints first Ethiopian-born ambassador 3059:"The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel" 2736:In 2005, racism was alleged when the mayor of 6187: 5644: 5296: 5014: 621: 4849: 4420:January 18, 2012. Accessed February 9, 2015. 4368:"Deal reached on Petah Tikva Ethiopian olim" 3136:"ynet – 20 שנה לעליית יהודי אתיופיה - חדשות" 693:March 15: The Court lifts the interim order. 268:in modern times came in 1934 along with the 6162:from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014. 4541: 4539: 4481:Anti-Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent 4192:"The Situation of Ethiopian Jews in Israel" 2937:The practice was first reported in 2010 by 823:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 556:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 318:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 279: 7577:Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent 6194: 6180: 5658: 5651: 5637: 5573:Non-Jewish groups (with Jewish minorities) 5303: 5289: 5225:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 4800: 3437:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 137 2776:July 2019 Ethiopian Jews protest in Israel 990: 883: 517: 433: 5121: 5103: 4971: 4832: 4757: 4253: 4251: 4249: 843:Learn how and when to remove this message 576:Learn how and when to remove this message 396:In April 1975, the Israeli government of 338:Learn how and when to remove this message 259: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 6155:from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957. 5618:Historical Jewish population comparisons 5034: 4639: 4582: 4536: 4264: 3330:. Wayne State University Press Detroit. 3325: 3225:Studies in Contemporary Jewry, an Annual 3159: 2770: 2716: 2708: 2604:% of total Ethiopian Israeli population 1058: 1042: 1030: 1019: 975:Historically, Ethiopian Jews had spoken 737: 725: 442: 349: 264:The first Ethiopian Jews who settled in 4977: 4700: 784: 7529: 5218: 5057: 4813:Clinical & Experimental Immunology 4645: 4588: 4545: 4246: 3967:"Knesset to swear in 2nd Ethiopian MK" 3884: 3663: 3380: 3328:For Our Soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel 3263:from the original on November 25, 2023 143:population, about 1.75% of the total 6175: 5632: 5284: 5276:Association of Ethiopian Jews website 4519: 4392: 4331:, Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p. 155 4112: 3909: 3907: 3857: 3765: 3763: 3535: 3533: 3503: 3376: 3374: 3227:. Vol. 22. New York and Oxford: 722:Integration and Socio-economic status 463:agents operating in Sudan, including 438: 7511: 6201: 4910:אבבה, דני אדינו (November 6, 2006). 4909: 4243:The Jewish Daily Forward, 3 May 2015 4106: 3294: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3222: 3199: 3160:Nahshoni, Kobi (November 15, 2010). 916:both had Ethiopians on their lists. 821:adding citations to reliable sources 788: 554:adding citations to reliable sources 521: 316:adding citations to reliable sources 283: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 5184: 5164: 5058:Nesher, Talila (January 27, 2013). 4513: 4053:, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. 3747:Jewish Federations of North America 3063:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 1035:Ethiopian Beta Israel Synagogue in 475:, which was then controlled by the 13: 7582:Ethiopian-Jewish culture in Israel 4825:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-612.x 4778:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13327.x 4688: 4486: 4447:The Times of Israel, 27 April 2015 3904: 3760: 3599:Ministry of Aliyah and Integration 3530: 3371: 3162:"Rabbis: Falash Mura must convert" 2833: 970:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 934:Minister of Aliyah and Integration 415:that they were descendants of the 14: 7593: 5254: 4393:Ravid, Barak (December 9, 2007). 4139: 3885:ויסברג, הילה (November 8, 2018). 3858:פרנקל, בילי (November 24, 2019). 3664:Maanit, Chen (February 2, 2022). 3235: 2767:Protests against police brutality 407:Later on, Israeli Prime Minister 7510: 7501: 7500: 6383:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4912:"במקום לבכות על הדם - ננקה אותו" 4589:Kaplan, Edward H. (April 1998). 3504:Yaron, Lee (February 25, 2020). 2981: 2967: 2920: 2786:called on National Police Chief 876:Israeli cuisine was difficult. 793: 617:Beta Israel emigrated to Israel. 526: 288: 23: 7537:Israeli Jews by national origin 5212: 5138: 5079: 5051: 4929: 4903: 4877: 4727: 4682: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4423: 4407: 4386: 4360: 4334: 4277: 4234: 4209: 4184: 4159: 4133: 4089: 4064: 4040: 4023: 3997: 3985: 3959: 3933: 3878: 3851: 3825: 3798: 3735: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3639: 3613: 3587: 3561: 3547: 3516: 3497: 3485: 3466: 3440: 3427: 3409: 3358: 3319: 3288: 3275: 3256:(in Hebrew). November 9, 2023. 3202:"Operation Solomon 20 Years On" 3017:History of the Jews in Ethiopia 964:, originally developed for the 658:29 November 2020 - 12 July 2023 379:David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra 34:needs additional citations for 4483:The New York Times, 3 May 2015 4009:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3971:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3721:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3695:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3494:Times of Israel April 25, 2019 3423:. New York. September 9, 1981. 3216: 3193: 3172: 3153: 3128: 3102: 3076: 3032:List of Israeli Ethiopian Jews 2703: 1: 7557:Ethiopian diaspora by country 4610:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10356-7 4520:Oster, Marcy (July 2, 2019). 4471:Jerusalem Post, 30 April 2015 3350:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 3044: 3012:History of the Jews in Africa 2241:Total population (thousands) 1012: 910:Herut - The National Movement 5314:by geographic origin in the 4942:International Herald Tribune 4270:Onolemhemhen Durrenda Nash, 4196:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3994:. Jerusalem Post, 02/28/2012 3253:Central Bureau of Statistics 2869:Office of the Prime Minister 2601:Ethiopian Israeli residents 447:Migration map of Beta Israel 7: 5564:Peruvian Jews (B'nai Moshe) 5271:Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal 4117:(in Hebrew). Archived from 3281:Greenfeld, Yitzhak (2011). 2960: 943: 239:Most of the community made 10: 7598: 7395:African diaspora religions 6519:Indigenous Black Canadians 4660:10.1177/0272989X9901900212 4272:The Black Jews of Ethiopia 3395:10.1177/053901888027003004 3383:Social Science Information 3326:G. Wagaw, Teshome (1993). 2850:Israeli Ministry of Health 622:Falash Mura (1993–present) 613:: During these years, the 254: 58:"Ethiopian Jews in Israel" 7496: 7385: 7370:African Hebrew Israelites 7355: 7309: 7246: 7235: 7215: 7146:Afro-Asians in South Asia 7111: 7024: 6859: 6709: 6494: 6420: 6230: 6216: 6209: 6147: 6091: 6033: 5995: 5938: 5780: 5666: 5588: 5572: 5534: 5503: 5375: 5322: 5105:10.1186/s13104-019-4555-y 4735:"שם המאמר: האיידס בישראל" 4261:, UPNE, 2004, pp. 139–140 3421:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3038:The Red Sea Diving Resort 2997:Ethiopia–Israel relations 421:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 200: 195: 184: 179: 156: 151: 136: 131: 7572:Jewish Agency for Israel 7567:Jewish Ethiopian history 6412:Turks and Caicos Islands 6099:African-American Hebrews 6034:Other non-Semitic groups 3022:Jewish Agency for Israel 280:Second wave: (1961–1975) 218:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 127:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 5521:Peruvian Jews (Iquitos) 5219:Kaplan, Steven (2016). 5000:10.1126/science.3340846 4560:10.1023/A:1005439308374 4072:"Americanchronicle.com" 3448:From Tragedy to Triumph 3229:Oxford University Press 3027:Jewish ethnic divisions 991:Relations with Ethiopia 938:35th Israeli government 896:, a party representing 884:Involvement in politics 746:Absorption Center, 2010 730:Beta Israel soldier in 518:Fourth wave (1990–1999) 434:Third wave: (1975–1990) 7400:Anti-African sentiment 5660:Demographics of Israel 5221:"Coercion and Control" 4309:Cite journal requires 4284:"Beta Israel people". 2830:, in northern Israel. 2778: 2722: 1091:Beta Israel population 1075: 1056: 1040: 1028: 747: 735: 448: 359: 354:Minister of Education 260:First wave (1934–1960) 7452:Civil rights movement 7340:Afro-Caribbean people 6649:Chestnut Ridge people 6571:African-American Jews 6373:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4146:www.timesofisrael.com 4076:Americanchronicle.com 3295:Weil, Shalva (1997). 3200:Weil, Shalva (2011). 2844:newspaper revealed a 2838:On January 24, 1996, 2774: 2720: 2709:Discrimination claims 1062: 1046: 1034: 1023: 983:(nearly extinct) and 779:Arab education sector 741: 729: 491:1983 – March 28, 1985 481:Jewish Defense League 446: 353: 196:Related ethnic groups 7410:Atlantic slave trade 7098:United Arab Emirates 5668:Israelis by religion 4501:. The Jerusalem Post 4097:"Why we need Turkey" 3653:. November 28, 2021. 3573:Israel National News 3526:. November 29, 2020. 3007:Aliyah from Ethiopia 904:in its list for the 817:improve this section 785:Absorption in Israel 550:improve this section 453:November 1979 – 1983 312:improve this section 43:improve this article 7299:Sierra Leone Creole 7150:India and Pakistan 6395:Trinidad and Tobago 6245:Antigua and Barbuda 5953:Madani and Fellahin 5536:Other Jewish groups 5180:. January 30, 2013. 4992:1988Sci...239..597W 4766:Acta Paediatr Suppl 4745:on December 5, 2000 4604:(9109): 1127–1128. 4548:Cult Med Psychiatry 4459:YNET, 30 April 2015 4103:, February 22, 2009 3627:. November 14, 2021 3364:Gerrit Jan Abbink, 3231:. pp. 341–343. 3116:. November 20, 2009 3090:on December 8, 2011 2594: 1504:Pardes Hanna-Karkur 469:Ethiopian Civil War 128: 7442:Black Lives Matter 7049:Ethiopian Israelis 6699:African immigrants 6674:Louisiana Redbones 6610:Chickasaw freedmen 6539:African immigrants 6307:Dominican Republic 5460:Saudi Arabian Jews 5357:South African Jews 5231:(1&2): 35–50. 5200:. January 20, 2016 5152:. January 28, 2013 5092:BMC Research Notes 4739:www1.snunit.k12.il 4433:The Jerusalem Post 4113:Almog, Oz (2008). 3973:. February 7, 2008 3433:Mitchell G. Bard, 3315:– via JSTOR. 2910:sub-Saharan Africa 2813:Benjamin Netanyahu 2792:The Jerusalem Post 2779: 2758:Benjamin Netanyahu 2723: 2592: 1076: 1068:Kfar HaNoar HaDati 1057: 1041: 1029: 930:Pnina Tamano-Shata 748: 736: 449: 439:Operation Brothers 428:Jewish conversions 360: 139:About 2.3% of the 126: 7562:Society of Israel 7524: 7523: 7492: 7491: 7405:Anti-Black racism 7345:British Jamaicans 7335:African Americans 7320:African Americans 7274:Americo-Liberians 7259:African Americans 7231: 7230: 7054:Sudanese refugees 6855: 6854: 6625:Seminole freedmen 6605:Cherokee freedmen 6586:Black Southerners 6561:African Americans 6509:African Americans 6169: 6168: 6092:Foreign nationals 6041:African Americans 5626: 5625: 5046:978-0-520-08343-1 5030:978-0-520-06395-2 4986:(4840): 597–603. 4635:on June 22, 2010. 4374:. August 31, 2009 4121:on March 28, 2012 3786:Missing or empty 3337:978-0-8143-4410-1 3002:Ethiopian cuisine 2889:Operation Solomon 2751:spiritual leader 2698: 2697: 2587: 2586: 2221: 2220: 853: 852: 845: 592:Operation Solomon 586: 585: 578: 348: 347: 340: 249:Operation Solomon 215: 214: 119: 118: 111: 93: 7589: 7514: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7244: 7243: 6632:Creoles of color 6615:Choctaw freedmen 6581:Black Mennonites 6514:Black Mennonites 6361:Jamaican Maroons 6317:Samaná Americans 6228: 6227: 6214: 6213: 6203:African diaspora 6196: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6158:Arameans have a 5735:Eastern Orthodox 5653: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5611:"Reverse Aliyah" 5305: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5107: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5055: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4891:on June 16, 2011 4887:. Archived from 4881: 4875: 4874: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741:. Archived from 4731: 4725: 4724: 4715:(6–7): 390–392. 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4648:Med Decis Making 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4628:. Archived from 4595: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4110: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4044: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697:. March 15, 2022 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3601:. March 15, 2021 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3575:. March 11, 2021 3565: 3559: 3558: 3557:. July 13, 2023. 3551: 3545: 3544: 3543:. July 12, 2023. 3537: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3378: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3244: 3233: 3232: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3197: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3055: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2860:, indicative of 2846:Magen David Adom 2796:police brutality 2595: 2591: 2476:Qiryat Mal’akhi 2294:Rishon LeZiyyon 2235: 2234: 1087:Total population 1078: 1077: 956:(primarily) and 848: 841: 837: 834: 828: 797: 789: 742:The entrance to 605:passenger planes 581: 574: 570: 567: 561: 530: 522: 511:Operation Joshua 343: 336: 332: 329: 323: 292: 284: 234:Rabbinic Judaism 190:Rabbinic Judaism 132:Total population 129: 125: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7547:Habesha peoples 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7488: 7462:Genetic history 7387: 7381: 7357: 7351: 7331:United Kingdom 7305: 7284:Afro-Brazilians 7239: 7237: 7227: 7211: 7116: 7107: 7020: 6863: 6851: 6711: 6705: 6576:Alabama Creoles 6496: 6490: 6422: 6416: 6221: 6205: 6200: 6170: 6165: 6143: 6087: 6029: 5991: 5977:Arab Christians 5934: 5776: 5662: 5657: 5627: 5622: 5606:Israelis abroad 5584: 5568: 5530: 5499: 5371: 5367:Venezuelan Jews 5337:Australian Jews 5318: 5316:Jewish diaspora 5309: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5056: 5052: 5039: 5035: 5019: 5015: 4976: 4972: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4854: 4850: 4805: 4801: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4544: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435:, 29 April 2015 4428: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4339: 4335: 4327:Kemp, Adriana, 4326: 4322: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4111: 4107: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4047:David Appleyard 4045: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3658: 3651:Times of Israel 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3379: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3324: 3320: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3246: 3245: 3236: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3177: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3114:Telegraph.co.uk 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3047: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2923: 2836: 2834:Blood donations 2784:Avraham Neguise 2769: 2711: 2706: 2252:National Total 1096: 1092: 1088: 1015: 993: 946: 932:to the post of 886: 849: 838: 832: 829: 814: 798: 787: 724: 624: 582: 571: 565: 562: 547: 531: 520: 503:Operation Moses 441: 436: 417:Ten Lost Tribes 344: 333: 327: 324: 309: 293: 282: 274:Italian Eritrea 262: 257: 245:Operation Moses 224:communities in 138: 137:168,800 (2022) 124: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7595: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7552:Ethiopian Jews 7549: 7544: 7539: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7508: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7472:Pan-Africanism 7469: 7464: 7459: 7457:Creole peoples 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7252: 7250: 7241: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7173:Black Dutchmen 7165: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6989:United Kingdom 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620:Creek freedmen 6617: 6612: 6607: 6593: 6591:Black Hispanic 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6557:United States 6555: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6500: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6462:Miskito people 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6272: 6270:Cayman Islands 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5955: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5589:Related topics 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5580:Dutch Israelis 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559:Pakistani Jews 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Ethiopian Jews 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Bulgarian Jews 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5455:Jordanian Jews 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5362:Uruguayan Jews 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5332:Argentine Jews 5328: 5326: 5324:Ashkenazi Jews 5320: 5319: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:Ethio-struggle 5263: 5256: 5255:External links 5253: 5250: 5249: 5211: 5183: 5163: 5137: 5078: 5050: 5033: 5013: 4970: 4928: 4902: 4876: 4865:(1): 117–118. 4848: 4819:(2): 239–243. 4799: 4756: 4726: 4699: 4681: 4654:(2): 207–213. 4638: 4581: 4554:(2): 159–195. 4535: 4524:. jta.org. JTA 4512: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4422: 4406: 4385: 4359: 4333: 4320: 4311:|journal= 4276: 4263: 4245: 4233: 4221:www.cbs.gov.il 4208: 4183: 4158: 4140:Magid, Jacob. 4132: 4105: 4088: 4063: 4039: 4022: 4011:. May 31, 2020 3996: 3984: 3958: 3945:www.cbs.gov.il 3932: 3919:www.cbs.gov.il 3903: 3877: 3850: 3837:www.cbs.gov.il 3824: 3797: 3759: 3734: 3723:. June 1, 2022 3708: 3682: 3656: 3638: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3546: 3529: 3515: 3496: 3484: 3479:Anadolu Ajansı 3465: 3452: 3439: 3426: 3408: 3389:(3): 357–370. 3370: 3357: 3336: 3318: 3287: 3274: 3234: 3215: 3192: 3171: 3152: 3127: 3101: 3075: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2978: 2962: 2959: 2922: 2919: 2873:rubber bullets 2854:public inquiry 2835: 2832: 2820:Large protests 2808:Yohanan Danino 2788:Yohanan Danino 2768: 2765: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504:Tel Aviv-Yafo 2501: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112:Yehud-Monosson 2109: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1808:Nazareth Illit 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675:Kiryat Motzkin 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1295:Kiryat Malakhi 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1014: 1011: 992: 989: 977:Agaw languages 966:Ge'ez language 945: 942: 920:, head of the 885: 882: 851: 850: 801: 799: 792: 786: 783: 767:income support 744:Mevaseret Zion 723: 720: 719: 718: 712: 711: 710: 709: 708: 699: 698: 697: 694: 691: 681: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 655: 649: 643: 636: 635: 623: 620: 619: 618: 608: 584: 583: 534: 532: 525: 519: 516: 515: 514: 507:U.S. Air Force 499:Melaku Teferra 497:region, Major 488: 459:activists and 440: 437: 435: 432: 409:Menachem Begin 346: 345: 296: 294: 287: 281: 278: 261: 258: 256: 253: 213: 212: 198: 197: 193: 192: 182: 181: 177: 176: 154: 153: 149: 148: 141:Israeli Jewish 134: 133: 122: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7594: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7517: 7509: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295:Sierra Leone 7294: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238:Afro-American 7234: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6773:French Guiana 6771: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Somali Bantus 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6596:Black Indians 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Affrilachians 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:New Brunswick 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6467:Miskito Sambu 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Dougla people 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290:Ganga-Longoba 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223:Latin America 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6161: 6160:status aparte 6157: 6154: 6153:status aparte 6151:Druze have a 6150: 6149: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996:Other Semitic 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Mountain Jews 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Moroccan Jews 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504:Sephardi Jews 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Bahraini Jews 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Lebanese Jews 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435:Georgian Jews 5433: 5431: 5430:Mountain Jews 5428: 5426: 5425:Bukharan Jews 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Egyptian Jews 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Algerian Jews 5398: 5396: 5395:Tunisian Jews 5393: 5391: 5390:Moroccan Jews 5388: 5386: 5385:Yemenite Jews 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347:Romanian Jews 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5022:Elizabeth Fee 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709:Isr J Med Sci 4703: 4692: 4689:SEEMAN, DON. 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4523: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4257:Rebhun, Uzi, 4254: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4059:3-927620-28-9 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4035:0-7286-0257-1 4032: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3780: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2989:Africa portal 2979: 2976: 2975:Israel portal 2965: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2951:According to 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2921:Birth control 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2896:Yitzhak Navon 2892: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877:water cannons 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2806:Commissioner 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2731:Law of return 2727: 2719: 2715: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865:Ma'ale Adumim 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1827:Kiryat Bialik 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656:Yokneam Illit 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Migdal HaEmek 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Be'er Ya'akov 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1219:Rishon LeZion 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095:% of City Pop 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1049:way to Israel 1045: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1007:non-Arab belt 1003: 999: 988: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:Modern Hebrew 941: 939: 935: 931: 925: 923: 922:Jewish Agency 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 847: 844: 836: 833:February 2024 826: 822: 818: 812: 811: 807: 802:This section 800: 796: 791: 790: 782: 780: 776: 770: 768: 763: 759: 755: 752: 745: 740: 733: 728: 716: 713: 706: 705: 703: 700: 695: 692: 688: 687: 685: 682: 677: 674: 671: 668: 667: 665: 662: 661: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 637: 633: 629: 626: 625: 616: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 595: 593: 588: 587: 580: 577: 569: 559: 555: 551: 545: 544: 540: 535:This section 533: 529: 524: 523: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 450: 445: 431: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 402:Law of Return 399: 398:Yitzhak Rabin 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 364: 357: 356:Yitzhak Navon 352: 342: 339: 331: 321: 317: 313: 307: 306: 302: 297:This section 295: 291: 286: 285: 277: 275: 271: 270:Yemenite Jews 267: 252: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 191: 187: 183: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 142: 135: 130: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7223:Saint Helena 7159:in Karnataka 7076:Saudi Arabia 7048: 6644:Brass Ankles 6285:Cape Verdean 6159: 6152: 6134:Doms (Gypsy) 6129:Palestinians 5948:Arab Muslims 5917: 5911:Bene Ephraim 5906:Bnei Menashe 5757:Samaritanism 5730:Christianity 5686:Conservative 5543: 5526:Turkish Jews 5485:Kuwaiti Jews 5465:Emirati Jews 5420:Iranian Jews 5415:Kurdish Jews 5377:Mizrahi Jews 5352:Russian Jews 5312:Israeli Jews 5240:. Retrieved 5228: 5224: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5195: 5186: 5175: 5166: 5154:. Retrieved 5150:Irinnews.org 5149: 5140: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5063: 5053: 5036: 5016: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4947:. Retrieved 4940: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4889:the original 4879: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4738: 4729: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4684: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4630:the original 4601: 4597: 4584: 4551: 4547: 4526:. Retrieved 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4498: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4371: 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4346: 4336: 4328: 4323: 4302:cite journal 4285: 4279: 4271: 4266: 4258: 4236: 4224:. Retrieved 4220: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4170: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4119:the original 4108: 4095:Zvi Bar'el, 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4075: 4066: 4050: 4042: 4025: 4015:September 1, 4013:. 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Retrieved 3053: 3036: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2939:Isha le'Isha 2938: 2936: 2927:Depo-Provera 2924: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2866: 2839: 2837: 2818: 2800: 2791: 2780: 2762: 2753:Ovadia Yosef 2742: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2712: 2699: 2686: 2588: 2420:Bet Shemesh 2322:Petah Tiqwa 2280:Be’er Sheva 2231: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2093:Hod HaSharon 1751:Tirat Carmel 1694:Kiryat Ekron 1390:Beit Shemesh 1072:Kfar Hasidim 1016: 1002:Kokhav Nolad 1000:winning the 994: 974: 962:Ge'ez script 947: 926: 887: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 839: 830: 815:Please help 803: 771: 764: 760: 756: 753: 749: 714: 701: 683: 663: 657: 651: 645: 639: 628:1993–present 627: 610: 589: 572: 563: 548:Please help 536: 490: 465:Ferede Aklum 452: 424: 413:Ovadia Yosef 406: 395: 391:Shlomo Goren 375:Ovadia Yosef 372: 365: 361: 334: 325: 310:Please help 298: 263: 247:(1984), and 238: 217: 216: 210:Beta Abraham 205: 169: 161: 123:Ethnic group 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 7542:Beta Israel 7482:Reparations 7447:Black power 7195:New Zealand 7026:Middle East 6979:Switzerland 6939:Netherlands 6654:Dominickers 6529:Nova Scotia 6447:El Salvador 6378:Saint Lucia 6368:Puerto Rico 6073:Circassians 5928:Falash Mura 5923:Beta Israel 5901:Bene Israel 5554:Indian Jews 5549:French Jews 5495:Kazakh Jews 5490:Afghan Jews 5480:Qatari Jews 5440:Syrian Jews 5405:Libyan Jews 5342:Polish Jews 5242:November 5, 5204:November 5, 5156:February 4, 5071:February 4, 5048:pp. 210–228 4749:January 13, 4288:: 104–117. 3947:(in Hebrew) 3921:(in Hebrew) 3866:(in Hebrew) 3839:(in Hebrew) 3813:(in Hebrew) 2862:Hepatitis B 2824:Kiryat Haim 2745:Petah Tikva 2704:Controversy 2675:West Bank* 2560:Qiryat Yam 2364:Qiryat Gat 2150:Even Yehuda 2074:Beit She'an 1941:Rosh HaAyin 1276:Petah Tikva 1053:Mount Herzl 987:(extinct). 918:Shlomo Mula 632:Falash Mura 598:Addis Ababa 230:Falash Mura 222:Beta Israel 202:Falash Mura 7531:Categories 7415:Coromantee 6830:Paramaccan 6744:Quilombola 6684:Melungeons 6442:Costa 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