Treaty of Versailles

4713:"The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling." ( 2219: 4112: 4667:"The whole purpose of the league", began Makino, was "to regulate the conduct of nations and peoples toward one another, according to a higher moral standard than has reigned in the past, and to administer justice throughout the world." In this regard, the wrongs of racial discrimination have been, and continue to be, the source of "profound resentment on the part of large numbers of the human race", directly affecting their rights and their pride. Many nations fought in the recent war to create a new international order, he said, and the hopes of their nationals now have risen to new heights with victory. Given the objectives of the league, the wrongs of the past, and the aspirations of the future, stated Makino, the leaders of the world gathered in Paris should openly declare their support for at least "the principle of equality of nations and just treatment of their nationals" ( 4384:

of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions. Germany, on the other hand, saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy. Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that "there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations, Germany was to be required to disarm first." A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm, which resulted in a German desire to rearm. Schmitt argued "had the four Allies remained united, they could have forced Germany really to disarm, and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished."

256: 2585: 3489: 4363:

advantages of incumbency and socio-economic position". Blanke alleged "coercion of various kinds even in the face of an allied occupation regime" occurred, and that Germany granted votes to those "who had been born in Upper Silesia but no longer resided there". Blanke concluded that despite these protests "there is plenty of other evidence, including Reichstag election results both before and after 1921 and the large-scale emigration of Polish-speaking Upper Silesians to Germany after 1945, that their identification with Germany in 1921 was neither exceptional nor temporary" and "here was a large population of Germans and Poles—not coincidentally, of the same Catholic religion—that not only shared the same living space but also came in many cases to see themselves as members of the same national community". Prince

3035:", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the treaty. One bloc of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc, led by Senator Lodge, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with "reservations", especially on Article 10, so that the League of Nations could not draw the US into war without the of the US Congress. All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. But Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills. 3727: 3202: 3133: 3268: 3667:(BAOR). The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized, and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities. By 1920, the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421. The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years, but never rose above 9,000 men. The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations. A complete withdrawal was considered, but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous 2784: 4108:, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible." Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris. He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability. 3632: 241: 2874:. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa had each made significant contributions to the British war effort, but as separate countries, rather than as British colonies. India also made a substantial troop contribution, although under direct British control, unlike the Dominions. The four Dominions and India all signed the Treaty separately from Britain, a clear recognition by the international community that the Dominions were no longer British colonies. "Their status defied exact analysis by both international and constitutional lawyers, but it was clear that they were no longer regarded simply as colonies of Britain." By signing the Treaty individually, the four Dominions and India also were 4202: 4355:

on a gross simplification of the region's history. ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way: the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig-Holsteinian state" or other options such as "a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany, or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations." In regard to the East Prussia plebiscite, historian Richard Blanke wrote that "no other contested ethnic group has ever, under un-coerced conditions, issued so one-sided a statement of its national preference". Richard Debo wrote "both Berlin and Warsaw believed the

2995: 392: 209: 2287: 4198:, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power. Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again. By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War". 557: 473: 137: 180: 4432:, which held that the German army had not lost the war and had been betrayed by the Weimar Republic, who negotiated an unnecessary surrender. The Great Depression exacerbated the issue and led to a collapse of the German economy. Though the treaty may not have caused the crash, it was a convenient scapegoat. Germans viewed the treaty as a humiliation and eagerly listened to Hitler's oratory which blamed the treaty for Germany's ills. Hitler promised to reverse the depredations of the Allied powers and recover Germany's lost territory and pride, which has led to the treaty being cited as a 379: 513: 335: 271: 419: 286: 350: 55: 3748:

Whilst in-kind payments of goods such as coal and timber were made throughout 1922, these were never paid in full, and in December 1922 Germany was declared in default of timber deliveries by a 3-to-1 vote of the Reparations Commission, the British representative casting the sole opposing vote. On 9 January of the following year, after Germany had defaulted either partially or wholly on coal deliveries for the thirty-fourth time in thirty-six months, the Reparations Commission also declared Germany in default of coal reparations and authorised the occupation of

499: 4551: 2246:, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227 to 231 (i.e., the Articles related to the extradition of the Kaiser for trial, the extradition of German war criminals for trial before Allied tribunals, the handing over of documents relevant for war crimes trials, and accepting liability for war reparations). In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the 194: 2344:, and organized as a consultation in which all citizens who opposed the annexation had to formally register their protest. Ultimately, only 271 of 33,726 voters signed the protest list, of which 202 were German state servants. After the Belgian government reported this result, the League of Nations confirmed the change of status on 20 September 1920, with the line of the German-Belgian border finally fixed by a League of Nations commission in 1922. To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the 447: 322: 3088:

treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris.

2479: 3169:", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We can sense the full force of hatred that confronts us here. ... You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie." Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour", soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference. 365: 309: 2101:

violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations, and favored them having the right of self-determination via the creation of mandates. The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region, aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves. In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations, Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of

615: 2695: 1708: 165: 150: 2037: 1560: 1944:" (at one point becoming the "Big Three" following the temporary withdrawal of Orlando). These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly. The minor powers attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty. 2770:

judges were to "fix such punishment which it considers should be imposed". The death penalty was therefore not precluded. Article 228 allowed the Allies to demand the extradition of German war criminals, who could be tried before military tribunals for crimes against "the laws and customs of war" under Article 229. To provide an evidentiary basis for such trials, Article 230 required the German government to transfer information and documents relevant to such trials.

4468: 4454: 225: 433: 4347: 1967:(Red Zone), the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north-east, had been devastated, and in the final days of the war, mines had been flooded and railways, bridges and factories destroyed. Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France, by weakening Germany economically, militarily, territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe. British economist and Versailles negotiator 4371:, alleged that Soviet Russia "appeared to be intentionally delaying negotiations" to end the Polish-Soviet War "with the object of influencing the Upper Silesian plebiscite". Once the region was partitioned, both "Germany and Poland attempted to 'cleanse' their shares of Upper Silesia" via oppression resulting in Germans migrating to Germany and Poles migrating to Poland. Despite the oppression and migration, Opole Silesia "remained ethnically mixed." 3460: billion); this being the genuine assessment of the commission on what Germany could pay, and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure. Furthermore, payments made between 1919 and 1921 of roughly 8 billion marks, most of it credit for state assets (e.g., German state railways in the Danzig corridor) transferred to Allied countries were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks. 406: 571: 528: 460: 656: 600: 586: 543: 4274:, but the German-born Australian historian Jürgen Tampke argued that it was "a perfidious distortion of history" to argue that the terms prevented the growth of democracy in Germany and aided the growth of the Nazi Party; saying that its terms were not as punitive as often held and that German hyper-inflation in the 1920s was partly a deliberate policy to minimise the cost of reparations. As an example of the arguments against the 486: 3686:. This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s, although peaked in 1920 and 1921. For example, a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops, which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses. Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes, and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts. An estimated 500–800 683: 2097:, self-determination of European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, the promotion of free trade, the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed, and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states. 4076: 3854:, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. But secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare. In 1923, the British newspaper 3890:. Production was not the only violation: "Volunteers" were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves, and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police. Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were not limited by the treaty, thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the 4036:. Poland requested 51 people be extradited, and Yugoslavia (successor to wartime Serbia) four. Germany refused extradition, however, claiming that carrying out such a request to extradite people widely regarded as heroes in Germany would likely result in the fall of the government, but made a counter-offer of holding trials at Leipzig, an offer that was ultimately accepted by the Allies. 1847:

merchant ships to Allied ports to transport food supplies. Some Germans considered the armistice to be a temporary cessation of the war and knew, if fighting broke out again, their ships would be seized. Over the winter of 1919, the situation became desperate and Germany finally agreed to surrender its fleet in March. The Allies then allowed for the import of 270,000 tons of foodstuffs.

1872: 12315: 4007: 3682:). By 1923, the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men, including 27,126 African troops. The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr, before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926. Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation, and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the 4048:). In contrast the French list were all high-ranking officials, including Lieutenant-General Karl Stenger, who was accused of massacring French prisoners of war. The Belgian case involved a man accused of mistreating and imprisoning Belgian children. However, when the Germans announced that the trial would be under German law, with the German prosecutor being able to exercise 3791:, however the agreement was never ratified. The government of Adolf Hitler declared all further payments cancelled in 1933, and no further reparations payments were made until after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. Germany finally paid off its debts under the Versailles treaty, which had been reduced by 50% at the 1953 London Debt Conference, in 2010. 1982:, to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority. American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations, the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again, and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the 2938:. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier 2137:, that there was no applicable law under which the Kaiser could be tried. Additionally, the Americans favoured trying other German war criminals before military tribunals rather than an international court, with prosecutions being limited to "violation of the laws and customs of war", and opposed any trials based on violations against what was called " 3176:" that they saw as blaming Germany for starting the war was seen as an insult to the nation's honour. The clauses calling on the Germans to hand over alleged war criminals also caused deep offence, as many of those accused were seen as heroes, and also because the Allies were seen as applying one-sided justice. They referred to the treaty as "the 4146:—that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II). In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of 8967:'Von 1.058.000 Deutschen, die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten', ist bei Cartier zu lesen, 'waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert. Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15. Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt.' 4292:, and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany. Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered. Peukert noted that because of the " 1565: 1563: 3114:'s government, which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns against the south. On 12 June 1919, the Chinese cabinet was forced to resign and the government instructed its delegation at Versailles not to sign the treaty. As a result, relations with the 2753:; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of 1562: 15433: 3456:

Belgian, British, and French demands and assessments. Furthermore, the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany. As a result, the sum was split into different categories, of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks (

4374:

Frank Russell wrote that, in regard to the Saar plebiscite, the inhabitants "were not terrorized at the polls" and the "totalitarian German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient, economical, and benevolent international rule." When

4018:

Article 228 allowed for the extradition of German war criminals to stand trial before Allied tribunals. Originally a list of as many of 20,000 alleged criminals was prepared by the Allies, however this was later reduced. Following the ratification of the treaty in January 1920, the Allies submitted a

3825:

German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production. As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside

3639:

In late 1918, American, Belgian, British, and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice. Before the treaty, the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men. Following the signing of the peace treaty, the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only

2769:

Article 227 of the Versailles treaty required the handing over of Kaiser Wilhelm for trial "for supreme offence against international treaties and the sanctity of treaties" before a bench of five allied judges – one British, one American, one French, one Italian, and one Japanese. If found guilty the

2017:

The French, who had suffered significantly in the areas occupied by Germany during the war, were in favour of trying German war criminals, including the Kaiser. In the face of American objections that there was no applicable existing law under which the Kaiser could be tried, Clemenceau took the view

1789:

German forces evacuated occupied France, Belgium, and Luxembourg within the fifteen days required by the armistice agreement. By late 1918, Allied troops had entered Germany and began the occupation of the Rhineland under the agreement, in the process establishing bridgeheads across the Rhine in case

1476:

to the Entente powers. The most critical and controversial provision in the treaty was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals

4610:

Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers: Article 177 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Austria; Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary; Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; and Article 231

4181:

Barnett also argues that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany's eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer,

3038:

The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to end the

2407:

following a national revolution against the occupying Central Powers, and renounce "all rights and title" over Polish territory. Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite. The border would be fixed with regard to the

2080:

to limit the charges solely to violation of the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. The British were also well aware that the Kaiser having sought refuge in the Netherlands meant that any trial was unlikely to take place and therefore any Article demanding it was likely to be a dead letter.

2079:

had declared the intention "to bring to justice the criminals, whoever they be and whatever their station", and a resolution of the war cabinet in 1918 reaffirmed this intent. Lloyd George declared that the British people would not accept a treaty that did not include terms on this, though he wished

4383:

During the formulation of the treaty, the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription but be allowed to maintain a volunteer Army. The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force. Thus the treaty's allowance

4354:

The Treaty of Versailles resulted in the creation of several thousand miles of new boundaries, with maps playing a central role in the negotiations at Paris. The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment. Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig "was premised

4306:

with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles. Finally, Peukert argued

4165:

that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he said, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russian SFSR in March 1918, which had taken away a

4060:

The Commission of Allied Jurists responded to these proceedings on 22 January 1922 by declaring that the Leipzig court had failed to carry out its mandate by failing to convict accused who should have been convicted, and by showing excessive leniency even where people had been convicted. The Allied

4056:

in the Dover Castle case, and in mitigation in the Llandovery Castle case where the officer responsible had massacred seamen in lifeboats. All but one of the people put forward by the French were acquitted, including Karl Stenger, who was showered with flowers by German spectators. The Belgian case

3241:

Upon receiving Hindenburg's answer, the Bauer government recommended signing the treaty with the proviso that the "war-guilt" clause and the articles that required the extradition of war criminals and of the former Emperor be excluded. After the Allies refused anything other than full acceptance of

3225:

knew that Germany was in an impossible situation. Although he shared his countrymen's disgust with the treaty, he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it. He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty, the Allies would invade

2946:

further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending

2681:

Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war "as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies." The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation Commission" to determine the exact amount which

2088:

Before the American entry into the war, Wilson had talked of a "peace without victory". This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war. Wilson spoke of the German aggressors, with whom there could be no compromised peace. On 8 January 1918, however, Wilson delivered a speech (known as

2051:

In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau's demands and the Fourteen Points, because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany. Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy, so that Germany would remain a

4039:

After subsequent negotiation, the list of alleged war criminals submitted by the Allies for trial at Leipzig was reduced to 45, however, this ultimately also ended up being too many for the German authorities, and in the end only 12 officers were put on trial – six from the British list, five from

3747:

In June 1921 Germany made the first cash payment of 1 billion gold marks due under the London Schedule of Payments. However, this was the only full payment of cash made under the unamended schedule, and from then until the Dawes plan began operation in late 1924 only small cash payments were made.

3582:, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers. The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level, helping the power-sharing arrangement last 2100:

Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation, and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points. Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany. While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire, Wilson saw that as a

1923:

Initially, a "Council of Ten" (comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan) met officially to decide the peace terms. This council was replaced by the "Council of Five", formed from each country's foreign ministers, to discuss minor matters. French Prime

2662:

were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use. Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a

2568:

in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved. Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was abolished. Private

2132:

On the subject of war crimes, the Americans differed to the British and French in that Wilson's proposal was that any trial of the Kaiser should be solely a political and moral affair, and not one of criminal responsibility, meaning that the death penalty would be precluded. This was based on the

1846:

until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. In March 1919, Churchill informed the House of Commons, that the ongoing blockade was a success and "Germany is very near starvation." From January 1919 to March 1919, Germany refused to agree to Allied demands that Germany surrender its

4322:

were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented. Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment. These sharpening

4217:

was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them. Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans

4014:

Despite "hang the Kaiser" being a popular slogan of the time, particularly in Britain, the proposed trial of the Kaiser under Article 227 of the Versailles treaty never took place. Defying popular British anger at the Kaiser, and the fact that putting the Kaiser on trial was originally a British

3246:

The honour of the German people will not be affected by an act of violence. After the appalling suffering of the last four years, the German people lack any means to defend it externally. Therefore, yielding to overwhelming force and without abandoning its view of the outrageous injustice of the

3027:

after the election of 1918, and were outraged by Wilson's refusal to discuss the war with them. The senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a

2205:

The Italian leadership were divided on whether to try the Kaiser. Sonnino considered that putting the Kaiser on trial could result in him becoming a "patriotic martyr". Orlando, in contrast, stated that "the ex-Kaiser ought to pay like other criminals", but was less sure about whether the Kaiser

1630:

could be ready, Germany now shifted forces to the Western Front and tried to overwhelm the Allies. It failed. Instead, the Allies won decisively on the battlefield, overwhelmed Germany's Turkish, Austrian, and Bulgarian allies, and forced an armistice in November 1918 that resembled a surrender.

1577:

in 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, followed quickly by Germany declaring war on Russia on 1 August, and on Belgium and France on 3 August. The German invasion of Belgium on 3 August led to a declaration of war by Britain on Germany on 4 August, creating the conflict that became the

4258:

points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the

3763:", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences, including the payment in paper currency of striking workers by the German government, contributed to 3087:

I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the

2164:

and their attitude towards Germany was not as hostile. Generally speaking, Sonnino was in line with the British position while Orlando favored a compromise between Clemenceau and Wilson. Within the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, Orlando obtained certain results such as the permanent

2047:

Britain had suffered heavy financial costs but suffered little physical devastation during the war. British public opinion wanted to make Germany pay for the War. Public opinion favoured a "just peace", which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914,

4362:

In regard to the Silesian plebiscite, Blanke observed "given that the electorate was at least 60% Polish-speaking, this means that about one 'Pole' in three voted for Germany" and "most Polish observers and historians" have concluded that the outcome of the plebiscite was due to "unfair German

3455:

On 5 May 1921, the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers. This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay, and was also a compromise among

14775: 2807:

delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? What has become of Wilson's 14 points?" He wanted the Germans not be made to sign at the "point of the bayonet". Smuts issued a statement

2005:

than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing to discuss German capacity to pay with the German delegation, before the final settlement was drafted. In April and May 1919, the French and Germans held separate talks, on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation,

3713:'s inauguration in 1921. On 7 January 1923, after the Franco–Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force. On 24 January, the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland, with the final troops leaving in early February. 1564: 3242:

the treaty, the National Assembly voted in favour of signing it by 237 to 138, with five abstentions (there were 421 delegates in total). The result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline. The Bauer government included the following statement with the acceptance:

4338:, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way." 3772:, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. The agreement of the Dawes plan in late 1924 also led to a resumption of reparations payments in hard cash and gold. Total receipts from the Ruhr occupation summed to 900 million gold marks. 3233:

if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff,

2686:. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($ 5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany. 3062:

was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921. Article 1 of this treaty obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges that were enjoyed by the other Allies that had ratified the Versailles treaty. Two similar treaties were signed with

3936:, Germany withdrew to force France and Britain to accept German equality of status. London attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security. The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the 2335:

on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control, communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision. The Belgian transitional administration, under High Commissioner General

2318:

The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km (25,000 sq mi) of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established. In

14896: 12382: 12372: 2970:, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies, including the 3463:

In order to meet this sum, Germany could pay in cash or kind: coal, timber, chemical dyes, pharmaceuticals, livestock, agricultural machines, construction materials, and factory machinery. Germany's assistance with the restoration of the university library of

2596:

forces were forbidden. The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden. Military structures and fortifications on the islands of

4031:

for the sinkings of civilian shipping by German U-boats. Italy's request included 29 names divided between those accused of mistreating prisoners of war and those responsible for U-Boat sinkings. Romania requested the extradition of 41 individuals including

14891: 14735: 14963: 14755: 12387: 3340:

at the League of Nations Commission. Their proposals to this end were consistently rebuffed by British, French, American and Australian diplomats, who were all sensitive to their respective countries' internal pressures. Wilson himself was an enactor of

12367: 2913:

stated "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain. When Clemenceau stood for election as

12377: 14911: 1503:

nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The United States never ratified the Versailles treaty and made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles treaty. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the

3304:

against their business men, severe immigration restrictions on Asiatics, and court judgments hostile to Japanese interests, which characterized Western states' treatment of their nationals. Japan's delegation, among whose plenipotentiaries figured

12320: 1531:

Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French

3105:

refused to sign the treaty and the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China such as the

14760: 14830: 14800: 3909:

to be spent over the following five years: this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft, artillery, and tanks. This coincided with a 1 billion

3985:

On 7 March 1936, German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland. On 12 March 1938, following German pressure to the collapse of the Austrian Government, German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the

15017: 14815: 14715: 7331: 4090:

Historians are split on the impact of the treaty. Some saw it as a good solution in a difficult time, others saw it as a disastrous measure that would anger the Germans to seek revenge. The actual impact of the treaty is also disputed.

3403:, where Japan's proper sphere of geostrategic interests in Asia would be recognized. Some years earlier, Japan secured both British and French support for its claims to inherit rights that Germany had exercised both in China and in the 2059:

to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European power. A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia. Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the

14805: 3914:

programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force. As these programs did not require an expansion of the military, they were nominally legal. On 7 November 1932, the

14906: 3018:

After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!" However, Wilson had refused to bring any leading members of the Republican party, led by

14926: 12325: 4040:

the French one, and one from the Belgian list. The British list included only low-level officers and enlisted men, including a prison-guard accused of beating prisoners of war and two U-Boat commanders who sank hospital ships (the

3238:—concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale. But rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities. 15000: 7321: 15277: 14705: 2197:

as a mutilated victory, replying at nationalists calling for a greater expansion that "Italy today is a great state....on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion."

14750: 14658: 4280:

he quotes Elizabeth Wiskemann who heard two officer's widows in Wiesbaden complaining that "with their stocks of linen depleted they had to have their linen washed once a fortnight (every two weeks) instead of once a month!"

2052:

viable economic power and trading partner. By arguing that British war pensions and widows' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum, Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire.

15350: 14710: 4015:

proposal, Lloyd George refused to support French calls for the Kaiser to be extradited from the Netherlands where he was living in exile. The Dutch authorities refused extradition, and the former Kaiser died there in 1941.

11193: 14886: 15335: 3287:

The disenfranchised and often colonized "non-white" world held high expectations that a new order would open up an unheralded opportunity to have a principle of racial equality recognized by the leading global powers.

15148: 14881: 14854: 4552: 1850:

Both German and non-German observers have argued that these were the most devastating months of the blockade for German civilians, though disagreement persists as to the extent and who is truly at fault. According to

1472:, make territorial concessions, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay 2193:" for what they considered to be little territorial gains achieved in the other treaties directly impacting Italy's borders. Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and resign. Orlando refused to see 14820: 2718:

and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn. If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.

2649:

including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps. The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed

2906:-wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh (the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty, for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs, as late as August 1939). 4654:"wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses, die uns hier entgegentritt ... Es wird von uns verlangt, daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Kriege bekennen; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge." ( 3652:

negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland. On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany.

3335:

would, it was thought, allow them finally to take their rightful place among the victorious Great Powers. They solicited support especially from the American delegation to obtain recognition for the principle of

1477:

have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." The other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles. This article,

4644:

President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR. 66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson (May–November 1919), vol. 11, no. 120, p.

3767:

in the period from late 1921 to 1924. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the

15116: 14869: 14740: 4061:

Jurists recommended that extradition of war criminals be requested under Article 228. However, no further extradition request was made, though trials were held in France and Belgium of German war criminals

15355: 15345: 15215: 2886:

The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval, singing, and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles. In Paris proper, people rejoiced at the official end of the war, the return of

1990:, in December 1918, that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries. Clemenceau accepted the offer, in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also 4296:" created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated 15448: 4403:

per year. P. M. H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of later Weimar rearming, and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them, an opinion shared by Churchill.

1755:. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany 15188: 3574:. The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania. On 8 May 1924, after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the 4529: 1561: 15330: 15255: 14842: 12351: 8455: 2791:

The delegates of the Commonwealth and British Government had mixed thoughts on the treaty, with some seeing the French policy as being greedy and vindictive. Lloyd George and his private secretary

1770:

Many aspects of the Versailles treaty that were later criticised were agreed first in the 11 November armistice agreement, whilst the war was still ongoing. These included the German evacuation of

15392: 3368:

in the treaty, had broad support, but was effectively declined when it was rejected by the United States, Great Britain and Australia, despite a powerfully persuasive speech delivered by Makino.

3875:

the disclosed military budget. By 1925, German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery. During the year, over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million

14785: 14619: 1997:

French negotiators required reparations, to make Germany pay for the destruction induced throughout the war and to decrease German strength. The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the

15428: 3656:

Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years. This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926, and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments.

1786:(all of which were to be administered by the Allies under the armistice agreement), the surrender of a large quantity of war materiel, and the agreed payment of "reparation for damage done". 7972:

Altic, Mirela (2016). "The Peace Treaty of Versailles: The Role of Maps in Reshaping the Balkans in the Aftermath of WWI". In Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre & Vervust, Soetkin (eds.).

14678: 14636: 4135:

in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments.

3783:, reparations payments were made regularly and on time both in cash and in-kind, though always slightly less than was required under the plan. The one year suspension of payments under the 2682:

Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by

2254:

On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty. On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the

2210:

as a criminal or merely have a political verdict cast against him. Orlando also considered that "he question of the constitution of the Court presents almost insurmountable difficulties".

1842:

The blockade was maintained for eight months after the Armistice in November 1918, into the following year of 1919. Foodstuffs imports into Germany were controlled by the Allies after the

15250: 2581:

with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises. To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.

1727:

During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the

3468:, which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914, was also credited towards the sum. Territorial changes imposed by the treaty were also factored in. The payment schedule required 14668: 3551:

the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany. Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province. In 1922, Upper Silesia was partitioned:

15210: 12007: 15372: 2974:. Otherwise, Portugal gained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new 14648: 13945: 4302:

were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash. Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of

2452:

was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, for disposal according to their wishes. Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland, including the delta of the

1461:

of 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, and agreed certain principles and conditions including the payment of reparations, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the

3528:. On 20 September 1920, the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium. These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922, followed by the new 15377: 15230: 15183: 15158: 15121: 13960: 1677:

to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. It called for what it characterised as a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial

9443: 3259:

travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116.

14144: 11563:

Sampaio, Guilherme (2020). "'This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event' The French Reception of John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919–1920)".

3864:, was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties, and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation the 2710:

east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years. If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the

1653:

played a significant role in shaping the peace terms. His expressed aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions. On 8 January 1918, Wilson issued the

15397: 15240: 14683: 3589:

On 13 January 1935, 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations, a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area.

2376:

wrote that the territories of Alsace-Lorraine were requested by Germany for the sole purpose of national defense and not to expand the German territory. The sovereignty of

2064:

as the greatest naval power in the world; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as

14631: 8386:

Brüll, Christoph (8 October 2014). "Eupen-Malmedy". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan & Nasson, Bill (eds.).

3543:

took place between German and Polish civilians, resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved. In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the

2534:, China, to Japan, not to China. Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for 2564:

incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament. Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than

15235: 4387:

Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote "military and economic historians found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits" of the treaty before 1933.

4442:

first met Adolf Hitler at a speech which Hitler gave at a rally against French demands for the extradition of alleged German war criminals under the Versailles treaty.

4027:

for the damages they had inflicted on Belgium and the mass deportations they had overseen from both France and Belgium. Britain submitted a list of 94 names, including

2018:

that the "law of responsibility" overruled all other laws and that putting the Kaiser on trial offered the opportunity to establish this as an international precedent.

326: 10205:. Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 63 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhooeck & Ruprecht. p. 184. 2820:

wrote that the "average Englishman ... thought Germany got only what it deserved" as a result of the treaty, but public opinion changed as German complaints mounted.

15584: 15225: 14859: 14042: 4391:

concurred, and wrote "To put this in perspective, annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of

1669:

was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a

3247:

peace terms, the Government of the German Republic declares that it is prepared to accept and sign the peace terms imposed by the Allied and Associated Governments.

13679: 12850: 2592:

The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases;

1416: 1126: 950: 2930:

to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the

2448:, was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite. An area of 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) was transferred to Poland under the agreement. 15589: 14121: 12346: 11778: 2875: 1771: 3871:

The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs, which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in "X-budgets", worth up to an additional

1499:

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one satisfied. In particular, Germany was neither

15407: 14653: 14149: 12663: 2795:

believed in the treaty, although they also felt that the French would keep Europe in a constant state of turmoil by attempting to enforce the treaty. Delegate

2129:, refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan, and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home. 10671: 14931: 14835: 14673: 14337: 14064: 13756: 12721: 11677: 2745:, which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes. Part XIII organized the establishment of the 2424:(Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the 14444: 12158: 15310: 14352: 14107: 12170: 4408:

wrote that "a curious oversight" of the military restrictions were that they "did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons", which provided

3957:, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. In March 1935, Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open 3476: million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a 3371:

Japan itself both prior to and during WW1 had embarked on a vigorous expansion of continental colonialism, whose aims were justified in terms of uniting

1917: 4019:

request that 890 (or 895) alleged war criminals be extradited for trial. France and Belgium each requested the extradition of 334 individuals including

3752:

coalfields in order to secure the deliveries, again with the British representative casting the sole opposing vote and all other votes being in favour.

2258:(the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed. The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the 1790:

of renewed fighting at Cologne, Koblenz, and Mainz. Allied and German forces were additionally to be separated by a 10 km-wide demilitarised zone.

14347: 14037: 13988: 13903: 12072: 7905: 4240:, were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to say as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the 4218:

argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles. Evans further noted that the parties of the

1779: 9525: 3226:

Germany from the west—and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion. With this in mind, he asked

2808:

condemning the treaty and regretting that the promises of "a new international order and a fairer, better world are not written in this treaty". Lord

14191: 1920:) and early withdrawal from the war. Furthermore, German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically. 15453: 15022: 14810: 2218: 1905: 2234:

In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The

15524: 14032: 13397: 4375:

the outcome of the vote became known, 4,100 (including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany) residents fled over the border into France.

4111: 2340:, was responsible for the organisation and control of this process, held between January and June 1920. The plebiscite itself was held without a 1775: 1168: 4359:

had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites. Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany".

15574: 12828: 10564: 2858:

in 1936, stated that he was "pleased" that the treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".

2757:; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures. The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the 15549: 15509: 15340: 12890: 11711: 3822:

and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced farther into Germany until the German troops withdrew.

2982:—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 1508:, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers. The reparation system was reorganized and payments reduced in the 15564: 15554: 15514: 14092: 14022: 13661: 12880: 12791: 7806: 2898:

While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. The

2813: 2809: 1913: 1615: 1409: 943: 3010:

refuse Lady Peace a seat, referring to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the

1297: 15282: 15193: 14874: 14663: 14579: 14116: 13014: 12468: 12165: 12031: 11771: 4323:

ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler's annexations of

3880: 170: 3755:

In a move that was condemned by the British, French, Belgian, and Italian engineers supported by French and Belgian forces occupied the

15402: 12691: 7534: 4244:. Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the 4115:

Commemorative medal issued in 1929 in Germany on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Treaty of Versailles. The obverse depicts

3539:

Following the implementation of the treaty, Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain, France, and Italy. Between 1919 and 1921,

3182:" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany's first democratically elected head of government, 2075:

Together with the French, the British favoured putting German war criminals on trial, and included the Kaiser in this. Already in 1916

1492:", and saying the reparations were excessive and counterproductive. On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal 9451: 9061:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 7659: 2490:

Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into

15360: 15027: 14745: 13021: 12024: 3883:, Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery. Production increased so that by 1937, military exports had increased to 3846:, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the 2255: 1450: 1174: 1162: 10832: 3252: 1971:

summarized this position as attempting to "set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished."

1496:

criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. This is still the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists.

1180: 15569: 15267: 14943: 12673: 12038: 4178:. Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's economy had been restored to its pre-war status. 1603: 1363: 1339: 1227: 14342: 10262: 15325: 14274: 14112: 14099: 14056: 13965: 13691: 13500: 13407: 13309: 13067: 12714: 11848: 3946:

men, and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French. It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced.

3399:

manner. Aspiring to be accepted as a world actor with similar status to the traditional Western powers, Japan envisaged an Asian

3342: 2678: 2417: 1863:

issued a statement in June 1919 condemning continuation of the blockade, claiming 100,000 German civilians had died as a result.

1711:

Map showing the Western Front as it stood on 11 November 1918. The German frontier of 1914 had been crossed in the vicinities of

1478: 1402: 936: 746: 3201: 15579: 15260: 15076: 14466: 14456: 14324: 12206: 12193: 12065: 11992: 11916: 11808: 11787: 11764: 9417: 8923: 4565: 4194:, and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and 4096: 3068: 2840: 2738: 2227: 1804:

Both Germany and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, most of which had to be shipped across the

1462: 1215: 986: 912: 806: 704: 674: 7593: 2749:, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of 15494: 15061: 14238: 14172: 14009: 13888: 13561: 12587: 12443: 11813: 11660: 11641: 11622: 11601: 11432: 11413: 11394: 11319: 11300: 11159: 11137: 11099: 11068: 11037: 10996: 10925: 10883: 10814: 10614: 10550: 10508: 10489: 10467: 10444: 10364: 10283: 10252: 10160: 9985: 9944: 9925: 9852: 9780:(1979), "Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles", 9767: 9717: 9694: 9668: 9498: 9364: 9241: 9115: 9088: 8883: 8861: 8796: 8777: 8721: 8664: 8634: 8583: 8508: 8484: 8433: 8412: 8172: 8146: 8067: 8030: 8007: 7981: 7663: 4267:—it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours. 3764: 3064: 2792: 2732: 2584: 1595: 709: 34: 8594: 3726: 3267: 1458: 15504: 15499: 15143: 14413: 13833: 12625: 12285: 12250: 12105: 11015: 10948:

Wimer, Kurt & Wimer, Sarah (1967). "The Harding Administration, the League of Nations, and the Separate Peace Treaty".

10756: 10737: 10718: 10696: 10527: 10421: 10402: 10383: 10137: 10116: 9963: 9874: 9736: 9569: 9479: 9433: 9374:

Lauren, Paul Gordon (Summer 1978). "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference".

9341: 9137: 9060: 9050: 8991: 8838: 8815: 8747: 8560: 8534: 8372: 8351: 8329: 8293: 8271: 8237: 8210: 8127: 4368: 3219: 3132: 2836: 2828: 2027: 1670: 1533: 576: 10040:"PUNISHING WAR CRIMINALS: Holland Refuses Extradition of ex-Kaiser—Allies Agree to Trial of 890 Others at Leipsic (sic)". 3488: 2304: Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty, or later via plebiscite and League of Nations action 1812:

conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German

15559: 15272: 14184: 13143: 12648: 12330: 10172: 4324: 3059: 2122: 1799: 1351: 1315: 15387: 14398: 11738: 2947:

his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of

15534: 14990: 14383: 13673: 13082: 12840: 4621: 4223: 3583: 3323:

Versailles represented a chance to overturn this imposed inferiority, whose tensions were strengthened particularly in

3162: 3151: 2750: 1752: 1327: 1273: 783: 383: 24: 15529: 15071: 14968: 14847: 14765: 14641: 14624: 14258: 13952: 13768: 13047: 12518: 12058: 11803: 11235: 11213: 11118: 10864: 10788: 10210: 10093: 10007: 9550: 9308: 9251: 9156: 8909: 8604: 7850: 7795: 7556: 4328: 3690:

were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women, and who would later be persecuted.

3324: 2855: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2114: 1209: 699: 424: 28: 9298: 3992:: the annexation of Austria by Germany. The following year, on 23 March 1939, Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania. 3500:

were held. The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices: Danish or German sovereignty. The northern

1465:

to conclude the peace treaty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations before signing the treaty.

33:

This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see

15544: 15539: 15519: 15382: 15289: 14975: 14609: 13510: 13445: 12483: 10663: 8949:"Die "Jagd auf Deutsche" im Osten: Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem "Bromberger Blutsonntag" vor 50 Jahren" 8183: 7883: 7872: 7861: 7740: 7648: 7637: 7626: 7615: 7604: 7582: 7567: 7545: 7520: 7498: 7478: 4248:

of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of

3916: 3674:

The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong, including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops (

2832: 2714:

bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated. After ten years, the bridgehead at

2126: 2118: 370: 7839: 3165:

arrived in Versailles. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "

14572: 14509: 14314: 14294: 14081: 14017: 13840: 13709: 12620: 12540: 12478: 12410: 12260: 11944: 11868: 11351: 9820: 7674: 4170:

ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an

3950: 3775:

From the agreement of the Dawes Plan in late 1924 until July 1931 when payment was suspended under a proposal by

3419: 3328: 2242:

was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty.

1640: 1591: 1144: 867: 761: 13181: 10149:

Hungerblockade und Heimatfront: Die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges

3609:

for union with France. The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935. When the result was announced

2550:

The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (the

15489: 15012: 14985: 14980: 14958: 14938: 14864: 14790: 14780: 14770: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14289: 13983: 12635: 12610: 12508: 11997: 11900: 8919: 7916: 7894: 7817: 7784: 7773: 7762: 7751: 7718: 7707: 7696: 7685: 4412:

an area to research within eventually resulting in "his break came in 1943" leading to the development of the

4052:, the French and Belgians withdrew from the process in protest. Only half of the cases led to conviction, with 3349:

considered Africans inferior to Europeans – equality was only true of people within particular nations – while

2758: 1829: 1748: 1599: 1108: 917: 788: 11693: 9007:"The imposed gift of Versailles: the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany's armed forces, 1924–9" 4201: 3411:. American policy experts, unaware of these secret agreements, nonetheless suggested that Japan had adopted a 2609:, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of 15599: 15594: 15474: 14284: 14279: 14243: 14177: 14069: 13915: 13505: 13357: 12895: 12823: 12754: 12523: 12493: 12488: 10018: 7828: 4123:. Other members of the Conference are standing behind Clemenceau, including Lloyd-George, Wilson and Orlando. 4120: 3198:

At the end of his speech, Scheidemann stated that, in the government's opinion, the treaty was unacceptable.

2952: 2783: 2433: 2368:

were indeed part of France and not part of Germany by disclosing a letter sent from the Prussian King to the

1843: 1756: 1698: 1627: 1031: 10894: 4700:

later claimed he had duped the Allies throughout the 1920s and prepared the German military for the future (

15173: 15168: 14233: 13860: 13800: 13697: 13602: 13372: 13158: 12862: 12701: 12600: 11655:. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10936: 9533: 9376: 8184:"World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System" 5088: 3966: 3933: 3660: 2404: 2006:

reconstruction and industrial collaboration. France, along with the British Dominions and Belgium, opposed

1987: 1192: 9269: 9166:

Kawamura, Noriko (November 1997). "Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference".

8304: 3050:

continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the

2994: 2352:

for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty. The treaty restored the provinces of

659: 15081: 15056: 14995: 14471: 13908: 13893: 13751: 13703: 13475: 13026: 12900: 12813: 12808: 12577: 12565: 12560: 12211: 11966: 11949: 11921: 11878: 11823: 11725: 11505:

Gerwarth, Robert (2021). "The Sky beyond Versailles: The Paris Peace Treaties in Recent Historiography".

10477: 8165:

Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands

4569: 4486: 4335: 3788: 3663:, with some 275,000 veteran soldiers, entered Germany in late 1918. In March 1919, this force became the 3626: 3289: 2392: 2357: 2349: 1728: 1702: 1381: 1357: 889: 872: 824: 771: 719: 591: 13087: 11443: 10203:

Die Wohlfahrtsstadt: Kommunale Ernährungs-, Fürsorge, und Wohnungspolitik am Beispiel Münchens 1910–1933

9078: 2117:'s control. Further confounding the Americans, was US internal partisan politics. In November 1918, the 1836:

civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at

1500: 15205: 14953: 14565: 14451: 14408: 13685: 13450: 13435: 13337: 13206: 12774: 12686: 12643: 12128: 12123: 10089: 9074: 8494: 8423: 3819: 3529: 3051: 3039:

chances of ratification permanently. Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the

2626: 2491: 2483: 2361: 2259: 2048:

although those of a "liberal and advanced opinion" shared Wilson's ideal of a peace of reconciliation.

1941: 1898:

Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919, in the

1876: 1203: 11534:

Marks, Sally (2013). "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles treaty, 1918–1921".

3415:

model that would imperil China's own search for autonomy, and these considerations influenced Wilson.

2658:, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two 1978:

himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not". The French wanted a frontier on the

1321: 15484: 15091: 15041: 14901: 14393: 14161: 13745: 13733: 13495: 13480: 13201: 13092: 12786: 12764: 12513: 12503: 12436: 12100: 11961: 11830: 11632:

Steiner, Zara (2001). "The Treaty of Versailles Revisited". In Dockrill, M. & Fisher, J. (eds.).

10590: 10295: 9885: 9816: 9168: 7932: 7509: 4311:

within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles.

4001: 3683: 3664: 3575: 2817: 2570: 2473: 2373: 2149: 2065: 2056: 2007: 1929: 1517: 1132: 1114: 998: 884: 726: 533: 13347: 4288:

wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the

4010:

Front cover of a book of sheet music entitled "We're Going To Hang The Kaiser Under The Linden Tree"

15037: 14368: 13855: 13845: 13774: 13727: 13715: 13655: 13470: 13465: 13387: 12796: 12769: 12473: 12310: 12245: 10571: 10265:[Scheidemann: "Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?"]. 4545: 4481: 4049: 3851: 3701:. In June 1919, the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 3694: 3544: 3439: 3365: 3187: 2844: 2515: 2031: 1333: 1251: 1063: 1025: 340: 10153:

The hunger blockade and the home front: communal food supply in Westphalia during World War I

9887:

The Leipzeig trials; an account of the war criminals' trials and a study of German mentality (sic)

3818:

German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by the

3578:

and action by the League of Nations, the annexation of Memel was ratified. Lithuania accepted the

2816:

were disappointed by the treaty. The treaty received widespread approval from the general public.

15479: 15315: 15153: 15128: 15005: 14921: 14698: 14439: 14431: 14373: 14133: 13828: 13591: 13425: 13420: 13352: 13211: 13196: 13191: 13171: 13052: 12929: 12295: 12275: 12255: 12153: 12140: 12115: 11853: 11406:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: a primary source examination of the treaty that ended World War I

10767:

Verhandlung der verfassungsgebenden Nationalversammlung: Stenographische Berichte und Drucksachen

9447: 8364:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I

7729: 4230: 4214: 3847: 3509: 3450: 3227: 3127: 2983: 2963: 2899: 2672: 2364:

of 1871 as they pertained to this issue. France was able to make the claim that the provinces of

2199: 2138: 2002: 1623: 1473: 1375: 751: 230: 13392: 10284:"Bibliographical Introduction to "Diary, Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House"" 10065: 4270:

Resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the

2903: 15200: 14795: 14688: 14604: 14206: 13930: 13865: 13721: 13455: 13382: 13332: 13317: 13299: 13272: 13186: 13153: 12818: 12779: 12759: 12570: 12463: 12270: 11987: 11895: 9472:

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress

9006: 8339: 4433: 4237: 4045: 3354: 3190:

on 12 May 1919, he called the treaty a "horrific and murderous witch's hammer", and exclaimed:

3098: 2754: 2614: 2574: 2400: 2011: 1855:

100,000 German civilians died due to the continuation blockade after the armistice. In the UK,

1783: 1764: 1736: 1186: 1049: 518: 15434:

South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)

15138: 10986: 10357:

German Disarmament After World War I: The Diplomacy of International Arms Inspection 1912–1931

10023: 8498: 8264:

Cambridge History of the British Empire Volume 3, The Empire Commonwealth 1870–1919 (volume 3)

4633: 3973:

the size of the Royal Navy. The resulting rearmament programmes were allotted 35 billion

3631: 3579: 2902:

saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands.

2839:

believed the treaty was too punitive. Asquith campaigned against it while running for another

14825: 14196: 13850: 13739: 13515: 13485: 13415: 13362: 13284: 13252: 13226: 13176: 13107: 13009: 12962: 12746: 12615: 12498: 11858: 11682: 11444:"The Making of a Masterpiece: John Maynard Keynes and The Economic Consequences of the Peace" 9513: 8654: 8251: 7995: 4429: 4356: 4195: 4131:

disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled

3760: 3497: 3332: 3301: 3297: 2804: 2381: 2263: 1760: 1732: 1626:, amounting to a surrender that was highly favourable to Germany. Sensing victory before the 1590:(led by Britain, France and Russia). Other countries entered as fighting raged widely across 1442: 1291: 1285: 1198: 992: 562: 261: 214: 11612: 8980: 8948: 8523: 8425:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

7745: 14948: 14546: 13148: 13122: 13072: 12429: 12290: 11329: 10263:"Scheidemann: "Welche Hand müßte nicht verdorren, die sich und uns in diese Fesseln legt?"" 9218: 8705: 7991: 5103: 4629: 4625: 4033: 3556: 3280: 3080: 3024: 1983: 1740: 1446: 90: 13097: 12265: 10109:

Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements

8477:

The Propaganda War in the Rhineland: Weimar Germany, Race and Occupation after World War I

3860:

made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces: that it had equipment for

3271:

Medal issued by the Japanese authorities in 1919, commemorating the Treaty of Versailles.

3137: 8: 15220: 15163: 14528: 13667: 13531: 13490: 13367: 13327: 13322: 13267: 12950: 12944: 12845: 12135: 11954: 10913: 10824: 9777: 9285: 9265: 8044: 4234: 4079: 4020: 3919: 3635:

French soldiers in the Ruhr, which resulted in the American withdrawal from the Rhineland

3563: 3230: 3183: 3107: 2999: 2915: 2522:. As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the 2461: 2239: 2235: 2186: 1968: 1607: 1485: 1233: 1120: 877: 15096: 14481: 12221: 11936: 11334:

The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932

9222: 4577: 860: 54: 15133: 15051: 14776:

US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)

14693: 14488: 14403: 13762: 13626: 13608: 13573: 13537: 13377: 13342: 13294: 13279: 13166: 13117: 12956: 12915: 12595: 12305: 11971: 11580: 11551: 11522: 11466: 11373: 11352:"Reassembling a World Order: Toward a New Historiography of the Paris Peace Conference" 11279: 11271: 11201: 11169: 11092:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations

10973: 10965: 10852: 10652: 10644: 10343: 10335: 10307: 10189: 10098: 10049: 9805: 9797: 9746: 9683: 9644: 9636: 9604: 9596: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9193: 9185: 9065: 9029: 8827: 8738:

In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past

8694: 8103: 8057: 7960: 7062: 4319: 4187: 4116: 4101: 4083: 4028: 3958: 3787:

was to be converted into a permanent moratorium according to a proposal created at the

3677: 3668: 3533: 3427: 3206: 2519: 2377: 2178: 2041: 1991: 1933: 1925: 1888: 1880: 1832:

for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that

1815: 1666: 1611: 1489: 1469: 1387: 1309: 1257: 894: 548: 355: 11707:– A film from the Chinese point of view, the only country that did not sign the treaty 4399:

over five years compared to the Nazi Government's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion

4252:

and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations".

4205:

American political cartoon depicting the contemporary view of German reparations, 1921

4128: 3571: 2449: 2369: 15111: 15106: 15101: 14614: 14521: 14515: 14476: 14378: 14211: 13794: 13649: 13632: 13440: 13262: 13242: 13077: 13062: 12992: 12980: 12681: 12658: 12605: 12216: 12110: 11926: 11818: 11795: 11756: 11656: 11637: 11618: 11597: 11584: 11555: 11526: 11470: 11428: 11409: 11390: 11377: 11315: 11296: 11283: 11231: 11225: 11209: 11155: 11154:(Reproduction ed.). Boston: Palala Press; originally published by Cecil Palmer. 11133: 11114: 11095: 11064: 11056: 11033: 11011: 10992: 10977: 10921: 10879: 10860: 10810: 10784: 10778: 10752: 10733: 10714: 10706: 10692: 10656: 10624: 10610: 10546: 10523: 10504: 10485: 10480:(1998). "France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security". 10463: 10440: 10433: 10417: 10398: 10379: 10360: 10347: 10248: 10206: 10156: 10133: 10112: 10003: 9981: 9959: 9940: 9921: 9870: 9848: 9809: 9763: 9732: 9713: 9690: 9664: 9648: 9608: 9565: 9546: 9494: 9475: 9429: 9413: 9405: 9360: 9337: 9304: 9247: 9197: 9152: 9133: 9111: 9084: 9046: 9025: 8987: 8975: 8905: 8879: 8857: 8834: 8811: 8792: 8773: 8743: 8717: 8660: 8630: 8600: 8579: 8556: 8530: 8504: 8480: 8439: 8429: 8408: 8368: 8362: 8347: 8325: 8289: 8267: 8233: 8226: 8206: 8200: 8168: 8142: 8123: 8063: 8026: 8003: 7977: 7952: 4573: 4496: 4491: 4409: 4227: 4191: 4175: 4162: 4063: 4041: 3784: 3710: 3687: 3645: 3540: 3423: 3186:, resigned rather than sign the treaty. In an emotional and polemical address to the 3047: 3020: 3011: 3003: 2975: 2967: 2907: 2871: 2659: 2409: 2296: 2190: 2166: 2094: 1856: 1759:, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in 1674: 1245: 1221: 1156: 1019: 842: 714: 692: 397: 15356:

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)

10193: 9033: 8736: 8572:

U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century

4439: 4428:

in his rise to power at the helm of Nazi Germany. Central to this was belief in the

3865: 1912:

in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations.

1716: 15367: 15320: 13579: 13549: 13543: 13460: 13289: 13257: 13247: 12986: 12910: 12905: 12833: 12653: 12553: 12145: 11885: 11572: 11543: 11514: 11491: 11458: 11363: 11263: 11241: 11147: 11078: 10957: 10802: 10794: 10774: 10636: 10482:

French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power

10450: 10327: 10286:. Yale University Library and Social Science Statistical Laboratory. Archived from 10220: 10181: 10077: 9899: 9828: 9789: 9760:

France's Rhineland Policy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe

9700: 9628: 9588: 9385: 9329: 9321: 9277: 9226: 9177: 9094: 9021: 8997: 8844: 8753: 8731: 8686: 8617: 8540: 8447: 8391: 8378: 8259: 8243: 8216: 8115: 8073: 8048: 8040: 7944: 6260: 6258: 6129: 4364: 4245: 4219: 4210: 4161:

argued that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the

4158: 4139: 4082:, the principal representative of the British Treasury, denounced the Treaty as a " 4024: 3780: 3532:

being recognized by the German Government on 15 December 1923. The transfer of the

3525: 3508:-speaking area voted for Germany, resulting in the province being partitioned. The 3317: 3173: 3166: 3040: 2966:

entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its

2948: 2939: 2927: 2851: 2610: 2507: 2503: 2275: 2267: 2102: 1884: 1825: 1649:

The United States entered the war against the Central Powers in 1917 and President

1505: 1303: 1239: 1087: 1075: 847: 778: 642: 438: 276: 11688: 10287: 9257: 9231: 9206: 8574:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. 8342:; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F & Rieser, Andrew (2009). 7906:

Constitution of the International Labour Office Part XIII preamble and Article 388

4150:

and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in

2478: 1963:

France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation; the so-called

15245: 15086: 14388: 14228: 13567: 13127: 13102: 12801: 12709: 12548: 12405: 12175: 11742: 11719: 11636:. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–33. 11425:

Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

11254:(April 1956). "The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936". 11251: 10127: 9656: 9517: 9463: 8575: 8518: 8255: 4585: 4533: 4520: 4459: 4289: 4241: 4183: 4147: 4053: 3805: 3649: 3567: 3505: 3501: 3400: 3337: 3235: 3222: 3032: 2971: 2931: 2796: 2523: 2425: 2365: 2353: 2311: 2161: 2110: 2090: 2001:, by annexation to France. The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of 1909: 1686: 1654: 1644: 1537: 638: 620: 291: 86: 14897:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)

11594:

Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy 1919–2010

11368: 11310:

Webster, Andrew (2018). "Treaty of Versailles (1919)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.).

9661:

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

6255: 3520:

the population wishing to remain with Germany. Further plebiscites were held in

3418:

Nonetheless Japan emerged from the Treaty with territorial gains, including the

3161:

On 29 April, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister

15438: 14916: 14221: 14201: 13872: 13585: 13430: 13221: 13112: 12968: 12872: 12855: 12300: 11715: 11496: 11479: 10640: 10061: 9973: 9617:"Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921" 9467: 9459: 9125: 8893: 8810:. Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations. Scarecrow Press. 8761: 8324:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press. 8317: 8281: 4314:

French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of ethnic Germans in the

4293: 4285: 4167: 4151: 3776: 3547:, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. The plebiscite resulted in 3380: 3361: 3346: 3306: 3147: 3102: 3055: 2943: 2910: 2630: 2499: 2388: 2320: 2153: 2134: 1974:

Clemenceau told Wilson: "America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even

1937: 1892: 1860: 1809: 1805: 1673:, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a 1650: 1619: 1587: 1583: 1493: 1454: 1138: 1043: 155: 14741:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)

11749: 10961: 9640: 9616: 9592: 3058:. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921. Soon after, the 15468: 15189:

Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)

14332: 13620: 13614: 13057: 12974: 12885: 12280: 11735: 11576: 11025: 10460:

Collective Preventive Diplomacy: A Study in International Conflict Management

9995: 9678: 9356: 8871: 8808:

Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II

8548: 8443: 8160: 7956: 7800: 4405: 4303: 4260: 3814:(Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, 3521: 3404: 3396: 3327:

during WW1. Confidence in their growing industrial strength, and conquest of

3310: 3256: 3214:

After Scheidemann's resignation, a new coalition government was formed under

3155: 3115: 3007: 2824: 2638: 2606: 2511: 2502:(Cameroon) were transferred to France, aside from portions given to Britain, 2453: 2396: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2223: 2182: 2076: 1662: 1369: 1345: 1037: 142: 14892:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)

14736:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)

10807:

Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History

10081: 7125: 2986:

troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.

1707: 15178: 14964:

Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)

14756:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)

13782: 13216: 11890: 11293:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923

10560: 10185: 9840: 8674: 8018: 4697: 4425: 4298: 4255: 4186:

fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by

3954: 3730: 3477: 3383:, who were seen as belonging to the same race and culture as the Japanese ( 3372: 3350: 3293: 3215: 2622: 2593: 2535: 2429: 2408:

vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality. The

2345: 2331:

area. Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a

2243: 1998: 1821: 1723:

in Alsace-Lorraine. The post-war bridgeheads over the Rhine are also shown.

1525: 1434: 1150: 113: 11462: 10730:

The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History

9832: 9508:

Lentin, Antony (1992), "Trick or Treat? The Anglo-French Alliance, 1919",

8627:

Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921

8395: 8344:

The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865

5766: 5764: 2437: 2286: 1879:" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: 13993: 13898: 13596: 13031: 12452: 12081: 12002: 11130:

The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision

10836: 9862: 9207:"A Picture and an Argument: Mapping for Peace with a Cartography of Hope" 8156: 8000:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

7822: 4315: 4307:

that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of

3831: 3827: 3740: 2655: 2539: 2194: 2174: 1979: 1744: 1682: 1579: 1574: 1554: 1438: 922: 682: 246: 15373:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)

11703: 11653:

The Great War in history: debates and controversies, 1914 to the present

10876:

The Western Front 1917–1918: From Vimy Ridge to Amiens and the Armistice

10545:. The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series. Rowman & Littlefield s. 10053: 9397: 8644:"Die Finanzierung des Lebensmittels" [Paying for food imports]. 8405:

Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences

8305:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off" 8107: 8091: 5054: 5052: 4453: 4350:

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

3395:), though it was geared to subordinating them to Japan's interests in a 3194:

Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?

2737:

Part I of the treaty, in common with all the treaties signed during the

12050: 11873: 11863: 11275: 10969: 10602: 10538: 10339: 9801: 9600: 9474:. Foundations of the Laws of War. The Lawbook Exchange, Lrd 2 edition. 9353:

Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War

9189: 8897: 8769: 8698: 7964: 7458: 6440: 6438: 5761: 4473: 4413: 4395:"; for example, the Weimar Republic's 1931 program of 480 million 4388: 4271: 4105: 3810: 3769: 3641: 3111: 3054:

bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the

2707: 2634: 2598: 2553: 2527: 2457: 2332: 2106: 2061: 1964: 1852: 1720: 1678: 1658: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1279: 1081: 1069: 1056: 766: 756: 663: 94: 10648: 10462:. Suny Series in Global Politics. State University of New York Press. 10311: 10242: 6285: 4424:

The Treaty created much resentment in Germany, which was exploited by

2878:

in their own right, rather than simply as part of the British Empire.

2230:, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him 14725: 14679:

Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)

14669:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)

14594: 13788: 13555: 11008:

Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925

10607:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

10543:

Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948

10484:. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. New York: Routledge. 9762:. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 155. 9543:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies

9425: 6484: 6482: 5049: 4684:

policemen were incorporated into the army in 21 infantry battalions (

4346: 4171: 3988: 3962: 3856: 3735: 3172:

Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty. The so-called "

3043:

were intensely opposed to the treaty, saying it favored the British.

2800: 2699: 2642: 2421: 2093:) that declared the American peace objectives: the rebuilding of the 2036: 1267: 478: 411: 199: 20: 14557: 11698: 11267: 10765: 10331: 9491:

Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement

9181: 8690: 7948: 7457:

The following citations are direct links to primary sources held on

6435: 5094: 4467: 3905:

finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million

3562:

Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations, with a

2866:

The Treaty of Versailles was an important step in the status of the

2445: 2413: 2380:

was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see

2160:

of British origins, worked primarily to secure the partition of the

1689:, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference. 48:

Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

15418: 15300: 14801:

Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)

14048: 11678:

Documents relating to the Treaty from the Parliamentary Collections

11547: 11518: 10261: 9825:

1914–1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

9793: 9632: 8403:

Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey & Pape, Walter, eds. (1999).

8062:. Perspectives on the Twentieth Century (First ed.). Praeger. 7899: 7690: 6264: 5713: 4938: 3640:

76,000 men. As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the

3083:, present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919: 2892: 2867: 2531: 2495: 2324: 2170: 2157: 2069: 1975: 1712: 452: 15018:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)

14816:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)

10416:. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. 8982:

The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland

8388:

1914–1918 Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

6479: 6228: 4779: 4133:

The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes

4119:

presenting a bound treaty, decorated with skull and crossbones to

3536:, of Silesia, to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921. 3314: 1739:

and decisively defeated the German western armies. Sailors of the

14912:

Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)

14806:

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)

10920:(2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 19, 245. 10918:

The British in Interwar Germany: The Reluctant Occupiers, 1918–30

10769:. Vol. 24. German National Assembly. 1919. pp. 631–635. 9918:

The politics of hunger: the allied blockade of Germany, 1915–1919

9110:] (in German) (Kindle ed.). Frankfurt: Fischer E-Books. 8829:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

8458:[Clemenceau to Germany: "The day of reckoning is here"]. 7587: 7461:. Unless otherwise stated, links are to the Treaty of Versailles. 7161: 4308: 4100:, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a " 3808:

clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the

3412: 3408: 3376: 3154:, Prussian State President Robert Leinert, and financial advisor 2787:

A British news placard announcing the signing of the peace treaty

2715: 2711: 1751:, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the 1569:

Newsreel footage of the signing of the peace treaty at Versailles

605: 465: 314: 14907:

Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)

11748:

The Signing of the Peace Treaty, silent film (Youtube Premium):

10689:

Power and Policy: Lessons for Leaders in Government and Business

10048:(3). University of California Press: 373–380. 18 February 1920. 10002:(13th printing ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 397 ff. 9937:

The Watch on the Rhine: The Military Occupation of the Rhineland

9869:. The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. 8854:

The Second World War, 1939–45 A Strategical And Tactical History

8456:"Clemenceau an Deutschland: "Die Stunde der Abrechnung ist da."" 6879: 6877: 6168: 4006: 3353:, adopting a "slap the Jap" attitude, was a vocal defender of a 2602: 15443: 14927:

Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)

11480:"The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy" 10988:

The First World War – A Marxist Analysis of the Great Slaughter

10857:

Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy

10094:"Review of "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II"" 10066:"Le rôle de l'impératrice Eugénie en septembre et octobre 1870" 9980:. Translated by Richard Deveson. Hill & Wang. p. 278. 8918: 7811: 7701: 7131: 6816: 6814: 4264: 4249: 3839: 3835: 3465: 3178: 3071:

on 24 and 29 August 1921, in Vienna and Budapest respectively.

2888: 2441: 491: 185: 15001:

Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)

12421: 11699:

Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty

11694:

The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today's world

11032:. Campaign. Illustrated by Howard Gerrard. Osprey Publishing. 10393:

Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey & Hickey, Michael (2003).

10170:

Rubner, Max (10 April 1919). "Von der Blockde und Aehlichen".

7833: 7369: 7367: 6650: 6626: 6499: 6497: 5776: 4989: 4104:", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French 4075: 3046:

After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President

2588:

Workmen decommissioning a heavy gun, to comply with the treaty

2530:. Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in 15408:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)

15278:

Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)

14761:

Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874

14706:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)

14684:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)

14216: 11061:

A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today

9909:

Victors divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923

9416:(1996). "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace". In 7101: 7089: 6874: 6850: 6710: 6590: 6450: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 5994: 4803: 3843: 3552: 3296:, and the arrogance, underwritten by the assumptions about a 2979: 2935: 2641:(not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden 2323:, Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over 2271: 2247: 1685:, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor 14831:

Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)

14751:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)

14674:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)

14659:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)

10501:

The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations

7052: 7050: 6811: 6763: 6320: 6275: 6273: 6117: 5749: 5614: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5475: 4887: 4815: 4791: 2694: 1441:, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the 14716:

Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)

14711:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)

11423:

Cornelissen, Christoph & Weinrich, Arndt, eds. (2020).

10895:"How the Treaty of Versailles Contributed to Hitler's Rise" 10318:

Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status".

8713: 8643: 8232:. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. 7778: 7752:

Articles 165, 170, 171, 172, 198 and tables No. II and III.

7712: 7418: 7394: 7364: 7342: 7340: 7288: 6686: 6494: 6423: 6093: 5874: 5872: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5511: 5380: 5378: 5363: 5109: 3756: 3749: 2895:

to France, and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations.

2618: 2262:

with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations,

1916:

was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace (the

1871: 504: 15311:

Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)

14887:

Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10713:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Routledge. 10155:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 348. 9867:

Volume XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945

9823:. In Rollo, Maria Fernanda & Pires, Ana Paula (eds.). 9562:

A School for Diplomats: the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

9532:, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 20–27, archived from 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 6734: 6602: 6531: 6529: 6404: 6297: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5859: 5857: 5832: 5830: 5725: 4950: 4863: 2663:

period of six months following the signing of the treaty.

2202:

took Orlando's place in signing the treaty of Versailles.

1457:

on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the

116:

by Germany and three Principal Allied and Associate Powers

14654:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)

10749:

The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

10376:

The First World War: Volume 3 The Western Front 1917–1918

10129:

The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 7 c. 1905–c. 1940

9442: 8677:(1968), "The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans", 7723: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7352: 7113: 7047: 6674: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6356: 6332: 6270: 6216: 6180: 5842: 5817: 5815: 5679: 5677: 5552: 5523: 5395: 5393: 5351: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5214: 5058: 4916: 4914: 4839: 4827: 4757: 4755: 3759:

on 11 January 1923. The German government answered with "

1606:. Having seen the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in the 15149:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)

14882:

Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

14855:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10565:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse" 10076:(85). Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848: 193. 8940:

The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary

8090:

Barnes, Alexander & Ebertowski, James (April 2011).

8059:

American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence

7337: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7011: 6909: 6907: 6614: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6344: 6105: 5984: 5982: 5943: 5889: 5887: 5869: 5602: 5576: 5487: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5375: 3879:

In January 1927, following the withdrawal of the Allied

3345:

in the United States, Clemenceau openly ridiculed them,

1681:. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the 1437:

signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of

15023:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)

14821:

Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

14811:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

11721:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years

10711:

European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

8367:. Primary Sources of American Treaties. Rosen Central. 8250: 8141:. "Pride and Fall" sequence. London: Pan. p. 392. 7406: 7384: 7382: 7300: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7077: 6987: 6975: 6953: 6951: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6894: 6892: 6862: 6826: 6638: 6546: 6544: 6526: 6380: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6018: 5967: 5955: 5911: 5854: 5827: 5788: 5770: 5465: 5463: 5448: 5339: 5118: 4979: 4977: 4851: 3932:

soldiers and a large militia. Later in the year at the

3480:

of one per cent to support the payment of reparations.

2633:(not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve 11786: 11190:

Aspects of British Policy and the Treaty of Versailles

9978:

The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity

8002:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 781. 7503: 7483: 7430: 6775: 6573: 6462: 6392: 6245: 6243: 6204: 6006: 5933: 5931: 5812: 5800: 5674: 5662: 5626: 5599:

da Atti Parlamentari, Camera dei Deputati, Discussioni

5564: 5540: 5436: 5390: 5250: 5202: 5178: 5130: 4911: 4899: 4767: 4752: 2637:(not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve 2399:

to them. Germany had to recognize the independence of

12192: 11736:

Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty

11728:, Washington, and Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11128:

Graebner, Norman A. & Bennett, Edward M. (2011).

10662: 9420:; Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Miller, Steve E. (eds.). 9246:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 34. 7767: 7756: 7578: 7576: 7276: 7264: 7245: 7173: 7149: 6919: 6904: 6787: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6722: 6662: 6556: 6509: 6368: 6234: 6156: 5979: 5884: 5737: 5701: 5638: 5417: 5226: 5001: 4926: 4875: 3566:

garrison, until January 1923. On 9 January 1923, the

1952:

France had lost 1.3 million soldiers, including

15117:

Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)

14870:

Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10831: 10751:. Military History of the United States. Routledge. 10728:

Tucker, Spencer C. & Roberts, Priscilla (2005).

10267:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

9956:

Rethinking Heritage: Cultures and Politics in Europe

9920:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 145. 8460:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

8407:. Yearbook of European Sutdies. Rodopi Bv Editions. 8338: 8315: 7609: 7379: 7035: 7023: 6999: 6948: 6931: 6889: 6838: 6698: 6541: 6192: 6069: 6030: 5719: 5689: 5460: 5405: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5238: 5190: 5142: 5076: 5037: 5013: 4974: 4962: 4944: 4785: 4449: 3504:-speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern 3360:

Japan's attempt, buttressed by the Chinese emissary

9745: 7653: 7137: 6963: 6240: 6174: 6144: 6057: 5928: 5899: 5166: 5064: 4166:

third of Russia's population (albeit mostly of non-

2799:wrote "are we making a good peace?", while General 2165:membership of Italy in the security council of the 15346:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958) 14664:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858) 10432: 10392: 9682: 9458: 9149:Locarno Diplomacy: Germany and the West, 1925–1929 9101: 9059: 8979: 8826: 8735: 8522: 8402: 8225: 7598: 7573: 7561: 7442: 6799: 6746: 6488: 6444: 6291: 6135: 6081: 5499: 5025: 3928:Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 2605:were to be destroyed. Germany was prohibited from 2573:were to be retained for at least twelve years and 2416:), which had come under Polish control during the 15403:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976) 10780:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 10300:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 9579:Marks, Sally (1978), "The Myths of Reparations", 8629:. Mcgill Queens University Press, First Edition. 8454: 7844: 5650: 4655: 3555:, in the north-west, remained with Germany while 3205:Demonstration against the treaty in front of the 3023:, into the talks. The Republicans controlled the 1181:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 15466: 15351:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959) 14746:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871) 8089: 7679: 7642: 7514: 4995: 4378: 3559:, in the south-east, was transferred to Poland. 3275:: Flags of the five allies of World War I. 2733:International Labour Organization § History 1488:declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a " 582: 161: 15454:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023) 13398:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 11385:Boemeke, Manfred F.; et al., eds. (1998). 11314:. Vol. 4. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–15. 11188:McKercher, B. J. C., and Erik Goldstein, eds. 10219: 10039: 9036:– via MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive 7931: 7068: 6769: 6456: 4735:, Paris, Larousse Paris Match, 1965, quoted in 3492:A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln 3472: million within twenty-five days and then 15336:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956) 15331:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954) 15326:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952) 15256:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) 14843:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) 11174:The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes) 10021:[We can feel the strength of hatred]. 9243:The Legacy of the Great War: Peacemaking, 1919 8188:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 8047:. New York: The Macmillan Company – via 3390: 3384: 2861: 2722: 1665:, and democracy. While the term was not used, 1634: 1516:. Bitter resentment of the treaty powered the 205: 14573: 12437: 12093: 12066: 11772: 11227:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 10727: 9839: 9512:, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 28–32, 9004: 8202:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 7530: 7528: 7167: 6883: 6856: 6716: 6596: 6000: 5782: 5755: 4893: 4821: 4797: 4138:It has been argued—for instance by historian 3601:the ballot) in favour of union with Germany; 3331:, together with their proven fidelity to the 3279:: Peace standing in Oriental attire with the 2645:. The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 2526:, a sliver of German East Africa in northern 2460:, for the League of Nations to establish the 2391:Germany was to recognize the independence of 2213: 1410: 944: 221: 15585:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 15062:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918) 14786:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884) 14620:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11342: 10833:"Why was the Zimmermann Telegram important?" 10623: 10395:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 10236:(First ed.). Stanford University Press. 10000:Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization 9685:Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 9102:Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd (2013). 8965: 8016: 7910: 7877: 7866: 7855: 7807:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Article 177 7789: 7734: 7668: 6186: 5517: 5369: 4275: 3961:programme and the official unveiling of the 3937: 3923: 3900: 3891: 3800: 3675: 3141: 2559: 2558:). The provisions were intended to make the 2551: 2482:German colonies (light blue) were made into 2350:control of the Saar to the League of Nations 1899: 1813: 1616:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 15393:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973) 15216:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936) 13881: 12032:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 11484:Comillas Journal of International Relations 10298:(1960), "The Peace Treaties of 1919–1920", 9151:. Princeton University Press. p. 135. 9124: 8805: 8599:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. 8155: 8083:The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 7990: 7550: 7510:President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" Speech 7373: 6692: 6429: 5731: 4727: 4725: 4723: 3325:Japan's relationship with the United States 3292:had bitter memories of the rhetoric of the 1169:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 15590:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 15449:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022) 14991:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916) 14637:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) 14580: 14566: 12444: 12430: 12073: 12059: 11779: 11765: 10947: 10937:"Peace Without Victory (speech to Senate)" 10912: 10809:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 10536: 9815: 9545:. Princeton University Press. p. 92. 8806:Folly, Martin & Palmer, Niall (2010). 8596:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945 8553:Europe at War 1939-1945: No Simple Victory 7631: 7620: 7525: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 6656: 6632: 6417: 6123: 6051: 4054:superior orders being allowed as a defence 3136:German delegates in Versailles: Professor 3097:Many in China felt betrayed as the German 2518:went to South Africa and Britain obtained 2440:, which was astride the rail line between 1481:, became known as the "War Guilt" clause. 1417: 1403: 951: 937: 524: 16:One of the treaties that ended World War I 15341:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 15251:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940) 15028:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 14605:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11651:Winter, Jay & Prost, Antoine (2020). 11614:Versailles 1919: A Centennial Perspective 11495: 11387:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 11367: 11356:Corvinus Journal of International Affairs 10476: 10320:The American Journal of International Law 9776: 9757: 9230: 8322:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 8302: 8181: 8085:. Stanford University Press. p. 791. 8023:The Betrayed Ally, China in the Great War 7935:(1940). "Versailles Twenty Years After". 7327: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7056: 6781: 6680: 6222: 5878: 5848: 5620: 5587: 5493: 5481: 5384: 4070: 3705:. Wilson further reduced the garrison to 3110:. There was immense dissatisfaction with 2876:founding members of the League of Nations 2256:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 2055:Lloyd George also intended to maintain a 1451:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1364:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 1175:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 539: 15268:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940) 15072:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 13680:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 12080: 12039:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 11132:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11005: 10823: 10801: 10773: 10627:(1982), "Versailles after Sixty Years", 10559: 10522:. Melbourne: Scribe. pp. vii, xii. 10411: 10146: 10088: 9655: 9540: 9165: 9146: 9005:Hantke, Max & Spoerer, Mark (2010), 8760: 8592: 8525:The Second World War: A Military History 8517: 8421: 7829:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Article 121 7539: 7282: 7270: 7191: 7179: 7155: 6981: 6620: 6535: 6350: 6326: 6210: 5973: 5949: 5632: 5570: 5558: 5546: 5454: 5442: 5357: 5261: 5220: 5208: 5184: 5124: 4932: 4773: 4761: 4720: 4345: 4341: 4209:The British historian of modern Germany 4200: 4110: 4074: 4005: 3725: 3630: 3487: 3483: 3266: 3200: 3131: 2993: 2782: 2706:To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and 2693: 2583: 2545: 2477: 2356:to France by rescinding the treaties of 2285: 2226:signing the Treaty of Versailles in the 2217: 2035: 1870: 1706: 1558: 1340:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 509: 388: 331: 252: 15290:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945) 15211:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935) 15144:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925) 14610:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854) 14057:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 12352:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 10878:. Amber Books. pp. 126, 168, 200. 10851: 10589: 10457: 10373: 10354: 10294: 10269:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 10240: 10231: 10200: 10125: 10111:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 10106: 10060: 9972: 9953: 9890:. H.F. & G. Weatherby. pp. 8–9 9883: 9040: 8947:Groppe, Pater Lothar (28 August 2004). 8937: 8892: 8786: 8766:The Pity of War: Explaining World War I 8710:The Occupation of the Rhineland 1918–29 8704: 8462:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 8360: 8136: 8114: 8045:"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal" 7888: 7465: 7412: 7400: 7315: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7083: 6993: 6868: 6832: 6820: 6644: 6503: 6473: 6075: 6024: 5922: 5836: 5806: 5794: 5743: 5683: 5668: 5608: 5430: 5399: 5136: 5007: 4968: 4956: 4920: 4905: 4881: 4869: 4701: 3620: 3074: 429: 346: 282: 267: 237: 15467: 15273:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941) 15077:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 12025:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay 11993:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 11896:Possible cause of the Second World War 11024: 10934: 10746: 10705: 10686: 10517: 10430: 10281: 10169: 10070:Revue d'Histoire du XIXe siècle – 1848 10016: 9994: 9934: 9906: 9847:. University of North Carolina Press. 9726: 9707: 9677: 9523: 9507: 9488: 9373: 9350: 9290:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9284: 9274:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9264: 9239: 9128:& Szabo, Franz A.J., eds. (2007). 8946: 8876:Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 8851: 8824: 8652: 8547: 8493: 8474: 8320:& Glaser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). 8280: 8223: 8039: 7436: 7294: 7143: 6793: 6740: 6728: 6668: 6608: 6584: 6567: 6550: 6520: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6314: 6279: 6249: 6162: 6150: 6099: 6063: 6012: 5988: 5893: 5821: 5707: 5695: 5644: 5534: 5505: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5273: 5244: 5232: 5196: 5148: 5031: 4983: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4736: 4714: 4668: 4566:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 4097:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 3512:was held on 11 July 1920. There was a 2823:Former wartime British Prime Minister 2428:. The sovereignty of part of southern 2281: 1322:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 913:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 567: 563:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 361: 128:Principal Allied and Associated Powers 15575:Treaties of the French Third Republic 15361:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement 14649:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858) 14587: 14561: 14010:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 13353:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 12425: 12054: 11760: 10984: 10892: 10873: 10601: 10498: 10317: 9954:Peckham, Robert Shannan, ed. (2003). 9861: 9845:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy 9614: 9578: 9559: 9412: 9328: 9073: 8974: 8870: 8730: 8569: 8385: 8182:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (January 2002). 8055: 7971: 7448: 7424: 7358: 7258: 7005: 6942: 6925: 6913: 6898: 6805: 6757: 6704: 6362: 6338: 6198: 6087: 6039: 5961: 5863: 5771:Benians, Butler & Carrington 1959 5656: 5411: 5285: 5082: 5043: 5019: 4809: 4581: 4544: 3300:, memories aggravated by the rise of 3146:Johannes Giesberts, Justice Minister 2133:American view, particularly those of 35:Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) 15550:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 15429:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991) 15378:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968) 15159:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930) 14944:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904 14414:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 12316:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 11030:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg 10674:from the original on 6 November 2020 10282:Schiff, Judith Ann (1 August 1996). 9915: 9303:. Greenhaven Press. pp. 52–53. 9204: 8942:. Yale University Press. p. 78. 8673: 8624: 8390:. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. 8198: 8080: 7976:. Cham: Springer. pp. 179–198. 7388: 7346: 7041: 7029: 7017: 6969: 6957: 6844: 6111: 5937: 5905: 5172: 5096:Proceedings of the National Assembly 5070: 4685: 4611:of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey. 4419: 2629:and was limited to a maximum of six 2494:under the control of Allied states. 2028:Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe) 1641:American entry into World War I 15565:Treaties entered into force in 1920 15555:Peace treaties of the United States 15388:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972) 15169:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932) 14343:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 13144:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11683:Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide 10935:Wilson, Woodrow (22 January 1917). 10747:Venzon, Anne Cipriano, ed. (1999). 10359:. Strategy and History. Routledge. 10173:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 10019:"'Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses'" 9689:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 9296: 8503:. Vintage Books. pp. 422–424. 8479:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 78. 7132:TNA: The Great War 1914 to 1918 n.d 5469: 4622:The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3826:of Germany, companies moved to the 2514:were allocated to Belgium, whereas 2169:and a promised transfer of British 2113:rather than return the area to the 1610:and the Kerensky government in the 1524:, and eventually the outbreak of a 1316:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 13: 15525:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 15398:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974) 15383:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971) 15082:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) 13083:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11788:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 11048: 10859:. University of California Press. 10520:A Perfidious Distortion of History 9424:. International Security Readers. 9390:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x 9355:. The Making of the Modern World. 8878:(in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. 8742:(First ed.). Pantheon Books. 7697:Articles 159, 160, 163 and Table 1 5720:Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser 1998 4224:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3605:were cast for the status quo, and 3426:north of the Equator, forming the 3163:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 3152:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 2918:in January 1920, he was defeated. 2856:re-militarisation of the Rhineland 2420:, was also to be ceded to Poland. 2395:and cede parts of the province of 1548: 1453:, which led to the war. The other 1298:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 25:Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 14: 15611: 14865:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896) 14766:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 14632:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855) 11804:Covenant of the League of Nations 11671: 10893:Wilde, Robert (29 January 2020). 10570:. Rice University. Archived from 10412:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). 9911:. University of California Press. 9444:"Lebensmittelabkommen in Brüssel" 9300:War crimes: a historical overview 8286:Germany After the First World War 8092:"Peace in peril in May-June 1919" 7594:Section V preamble and Article 51 3570:invaded the territory during the 3541:three major outbreaks of violence 3433: 2743:Covenant of the League of Nations 2729:Covenant of the League of Nations 2010:and favored annexation of former 1210:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 700:Covenant of the League of Nations 29:Diplomatic history of World War I 15510:Germany–United Kingdom relations 15236:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938) 13446:Second Battle of the Piave River 13068:Russian invasion of East Prussia 11634:The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 10664:"The Treaty of Versailles, 1919" 9821:"Post-war Settlement (Portugal)" 9729:The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923 9026:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00512.x 8428:. London: Vintage. p. 181. 8303:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). 6489:Lemkin, Schabas & Power 2008 6445:Bullivant, Giles & Pape 1999 4707: 4691: 4674: 4661: 4648: 4638: 4614: 4604: 4598: 4466: 4452: 3995: 3721: 3496:In February and March 1920, the 3444: 2989: 2372:that Eugénie provided, in which 2083: 1808:. The Blockade of Germany was a 681: 654: 613: 598: 584: 569: 555: 541: 526: 511: 497: 484: 471: 458: 445: 431: 417: 404: 390: 377: 363: 348: 333: 320: 307: 284: 269: 254: 239: 223: 207: 192: 178: 163: 148: 135: 53: 15570:Treaties of the Empire of Japan 15515:Germany–United States relations 15174:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932) 14510:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 13710:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 12451: 12411:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 11945:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 11917:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 11869:Hague conference on reparations 11182:Memoirs of the Peace Conference 11113:. London: Collins Educational. 10629:Journal of Contemporary History 10234:The Saar: Battleground and Pawn 10017:Probst, Robert (28 June 2019). 9712:. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 9710:A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 9564:. University Press of America. 9276:. pp. 226–251 – via 9104:Deutschland im Ersten Weltkrieg 9080:Versailles and After: 1919–1933 8679:The Journal of American History 8288:. Oxford University Press, US. 7974:History of Military Cartography 5593: 5154: 4591: 4157:The British military historian 3949:In October 1933, following the 3739:in violation of Art. 80 on the 3420:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory 3364:among others, to incorporate a 2144: 2021: 1866: 1800:Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) 1582:. Two alliances faced off, the 1449:, exactly five years after the 1145:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 987:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 868:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 807:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 801:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 762:Hague conference on reparations 15316:Treaty of San Francisco (1951) 15241:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939) 15226:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937) 15129:Washington Naval Treaty (1922) 15057:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917) 14996:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908) 14981:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907 14922:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 14860:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896) 14333:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 14192:Deportations from East Prussia 13989:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 11998:Commission of Responsibilities 11901:International Opium Convention 11389:. Cambridge University Press. 11094:. Cambridge University Press. 10825:"Why the Nazis achieved power" 10783:. Cambridge University Press. 10132:. Cambridge University Press. 9108:Germany in the First World War 9043:The First World War, 1914–1918 8986:. Cambridge University Press. 8904:. Octopus Books. p. 276. 8570:Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). 8266:. Cambridge University Press. 8096:Defense Transportation Journal 7818:Treaty of Trianon, Article 161 7708:Articles 173, 174, 175 and 176 6292:Hirschfeld & Krumeich 2013 4559: 4514: 4213:wrote that during the war the 3980: 3329:Germany's Far East possessions 3101:in China was handed to Japan. 3060:US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 2759:International Opium Convention 2666: 1947: 1936:, and United States President 1830:unrestricted submarine warfare 1749:naval order of 24 October 1918 1109:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 966:Events leading to World War II 918:Commission of Responsibilities 789:International Opium Convention 784:Possible cause of World War II 1: 15580:Treaties of the German Empire 15231:India-Japan Agreement of 1937 15206:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935) 15184:India-Japan Agreement of 1934 14976:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 14954:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905) 14796:Convention of Tientsin (1885) 14244:Ukrainian Canadian internment 11350:Baranyi, Tamás Peter (2019). 11312:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy 11083:Versailles twenty years after 11063:. New York/London: J. Wiley. 10991:. Wellred Books. p. 18. 10597:. Penguin Books. p. 605. 9843:& Foster, Elborg (1988). 9782:The Journal of Modern History 9422:Debating the Democratic Peace 9336:. Stanford University Press. 9232:10.1080/00087041.2019.1694804 8953:Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung 8825:Frucht, Richard, ed. (2004). 8648:(in German). 2 February 1919. 8139:The Collapse of British Power 8120:The Collapse of British Power 7840:Treaty of Sèvres, Article 231 6265:W-R: "shrivelled hand" speech 5059:March 1919 Brussels agreement 4546:[vɛʁˈzaɪ̯ɐfɛɐ̯ˈtʁaːk] 4482:Aftermath of World War I 4379:Military terms and violations 4259:result of the treaty—such as 4121:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau 3969:that allowed a surface fleet 3716: 3617:from Germany fled to France. 3440:Aftermath of World War I 2764: 2689: 2189:, however, saw the War as a " 1859:member and anti-war activist 1820:was mainly restricted to the 1699:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1628:American Expeditionary Forces 1543: 1328:German ultimatum to Lithuania 1274:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 14902:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898) 14826:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 14399:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 13698:Estonian War of Independence 13373:Southern Palestine offensive 11714:(Review of Manfred Boemeke, 11685:from the Library of Congress 11295:(Third ed.). Palgrave. 11224:Macmillan, Margaret (2001). 11090:Cooper, John Milton (2010). 10985:Woods, Alan (27 June 2019). 10439:. Michigan: Harper and Row. 10241:Schabas, William A. (2018). 9758:McDougall, Walter A (1978). 9708:Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). 8920:"The Great War 1914 to 1918" 8653:Dreyer, June Teufel (2015). 8593:De Zayas, Alfred M. (1989). 8228:A Concise History of Austria 8167:. Indiana University Press. 8017:Arnander, Christopher & 4996:Barnes & Ebertowski 2011 4746: 4507: 3967:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 3965:(air force), and signed the 3934:World Disarmament Conference 3451:World War I reparations 3031:A discontent bloc of 12–18 " 2773: 2673:World War I reparations 2125:by a slim margin. Wilson, a 2068:, a position opposed by the 2003:World War I reparations 1692: 1657:. They outlined a policy of 1573:War broke out following the 1228:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1193:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 301:Allied and Associated Powers 59:Cover of the English version 7: 15067:Treaty of Versailles (1919) 14949:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) 14353:USA against Austria-Hungary 13752:Turkish War of Independence 13704:Latvian War of Independence 13436:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 13027:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 12321:Italian reparation payments 11967:Turkish War of Independence 11950:Conference of London (1920) 11922:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 11824:Little Treaty of Versailles 11726:German Historical Institute 11689:Photographs of the document 11369:10.14267/cojourn.2019v4n2a1 11010:. Oxford University Press. 11006:Yearwood, Peter J. (2009). 10247:. Oxford University Press. 10126:Roberts, A.D., ed. (1986). 10107:Ripsman, Norrin M. (2004). 9663:. Oxford University Press. 9560:Lovin, Clifford R. (1997). 9334:German and Republican China 9240:Keylor, William R. (1998). 9132:. Purdue University Press. 8789:Nazi Germany: A New History 8646:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 8500:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 7937:Political Science Quarterly 5111:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 4570:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 4487:Little Treaty of Versailles 4445: 4369:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3977:over an eight-year period. 3794: 3789:Lausanne Conference of 1932 3627:Occupation of the Rhineland 3422:and all the territories of 3385: 2958: 2862:Status of British Dominions 2747:International Labour Office 2723:International organizations 2627:pre-dreadnought battleships 2621:and military aircraft. The 2467: 2290:Germany after Versailles: 2179:Italian colonies of Somalia 1793: 1782:, Alsace-Lorraine, and the 1703:Occupation of the Rhineland 1635:Role of the Fourteen Points 1534:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1358:Italian invasion of Albania 1352:British guarantee to Poland 890:Turkish War of Independence 873:Conference of London (1920) 825:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 819:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 720:Little Treaty of Versailles 10: 15616: 15560:Treaties concluded in 1919 15221:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 15164:London Naval Treaty (1930) 15154:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) 15139:Klaipėda Convention (1924) 15052:Japan-China Treaty of 1915 15013:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 14986:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 14959:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 14939:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904 14791:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885 14781:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 14771:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 14436:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 13984:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 13451:Second Battle of the Marne 13338:Second battle of the Aisne 13207:Second Battle of Champagne 13048:German invasion of Belgium 11732:9:2 (Spring 2000), 191–205 11497:10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 11408:. Rosen Publishing Group. 11230:. New York: Random House. 11176:. London: Victor Gollancz. 10687:Truitt, Wesley B. (2010). 10641:10.1177/002200948201700305 10458:Steiner, Barry H. (2007). 10232:Russell, Frank M. (1951). 10201:Rudloff, Wilfried (1998). 9817:de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro 9727:Martin, Lawrence (2007) . 9526:"Germany: a New Carthage?" 9292:. Harcourt Brace and Howe. 8791:. Constable. p. 408. 8787:Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). 8137:Barnett, Correlli (2002). 7924: 7785:Articles 198, 201, and 202 7719:Articles 161, 162, and 176 7456: 6235:Château de Versailles 2016 4733:La Seconde Guerre mondiale 4434:cause of World War II 3999: 3820:Communist Party of Germany 3624: 3448: 3437: 3125: 3121: 2812:said that many within the 2778: 2726: 2670: 2654:Germany surrendered eight 2492:League of Nations mandates 2484:League of Nations mandates 2471: 2295: Administered by the 2260:Republic of German Austria 2214:Treaty content and signing 2066:League of Nations mandates 2025: 2008:League of Nations mandates 1986:. Clemenceau had told the 1797: 1696: 1638: 1552: 1470:required Germany to disarm 1204:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 32: 18: 15535:Peace treaties of Germany 15444:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016) 15416: 15298: 15201:He–Umezu Agreement (1935) 15134:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 15092:Gongota Agreement of 1920 15036: 14724: 14694:Agreement of Paris (1864) 14593: 14542: 14501: 14422: 14361: 14323: 14267: 14256: 14217:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 14160: 14132: 14080: 14002: 13976: 13928: 13821: 13814: 13746:Irish War of Independence 13642: 13524: 13496:Armistice of Villa Giusti 13481:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 13406: 13308: 13235: 13136: 13093:First Battle of the Marne 13040: 13002: 12937: 12928: 12871: 12745: 12734: 12700: 12672: 12634: 12586: 12539: 12532: 12459: 12400: 12360: 12339: 12241: 12234: 12188: 12089: 12016: 11980: 11962:Turkish National Movement 11935: 11909: 11839: 11794: 11565:French Historical Studies 11536:Journal of Modern History 11507:Journal of Modern History 11343:Historiography and memory 11330:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John 11152:The Defeat in the Victory 10962:10.1017/S0034670500023706 10435:A Broken World, 1919-1939 10355:Shuster, Richard (2006). 9935:Pawley, Margaret (2008). 9907:Nelson, Keith L. (1975). 9621:Journal of Modern History 9593:10.1017/S0008938900018707 9493:. Routledge. p. 84. 9270:"Europe after the treaty" 9169:Pacific Historical Review 8966: 8659:. Routledge. p. 60. 8625:Debo, Richard K. (1992). 8205:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 7168:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6884:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6857:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6717:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6597:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6001:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5783:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5756:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4894:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4822:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4812:, pp. 126, 168, 200. 4798:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4580:with the Ottoman Empire ( 4357:Soviet invasion of Poland 4002:Leipzig war crimes trials 3917:Reich Minister of Defense 3799:In 1920, the head of the 3665:British Army of the Rhine 3576:Conference of Ambassadors 3391: 2881: 2571:non-commissioned officers 2474:League of Nations mandate 2405:regained its independence 2152:and his foreign minister 2150:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 2057:European balance of power 1932:, British Prime Minister 1930:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1928:, Italian Prime Minister 1622:in March 1918 signed the 1586:(led by Germany) and the 1133:Defense of the Great Wall 1115:Pacification of Manchukuo 885:Turkish National Movement 653: 648: 634: 626: 120: 109: 101: 82: 64: 52: 47: 15530:Peace treaties of France 15495:France–Germany relations 15112:Nine-Power Treaty (1922) 15107:Four-Power Treaty (1921) 15102:Treaty of Trianon (1921) 14615:Treaty of Shimoda (1855) 14369:Constantinople Agreement 13662:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 13525:Co-belligerent conflicts 13501:Second Romanian campaign 13471:Third Transjordan attack 13182:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 13088:Battle of Grand Couronné 12331:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 12326:Sino-German Peace Treaty 11577:10.1215/00161071-8278486 11404:Brezina, Corona (2006). 10503:. W.W. Norton & Co. 10499:Stone, Ralph A. (1973). 10431:Sontag, Richard (1971). 10414:The Treaty of Versailles 10225:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9884:Mullins, Claude (1921). 9751:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9731:. The Lawbook Exchange. 9581:Central European History 9541:Liverman, Peter (1996). 9489:Lentin, Antony (1985) . 9211:The Cartographic Journal 9205:Kent, Alexander (2019). 9130:The Germans and the East 8656:China's Political System 8361:Brezina, Corona (2006). 8021:(2016). "Introduction". 7730:Articles 42, 43, and 180 6187:Arnander & Wood 2016 4502: 4050:prosecutorial discretion 3953:and the founding of the 3695:United States Third Army 3545:Upper Silesia plebiscite 3366:Racial Equality Proposal 3262: 3188:Weimar National Assembly 3092: 2921: 2845:1920 Paisley by-election 2516:German South-West Africa 2436:while the East Prussian 2348:coalmines to France and 2327:and cede control of the 2270:, to the returning of a 2032:Fontainebleau Memorandum 1252:Second Sino-Japanese War 1216:Arab revolt in Palestine 1163:Inner Mongolian Campaign 1064:Second Italo-Senussi War 15545:Peace treaties of Japan 15540:Peace treaties of Italy 15520:International relations 15505:Germany–Japan relations 15500:Germany–Italy relations 15368:Tokyo Convention (1963) 15321:Treaty of Taipei (1952) 15097:Treaty of Sèvres (1920) 14432:Modus vivendi of Acroma 14384:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 13692:Greater Poland Uprising 13592:National Protection War 13476:Meuse–Argonne offensive 13426:German spring offensive 13421:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 13197:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 13172:Second Battle of Artois 13053:Battle of the Frontiers 11478:Ferrari, Paolo (2015). 11208:. London: John Murray. 11180:Published in the US as 10518:Tampke, Jürgen (2017). 10374:Simkins, Peter (2002). 10244:The Trial of the Kaiser 10147:Roerkohl, Anne (1991). 10082:10.3406/r1848.1920.1652 9524:Lentin, Antony (2012), 9014:Economic History Review 8852:Fuller, J.F.C. (1993). 8422:Campbell, John (2010). 8224:Beller, Steven (2007). 7499:Signatures and Protocol 7374:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 6693:Appiah & Gates 2005 6430:Bartov & Weitz 2013 6175:EB: May Fourth Movement 5732:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 4231:German Democratic Party 3922:authorized the illegal 3743:, Vienna, 15 March 1938 3510:East Prussia plebiscite 3343:segregationist policies 3128:Stab-in-the-back legend 3079:Wilson's former friend 2984:Portuguese Armed Forces 2854:, following the German 2418:Greater Poland Uprising 2200:Francesco Saverio Nitti 2040:British Prime Minister 1918:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1906:French Foreign Ministry 1624:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1445:. It was signed in the 1382:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1376:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 70:; 105 years ago 15246:Tripartite Pact (1940) 15087:Svalbard Treaty (1920) 14689:London Protocol (1862) 14457:Paris Peace Conference 14445:Ukraine–Central Powers 14239:Massacres of Albanians 14207:Late Ottoman genocides 14014:Bulgarian occupations 13722:Third Anglo-Afghan War 13686:Hungarian–Romanian War 13511:Naval Victory Bulletin 13506:Armistice with Germany 13456:Hundred Days Offensive 13383:Battle of La Malmaison 13333:Second battle of Arras 13300:Battle of Transylvania 13154:Second Battle of Ypres 13022:Sarajevo assassination 12911:South African Republic 12194:Paris Peace Conference 11718:and Elisabeth Glaser, 11336:. New York: H. Fertig. 11111:The World This Century 11109:Demarco, Neil (1987). 10950:The Review of Politics 10874:Wiest, Andrew (2012). 10186:10.1055/s-0028-1137673 9297:Kim, Henry H. (2000). 9147:Jacobson, Jon (1972). 9041:Hardach, Gerd (1987). 8902:History of World War 1 8529:. Thomas Dunne Books. 8475:Collar, Peter (2012). 8252:Benians, Ernest Alfred 8199:Bell, P.M.H. (1997) . 6418:Ther & Siljak 2001 6124:Wimer & Wimer 1967 4656:Weimarer Republik n.d. 4537: 4524: 4351: 4276: 4206: 4124: 4087: 4071:Historical assessments 4011: 3938: 3924: 3901: 3899:In December 1931, the 3892: 3801: 3744: 3676: 3636: 3493: 3355:White Australia policy 3284: 3255:and colonial minister 3249: 3211: 3196: 3158: 3142: 3090: 3052:Knox–Porter Resolution 3015: 2788: 2755:freedom of association 2739:Paris Peace Conference 2703: 2589: 2560: 2552: 2487: 2432:was to be decided via 2315: 2231: 2044: 1900: 1895: 1844:Armistice with Germany 1814: 1784:left bank of the Rhine 1772:German-occupied France 1737:Hundred Days Offensive 1724: 1570: 1463:Paris Peace Conference 1050:Occupation of the Ruhr 1032:Franco-Polish alliance 675:Paris Peace Conference 15490:Arms control treaties 15439:Kyoto Protocol (1997) 14917:Boxer Protocol (1901) 14467:Treaty of St. Germain 14440:Russia–Central Powers 14394:Sykes–Picot Agreement 14222:Pontic Greek genocide 14197:Destruction of Kalisz 14173:Eastern Mediterranean 13734:Polish–Lithuanian War 13516:Armistice of Belgrade 13486:Armistice of Salonica 13416:Operation Faustschlag 13363:Third Battle of Oituz 13285:Baranovichi offensive 13253:Lake Naroch offensive 13227:Battle of Robat Karim 13202:Vistula–Bug offensive 13177:Battles of the Isonzo 13108:First Battle of Ypres 12347:Regime of the Straits 12207:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 12106:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 11859:Reparation Commission 11741:16 March 2015 at the 11712:"Versailles Revisted" 11463:10.1525/gp.2020.12103 11442:Cox, Michael (2020). 10668:Château de Versailles 10595:Europe Since Napoleon 10397:. Osprey Publishing. 10378:. Osprey Publishing. 9833:10.15463/ie1418.10521 9747:"May Fourth Movement" 9615:Marks, Sally (2013). 9351:Kramer, Alan (2008). 9083:. London: Routledge. 8938:Grebler, Leo (1940). 8924:The National Archives 8396:10.15463/ie1418.10212 8316:Boemeke, Manfred F.; 7933:Albrecht-Carrie, Rene 7427:, pp. 26, 53–54. 4634:The Treaty of Sèvres. 4630:The Treaty of Neuilly 4626:The Treaty of Trianon 4430:stab-in-the-back myth 4349: 4284:The German historian 4204: 4114: 4078: 4009: 3881:disarmament committee 3765:German hyperinflation 3729: 3697:entered Germany with 3634: 3530:Belgian-German border 3498:Schleswig Plebiscites 3491: 3438:Further information: 3302:racial discrimination 3270: 3244: 3204: 3192: 3135: 3085: 2997: 2942:and Foreign Minister 2837:1918 general election 2786: 2697: 2587: 2546:Military restrictions 2538:, which was taken by 2481: 2382:Schleswig Plebiscites 2289: 2264:freedom of navigation 2221: 2039: 2026:Further information: 1874: 1710: 1568: 1286:Battle of Lake Khasan 1199:December 9th Movement 999:Polish–Lithuanian War 15600:Palace of Versailles 15595:World War I treaties 15475:Treaty of Versailles 14462:Treaty of Versailles 14178:Mount Lebanon famine 14093:in the United States 14061:Russian occupations 13775:Turkish–Armenian War 13716:Polish–Ukrainian War 13656:Ukrainian–Soviet War 13603:Central Asian Revolt 13393:Armistice of Focșani 13123:Battle of Sarikamish 13073:Battle of Tannenberg 12469:Military engagements 12008:List of participants 11841:Treaty of Versailles 11611:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11592:Sharp, Alan (2011). 11291:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11085:. Allen & Unwin. 10837:BBC History Magazine 10803:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10775:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10670:. 22 November 2016. 10537:Ther, Philipp & 10290:on 23 December 2009. 10092:(20 February 1994). 9778:McDougall, Walter A. 9286:Keynes, John Maynard 9266:Keynes, John Maynard 8346:. Cengage Learning. 8122:. Prometheus Books. 8056:Baker, Anni (2004). 7774:Articles 185 and 187 7763:Articles 181 and 190 7616:Article 88 and annex 7297:, pp. vii, xii. 6823:, pp. 112, 114. 6457:Albrecht-Carrie 1940 4525:Traité de Versailles 4235:Christian democratic 4057:was also acquitted. 3951:rise of Adolf Hitler 3930:147,000 professional 3621:Rhineland occupation 3281:Palace of Versailles 3081:Edward Mandell House 3075:Edward House's views 3025:United States Senate 2953:Fascist dictatorship 2187:Italian nationalists 1904:(Clock Room) at the 1741:Imperial German Navy 1447:Palace of Versailles 1431:Treaty of Versailles 1334:Slovak–Hungarian War 981:Treaty of Versailles 740:Treaty of Versailles 660:Treaty of Versailles 91:Palace of Versailles 43:Treaty of Versailles 15179:Tanggu Truce (1933) 14529:They shall not pass 14452:Treaty of Bucharest 14409:Treaty of Bucharest 14348:USA against Germany 14325:Declarations of war 14029:German occupations 13942:British casualties 13801:Soviet–Georgian War 13728:Egyptian Revolution 13668:Armeno-Georgian War 13532:Somaliland campaign 13491:Armistice of Mudros 13368:Battle of Caporetto 13358:Battle of Mărășești 13328:Zimmermann telegram 13323:February Revolution 13268:Battle of the Somme 13192:Bug-Narew Offensive 13167:Battle of Gallipoli 13159:Sinking of the RMS 12951:Scramble for Africa 12945:Franco-Prussian War 12601:Sinai and Palestine 12136:Act of 5th November 11955:San Remo conference 11910:Subsequent treaties 11879:Lausanne Conference 11617:. Haus Publishing. 11596:. Haus Publishing. 11451:Global Perspectives 11202:Macmillan, Margaret 11170:Lloyd George, David 10914:Williamson, David G 10853:Widenor, William C. 10296:Schmitt, Bernadotte 10024:Süddeutsche Zeitung 9464:Schabas, William A. 9223:2019CartJ..56..275K 8495:Cooper, John Milton 8081:Bane, S.L. (1942). 7403:, pp. 104–105. 7361:, pp. 179–198. 7349:, pp. 275–279. 7170:, pp. 849–864. 7110:, pp. 281–284. 7098:, pp. 281–282. 7074:, pp. 373–380. 7020:, pp. 233–234. 6770:EB: Ruhr occupation 6743:, pp. 251–252. 6659:, pp. 246–247. 6635:, pp. 19, 245. 6611:, pp. 181–182. 6506:, pp. 103–106. 6365:, pp. 223–234. 6341:, pp. 236–237. 6329:, pp. 507–511. 6317:, pp. 257–278. 6294:, pp. 288–289. 6114:, pp. 582–598. 5623:, pp. 278–279. 5537:, pp. 454–505. 5484:, pp. 269–270. 5100:, pp. 631–635. 4959:, pp. 270–273. 4872:, pp. 183–184. 4848:, pp. 182–195. 4836:, pp. 422–424. 4342:Territorial changes 4182:because the former 4080:John Maynard Keynes 3920:Kurt von Schleicher 3779:as a result of the 3564:French Armed Forces 3484:Territorial changes 3231:Paul von Hindenburg 3184:Philipp Scheidemann 3150:, Foreign Minister 2955:three years later. 2916:President of France 2829:Independent Liberal 2462:Free City of Danzig 2282:Territorial changes 2240:Philipp Scheidemann 1988:Chamber of Deputies 1969:John Maynard Keynes 1757:signed an armistice 1747:in response to the 1608:February Revolution 1486:John Maynard Keynes 1366:Apr.–Aug. 1939 1348:Mar.–Aug. 1939 1342:Mar.–Apr. 1939 1288:July–Aug. 1938 1234:Anti-Comintern Pact 1121:January 28 incident 878:San Remo conference 772:Lausanne Conference 44: 14489:Treaty of Lausanne 14404:Paris Economy Pact 14338:UK against Germany 14268:Entry into the war 14234:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 13953:Ottoman casualties 13763:Franco-Turkish War 13643:Post-War conflicts 13627:Russian Revolution 13609:Invasion of Darfur 13574:Kelantan rebellion 13562:Kurdish rebellions 13538:Mexican Revolution 13378:October Revolution 13343:Kerensky offensive 13318:Capture of Baghdad 13295:Monastir offensive 13280:Brusilov offensive 13118:Battle of Kolubara 12957:Russo-Japanese War 11972:Treaty of Lausanne 11849:"War guilt" clause 11427:. Berghahn Books. 11222:Also published as 11192:(Routledge, 2020) 11057:Andelman, David A. 10707:Tucker, Spencer C. 10625:Trachtenberg, Marc 10577:on 29 October 2013 10180:(15). Berlin: 15. 10099:The New York Times 9536:on 31 January 2015 9414:Layne, Christopher 9377:Diplomatic History 9260:on 4 October 2013. 9066:The New York Times 8976:Haigh, Christopher 8318:Feldman, Gerald D. 7996:Gates, Henry Louis 7605:Articles 81 and 83 7583:Articles 45 and 49 7568:Articles 33 and 34 6282:, pp. 397 ff. 6137:The New York Times 4538:Versailler Vertrag 4352: 4320:Posen-West Prussia 4250:National Socialism 4207: 4125: 4117:Georges Clemenceau 4102:Carthaginian peace 4088: 4084:Carthaginian peace 4012: 3761:passive resistance 3745: 3688:Rhineland Bastards 3678:Troupes coloniales 3669:Rhineland Republic 3637: 3494: 3428:South Seas Mandate 3298:White Man's Burden 3290:Japanese diplomacy 3285: 3212: 3159: 3143:Reichspostminister 3016: 2833:British Parliament 2831:opposition in the 2818:Bernadotte Schmitt 2789: 2704: 2590: 2520:German East Africa 2488: 2378:Schleswig-Holstein 2316: 2232: 2045: 2042:David Lloyd George 1961:400,000 civilians. 1934:David Lloyd George 1926:Georges Clemenceau 1901:Salle de l'Horloge 1896: 1889:Georges Clemenceau 1881:David Lloyd George 1875:The heads of the " 1816:Kaiserliche Marine 1725: 1667:self-determination 1612:October Revolution 1571: 1490:Carthaginian peace 1484:Critics including 1388:Invasion of Poland 1378:May–Sep. 1939 1310:First Vienna Award 1187:He–Umezu Agreement 895:Treaty of Lausanne 747:"War Guilt" clause 42: 15462: 15461: 14588:Treaties of Japan 14555: 14554: 14538: 14537: 14522:The Golden Virgin 14516:Mutilated victory 14497: 14496: 14477:Treaty of Trianon 14472:Treaty of Neuilly 14379:Damascus Protocol 14252: 14251: 14212:Armenian genocide 14169:Allied blockades 14141:Belgian refugees 13924: 13923: 13834:Strategic bombing 13810: 13809: 13795:Franco-Syrian War 13769:Greco-Turkish War 13757:Anglo-Turkish War 13740:Polish–Soviet War 13674:German Revolution 13650:Russian Civil War 13633:Finnish Civil War 13466:Battle of Megiddo 13441:Battle of Goychay 13388:Battle of Cambrai 13348:Battle of Mărăști 13263:Battle of Jutland 13243:Erzurum offensive 13098:Siege of Przemyśl 13078:Siege of Tsingtao 13063:Battle of Galicia 12993:Second Balkan War 12981:Italo-Turkish War 12938:Pre-War conflicts 12924: 12923: 12814:Portuguese Empire 12730: 12729: 12692:German New Guinea 12674:Asian and Pacific 12419: 12418: 12396: 12395: 12230: 12229: 12212:Neuilly-sur-Seine 12184: 12183: 12048: 12047: 11927:Treaty of Trianon 11819:Minority Treaties 11796:League of Nations 11730:Strategic Studies 11724:. Cambridge, UK: 11662:978-1-108-84316-4 11643:978-0-333-77630-8 11624:978-1-912208-09-8 11603:978-1-905791-74-3 11434:978-1-78920-454-4 11415:978-1-4042-0442-3 11396:978-0-521-62132-8 11321:978-1-118-88791-2 11302:978-1-137-61139-0 11161:978-1-343-46520-6 11148:Herron, George D. 11139:978-1-107-00821-2 11101:978-0-521-14765-1 11070:978-0-471-78898-0 11039:978-1-84176-408-5 10998:978-1-913026-13-4 10927:978-1-4725-9582-9 10885:978-1-906626-13-6 10839:. 17 January 2017 10816:978-0-521-56626-1 10616:978-0-14-100348-1 10609:. Penguin Books. 10552:978-0-7425-1094-4 10510:978-0-393-00671-1 10491:978-0-415-15039-2 10469:978-0-7914-5988-1 10446:978-0-06-131651-7 10366:978-0-415-35808-8 10254:978-0-19-187244-0 10221:"Ruhr occupation" 10162:978-3-515-05661-8 9996:Pinson, Koppel S. 9987:978-0-8090-9674-9 9946:978-1-84511-457-2 9927:978-0-8214-0831-5 9916:Paul, C. (1985). 9854:978-0-8078-4721-3 9769:978-0-691-05268-7 9719:978-1-444-33840-9 9696:978-0-415-16325-5 9670:978-0-19-829236-4 9500:978-0-416-41130-0 9418:Brown, Michael E. 9366:978-1-846-14013-6 9330:Kirby, William C. 9117:978-3-104-02489-9 9090:978-0-415-12710-3 8885:978-3-518-11246-5 8863:978-0-306-80506-6 8856:. Da Capo Press. 8798:978-0-09-474910-8 8779:978-0-713-99246-5 8732:Evans, Richard J. 8723:978-0-11-290454-0 8666:978-1-317-34964-8 8636:978-0-7735-0828-6 8585:978-0-313-38385-4 8510:978-0-307-27790-9 8486:978-1-84885-946-3 8435:978-1-84595-091-0 8414:978-90-420-0688-1 8260:Carrington, C. E. 8174:978-0-253-00635-6 8148:978-0-330-49181-5 8116:Barnett, Correlli 8069:978-0-275-97354-4 8041:Bailey, Thomas A. 8032:978-1-4738-7501-2 8025:. Pen and Sword. 8009:978-0-19-517055-9 7983:978-3-319-25244-5 6447:, pp. 43–44. 6126:, pp. 13–24. 5964:, pp. 34–49. 5866:, pp. 9, 96. 5611:, pp. 61–62. 5561:, pp. 46–47. 5518:Trachtenberg 1982 5472:, pp. 52–53. 5370:Trachtenberg 1982 5360:, pp. 43–44. 5348:, pp. 28–32. 5223:, pp. 40–41. 4945:Boyer et al. 2009 4860:, pp. 47–48. 4786:Boyer et al. 2009 4731:Raymond Cartier, 4680:On 8 March 1936, 4574:Treaty of Trianon 4497:Septemberprogramm 4492:Minority Treaties 4420:Rise of the Nazis 4410:Wernher von Braun 4294:millenarian hopes 4127:French economist 4046:Llandovery Castle 3852:Treaty of Rapallo 3785:Hoover Moratorium 3711:Warren G. Harding 3646:Gustav Stresemann 3549:c. 60 per cent of 3424:German New Guinea 3313:, was led by its 3283:in the background 3251:Foreign minister 3138:Walther Schücking 3048:Warren G. Harding 3021:Henry Cabot Lodge 3012:League of Nations 2976:League of Nations 2872:international law 2868:British Dominions 2803:(a member of the 2577:for a minimum of 2512:Ruanda and Urundi 2410:Province of Posen 2297:League of Nations 2191:mutilated victory 2167:League of Nations 2115:Republic of China 1958:18–30, as well as 1753:German Revolution 1675:League of Nations 1594:, as well as the 1566: 1427: 1426: 1222:Spanish Civil War 1157:Italo-Soviet Pact 1127:Geneva Conference 1026:Treaty of Rapallo 1020:Treaty of Trianon 993:Polish–Soviet War 961: 960: 843:Treaty of Trianon 837:Treaty of Trianon 715:Minority Treaties 693:League of Nations 669: 668: 630:French Government 15607: 15485:June 1919 events 15286: 15264: 15197: 15125: 15009: 14972: 14935: 14878: 14851: 14839: 14702: 14645: 14628: 14595:Bakumatsu period 14582: 14575: 14568: 14559: 14558: 14482:Treaty of Sèvres 14374:Treaty of London 14265: 14264: 14043:Northeast France 13974: 13973: 13946:Parliamentarians 13879: 13878: 13841:Chemical weapons 13819: 13818: 13580:Senussi campaign 13550:Muscat rebellion 13544:Maritz rebellion 13461:Vardar offensive 13290:Battle of Romani 13258:Battle of Asiago 13248:Battle of Verdun 13212:Kosovo offensive 12987:First Balkan War 12935: 12934: 12834:Russian Republic 12743: 12742: 12537: 12536: 12479:Economic history 12446: 12439: 12432: 12423: 12422: 12239: 12238: 12190: 12189: 12091: 12090: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12052: 12051: 11937:Treaty of Sèvres 11781: 11774: 11767: 11758: 11757: 11745:at omniatlas.com 11666: 11647: 11628: 11607: 11588: 11559: 11530: 11501: 11499: 11474: 11448: 11438: 11419: 11400: 11381: 11371: 11337: 11325: 11306: 11287: 11245: 11242:Internet Archive 11219: 11177: 11165: 11143: 11124: 11105: 11086: 11074: 11043: 11021: 11017:978-019922-673-3 11002: 10981: 10944: 10931: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10889: 10870: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10828: 10820: 10798: 10795:Internet Archive 10770: 10762: 10758:978-081533-353-1 10743: 10739:978-185109-420-2 10724: 10720:978-081533-351-7 10702: 10698:978-031338-240-6 10683: 10681: 10679: 10659: 10620: 10598: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10576: 10569: 10556: 10533: 10529:978-192532-1-944 10514: 10495: 10478:Stevenson, David 10473: 10454: 10451:Internet Archive 10438: 10427: 10423:978-160413-277-9 10408: 10404:978-184176-738-3 10389: 10385:978-184176-348-4 10370: 10351: 10314: 10291: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10258: 10237: 10228: 10216: 10197: 10166: 10143: 10139:978-052122-505-2 10122: 10118:978-027102-398-4 10103: 10085: 10057: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10013: 9991: 9969: 9965:978-186064-796-3 9950: 9931: 9912: 9903: 9900:Internet Archive 9897: 9895: 9880: 9876:978-052104-551-3 9858: 9836: 9812: 9773: 9754: 9753:. 22 March 2024. 9742: 9738:978-158477-708-3 9723: 9704: 9701:Internet Archive 9688: 9674: 9657:Markwell, Donald 9652: 9611: 9575: 9571:978-076180-755-1 9556: 9537: 9520: 9504: 9485: 9481:978-158477-901-8 9455: 9454:on 11 July 2016. 9450:. Archived from 9448:Das Bundesarchiv 9439: 9435:978-026252-213-7 9409: 9370: 9347: 9343:978-080471-209-5 9325: 9322:Internet Archive 9319: 9317: 9293: 9281: 9278:Internet Archive 9261: 9256:. Archived from 9236: 9234: 9201: 9162: 9143: 9139:978-155753-443-9 9121: 9098: 9095:Internet Archive 9070: 9056: 9052:978-014022-679-9 9037: 9011: 9001: 8998:Internet Archive 8993:978-052139-552-6 8985: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8943: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8915: 8889: 8867: 8848: 8845:Internet Archive 8840:978-157607-800-6 8832: 8821: 8817:978-081085-606-6 8802: 8783: 8757: 8754:Internet Archive 8749:978-067972-348-6 8741: 8727: 8701: 8670: 8649: 8640: 8621: 8618:Internet Archive 8615: 8613: 8589: 8566: 8562:978-033035-212-3 8544: 8541:Internet Archive 8536:978-031-257709-4 8528: 8519:Corrigan, Gordon 8514: 8490: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8451: 8448:Internet Archive 8418: 8399: 8382: 8379:Internet Archive 8374:978-140420-442-3 8357: 8353:978-054722-278-3 8335: 8331:978-052162-132-8 8312: 8299: 8295:978-019821-938-5 8277: 8273:978-052104-512-4 8247: 8244:Internet Archive 8239:978-052147-886-1 8231: 8220: 8217:Internet Archive 8212:978-058230-470-3 8195: 8178: 8152: 8133: 8129:978-039103-439-6 8111: 8086: 8077: 8074:Internet Archive 8052: 8049:Internet Archive 8036: 8013: 7987: 7968: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7903: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851:Articles 232–235 7848: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7657: 7651: 7649:Articles 100–104 7646: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7602: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7532: 7523: 7521:Articles 227–230 7518: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7496: 7481: 7476: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7377: 7371: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7335: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6946: 6940: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6902: 6896: 6887: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6571: 6565: 6554: 6548: 6539: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6507: 6501: 6492: 6486: 6477: 6471: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5920: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5882: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4740: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4578:Treaty of Sèvres 4563: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4532: 4518: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4365:Eustachy Sapieha 4279: 4277:Versaillerdiktat 4246:Great Depression 4220:Weimar Coalition 4211:Richard J. Evans 4159:Correlli Barnett 4140:Gerhard Weinberg 3972: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3927: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3874: 3863: 3848:Genoa Conference 3817: 3804: 3781:Great Depression 3708: 3704: 3700: 3681: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593:were cast, with 3592: 3557:Silesia Province 3550: 3526:Neutral Moresnet 3519: 3515: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3318:Saionji Kinmochi 3174:War Guilt Clause 3167:War Guilt Clause 3145: 3108:May 4th movement 3041:German Americans 2978:went instead to 2968:African colonies 2949:Benito Mussolini 2940:Vittorio Orlando 2928:Kingdom of Italy 2926:Reaction in the 2852:Ramsay MacDonald 2841:House of Commons 2698:Location of the 2685: 2653: 2648: 2625:was allowed six 2611:chemical weapons 2580: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2508:British Cameroon 2504:British Togoland 2309: 2303: 2294: 2253: 2222:German delegate 2195:World War I 2139:laws of humanity 2119:Republican Party 2095:European economy 1962: 1959: 1956:French men aged 1955: 1903: 1885:Vittorio Orlando 1839: 1835: 1826:commerce raiders 1819: 1567: 1555:World War I 1526:second World War 1506:Locarno Treaties 1439:World War I 1419: 1412: 1405: 1304:Munich Agreement 1240:Suiyuan campaign 1088:Great Depression 1076:Locarno Treaties 963: 962: 953: 946: 939: 861:Treaty of Sèvres 848:Millerand letter 779:Locarno Treaties 685: 671: 670: 658: 657: 619: 617: 616: 604: 602: 601: 594: 590: 588: 587: 579: 575: 573: 572: 561: 559: 558: 551: 547: 545: 544: 536: 532: 530: 529: 521: 517: 515: 514: 503: 501: 500: 490: 488: 487: 477: 475: 474: 464: 462: 461: 451: 449: 448: 441: 437: 435: 434: 423: 421: 420: 410: 408: 407: 400: 396: 394: 393: 382: 381: 380: 373: 369: 367: 366: 358: 354: 352: 351: 343: 339: 337: 336: 325: 324: 323: 313: 311: 310: 294: 290: 288: 287: 279: 275: 273: 272: 264: 260: 258: 257: 249: 245: 243: 242: 233: 229: 227: 226: 217: 213: 211: 210: 198: 196: 195: 184: 182: 181: 173: 169: 167: 166: 154: 152: 151: 141: 139: 138: 78: 76: 71: 57: 45: 41: 15615: 15614: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15421: 15412: 15303: 15294: 15280: 15258: 15191: 15119: 15044: 15032: 15003: 14966: 14929: 14872: 14845: 14833: 14728: 14720: 14696: 14639: 14622: 14597: 14589: 14586: 14556: 14551: 14534: 14493: 14425: 14418: 14389:Treaty of Darin 14357: 14319: 14275:Austria-Hungary 14261: 14248: 14229:Rape of Belgium 14156: 14128: 14076: 14070:Western Armenia 14065:Eastern Galicia 13998: 13972: 13936: 13935:Civilian impact 13934: 13920: 13877: 13806: 13638: 13568:Ovambo Uprising 13520: 13402: 13304: 13231: 13149:Battle of Łomża 13132: 13128:Christmas truce 13103:Race to the Sea 13036: 12998: 12920: 12891:Austria-Hungary 12867: 12802:Empire of Japan 12739: 12737: 12726: 12710:U-boat campaign 12696: 12668: 12630: 12582: 12528: 12509:Popular culture 12455: 12450: 12420: 12415: 12406:Fourteen Points 12392: 12356: 12335: 12226: 12180: 12085: 12079: 12049: 12044: 12012: 11976: 11931: 11905: 11835: 11790: 11785: 11743:Wayback Machine 11674: 11669: 11663: 11650: 11644: 11631: 11625: 11610: 11604: 11591: 11562: 11533: 11504: 11477: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11422: 11416: 11403: 11397: 11384: 11349: 11345: 11340: 11328: 11322: 11309: 11303: 11290: 11268:10.2307/2008855 11250: 11238: 11223: 11216: 11200: 11168: 11162: 11146: 11140: 11127: 11121: 11108: 11102: 11089: 11077: 11071: 11055: 11051: 11049:Further reading 11046: 11040: 11018: 10999: 10941:Digital History 10928: 10903: 10901: 10886: 10867: 10842: 10840: 10827:. BBC Bitesize. 10817: 10791: 10759: 10740: 10721: 10709:, ed. (1999) . 10699: 10677: 10675: 10617: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10553: 10541:, eds. (2001). 10530: 10511: 10492: 10470: 10447: 10424: 10405: 10386: 10367: 10332:10.2307/2192530 10272: 10270: 10255: 10213: 10163: 10140: 10119: 10090:Reynolds, David 10062:Reinach, Joseph 10042:Current History 10030: 10028: 10010: 9988: 9974:Peukert, Detlev 9966: 9958:. I.B. Tauris. 9947: 9939:. I.B. Tauris. 9928: 9893: 9891: 9877: 9855: 9770: 9739: 9720: 9697: 9671: 9572: 9553: 9501: 9482: 9468:Power, Samantha 9460:Lemkin, Raphael 9436: 9367: 9344: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9254: 9182:10.2307/3642235 9159: 9140: 9126:Ingrao, Charles 9118: 9091: 9053: 9009: 8994: 8958: 8956: 8928: 8926: 8912: 8894:Gilbert, Martin 8886: 8864: 8841: 8818: 8799: 8780: 8762:Ferguson, Niall 8750: 8724: 8691:10.2307/1891015 8667: 8637: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8586: 8563: 8537: 8511: 8487: 8465: 8463: 8436: 8415: 8375: 8354: 8332: 8296: 8282:Bessel, Richard 8274: 8262:, eds. (1959). 8240: 8213: 8175: 8163:, eds. (2013). 8149: 8130: 8070: 8033: 8010: 7998:, eds. (2005). 7992:Appiah, Anthony 7984: 7949:10.2307/2143772 7927: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7691: 7686:Part V preamble 7684: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7484: 7477: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7380: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7338: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7086:, pp. 8–9. 7082: 7078: 7070:Current History 7067: 7063: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6657:Williamson 2017 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6633:Williamson 2017 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6574: 6566: 6557: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389:, p. xiii. 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785:, p. 1224. 5781: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5418: 5414:, pp. 2–3. 5410: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800:, p. 1078. 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4704:, p. 116). 4696: 4692: 4688:, p. 234). 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671:, p. 270). 4666: 4662: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4572:with Bulgaria; 4564: 4560: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4472: 4465: 4460:Politics portal 4458: 4451: 4448: 4422: 4381: 4344: 4336:David Stevenson 4290:interwar period 4242:Weimar Republic 4184:Austrian Empire 4174:of six billion 4148:Austria-Hungary 4144:A World at Arms 4129:Étienne Mantoux 4073: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3970: 3943: 3929: 3884: 3872: 3861: 3815: 3806:Hans von Seeckt 3797: 3733:announcing the 3724: 3719: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3650:Aristide Briand 3629: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3572:Klaipėda Revolt 3568:Lithuanian Army 3548: 3517: 3513: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3401:Monroe Doctrine 3338:racial equality 3315:elder statesman 3309:and Ambassador 3265: 3236:Wilhelm Groener 3223:Friedrich Ebert 3130: 3124: 3095: 3077: 3033:Irreconcilables 2992: 2972:Kionga Triangle 2961: 2932:Dalmatian coast 2924: 2884: 2864: 2850:Prime Minister 2797:Harold Nicolson 2781: 2776: 2767: 2735: 2727:Main articles: 2725: 2692: 2683: 2675: 2669: 2660:auxiliary ships 2651: 2646: 2578: 2565: 2548: 2524:Kionga Triangle 2476: 2470: 2426:Polish Corridor 2370:Empress Eugénie 2366:Alsace-Lorraine 2354:Alsace-Lorraine 2314: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2274:to the king of 2268:European rivers 2251: 2228:Hall of Mirrors 2216: 2162:Habsburg Empire 2147: 2123:Senate election 2111:Japanese Empire 2091:Fourteen Points 2086: 2077:Herbert Asquith 2034: 2024: 2012:German colonies 1994:the Rhineland. 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1869: 1838:424,000 people. 1837: 1833: 1810:naval operation 1802: 1796: 1705: 1697:Main articles: 1695: 1687:Edward M. House 1663:open agreements 1655:Fourteen Points 1647: 1645:Fourteen Points 1639:Main articles: 1637: 1580:First World War 1559: 1557: 1551: 1549:First World War 1546: 1423: 1394: 1393: 1254: 1937–1945 1224: 1936–1939 1218: 1936–1939 1206: 1935–1936 1165: 1933–1936 1129: 1932–1934 1117: 1931–1942 1104: 1103: 1094: 1093: 1066: 1923–1932 1052: 1923–1925 1015: 1014: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1919–1920 995: 1919–1920 976: 975: 957: 928: 927: 908: 900: 899: 863: 853: 852: 838: 830: 829: 820: 812: 811: 802: 794: 793: 742: 732: 731: 695: 655: 614: 612: 611: 610: 599: 597: 585: 583: 570: 568: 556: 554: 542: 540: 527: 525: 512: 510: 498: 496: 485: 483: 472: 470: 459: 457: 446: 444: 432: 430: 418: 416: 405: 403: 391: 389: 378: 376: 364: 362: 349: 347: 334: 332: 321: 319: 308: 306: 303: 302: 297: 285: 283: 270: 268: 255: 253: 240: 238: 224: 222: 208: 206: 193: 191: 179: 177: 164: 162: 149: 147: 136: 134: 131: 130: 105:10 January 1920 87:Hall of Mirrors 74: 72: 69: 60: 38: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15613: 15603: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15480:1919 in France 15477: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15425: 15423: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15364: 15363: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15307: 15305: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15292: 15287: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15048: 15046: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14840: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14732: 14730: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14634: 14629: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14601: 14599: 14591: 14590: 14585: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14562: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14525: 14518: 14513: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14454: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14434: 14428: 14426: 14424:Peace treaties 14423: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14365: 14363: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14329: 14327: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14317: 14312: 14310:United Kingdom 14307: 14302: 14300:Ottoman Empire 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14271: 14269: 14262: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14204: 14202:Sack of Dinant 14199: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14166: 14164: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14150:United Kingdom 14147: 14138: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14119: 14110: 14104:POW locations 14102: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14086: 14084: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14067: 14059: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14012: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13980: 13978: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13955: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13939: 13937: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13918: 13913: 13912: 13911: 13904:United Kingdom 13901: 13899:Ottoman Empire 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13876: 13875: 13873:Trench warfare 13870: 13869: 13868: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13825: 13823: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13683: 13677: 13671: 13665: 13659: 13653: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13589: 13586:Volta-Bani War 13583: 13577: 13571: 13565: 13559: 13553: 13547: 13541: 13535: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13431:Zeebrugge Raid 13428: 13423: 13418: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13222:Battle of Loos 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13113:Black Sea raid 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13044: 13042: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13015:Historiography 13006: 13004: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12969:Bosnian Crisis 12966: 12963:Tangier Crisis 12960: 12954: 12948: 12941: 12939: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12896:Ottoman Empire 12893: 12888: 12883: 12877: 12875: 12873:Central Powers 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12856:British Empire 12851:United Kingdom 12848: 12843: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12829:Russian Empire 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12747:Entente Powers 12740: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12715:North Atlantic 12706: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12626:Central Arabia 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12588:Middle Eastern 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12574: 12573: 12563: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12545: 12543: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12489:Historiography 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12449: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12311:Rapallo (1922) 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12246:Rapallo (1920) 12242: 12236: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12150:Brest-Litovsk 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12097: 12095: 12094:During the war 12087: 12086: 12078: 12077: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11941: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11845: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11800: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11784: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11746: 11733: 11716:Gerald Feldman 11709: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11673: 11672:External links 11670: 11668: 11667: 11661: 11648: 11642: 11629: 11623: 11608: 11602: 11589: 11560: 11548:10.1086/670825 11542:(3): 632–659. 11531: 11519:10.1086/716966 11513:(4): 896–930. 11502: 11490:(2): 117–126. 11475: 11439: 11433: 11420: 11414: 11401: 11395: 11382: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11338: 11326: 11320: 11307: 11301: 11288: 11262:(3): 355–373. 11256:World Politics 11248: 11247: 11246: 11236: 11214: 11197: 11196: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11166: 11160: 11144: 11138: 11125: 11119: 11106: 11100: 11087: 11079:Birdsall, Paul 11075: 11069: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11038: 11026:Zaloga, Steven 11022: 11016: 11003: 10997: 10982: 10945: 10932: 10926: 10910: 10890: 10884: 10871: 10865: 10849: 10829: 10821: 10815: 10799: 10789: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10744: 10738: 10725: 10719: 10703: 10697: 10684: 10660: 10635:(3): 487–506, 10621: 10615: 10599: 10591:Thomson, David 10587: 10557: 10551: 10534: 10528: 10515: 10509: 10496: 10490: 10474: 10468: 10455: 10445: 10428: 10422: 10409: 10403: 10390: 10384: 10371: 10365: 10352: 10315: 10306:(1): 101–110, 10292: 10279: 10259: 10253: 10238: 10229: 10217: 10211: 10198: 10167: 10161: 10144: 10138: 10123: 10117: 10104: 10086: 10058: 10037: 10014: 10008: 9992: 9986: 9970: 9964: 9951: 9945: 9932: 9926: 9913: 9904: 9881: 9875: 9865:, ed. (1968). 9859: 9853: 9837: 9813: 9794:10.1086/241846 9774: 9768: 9755: 9743: 9737: 9724: 9718: 9705: 9695: 9681:, ed. (1999). 9679:Martel, Gordon 9675: 9669: 9653: 9641:10.1086/670825 9633:10.1086/670825 9627:(3): 632–659. 9612: 9587:(3): 231–255, 9576: 9570: 9557: 9551: 9538: 9521: 9505: 9499: 9486: 9480: 9456: 9440: 9434: 9410: 9384:(3): 257–278. 9371: 9365: 9348: 9342: 9326: 9309: 9294: 9282: 9262: 9252: 9237: 9217:(4): 275–279. 9202: 9176:(4): 503–526. 9163: 9157: 9144: 9138: 9122: 9116: 9099: 9089: 9071: 9069:. 3 July 1921. 9057: 9051: 9038: 9020:(4): 849–864, 9002: 8992: 8978:, ed. (1990). 8972: 8944: 8935: 8916: 8910: 8890: 8884: 8872:Geyer, Michael 8868: 8862: 8849: 8839: 8822: 8816: 8803: 8797: 8784: 8778: 8758: 8748: 8728: 8722: 8702: 8685:(3): 582–598, 8671: 8665: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8622: 8605: 8590: 8584: 8567: 8561: 8549:Davies, Norman 8545: 8535: 8515: 8509: 8491: 8485: 8472: 8452: 8434: 8419: 8413: 8400: 8383: 8373: 8358: 8352: 8340:Boyer, Paul S. 8336: 8330: 8313: 8300: 8294: 8278: 8272: 8248: 8238: 8221: 8211: 8196: 8179: 8173: 8161:Weitz, Eric D. 8153: 8147: 8134: 8128: 8112: 8087: 8078: 8068: 8053: 8037: 8031: 8014: 8008: 7988: 7982: 7969: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7909: 7898: 7887: 7876: 7865: 7854: 7843: 7832: 7821: 7810: 7799: 7788: 7777: 7766: 7755: 7744: 7733: 7722: 7711: 7700: 7689: 7678: 7667: 7652: 7641: 7630: 7619: 7608: 7597: 7586: 7572: 7560: 7549: 7538: 7524: 7513: 7502: 7482: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7441: 7439:, p. 416. 7429: 7417: 7415:, p. 108. 7405: 7393: 7391:, p. 335. 7378: 7376:, p. 262. 7363: 7351: 7336: 7328:Stevenson 1998 7320: 7318:, p. 278. 7299: 7287: 7275: 7263: 7261:, p. 107. 7244: 7242:, p. 319. 7232: 7230:, p. 318. 7220: 7218:, p. 316. 7208: 7206:, p. 392. 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7122:, p. 285. 7120:Bassiouni 2002 7112: 7108:Bassiouni 2002 7100: 7096:Bassiouni 2002 7088: 7076: 7061: 7059:, p. 268. 7057:Bassiouni 2002 7046: 7044:, p. 281. 7034: 7032:, p. 254. 7022: 7010: 6998: 6996:, p. 408. 6986: 6974: 6962: 6960:, p. 229. 6947: 6930: 6928:, p. 235. 6918: 6916:, p. 220. 6903: 6888: 6886:, p. 852. 6873: 6871:, p. 120. 6861: 6859:, p. 967. 6849: 6847:, p. 133. 6837: 6835:, p. 116. 6825: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6782:Blakemore 2019 6774: 6762: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6719:, p. 129. 6709: 6697: 6695:, p. 781. 6685: 6683:, p. 155. 6681:McDougall 1978 6673: 6661: 6649: 6647:, p. 147. 6637: 6625: 6623:, p. 135. 6613: 6601: 6599:, p. 273. 6589: 6587:, p. 117. 6572: 6555: 6540: 6525: 6508: 6493: 6491:, p. 198. 6478: 6461: 6449: 6434: 6432:, p. 490. 6422: 6420:, p. 123. 6403: 6401:, p. xii. 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6353:, p. 414. 6343: 6331: 6319: 6296: 6284: 6269: 6254: 6239: 6227: 6225:, p. 281. 6223:Bassiouni 2002 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6052:de Meneses n.d 6044: 6029: 6027:, p. 110. 6017: 6015:, p. 191. 6005: 6003:, p. 426. 5993: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5952:, p. 181. 5942: 5927: 5925:, p. 104. 5910: 5898: 5883: 5879:Stevenson 1998 5868: 5853: 5851:, p. 274. 5849:Bassiouni 2002 5841: 5839:, p. 276. 5826: 5824:, p. 156. 5811: 5799: 5797:, p. 496. 5787: 5775: 5773:, p. 658. 5760: 5758:, p. 437. 5748: 5736: 5734:, p. 261. 5724: 5722:, p. 325. 5712: 5710:, p. lii. 5700: 5688: 5686:, p. 107. 5673: 5671:, p. 193. 5661: 5649: 5647:, p. 114. 5637: 5625: 5621:Bassiouni 2002 5613: 5601: 5592: 5590:, p. 271. 5588:Bassiouni 2002 5575: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5522: 5520:, p. 490. 5510: 5498: 5496:, p. 272. 5494:Bassiouni 2002 5486: 5482:Bassiouni 2002 5474: 5459: 5457:, p. 127. 5447: 5435: 5416: 5404: 5402:, p. 605. 5389: 5387:, p. 269. 5385:Bassiouni 2002 5374: 5372:, p. 499. 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5288:, p. 187. 5278: 5266: 5249: 5237: 5235:, p. 439. 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5175:, p. 791. 5165: 5153: 5141: 5139:, p. 184. 5129: 5127:, p. 348. 5117: 5102: 5087: 5085:, p. 651. 5075: 5073:, p. 145. 5063: 5048: 5046:, p. 650. 5036: 5024: 5022:, p. 213. 5012: 5000: 4988: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4947:, p. 526. 4937: 4925: 4923:, p. 102. 4910: 4908:, p. 101. 4898: 4896:, p. 638. 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4824:, p. 429. 4814: 4802: 4790: 4788:, p. 153. 4778: 4776:, p. 107. 4766: 4764:, p. 114. 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4719: 4706: 4690: 4673: 4660: 4647: 4637: 4613: 4603: 4590: 4576:with Hungary; 4568:with Austria; 4558: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4463: 4447: 4444: 4440:Hermann Göring 4421: 4418: 4380: 4377: 4343: 4340: 4325:Czechoslovakia 4286:Detlev Peukert 4233:(DDP) and the 4228:social liberal 4152:Eastern Europe 4072: 4069: 4021:von Hindenburg 4000:Main article: 3997: 3994: 3982: 3979: 3866:Krümper system 3842:was bought by 3796: 3793: 3777:Herbert Hoover 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3625:Main article: 3622: 3619: 3599:90 per cent of 3534:Hultschin area 3485: 3482: 3449:Main article: 3446: 3443: 3435: 3434:Implementation 3432: 3362:Wellington Koo 3351:William Hughes 3347:Arthur Balfour 3264: 3261: 3253:Hermann Müller 3148:Otto Landsberg 3123: 3120: 3118:deteriorated. 3103:Wellington Koo 3094: 3091: 3076: 3073: 3056:Central Powers 2991: 2988: 2960: 2957: 2944:Sidney Sonnino 2923: 2920: 2911:Ferdinand Foch 2883: 2880: 2863: 2860: 2814:Foreign Office 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2724: 2721: 2691: 2688: 2671:Main article: 2668: 2665: 2631:light cruisers 2607:the arms trade 2547: 2544: 2500:German Kamerun 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2393:Czechoslovakia 2389:Central Europe 2321:Western Europe 2312:Weimar Germany 2306: 2300: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2215: 2212: 2185:respectively. 2154:Sidney Sonnino 2146: 2143: 2135:Robert Lansing 2085: 2082: 2023: 2020: 1949: 1946: 1938:Woodrow Wilson 1893:Woodrow Wilson 1868: 1865: 1861:Robert Smillie 1834:763,000 German 1806:Atlantic Ocean 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1717:Château-Salins 1694: 1691: 1651:Woodrow Wilson 1636: 1633: 1620:Vladimir Lenin 1588:Triple Entente 1584:Central Powers 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1494:Ferdinand Foch 1455:Central Powers 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390:Sep. 1939 1385: 1384:Aug. 1939 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1360:Apr. 1939 1355: 1354:Mar. 1939 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336:Mar. 1939 1331: 1330:Mar. 1939 1325: 1324:Mar. 1939 1319: 1318:Mar. 1939 1313: 1312:Nov. 1938 1307: 1306:Sep. 1938 1301: 1300:Sep. 1938 1295: 1294:Aug. 1938 1292:Bled Agreement 1289: 1283: 1277: 1276:Mar. 1938 1271: 1270:Mar. 1938 1265: 1255: 1249: 1246:Xi'an Incident 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1139:Battle of Rehe 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1053: 1047: 1044:Corfu incident 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 977: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 959: 958: 956: 955: 948: 941: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 881: 880: 875: 864: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 845: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 749: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 723: 722: 712: 707: 702: 696: 691: 690: 687: 686: 678: 677: 667: 666: 651: 650: 646: 645: 636: 632: 631: 628: 624: 623: 609: 608: 595: 592:Czechoslovakia 580: 565: 552: 537: 522: 507: 494: 481: 468: 455: 442: 427: 414: 401: 386: 374: 359: 344: 329: 317: 300: 299: 298: 296: 295: 280: 265: 250: 234: 218: 202: 188: 174: 171:United Kingdom 158: 156:British Empire 145: 126: 125: 124: 122: 118: 117: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 84: 80: 79: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15612: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15415: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15302: 15297: 15291: 15288: 15284: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15262: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15123: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15007: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14933: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14849: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14727: 14723: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14700: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14626: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14583: 14578: 14576: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14560: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14531: 14530: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14511: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14421: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14360: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14315:United States 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14255: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14131: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14085: 14083: 14079: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14051: 14050: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13932: 13927: 13917: 13916:United States 13914: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13866:Convoy system 13864: 13863: 13862: 13861:Naval warfare 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13802: 13799: 13796: 13793: 13790: 13787: 13784: 13781: 13776: 13773: 13770: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13634: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13621:Kaocen revolt 13619: 13616: 13615:Easter Rising 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13569: 13566: 13563: 13560: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13539: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13523: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13187:Great Retreat 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13058:Battle of Cer 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13001: 12994: 12991: 12988: 12985: 12982: 12979: 12976: 12975:Agadir Crisis 12973: 12970: 12967: 12964: 12961: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12863:United States 12861: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12781: 12780:French Empire 12778: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12733: 12723: 12722:Mediterranean 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12702:Naval warfare 12699: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12578:Italian Front 12576: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12566:Eastern Front 12564: 12562: 12561:Western Front 12559: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12519:Puppet states 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12447: 12442: 12440: 12435: 12433: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12240: 12237: 12233: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12076: 12071: 12069: 12064: 12062: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11777: 11775: 11770: 11768: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11616: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11388: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11362:(2–4): 1–32. 11361: 11357: 11353: 11348: 11347: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11294: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11252:Parker, R.A.C 11249: 11243: 11239: 11237:0-375-76052-0 11233: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11215:0-7195-5939-1 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11120:0-00-322217-9 11116: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11093: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10989: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10900: 10896: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10866:0-520-04962-4 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10790:0-52144-317-2 10786: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10573: 10566: 10562: 10561:Thompson, Ewa 10558: 10554: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10415: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10280: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10212:3-525-36056-8 10208: 10204: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072:(in French). 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10009:0-88133-434-0 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9889: 9888: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9841:Mommsen, Hans 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9552:0-691-02986-5 9548: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9530:History Today 9527: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9510:History Today 9506: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9446:(in German). 9445: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9312: 9310:0-7377-0171-4 9306: 9302: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9253:0-669-41711-4 9249: 9245: 9244: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9158:0-691-05190-9 9154: 9150: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8984: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8911:0-7064-0398-3 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8706:Edmonds, J.E. 8703: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8675:Duff, John B. 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8608: 8606:0-8032-1680-7 8602: 8598: 8597: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8555:. Pan Books. 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8256:Butler, James 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8197: 8194:(3): 244–291. 8193: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8019:Wood, Frances 8015: 8011: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7869: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7531: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7194:, p. 16. 7193: 7192:Weinberg 2008 7188: 7181: 7180:Reynolds 1994 7176: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7156:Markwell 2006 7152: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7008:, p. 53. 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6984:, p. 68. 6983: 6982:Corrigan 2011 6978: 6972:, p. 78. 6971: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6945:, p. 26. 6944: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6901:, p. 25. 6900: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6796:, p. 13. 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6731:, p. 87. 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6707:, p. 21. 6706: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6671:, p. 94. 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6621:Jacobson 1972 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6570:, p. 78. 6569: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6538:, p. 92. 6537: 6536:Liverman 1996 6532: 6530: 6523:, p. 84. 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6476:, p. 75. 6475: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6377:, p. 10. 6376: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6351:Ferguson 1998 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6327:Kawamura 1997 6323: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6211:De Zayas 1989 6207: 6201:, p. 18. 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6165:, p. 60. 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6042:, p. 52. 6041: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5991:, p. 22. 5990: 5985: 5983: 5976:, p. 75. 5975: 5974:Slavicek 2010 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5950:Campbell 2010 5946: 5940:, p. 22. 5939: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5908:, p. 26. 5907: 5902: 5896:, p. 26. 5895: 5890: 5888: 5881:, p. 10. 5880: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5809:, p. 74. 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5746:, p. 34. 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5698:, p. 24. 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5635:, p. 73. 5634: 5633:Slavicek 2010 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5573:, p. 65. 5572: 5571:Slavicek 2010 5567: 5560: 5559:Slavicek 2010 5555: 5549:, p. 48. 5548: 5547:Slavicek 2010 5543: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5456: 5455:Yearwood 2009 5451: 5445:, p. 44. 5444: 5443:Slavicek 2010 5439: 5433:, p. 21. 5432: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5358:Slavicek 2010 5354: 5347: 5342: 5336:, p. 28. 5335: 5330: 5324:, p. 34. 5323: 5318: 5312:, p. 43. 5311: 5306: 5300:, p. 34. 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5276:, p. 21. 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 43. 5263: 5262:Slavicek 2010 5258: 5256: 5254: 5247:, p. 22. 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5221:Slavicek 2010 5217: 5211:, p. 12. 5210: 5209:Weinberg 1994 5205: 5199:, p. 84. 5198: 5193: 5187:, p. 37. 5186: 5185:Slavicek 2010 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5151:, p. 15. 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5125:Roerkohl 1991 5121: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5010:, p. 78. 5009: 5004: 4998:, p. 14. 4997: 4992: 4986:, p. 18. 4985: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4933:Weinberg 1994 4929: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4884:, p. 71. 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4774:Slavicek 2010 4770: 4763: 4762:Slavicek 2010 4758: 4756: 4751: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:Norman Davies 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4367:, the Polish 4366: 4360: 4358: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4334:According to 4332: 4330: 4327:and parts of 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4304:rapprochement 4301: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222:, namely the 4221: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4034:von Mackensen 4030: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3996:War criminals 3993: 3991: 3990: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3628: 3618: 3611:4,100 people, 3595:477,119 votes 3591:528,105 votes 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580:Memel Statute 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522:Eupen-Malmedy 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3407:north of the 3406: 3405:Pacific Ocean 3402: 3398: 3397:paternalistic 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311:Chinda Sutemi 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3257:Johannes Bell 3254: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3228:Field Marshal 3224: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3156:Carl Melchior 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3116:Western world 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2990:United States 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:H. H. Asquith 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2805:South African 2802: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2644: 2640: 2639:torpedo boats 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:armoured cars 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2569:soldiers and 2562: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Vistula River 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Upper Silesia 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:secret ballot 2339: 2338:Herman Baltia 2334: 2330: 2329:Eupen-Malmedy 2326: 2322: 2313: 2298: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2224:Johannes Bell 2220: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:Eastern China 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2084:American aims 2081: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735:launched the 1734: 1733:Allied forces 1730: 1729:Western Front 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1556: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Allied Powers 1440: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372:May 1939 1371: 1370:Pact of Steel 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346:Danzig Crisis 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1282:May 1938 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038:March on Rome 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 978: 970: 969: 965: 964: 954: 949: 947: 942: 940: 935: 934: 932: 931: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 857: 856: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 834: 833: 826: 823: 822: 816: 815: 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736: 735: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 689: 688: 684: 680: 679: 676: 673: 672: 665: 661: 652: 647: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 607: 596: 593: 581: 578: 566: 564: 553: 550: 538: 535: 523: 520: 508: 506: 495: 493: 482: 480: 469: 467: 456: 454: 443: 440: 428: 426: 415: 413: 402: 399: 387: 385: 375: 372: 360: 357: 345: 342: 330: 328: 318: 316: 305: 304: 293: 281: 278: 266: 263: 251: 248: 236: • 235: 232: 220: • 219: 216: 204: • 203: 201: 190: • 189: 187: 176: • 175: 172: 160: • 159: 157: 146: 144: 143:United States 133: 132: 129: 123: 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 67: 63: 56: 51: 46: 40: 36: 30: 26: 22: 15066: 14527: 14520: 14508: 14461: 14115: / 14047: 13882:Conscription 13846:Cryptography 13783:Iraqi Revolt 13217:Siege of Kut 13160: 12738:participants 12687:German Samoa 12621:South Arabia 12286:Tartu (1921) 12271:Alexandropol 12251:Tartu (1920) 12201: 12037: 12030: 12023: 11891:Stresa Front 11840: 11814:Organisation 11750: 11729: 11720: 11704: 11652: 11633: 11613: 11593: 11568: 11564: 11539: 11535: 11510: 11506: 11487: 11483: 11457:(1): 12103. 11454: 11450: 11424: 11405: 11386: 11359: 11355: 11333: 11311: 11292: 11259: 11255: 11240:– via 11226: 11205: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11151: 11129: 11110: 11091: 11082: 11060: 11029: 11007: 10987: 10956:(1): 13–24. 10953: 10949: 10940: 10917: 10902:. Retrieved 10898: 10875: 10856: 10841:. Retrieved 10806: 10793:– via 10779: 10766: 10748: 10732:. ABC=CLIO. 10729: 10710: 10688: 10676:. Retrieved 10667: 10632: 10628: 10606: 10594: 10579:. Retrieved 10572:the original 10542: 10519: 10500: 10481: 10459: 10449:– via 10434: 10413: 10394: 10375: 10356: 10326:(1): 34–49. 10323: 10319: 10303: 10299: 10288:the original 10271:. Retrieved 10266: 10243: 10233: 10224: 10202: 10177: 10171: 10152: 10148: 10128: 10108: 10097: 10073: 10069: 10045: 10041: 10029:. Retrieved 10022: 9999: 9977: 9955: 9936: 9917: 9908: 9898:– via 9892:. Retrieved 9886: 9866: 9863:Mowat, C. L. 9844: 9824: 9785: 9781: 9759: 9750: 9728: 9709: 9699:– via 9684: 9660: 9624: 9620: 9584: 9580: 9561: 9542: 9534:the original 9529: 9509: 9490: 9471: 9452:the original 9421: 9381: 9375: 9352: 9333: 9320:– via 9314:. Retrieved 9299: 9289: 9273: 9258:the original 9242: 9214: 9210: 9173: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9107: 9103: 9093:– via 9079: 9064: 9042: 9017: 9013: 8996:– via 8981: 8964: 8959:22 September 8957:. Retrieved 8952: 8939: 8927:. Retrieved 8901: 8875: 8853: 8843:– via 8833:. ABC-CLIO. 8828: 8807: 8788: 8765: 8752:– via 8737: 8709: 8682: 8678: 8655: 8645: 8626: 8616:– via 8610:. Retrieved 8595: 8571: 8552: 8539:– via 8524: 8499: 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8459: 8446:– via 8424: 8404: 8387: 8377:– via 8363: 8343: 8321: 8308: 8285: 8263: 8242:– via 8227: 8215:– via 8201: 8191: 8187: 8164: 8157:Bartov, Omer 8138: 8119: 8102:(2): 12–26. 8099: 8095: 8082: 8072:– via 8058: 8022: 7999: 7973: 7940: 7936: 7912: 7901: 7890: 7879: 7868: 7857: 7846: 7835: 7824: 7813: 7802: 7791: 7780: 7769: 7758: 7747: 7736: 7725: 7714: 7703: 7692: 7681: 7670: 7655: 7644: 7633: 7622: 7611: 7600: 7589: 7563: 7552: 7541: 7516: 7505: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7413:Schmitt 1960 7408: 7401:Schmitt 1960 7396: 7354: 7323: 7316:Peukert 1992 7290: 7283:BBC Bitesize 7278: 7271:Thompson n.d 7266: 7240:Barnett 1986 7235: 7228:Barnett 1986 7223: 7216:Barnett 1986 7211: 7204:Barnett 2002 7199: 7187: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7139: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7091: 7084:Mullins 1921 7079: 7069: 7064: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6994:Fischer 1995 6989: 6977: 6965: 6921: 6869:Shuster 2006 6864: 6852: 6840: 6833:Shuster 2006 6828: 6821:Shuster 2006 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6645:Edmonds 1943 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6553:, p. 2. 6504:Russell 1951 6474:Steiner 2007 6459:, p. 9. 6452: 6425: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6287: 6230: 6218: 6213:, p. 5. 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6076:Widenor 1980 6071: 6059: 6047: 6025:Ripsman 2004 6020: 6008: 5996: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5923:Schmitt 1960 5901: 5844: 5837:Gilbert 1974 5807:Shuster 2006 5802: 5795:Roberts 1986 5790: 5778: 5751: 5744:Brezina 2006 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5684:Peckham 2003 5669:Reinach 1920 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5609:Schabas 2018 5604: 5595: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5450: 5438: 5431:Brezina 2006 5407: 5400:Thomson 1970 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5163:5 July 1919. 5161:Common Sense 5160: 5156: 5144: 5137:Rudloff 1998 5132: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5008:Grebler 1940 5003: 4991: 4971:, p. 1. 4969:Edmonds 1943 4964: 4957:Gilbert 1974 4952: 4940: 4935:, p. 8. 4928: 4921:Schmitt 1960 4906:Schmitt 1960 4901: 4889: 4882:Simkins 2002 4877: 4870:Hardach 1987 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4732: 4709: 4702:Shuster 2006 4698:Gustav Krupp 4693: 4682:22,700 armed 4676: 4663: 4650: 4640: 4616: 4606: 4593: 4561: 4516: 4438: 4426:Adolf Hitler 4423: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4361: 4353: 4333: 4313: 4299:German Reich 4297: 4283: 4269: 4256:Ewa Thompson 4254: 4238:Centre Party 4215:German right 4208: 4180: 4156: 4143: 4142:in his book 4137: 4132: 4126: 4095: 4094:In his book 4093: 4089: 4062: 4059: 4042:Dover Castle 4038: 4017: 4013: 3987: 3984: 3974: 3948: 3911: 3906: 3898: 3887: 3877:Reichsmarks. 3876: 3870: 3855: 3824: 3809: 3798: 3774: 3754: 3746: 3734: 3731:Adolf Hitler 3692: 3673: 3659:The British 3658: 3655: 3638: 3615:800 refugees 3603:46,613 votes 3588: 3561: 3538: 3495: 3478:sinking fund 3462: 3454: 3417: 3370: 3359: 3322: 3307:Baron Makino 3294:Yellow Peril 3286: 3276: 3272: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3216:Gustav Bauer 3213: 3207: 3197: 3193: 3177: 3171: 3160: 3096: 3086: 3078: 3045: 3037: 3030: 3017: 2962: 2925: 2900:French Right 2897: 2885: 2865: 2849: 2843:seat in the 2822: 2810:Robert Cecil 2790: 2768: 2751:unemployment 2736: 2705: 2676: 2594:paramilitary 2591: 2549: 2536:German Samoa 2489: 2430:East Prussia 2403:, which had 2386: 2317: 2244:Gustav Bauer 2233: 2207: 2204: 2148: 2145:Italian aims 2131: 2099: 2087: 2074: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2022:British aims 2016: 1996: 1992:demilitarise 1973: 1951: 1940:formed the " 1922: 1910:Quai d'Orsay 1897: 1867:Negotiations 1857:Labour Party 1849: 1841: 1822:German Bight 1803: 1788: 1769: 1726: 1671:Polish state 1648: 1572: 1538:Quai d'Orsay 1530: 1498: 1483: 1467: 1435:peace treaty 1430: 1428: 1259: 1151:Tanggu Truce 1055: 980: 739: 710:Organisation 215:South Africa 127: 114:Ratification 75:28 June 1919 68:28 June 1919 39: 15304:(1945–1989) 15299:During the 15281: [ 15259: [ 15192: [ 15120: [ 15045:(1913–1945) 15038:World War I 15004: [ 14967: [ 14930: [ 14873: [ 14846: [ 14834: [ 14729:(1868–1912) 14697: [ 14640: [ 14623: [ 14598:(1854–1868) 14145:Netherlands 14122:Switzerland 14003:Occupations 13994:Spanish flu 13771:(1919–1922) 13765:(1918–1921) 13759:(1918–1923) 13748:(1919–1921) 13742:(1919–1921) 13736:(1919–1920) 13712:(1918–1920) 13706:(1918–1920) 13700:(1918–1920) 13682:(1918–1920) 13664:(1918–1920) 13658:(1917–1921) 13652:(1917–1921) 13599:(1916-1918) 13597:Arab Revolt 13588:(1915–1917) 13582:(1915–1917) 13570:(1914-1917) 13564:(1914–1917) 13558:(1914–1921) 13552:(1913–1920) 13540:(1910–1920) 13534:(1900–1920) 13032:July Crisis 12953:(1880–1914) 12616:Mesopotamia 12494:Home fronts 12453:World War I 12281:Riga (1921) 12261:Riga (1920) 12101:Sykes–Picot 12082:World War I 12003:The Inquiry 11854:Reparations 11571:: 451–482. 11206:Peacemakers 10691:. Praeger. 10603:Tooze, Adam 10539:Siljak, Ana 10027:(in German) 9788:(1): 4–23, 9075:Henig, Ruth 9045:. Penguin. 8955:(in German) 8898:Taylor, AJP 7943:(1): 1–24. 7917:Article 295 7884:Article 430 7873:Article 429 7862:Article 428 7796:Article 231 7741:Article 115 7675:Article 156 7664:Article 119 7557:Article 246 7437:Davies 2007 7295:Tampke 2017 7144:Keynes 1920 6794:Zaloga 2002 6741:Nelson 1975 6729:Pawley 2008 6669:Pawley 2008 6609:Pawley 2008 6585:Pawley 2008 6568:Collar 2012 6551:Pawley 2008 6521:Pawley 2008 6399:Martin 2007 6387:Martin 2007 6375:Kramer 2008 6315:Lauren 1978 6280:Pinson 1964 6250:Probst 2019 6163:Dreyer 2015 6151:Schiff 1996 6102:, ch 22–23. 6100:Cooper 2011 6064:Bailey 1945 6013:Tucker 1999 5989:Sontag 1971 5894:Lentin 2012 5822:Martel 2010 5708:Martin 2007 5696:Frucht 2004 5645:Truitt 2010 5535:Cooper 2011 5506:Wilson 1917 5346:Lentin 1992 5334:Lentin 1992 5322:Keylor 1998 5310:Keylor 1998 5298:Keynes 1920 5274:Lentin 2012 5245:Lentin 2012 5233:Venzon 1999 5197:Lentin 1985 5149:Rubner 1919 5032:Fuller 1993 4984:Martel 1999 4858:Bessel 1993 4846:Beller 2007 4834:Cooper 2011 4737:Groppe 2004 4715:Keynes 1919 4669:Lauren 1978 4599:Reparations 4401:Reichsmarks 4397:Reichsmarks 4393:Reichsmarks 4316:Sudetenland 4226:(SPD), the 4163:peace terms 4064:in absentia 4029:von Tirpitz 3981:Territorial 3975:Reichsmarks 3955:Nazi regime 3907:Reichsmarks 3888:Reichsmarks 3862:800,000 men 3832:Switzerland 3828:Netherlands 3741:Heldenplatz 3722:Reparations 3699:200,000 men 3684:Black Shame 3661:Second Army 3607:2,124 votes 3445:Reparations 3386:dōbun dōshǖ 2793:Philip Kerr 2708:bridgeheads 2679:Article 231 2667:Reparations 2656:battleships 2647:15,000 men, 2623:German navy 2566:100,000 men 2540:New Zealand 2438:Soldau area 2175:Aozou strip 2173:and French 1999:Saar Valley 1948:French aims 1596:Middle East 1575:July Crisis 1479:Article 231 1474:reparations 1468:The treaty 1102: 1930s 1013: 1920s 974: 1910s 923:The Inquiry 752:Reparations 231:New Zealand 15469:Categories 14362:Agreements 14162:War crimes 14038:Luxembourg 13931:Casualties 12809:Montenegro 12644:South West 12524:Technology 12514:Propaganda 12504:Opposition 12404:See also: 12202:Versailles 12120:Bucharest 11874:Young Plan 11864:Dawes Plan 10843:11 January 10581:10 October 10273:4 February 10031:20 January 9518:1299048769 8770:Allen Lane 8466:21 January 7660:Article 22 7638:Article 99 7627:Article 94 7535:Article 80 7459:Wikisource 7449:Wilde 2020 7425:Tooze 2007 7359:Altic 2016 7330:, p. 7259:Evans 1989 7006:Tooze 2007 6943:Tooze 2007 6926:Mowat 1968 6914:Kirby 1984 6899:Kirby 1984 6806:Geyer 1984 6758:Marks 1978 6705:Baker 2004 6363:Marks 1978 6339:Marks 1978 6199:Woods 2019 6088:Stone 1973 6040:Henig 1995 5962:Scott 1944 5864:Lovin 1997 5657:Brüll 2014 5412:Henig 1995 5286:Layne 1996 5083:Marks 2013 5044:Marks 2013 5020:Mowat 1968 4810:Wiest 2012 4582:Davis 2010 4542:pronounced 4474:Law portal 4414:V-2 rocket 4389:Adam Tooze 4272:Nazi Party 4188:revolution 4106:revanchism 4025:Ludendorff 3959:rearmament 3939:Reichswehr 3912:Reichsmark 3902:Reichswehr 3893:Reichswehr 3885:82,788,604 3811:Truppenamt 3802:Reichswehr 3770:Dawes Plan 3717:Violations 3703:15,000 men 3642:Young Plan 3613:including 3584:until 1939 3375:, such as 3126:See also: 3112:Duan Qirui 2835:after the 2765:War Crimes 2741:, was the 2690:Guarantees 2684:1 May 1921 2652:1,500 men. 2643:submarines 2635:destroyers 2599:Heligoland 2561:Reichswehr 2554:Reichswehr 2528:Mozambique 2458:Baltic Sea 2434:plebiscite 2358:Versailles 2333:plebiscite 2238:headed by 2236:government 2206:should be 2062:Royal Navy 1965:zone rouge 1853:Max Rubner 1780:Luxembourg 1721:Marieulles 1679:annexation 1659:free trade 1614:, the new 1544:Background 1522:Nazi Party 1514:Young Plan 1510:Dawes Plan 1280:May Crisis 1264: 1937 1248: 1936 1242: 1936 1236: 1936 1230: 1936 1212: 1936 1195: 1935 1189: 1935 1183: 1935 1177: 1935 1171: 1934 1159: 1933 1153: 1933 1147: 1933 1141: 1933 1135: 1933 1123: 1932 1111: 1931 1090: 1929 1084: 1929 1082:Young Plan 1078: 1925 1072: 1924 1070:Dawes Plan 1060: 1925 1057:Mein Kampf 1046: 1923 1040: 1922 1034: 1921 1028: 1920 1022: 1920 989: 1919 983: 1919 767:Young Plan 757:Dawes Plan 664:Wikisource 627:Depositary 95:Versailles 19:See also: 14726:Meiji era 14259:Diplomacy 13966:Olympians 13889:Australia 13856:Logistics 13789:Vlora War 13718:(1918–19) 13694:(1918–19) 13688:(1918–19) 13676:(1918–19) 13623:(1916–17) 13605:(1916–17) 13556:Zaian War 13546:(1914–15) 13273:first day 13161:Lusitania 12989:(1912–13) 12983:(1911–12) 12971:(1908–09) 12965:(1905–06) 12947:(1870–71) 12736:Principal 12596:Gallipoli 12499:Memorials 12484:Geography 12474:Aftermath 12235:Aftermath 12017:Paintings 11585:225470429 11556:154166326 11527:244955175 11471:216506161 11378:213836404 11284:155654607 11150:(2015) . 10978:145794771 10904:5 October 10899:ThoughtCo 10805:(2008) . 10657:154283533 10605:(2007) . 10348:147122057 9810:144670397 9649:154166326 9609:144072556 9426:MIT Press 9406:154765654 9198:154956368 9077:(1995) . 8708:(1987) . 8444:489636152 7957:0032-3195 7389:Debo 1992 7347:Kent 2019 7042:Bell 1997 7030:Bell 1997 7018:Bell 1997 6970:Bell 1997 6958:Bell 1997 6845:Bell 1997 6112:Duff 1968 5938:Bell 1997 5906:Bell 1997 5173:Bane 1942 5071:Paul 1985 4747:Citations 4686:Bell 1997 4530:‹See Tfd› 4508:Footnotes 4192:civil war 4172:indemnity 3989:Anschluss 3963:Luftwaffe 3857:The Times 3757:Ruhr area 3709:, before 3707:6,500 men 3516:out with 3220:President 3208:Reichstag 3099:territory 2801:Jan Smuts 2774:Reactions 2700:Rhineland 2579:25 years, 2422:Pomerelia 2374:William I 2362:Frankfurt 2266:on major 2252:24 hours. 2109:, to the 2070:Dominions 1924:Minister 1824:and used 1693:Armistice 1459:armistice 1268:Anschluss 649:Full text 635:Languages 479:Nicaragua 412:Guatemala 200:Australia 110:Condition 102:Effective 21:Rue Nitot 15419:Cold War 15301:Cold War 14547:Category 14134:Refugees 14100:Italians 14089:Germans 14049:Ober Ost 13829:Aviation 12930:Timeline 12901:Bulgaria 12682:Tsingtao 12659:Togoland 12606:Caucasus 12541:European 12533:Theatres 12388:Portugal 12340:Montreux 12306:Lausanne 12111:Damascus 12084:treaties 11988:Big Four 11831:Mandates 11739:Archived 11332:(1972). 11204:(2001). 11172:(1938). 11081:(1941). 11059:(2008). 11028:(2002). 10916:(2017). 10855:(1980). 10777:(1994). 10672:Archived 10593:(1970). 10563:(n.d.). 10194:72845627 10064:(1920). 10054:45325166 9998:(1964). 9976:(1992). 9819:(n.d.). 9659:(2006). 9514:ProQuest 9470:(2008). 9398:24909920 9332:(1984). 9288:(1920). 9268:(1919). 9034:91180171 8896:(1974). 8874:(1984). 8764:(1998). 8734:(1989). 8551:(2007). 8521:(2011). 8497:(2011). 8284:(1993). 8118:(1986). 8108:44123331 8043:(1945). 7546:Part XII 7479:Preamble 5470:Kim 2000 4601:section. 4597:See the 4446:See also 4044:and the 3795:Military 3750:the Ruhr 3736:Anschluß 3518:99.3% of 3514:90% turn 3458:US$ 12.5 3413:Prussian 3028:treaty. 2998:Senator 2964:Portugal 2959:Portugal 2893:Lorraine 2827:and the 2702:(yellow) 2575:officers 2532:Shandong 2496:Togoland 2468:Mandates 2325:Moresnet 2171:Jubaland 2158:Anglican 2127:Democrat 2121:won the 2103:Shandong 1976:Napoleon 1942:Big Four 1877:Big Four 1794:Blockade 1745:mutinied 1743:at Kiel 1713:Mulhouse 1512:and the 1501:pacified 1262:incident 727:Mandates 534:Portugal 453:Honduras 97:, France 83:Location 15422:(1989–) 14285:Germany 14185:Germany 14113:Germany 14033:Belgium 14018:Albania 13977:Disease 13957:Sports 13909:Ireland 13822:Warfare 13815:Aspects 13010:Origins 13003:Prelude 12906:Senussi 12886:Germany 12881:Leaders 12819:Romania 12760:Belgium 12755:Leaders 12654:Kamerun 12636:African 12571:Romania 12549:Balkans 12464:Outline 12368:Denmark 12291:Cilicia 12266:Suwałki 12217:Trianon 12159:Ukraine 11886:Locarno 11809:Members 11705:My 1919 11276:2008855 10970:1405810 10678:2 March 10340:2192530 9894:2 March 9802:1877866 9601:4545835 9357:Penguin 9316:2 March 9219:Bibcode 9190:3642235 8929:7 April 8900:(ed.). 8699:1891015 8612:2 March 8309:History 7965:2143772 7925:Sources 4318:and in 4309:autarky 4196:Belgium 4168:Russian 3944:200,000 3474:US$ 500 3470:US$ 250 3409:Equator 3381:Chinese 3377:Koreans 3333:Entente 3122:Germany 3069:Hungary 3065:Austria 3008:Johnson 2908:Marshal 2779:Britain 2716:Coblenz 2712:Cologne 2456:on the 2250:within 2177:to the 1908:on the 1776:Belgium 1765:Belgium 1683:Inquiry 1536:on the 1520:of the 705:Members 643:English 621:Germany 606:Uruguay 549:Romania 466:Liberia 384:Ecuador 327:Bolivia 315:Belgium 121:Parties 89:in the 73: ( 14305:Russia 14280:France 14108:Canada 14023:Serbia 13894:Canada 13851:Horses 13803:(1921) 13797:(1920) 13791:(1920) 13785:(1920) 13777:(1920) 13730:(1919) 13724:(1919) 13670:(1918) 13635:(1918) 13629:(1917) 13617:(1916) 13611:(1916) 13576:(1915) 12995:(1913) 12977:(1911) 12959:(1905) 12916:Darfur 12841:Serbia 12824:Russia 12787:Greece 12775:France 12765:Brazil 12611:Persia 12554:Serbia 12383:Sweden 12378:Norway 12373:Greece 12296:Angora 12276:Moscow 12256:Warsaw 12222:Sèvres 12171:Vienna 12166:Berlin 12154:Russia 12146:Buftea 12141:Acroma 12116:London 11659: 11640: 11621: 11600: 11583: 11554: 11525: 11469: 11431: 11412: 11393: 11376: 11318: 11299: 11282: 11274: 11234: 11212: 11194:online 11158: 11136: 11117: 11098: 11067: 11036: 11014: 10995: 10976: 10968: 10924: 10882: 10863: 10813: 10787: 10755: 10736: 10717: 10695: 10655: 10649:260557 10647: 10613: 10549: 10526: 10507: 10488: 10466: 10443: 10420: 10401: 10382: 10363: 10346: 10338: 10312:985606 10310: 10251: 10209: 10192: 10159: 10136: 10115: 10052: 10006: 9984: 9962: 9943: 9924: 9873: 9851: 9808: 9800: 9766: 9735: 9716: 9693: 9667: 9647: 9639: 9607: 9599: 9568: 9549: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9466:& 9432: 9404: 9396: 9363: 9340: 9307: 9250: 9196: 9188: 9155: 9136: 9114: 9087: 9049: 9032: 8990: 8908: 8882: 8860: 8837: 8814: 8795: 8776: 8746: 8720: 8697: 8663: 8633: 8603: 8582: 8559: 8533: 8507: 8483: 8442: 8432: 8411: 8371: 8350: 8328: 8292: 8270: 8258:& 8236: 8209: 8171: 8159:& 8145: 8126: 8106: 8066: 8029: 8006: 7994:& 7980: 7963: 7955: 7895:Part I 4632:, and 4534:German 4521:French 4329:Poland 4265:Czechs 3971:35% of 3873:10% of 3840:Bofors 3836:Sweden 3834:, and 3816:18,000 3648:, and 3553:Oppeln 3506:German 3502:Danish 3466:Leuven 3373:Asians 3179:Diktat 2889:Alsace 2882:France 2870:under 2446:Danzig 2442:Warsaw 2414:Poznań 2401:Poland 2310: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2276:Hedjaz 1984:Senate 1954:25% of 1914:Russia 1891:, and 1761:France 1731:, the 1719:, and 1618:under 1600:Africa 1592:Europe 1433:was a 907:Others 639:French 618: 603: 589: 574: 560: 546: 531: 519:Poland 516: 502: 492:Panama 489: 476: 463: 450: 436: 422: 409: 398:Greece 395: 368: 353: 341:Brazil 338: 312: 289: 274: 262:France 259: 244: 228: 212: 197: 186:Canada 183: 168: 153: 140: 65:Signed 27:, and 15417:Post- 15285:] 15263:] 15196:] 15124:] 15008:] 14971:] 14934:] 14877:] 14850:] 14838:] 14701:] 14644:] 14627:] 14502:Other 14295:Japan 14290:Italy 14117:camps 13961:Rugby 12797:Japan 12792:Italy 12770:China 12664:North 12361:Egypt 12176:Batum 11981:Other 11581:S2CID 11552:S2CID 11523:S2CID 11467:S2CID 11447:(PDF) 11374:S2CID 11280:S2CID 11272:JSTOR 10974:S2CID 10966:JSTOR 10653:S2CID 10645:JSTOR 10575:(PDF) 10568:(PDF) 10344:S2CID 10336:JSTOR 10308:JSTOR 10190:S2CID 10151:[ 10050:JSTOR 9806:S2CID 9798:JSTOR 9645:S2CID 9637:JSTOR 9605:S2CID 9597:JSTOR 9402:S2CID 9394:JSTOR 9194:S2CID 9186:JSTOR 9106:[ 9030:S2CID 9010:(PDF) 8695:JSTOR 8104:JSTOR 7961:JSTOR 4503:Notes 4261:Poles 4176:marks 3925:Umbau 3844:Krupp 3263:Japan 3093:China 3004:Lodge 3000:Borah 2980:Spain 2936:Fiume 2922:Italy 2619:tanks 2450:Memel 2412:(now 2272:Quran 2248:Rhine 2208:tried 2183:Libya 2156:, an 2105:, in 1980:Rhine 1260:Panay 439:Hejaz 425:Haiti 356:China 292:Japan 277:Italy 247:India 14082:POWs 13408:1918 13310:1917 13236:1916 13137:1915 13041:1914 12846:Siam 12649:East 12301:Kars 12129:1918 12124:1916 11751:Link 11657:ISBN 11638:ISBN 11619:ISBN 11598:ISBN 11429:ISBN 11410:ISBN 11391:ISBN 11316:ISBN 11297:ISBN 11232:ISBN 11210:ISBN 11156:ISBN 11134:ISBN 11115:ISBN 11096:ISBN 11065:ISBN 11034:ISBN 11012:ISBN 10993:ISBN 10922:ISBN 10906:2020 10880:ISBN 10861:ISBN 10845:2019 10811:ISBN 10785:ISBN 10753:ISBN 10734:ISBN 10715:ISBN 10693:ISBN 10680:2021 10611:ISBN 10583:2020 10547:ISBN 10524:ISBN 10505:ISBN 10486:ISBN 10464:ISBN 10441:ISBN 10418:ISBN 10399:ISBN 10380:ISBN 10361:ISBN 10275:2021 10249:ISBN 10207:ISBN 10157:ISBN 10134:ISBN 10113:ISBN 10033:2021 10004:ISBN 9982:ISBN 9960:ISBN 9941:ISBN 9922:ISBN 9896:2024 9871:ISBN 9849:ISBN 9764:ISBN 9733:ISBN 9714:ISBN 9691:ISBN 9665:ISBN 9566:ISBN 9547:ISBN 9495:ISBN 9476:ISBN 9430:ISBN 9361:ISBN 9338:ISBN 9318:2024 9305:ISBN 9248:ISBN 9153:ISBN 9134:ISBN 9112:ISBN 9085:ISBN 9047:ISBN 8988:ISBN 8961:2010 8931:2020 8906:ISBN 8880:ISBN 8858:ISBN 8835:ISBN 8812:ISBN 8793:ISBN 8774:ISBN 8744:ISBN 8718:ISBN 8714:HMSO 8661:ISBN 8631:ISBN 8614:2024 8601:ISBN 8580:ISBN 8557:ISBN 8531:ISBN 8505:ISBN 8481:ISBN 8468:2021 8440:OCLC 8430:ISBN 8409:ISBN 8369:ISBN 8348:ISBN 8326:ISBN 8290:ISBN 8268:ISBN 8234:ISBN 8207:ISBN 8169:ISBN 8143:ISBN 8124:ISBN 8064:ISBN 8027:ISBN 8004:ISBN 7978:ISBN 7953:ISSN 7662:and 7072:1920 6139:1921 5113:1919 5098:1919 4645:206. 4620:see 4190:and 4023:and 3850:and 3693:The 3524:and 3392:同文同種 3379:and 3067:and 3006:and 2934:and 2904:Left 2891:and 2731:and 2603:Düne 2601:and 2506:and 2498:and 2444:and 2360:and 2346:Saar 2181:and 2089:the 2030:and 1828:and 1763:and 1701:and 1643:and 1604:Asia 1602:and 1518:rise 1429:The 1258:USS 641:and 577:Siam 505:Peru 371:Cuba 11573:doi 11544:doi 11515:doi 11492:doi 11459:doi 11364:doi 11264:doi 10958:doi 10637:doi 10328:doi 10304:104 10182:doi 10078:doi 9829:doi 9790:doi 9629:doi 9589:doi 9386:doi 9227:doi 9178:doi 9022:doi 8687:doi 8392:doi 7945:doi 4263:or 3942:to 3868:. 3277:Rev 3273:Obv 2951:'s 2677:In 2387:In 2384:). 2141:". 662:at 15471:: 15283:ja 15261:ja 15194:ja 15122:ja 15042:II 15006:ja 14969:ja 14932:ja 14875:ja 14848:ja 14836:ja 14699:ja 14642:ja 14625:ja 11579:. 11569:43 11567:. 11550:. 11540:85 11538:. 11521:. 11511:93 11509:. 11486:. 11482:. 11465:. 11453:. 11449:. 11372:. 11358:. 11354:. 11278:. 11270:. 11258:. 10972:. 10964:. 10954:29 10952:. 10939:. 10897:. 10835:. 10666:. 10651:, 10643:, 10633:17 10631:, 10342:. 10334:. 10324:38 10322:. 10302:, 10223:. 10188:. 10178:45 10176:. 10096:. 10074:17 10068:. 10046:11 10044:. 9827:. 9804:, 9796:, 9786:51 9784:, 9749:. 9643:. 9635:. 9625:85 9623:. 9619:. 9603:, 9595:, 9585:11 9583:, 9528:, 9462:; 9428:. 9400:. 9392:. 9380:. 9359:. 9272:. 9225:. 9215:56 9213:. 9209:. 9192:. 9184:. 9174:66 9172:. 9063:. 9028:, 9018:63 9016:, 9012:, 8963:. 8951:. 8922:. 8772:. 8768:. 8716:. 8712:. 8693:, 8683:55 8681:, 8578:. 8576:49 8438:. 8307:. 8254:; 8192:30 8190:. 8186:. 8100:67 8098:. 8094:. 7959:. 7951:. 7941:55 7939:. 7575:^ 7527:^ 7485:^ 7467:^ 7381:^ 7366:^ 7339:^ 7332:11 7302:^ 7247:^ 7049:^ 6950:^ 6933:^ 6906:^ 6891:^ 6876:^ 6813:^ 6748:^ 6575:^ 6558:^ 6543:^ 6528:^ 6511:^ 6496:^ 6481:^ 6464:^ 6437:^ 6406:^ 6299:^ 6272:^ 6257:^ 6242:^ 6032:^ 5981:^ 5930:^ 5913:^ 5886:^ 5871:^ 5856:^ 5829:^ 5814:^ 5763:^ 5676:^ 5578:^ 5525:^ 5462:^ 5419:^ 5392:^ 5377:^ 5252:^ 5051:^ 4976:^ 4913:^ 4754:^ 4722:^ 4628:, 4624:, 4588:). 4586:49 4540:, 4536:: 4527:; 4523:: 4436:. 4416:. 4331:. 4154:. 4086:". 4067:. 3896:. 3838:. 3830:, 3671:. 3644:, 3586:. 3430:. 3389:: 3357:. 3320:. 3218:. 3140:, 3002:, 2847:. 2761:. 2617:, 2613:, 2542:. 2510:. 2464:. 2278:. 2072:. 2014:. 1887:, 1883:, 1778:, 1774:, 1767:. 1715:, 1661:, 1598:, 1540:. 1528:. 93:, 23:, 15040:– 14581:e 14574:t 14567:v 13933:/ 12445:e 12438:t 12431:v 12074:e 12067:t 12060:v 11780:e 11773:t 11766:v 11665:. 11646:. 11627:. 11606:. 11587:. 11575:: 11558:. 11546:: 11529:. 11517:: 11500:. 11494:: 11488:2 11473:. 11461:: 11455:1 11437:. 11418:. 11399:. 11380:. 11366:: 11360:4 11324:. 11305:. 11286:. 11266:: 11260:8 11244:. 11218:. 11164:. 11142:. 11123:. 11104:. 11073:. 11042:. 11020:. 11001:. 10980:. 10960:: 10943:. 10930:. 10908:. 10888:. 10869:. 10847:. 10819:. 10797:. 10761:. 10742:. 10723:. 10701:. 10682:. 10639:: 10619:. 10585:. 10555:. 10532:. 10513:. 10494:. 10472:. 10453:. 10426:. 10407:. 10388:. 10369:. 10350:. 10330:: 10277:. 10257:. 10227:. 10215:. 10196:. 10184:: 10165:. 10142:. 10121:. 10102:. 10084:. 10080:: 10056:. 10035:. 10012:. 9990:. 9968:. 9949:. 9930:. 9902:. 9879:. 9857:. 9835:. 9831:: 9792:: 9772:. 9741:. 9722:. 9703:. 9673:. 9651:. 9631:: 9591:: 9574:. 9555:. 9503:. 9484:. 9438:. 9408:. 9388:: 9382:2 9369:. 9346:. 9324:. 9280:. 9235:. 9229:: 9221:: 9200:. 9180:: 9161:. 9142:. 9120:. 9097:. 9055:. 9024:: 9000:. 8933:. 8914:. 8888:. 8866:. 8847:. 8820:. 8801:. 8782:. 8756:. 8726:. 8689:: 8669:. 8639:. 8620:. 8588:. 8565:. 8543:. 8513:. 8489:. 8470:. 8450:. 8417:. 8398:. 8394:: 8381:. 8356:. 8334:. 8311:. 8298:. 8276:. 8246:. 8219:. 8177:. 8151:. 8132:. 8110:. 8076:. 8051:. 8035:. 8012:. 7986:. 7967:. 7947:: 7570:. 7451:. 7334:. 7285:. 7273:. 7182:. 7158:. 7146:. 7134:. 6808:. 6784:. 6772:. 6760:. 6267:. 6252:. 6237:. 6189:. 6177:. 6153:. 6141:. 6090:. 6078:. 6066:. 6054:. 5659:. 5508:. 5115:. 5061:. 5034:. 4739:. 4717:) 4658:) 4584:: 3597:( 3014:. 2486:. 1418:e 1411:t 1404:v 952:e 945:t 938:v 77:) 37:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.