607:
550:
20:
287:
750:
416:(which would eventually be created in 1923, but last only a month). Others did argue that the area should be annexed by Belgium - this idea was based on the premise that the "first Belgian king, Leopold I, himself of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, seemed a more endearing prospect than being party to a revolutionary republic as was being fought over in Germany". Local germanophone population of Eupen-Malmedy was heavily influenced by monarchism as well as Catholicism at the time.
131:
343:
1020:
664:
733:"The New Year's wishes have hardly been uttered when the children start going round from house to house in order to celebrate the three kings. The individual groups sing a song at the doors and demand a “lôtire” for their efforts, in other words a small sweetmeat. They sing in Walloon and say that the kings have sent them."
622:
After the war, the
Belgian state reasserted sovereignty over the area, which caused the male inhabitants of the area who had served in the German army to lose their civil rights as "traitors to the Belgian state". After the war, the Belgian authorities opened 16,400 investigations into citizens from
316:
Most of the territory had spoken German or German dialects for centuries, with
Walloon being spoken by about two-thirds of the population in the district of Malmedy at the time it was newly created in 1816. The overwhelmingly German-speaking district of Sankt Vith further south was, in 1821, united
329:
According to the 1 December 1900 population census this new district of
Malmedy had only a minority of 28.7% Walloon-speaking inhabitants. The smaller but more populous district of Eupen was almost entirely German-speaking, with Walloon and French speaking minorities making up less than 5 percent.
325:
policy greatly alienated the majority
Catholic population of Eupen-Malmedy, and the policy soon escalated into exclusion of minority languages and discrimination of minorities. Only the use of the standard German language was permitted, and the Walloon population was prosecuted for speaking French
320:
While the local francophone and germanophone population initially enjoyed good relations with each other, the relations soured after
Bismarck ascended to power in 1862. Tension between the Walloon and germanophone communities further increased after the rise of German Empire in 1871. Bismarck's
419:
While most of the population was passive and indifferent to both the referendum and
Belgian annexation, the Germans of Eupen-Malmedy were roughly evenly split into a pro-Belgian and pro-German camp, which ran across already existing ideological divides. Catholic and socialist circles supported
312:
is believed to have said "I am proud to have in my kingdom a little country where people speak French". For the people of
Malmedy, this would eventually change when German was implemented as the only official administrative language. This was no problem in Eupen and Sankt Vith but more so in
654:
between 1971 and 1980. The nine German-speaking communes of the East
Cantons form part of the German-speaking Community while Malmedy and Waimes are part of the French Community. There are protected rights for the minority language in both areas.
298:
This change did not significantly affect the inhabitants of this region. Even in the mainly French or
Walloon speaking Malmedy, changes went smoothly since the municipality was allowed to continue to use French for its administration until the
279:, was declared a neutral territory. After 1830, the 50 percent guardianship of the Netherlands was taken over by newly independent Belgium, and this remained so even after 1839, when Belgium relinquished its claims to neighbouring
313:
Malmedy-Waimes. There was some resistance to the interdiction: for instance, Roman
Catholic priests who were forbidden to preach in French started to preach in Walloon in order to avoid having to preach in German.
382:. At the time, Eupen-Malmedy had approximately 64,000 residents. Although the Belgian government attempted to depict Eupen-Malmedy as an ethnically Belgian territory, many Belgians were suspicious of the move.
634:, or PDB), emerged in 1971 to argue that greater autonomy to be given to Belgium's German speakers within the newly created federal state but not for regional secession or unification with what had become
499:
Various ethnic German organisations emerged in the Eupen-Malmedy region in the late 1920s, campaigning to promote German culture and the return of the territory to Germany. After the rise to power of
1484:
Dewulf, Jeroen (2009). ""O liebes Land", "o Belgiens Erde": The Development of the German-Speaking Community in Belgium Reflected in the Light of the Flemish Struggle for Autonomy".
397:, and organized as a consultation in which all citizens who opposed the annexation had to formally register their protest; just 271 of nearly 34,000 eligible voters did so. The
729:
or French, with a minority of German speakers. Some of the folklore and carnival traditions there are still in the Walloon language. That is also the case for the children:
1729:
878:
623:
Eupen-Malmedy, representing around 25 percent of the region's entire population. In comparison, the figure for the rest of Belgium represented less than five percent.
374:
proved disappointing for Belgium. Belgium failed to gain any territory from the Netherlands or Luxembourg, but was awarded the small German colonial territory of
967:
988:
Linguistically, the Canton of Malmedy is mostly Francophone while the Cantons of Eupen and Sankt Vith are mostly Germanophone. When the three language-based
1437:
882:
1613:
O'Connell, Vincent (2011). "Dictating Democracy: the Impact of Governor Baltia's Transitory Regime on Local Government In Eupen-Malmedy, 1919-1922-1925".
1038:
952:
773:
141:
The history of the area dates back to the 6th century, when Christianity was first introduced to Southern Rhineland. In 651, Frankish monks established
1008:", with the nine Germanophone municipalities also offering services in French and the two Francophone municipalities also offering services in German.
989:
934:
643:
533:
badges. Local socialists began to distance themselves from calls to return to Germany. In 1935, an openly pro-Nazi party emerged locally, known as the
114:
572:
558:
370:. With the defeat of Germany in 1918, Belgian politicians attempted to expand Belgian territory at German expense. However, the settlement at the
874:
367:
326:
publicy. After French and Walloon languages were excluded from both education and administration, Walloon administrations were expelled in 1879.
590:. Administered as part of Nazi Germany, 8,000 men in the region were conscripted into the German armed forces of whom 2,200 were killed on the
1699:
247:
entered the Austrian Netherlands, the area was also taken over and eventually incorporated in its entirety into the French department of the
919:
908:
404:
The reaction of the German population to annexation varied. At the time, most of the population considered the republican government of
923:
870:
492:
over a possible return of the region in exchange for money. The negotiations collapsed in 1926 following the German signature of the
385:
In 1919, a Transitional Government was established for Eupen-Malmedy by the Belgian government. It was headed by a Belgian general,
1694:
1155:
1543:
54:
which encompass some 730 square kilometres (280 sq mi). Elsewhere in Belgium, the region is commonly referred to as the
1005:
575:
Belgium for a second time. On 18 May, Eupen-Malmedy was re-integrated into Germany while the rest of the country remained under
109:. It was returned to Belgium in 1945. Nine of the eleven municipalities which originally constituted Eupen-Malmedy now form the
686:
dividing several German dialects. In general, over the past decades, the local dialects have lost ground to German and French.
606:
1655:
1474:
1266:
1089:
444:
401:
accepted the result and the Transitional Government prepared for the unification of Eupen-Malmedy with Belgium in June 1925.
150:
549:
1043:
1001:
781:
738:
639:
611:
110:
317:
with the district of Malmedy to form a new, much larger district of Malmedy that then had a majority of German-speakers.
737:
The East Cantons as a whole should therefore not be confused with the German language region created in 1963 or with the
764:
After becoming part of Belgium in the 1920s, the municipalities composing these territories were grouped into the three
1595:
142:
146:
1603:
1580:
627:
412:
to be on a brink of collapse or a socialist revolution, which led some activists to advocate for the creation of the
363:
161:. Ultimately, the principality of Stavelot-Malmedy was an independent state within the Holy Roman Empire until 1795.
1053:
1505:
Grathwol, Robert P. (1975). "Germany and the Eupen-Malmédy Affair, 1924-26: "Here Lies the Spirit of Locarno"".
1441:
1156:"Foreign-language minorities in the German Reich according to the population census of 1 December 1900 (German)"
484:
The early Belgian administration of Eupen-Malmedy was paralleled by secret negotiations between Belgium and the
447:, a separate Apostolic Administration of Eupen–Malmedy–Sankt Vith was founded in 1919. This became the separate
468:
583:, however, refused to recognise the German annexation and maintained that Eupen-Malmedy was part of Belgium.
432:. The pro-German position was represented by liberal and secular circles, organized around newspapers such as
1724:
1033:
626:
After the war, demands to return Eupen-Malmedy to Germany faded. The first regionalist political party, the
541:), which achieved a majority in all three of the Eupen-Malmedy districts in the elections of 1936 and 1939.
389:. Under the terms of the Treaty, Belgian control over the territory was contingent on the result of a local
1709:
1704:
591:
997:
651:
580:
1551:
939:
244:
1672:
472:
448:
1573:
Stresemann's Territorial Revisionism: Germany, Belgium, and the Eupen-Malmédy Question, 1919-1929
993:
1259:
Past, Present and Future of a Language Border: Germanic-Romance Encounters in the Low Countries
689:
Historically, in Aubel, Baelen, Plombières, Welkenraedt (neighbouring Belgian municipalities),
189:
674:
The linguistic situation of the wider area is complex since it lies on the border between the
280:
1544:""Left to Their Own Devices". Belgium's Ambiguous Assimilation of Eupen-Malmedy (1919-1940)"
1126:
Nationale Minderheiten und staatliche Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert
982:
714:
587:
371:
309:
177:
90:
553:
German soldiers welcomed into Malmedy in May 1940 with swastika decoration and Nazi salute
8:
576:
409:
378:
in Africa and Eupen-Malmedy in Europe, together with the previously neutral territory of
248:
185:
1159:
452:
1647:
1630:
1530:
1522:
1493:
765:
718:
679:
595:
463:
In June 1925, Eupen-Malmedy was finally incorporated into the Belgian state as part of
276:
264:
260:
135:
82:
39:
19:
663:
1651:
1634:
1599:
1576:
1534:
1470:
1272:
1262:
1085:
647:
568:
534:
489:
398:
213:
93:. It was formally annexed after a controversial referendum in 1920, becoming part of
464:
420:
annexation into Belgium, and were represented by German-speaking newspapers such as
216:. By the 19th century, the majority of the territory spoke German while the city of
94:
1719:
1622:
1514:
1077:
945:
726:
675:
642:
in 1984 which provided cultural autonomy to Belgium's 70,000 German speakers along
598:
of 1944–45 and Sankt Vith, in particular, was nearly totally destroyed by bombing.
493:
413:
205:
173:
169:
154:
1676:
286:
758:
405:
225:
209:
98:
59:
31:
1714:
1626:
1025:
710:
706:
509:
485:
393:, held between January and June 1920. The plebiscite itself was held without a
366:
by the German Empire and between 1914 and 1918 most of Belgium's territory was
201:
158:
67:
1518:
1130:
National minorities and state minority politics in Germany in the 19th century
1081:
1688:
1276:
855:
788:
777:
769:
394:
386:
375:
347:
331:
330:
During the German occupation of Belgium during World War I, German policy of
86:
1256:
888:
929:
814:
749:
725:. On the other hand, most of the people living in Malmedy and Waimes speak
635:
564:
529:), agitation in Eupen-Malmedy increased and many inhabitants began to wear
500:
106:
102:
899:
496:(1925) guaranteeing Germany's western borders and international pressure.
334:(favouring the Flemish over the Walloons) affected Eupen-Malmedy as well.
1048:
978:
722:
359:
351:
322:
301:
272:
78:
1497:
1526:
904:
865:
818:
702:
504:
390:
181:
51:
130:
893:
342:
134:
An 1843 map of Belgium, with Eupen and Malmedy shown as part of the
1677:
1914-1918-Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
844:
824:
803:
683:
530:
379:
268:
237:
233:
228:
and enjoyed links to other manufacturing centres in the region of
962:
833:
829:
754:
741:, which does not include the (smaller) Malmedy and Waimes areas.
698:
217:
193:
47:
35:
507:
in Germany in 1933 and the revanchist campaign under the slogan
337:
973:
848:
839:
809:
694:
586:
Local support for the German takeover eroded sharply after the
229:
197:
1592:
Innocent Abroad: Belgium at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
1365:
1363:
1361:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1238:
220:
was split between French and German speakers. In this period,
1346:
1322:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
798:
690:
668:
615:
291:
221:
165:
43:
1644:
The Annexation of Eupen-Malmedy: Becoming Belgian, 1919-1929
1074:
The Annexation of Eupen-Malmedy: Becoming Belgian, 1919–1929
475:. A local centre-right party, the Christian People's Party (
188:. The small village of Manderfeld-Schönberg belonged to the
1406:
1358:
1334:
1283:
914:
308:
For instance, during a visit to the city in 1856, the King
1310:
1209:
1197:
1178:
1166:
1257:
Catharina Peersman; Gijsbert Rutten; Rik Vosters (2015).
1136:
77:
Eupen-Malmedy became part of Belgium in the aftermath of
1615:
The International Journal of Regional and Local Studies
638:. The PDB's campaign culminated in the creation of the
451:
which was founded in July 1920. It was united with the
224:
emerged as a minor centre of the industry for treating
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
458:
200:, except the village of Faymonville, were part of the
1004:. All the 11 municipalities of the East Cantons are "
254:
97:
in 1925. Agitation by German nationalists during the
1418:
1394:
1226:
1015:
1375:
1098:
1039:
Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War
467:. The inhabitants of the region voted in its first
1730:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages
601:
471:and returned a vote in favour of the centre-right
23:Eupen-Malmedy border changes between 1920 and 1945
1686:
1132:] (in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH.
1076:. Cork, Ireland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4.
559:German occupation of Belgium during World War II
544:
305:when the authorities forbade the use of French.
294:in 1900 when the territory was under German rule
780:. The administration was overhauled during the
81:. The region, which had formerly been part of
1641:
1612:
1541:
1412:
1369:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1304:
1292:
1244:
1220:
1203:
1191:
1172:
1142:
338:Provisional Belgian administration, 1919–1925
1000:and Eupen and Sankt Vith were placed in the
476:
701:, the local languages have been classed as
514:
354:. Eupen-Malmedy is labelled "8" on the map.
667:Bilingual German and French road signs in
646:as those already negotiated for Belgium's
594:. The region suffered severely during the
157:in 843, Stavelot-Malmedy became a part of
1124:Hahn, Hans-Henning; Kunze, Peter (1999).
1123:
1071:
744:
16:German-speaking region in eastern Belgium
1504:
1316:
748:
717:and those of the district of Sankt Vith
713:. The inhabitants of Raeren have spoken
662:
605:
548:
346:Map showing the territories lost by the
341:
285:
129:
18:
1261:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 215–217.
1006:municipalities with language facilities
918:(in French Amblève): Amel, Herresbach,
892:(in French Butgenbach): BĂĽtgenbach and
784:, and are now administered as follows:
1687:
1570:
1483:
1424:
1400:
1232:
1111:
1589:
571:in May 1940 and rapidly defeated and
445:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne
149:, while Stavelot was attached to the
1700:German-speaking Community of Belgium
1464:
1388:
1044:German-speaking Community of Belgium
869:(in French Saint-Vith): Sankt Vith,
739:German-speaking Community of Belgium
640:German-speaking Community of Belgium
632:Partei der Deutschsprachigen Belgier
612:German-speaking Community of Belgium
263:, the whole area was awarded to the
111:German-speaking Community of Belgium
782:local government reforms of 1976–77
588:German invasion of the Soviet Union
459:Integration into Belgium, 1925–1940
13:
1596:University of North Carolina Press
1564:
255:Prussian administration, 1815–1919
145:; Malmedy then became part of the
143:Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy
89:, was allocated to Belgium by the
14:
1741:
1665:
903:(in French Bullange): BĂĽllingen,
813:(in French La Calamine): Kelmis,
628:Party of German-speaking Belgians
1054:Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy
1018:
469:Belgian general election in 1925
368:under German military occupation
267:. In the northwest of the area,
1695:Historical geography of Belgium
1458:
1430:
1250:
753:Modern view of the townhall of
602:Return to Belgium, 1945–present
176:which was latterly part of the
147:Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège
1148:
1117:
1065:
455:and suppressed in April 1925.
1:
1059:
1034:Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
977:(in German Weismes): Waimes,
545:Annexed to Germany, 1940–1945
125:
996:, Malmedy was placed in the
992:were created as part of the
658:
180:. The Southern part, around
101:led to its re-annexation by
7:
1642:O'Connell, Vincent (2018).
1571:Enssle, Manfred J. (1980).
1542:O'Connell, Vincent (2013).
1072:O’Connell, Vincent (2018).
1011:
652:French-speaking communities
581:Belgian government in exile
168:was originally part of the
10:
1746:
1627:10.1179/jrl.2011.7.1-2.162
1552:Journal of Belgian History
556:
120:
30:is a small, predominantly
1519:10.1017/s0008938900017921
1465:Cook, Bernard A. (2004).
1082:10.1057/978-1-349-95295-3
1002:German-speaking Community
998:French-speaking Community
245:French Revolutionary Army
164:The northern part around
115:three federal communities
1507:Central European History
1469:. New York: Peter Lang.
721:, which are dialects of
449:Diocese of Eupen-Malmedy
1438:"The Feast of Epiphany"
966:: Malmedy, Bévercé and
478:Christliche Volkspartei
443:Previously part of the
38:. It consists of three
1575:. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
990:communities of Belgium
761:
745:Current administration
735:
671:
619:
554:
524:Back Home to the Reich
477:
355:
295:
271:, coveted by both the
190:Archbishopric of Trier
172:, a dependency of the
151:Archdiocese of Cologne
138:
71:
63:
40:administrative cantons
24:
1590:Marks, Sally (1981).
1486:German Studies Review
994:Belgian state reforms
968:Bellevaux-Ligneuville
752:
731:
666:
609:
552:
345:
289:
202:abbatial principality
133:
22:
1725:Treaty of Versailles
856:Canton of Sankt Vith
535:Homeland-Loyal Front
481:), emerged by 1929.
372:Treaty of Versailles
310:Frederick William IV
275:and Prussia for its
178:Austrian Netherlands
91:Treaty of Versailles
42:around the towns of
1710:Regions of Wallonia
1705:History of Wallonia
705:, thus dialects of
577:military occupation
422:Die Fliegende Taube
410:Philipp Scheidemann
186:Duchy of Luxembourg
113:, one of Belgium's
1671:BrĂĽll, Christoph:
1648:Palgrave Macmillan
1467:Belgium: A History
1319:, pp. 221–50.
762:
719:Moselle Franconian
680:Germanic languages
672:
620:
596:Ardennes Offensive
555:
356:
296:
265:Kingdom of Prussia
261:Congress of Vienna
184:, belonged to the
139:
136:Kingdom of Prussia
34:region in eastern
25:
1657:978-1-137-59089-3
1476:978-0-8204-5824-3
1307:, pp. 18–23.
1268:978-1-61451-415-2
1162:on 14 April 2011.
1091:978-1-349-95295-3
953:Canton of Malmedy
618:, created in 1984
539:Heimattreue Front
490:Gustav Stresemann
399:League of Nations
214:Holy Roman Empire
1737:
1661:
1638:
1609:
1586:
1560:
1548:
1538:
1501:
1480:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:. Archived from
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1355:, pp. 40–1.
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1331:, pp. 33–4.
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1254:
1248:
1247:, p. 26-27.
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:. Archived from
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1069:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
943:
610:The seat of the
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
494:Locarno Treaties
480:
453:Diocese of Liège
414:Rhenish Republic
243:In 1795, as the
206:Stavelot-Malmedy
174:Duchy of Brabant
170:Duchy of Limburg
155:Treaty of Verdun
153:. Following the
64:Cantons de l'Est
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1658:
1621:(1–2): 162–87.
1606:
1594:. Chapel Hill:
1583:
1567:
1565:Further reading
1546:
1477:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1376:
1368:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1092:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1014:
937:
789:Canton of Eupen
747:
661:
604:
569:invaded Belgium
567:, Nazi Germany
561:
547:
526:
523:
520:
517:
461:
438:Eupener Zeitung
406:Friedrich Ebert
340:
257:
210:Imperial Estate
128:
123:
99:interwar period
32:German-speaking
17:
12:
11:
5:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1667:
1666:External links
1664:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1639:
1610:
1604:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1539:
1502:
1481:
1475:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1429:
1417:
1413:O'Connell 2013
1405:
1393:
1391:, p. 143.
1374:
1370:O'Connell 2013
1357:
1353:O'Connell 2013
1345:
1341:O'Connell 2013
1333:
1329:O'Connell 2013
1321:
1309:
1305:O'Connell 2013
1297:
1293:O'Connell 2013
1282:
1267:
1249:
1245:O'Connell 2018
1237:
1225:
1221:O'Connell 2013
1208:
1204:O'Connell 2013
1196:
1192:O'Connell 2013
1177:
1173:O'Connell 2018
1165:
1147:
1143:O'Connell 2018
1135:
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1559:(4): 10–45.
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364:was invaded
360:World War I
352:World War I
323:Kulturkampf
302:Kulturkampf
273:Netherlands
79:World War I
72:Oostkantons
1689:Categories
1448:2010-03-07
1060:References
920:Heppenbach
905:Manderfeld
889:BĂĽtgenbach
866:Sankt Vith
843:: Raeren,
819:Hergenrath
778:Sankt Vith
703:Limburgish
682:and on an
557:See also:
505:Nazi Party
430:Die Arbeit
426:La Semaine
391:plebiscite
362:, Belgium
182:Sankt Vith
126:Background
52:Sankt Vith
1635:153820141
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1389:Cook 2004
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715:Ripuarian
659:Languages
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1012:See also
924:Meyerode
871:Crombach
845:Eynatten
825:Moresnet
804:Kettenis
684:isogloss
573:occupied
531:swastika
380:Moresnet
290:View of
277:calamine
269:Moresnet
238:Verviers
234:Monschau
85:and the
1720:Malmedy
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963:Malmedy
946:Thommen
935:Reuland
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830:Lontzen
774:Malmedy
766:cantons
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727:Walloon
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676:Romance
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358:During
259:At the
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121:History
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230:Aachen
198:Waimes
60:French
50:, and
1715:Eupen
1631:S2CID
1547:(PDF)
1531:S2CID
1523:JSTOR
1494:JSTOR
1128:[
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883:Recht
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68:Dutch
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1652:ISBN
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