529:
776:
509:
643:
1110:
922:
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623:
1055:
573:
259:
553:
228:
1511:
433:
800:
775:
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658:
279:
942:
406:
1125:
365:
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387:
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245:
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31:
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1258:
1719:
528:
756:
1842:
1048:, the Mongolian-Manchurian steppe extends east into Manchuria as the Liao Xi steppe. In Manchuria, the steppe grades off into forest and mountains without reaching the Pacific. The central area of forest-steppe was inhabited by pastoral and agricultural peoples, while to the north and east was a thin population of hunting tribes of the Siberian type.
1588:
one and the other depending on the relative strength of the nomadic and agrarian heartlands. Over the last few hundred years, the
Russian steppe and much of Inner Mongolia has been cultivated. The fact that most of the Russian steppe is not irrigated implies that it was maintained as grasslands as a result of the military strength of the nomads.
1109:
868:. The Tarim Basin's arid conditions make it unsuitable for sustaining a nomadic population. However, along its periphery, rivers descend from the mountains, creating a circle of cities that thrived on irrigation agriculture and engaged in east-west trade. The Tarim Basin formed an island of near civilization in the center of the steppe. The
508:
1547:
could either rob it, or tax it, or hire themselves out as guards. Economically, these three forms of taxation or parasitism amounted to the same thing. Trade was usually most vigorous when a strong empire controlled the steppe and reduced the number of petty chieftains preying on trade. The silk road
859:
on the east, neither of which is a significant barrier. Dzungaria has good grassland around the edges and a central desert. It often behaved as a westward extension of
Mongolia and connected Mongolia to the Kazakh Steppe. To the north of Dzungaria are mountains and the Siberian forest. To the south
1587:
The nomads would occasionally tolerate colonies of peasants on the steppe in the few areas where farming was possible. These were often captives who grew grain for their nomadic masters. Along the fringes there were areas that could be used for either plowland or grassland. These alternated between
3104:
The
Russian peasantry felt the Tatars' economic oppression much more than the Russian aristocracy and indeed the Russian princes profited from the exploitation of their people. The grand princes were in charge of collecting tribute for the Mongols, and this proved so profitable that the throne was
1810:
would flee and come back when the
Chinese ran out of supplies. But the steppe nomads were relatively few and their rulers had difficulty holding together enough clans and tribes to field a large army. If steppe nomads conquered an agricultural area they often lacked the skills to administer it. If
642:
1871:
from about 1240 to 1480. South of the Kazakh steppe the nomads blended with the sedentary population, partly because the Middle East has significant areas of steppe (taken by force in past invasions) and pastoralism. There was a sharp cultural divide between
Mongolia and China and almost constant
1542:
region of China and ran west along the Hexi
Corridor to the Tarim Basin. From there it went southwest to Greater Iran and turned southeast to India or west to the Middle East and Europe. A minor branch went northwest along the great rivers and north of the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea. When faced
1793:
between tribes were prevalent throughout the region's history. This relates to the ease with which a defeated enemy's flocks and herds can be driven away, making raiding profitable. In terms of warfare and raiding, in relation to sedentary societies, the horse gave the nomads an advantage of
2344:
1798:-based army could be mustered and deployed. When confronted with superior infantry, horsemen could simply ride away, retreat and regroup. Outside of Europe and parts of the Middle East, agrarian societies had difficulty raising a sufficient supply of
921:
1876:
in 1757. The nomads collected large amounts of tribute from the
Chinese and several Chinese dynasties were of steppe origin. Perhaps because of the mixture of agriculture and pastoralism in Manchuria its inhabitants, the
622:
898:
1909:
were strongly influenced by the culture of Asian nomadic peoples. The
Eurasian steppes play a major role in Eastern Europe history and the steppes are a subject of many Slavic as well as Russian
1575:
3260:
1054:
572:
1340:, such as the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe, the Tibetan Plateau steppe, and the Central Asian steppe. This process involves the gradual increase of shrubs at the expense of grasses.
318:. There is no clear southern boundary although the land becomes increasingly dry as one moves south. The steppe narrows at two points, dividing it into three major parts.
552:
1811:
they tried to hold agrarian land they gradually absorbed the civilization of their subjects, lost their nomadic skills and were either assimilated or driven out.
2977:
3666:
1881:
knew how to deal with both nomads and the settled populations and therefore were able to conquer much of northern China when both
Chinese and Mongols were weak.
1806:). Nomads could not easily be pursued onto the steppe since the steppe could not easily support a land army. If the Chinese sent an army into Mongolia, the
1069:
478:
which has now been obliterated by the conversion of the whole area to agricultural land. In the southeast the Black Sea–Caspian Steppe extends between the
3405:
432:
1526:
The major centers of population and high culture in
Eurasia are Europe, the Middle East, India and China. For some purposes it is useful to treat
799:
3187:
1889:
The steppe culture of Russia was shaped in Russia through cross-cultural contact mostly by Slavic, Tatar-Turkic, Mongolian and Iranian people.
823:, mountains extend north almost to the forest zone, separating the Central Steppe from the Eastern Steppe, leaving only limited grassland in
62:
405:
1124:
3001:
1828:
2737:
Gutleb, Bernhard; Ziaie, Hooshang (1999). "On the distribution and status of the Brown Bear,Ursus arctos, and the Asiatic Black Bear,
1203:
Furthermore, the Eurasian steppe is home to a great variety of bird species. Threatened bird species living there are for example the
1089:
961:
1785:
657:
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Tu, Ya; Yao, Zhenyu; Guo, Jianying; Yang, Liu; Zhu, Yuanjun; Yang, Xiaohui; Shi, Zhongjie; Indree, Tuvshintogtokh (June 2024).
1832:
227:
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has some interior steppe and ports on the south coast which link the steppe to the civilizations of the Mediterranean basin.
1893:
rulers would ally themselves by marriage with fellow-steppe peoples. In addition to ethnicity, also instruments such as the
1675:
spread from the east of India to the Tarim Basin and found a new home in China. By about 1400 AD, the entire steppe west of
258:
1849:
Along the northern fringe of the Eurasian steppe, nomads would collect tribute from and blend with the forest tribes (see
941:
3347:
3017:"Predicting the potential risk of Caragana shrub encroachment in the Eurasian steppe under anthropogenic climate change"
3621:
2970:
735:
386:
3270:
3212:
3163:
3128:
3090:
2338:
1762:
1384:
3202:
2328:
1744:
364:
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3156:
The steppe tradition in international relations : Russians, Turks and European state-building 4000 BCE-2018 CE
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288:
268:
234:
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17:
3453:
Fletcher, Joseph F. (1995). "The Mongols: ecological and social perspectives". In Forbes Manz, Beatrice (ed.).
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1781:
1729:
1510:
1474:
1444:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3611:
1824:
1708:
1704:
1700:
3631:
1468:
1390:
1368:, distinguished by elevation, climate, rainfall, and other characteristics and home to distinct animal and
755:
3641:
3606:
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1420:
1408:
990:
685:. To the south, it grades off into semi-desert and desert which is interrupted by two great rivers, the
1349:
1325:
1301:
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The primary domesticated animals raised were sheep and goats with fewer cattle than one might expect.
1456:
1450:
535:
515:
438:
264:
2439:
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3586:
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2902:
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2770:"Ecological niche models reveal divergent habitat use of Pallas's cat in the Eurasian cold steppes"
2715:
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language family, who previously lived in the steppe in what is now Southern Russia, settled in the
1337:
1220:
1118:
in the southern part of the Zabaykalsky Krai in Siberia, Russia, close to the border with Mongolia.
872:
went along the north and south sides of the Tarim Basin and then crossed the mountains west to the
648:
2531:
2393:
1548:
first became significant and Chinese silk began reaching the Roman Empire about the time that the
725:), while in the north, the Kazakh Steppe proper was relatively isolated from the main currents of
3671:
3601:
3384:
3326:
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2577:
1740:
1597:
820:
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spread to the Tarim Basin and into China, but they never became established majority religions.
1499:
3085:. History Russian studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (published 1987). p. 78.
2302:
1229:
1204:
1193:
1115:
1096:
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211:
608:, forming the Ural-Caspian Narrowing, that joins the Pontic-Caspian Steppe in Europe with the
3591:
2292:
1873:
1565:
1530:
as a separate region. All these regions are connected directly or indirectly by the Eurasian
1402:
1149:
1061:
491:
455:
151:
economically, politically, and culturally. The Steppe route is a predecessor not only of the
1304:
on the Pontic–Caspian or Kazakh steppe sometime before 3000 BC, but it took a long time for
3028:
2781:
2768:
Lorestani, Niloufar; Hemami, Mahmoud-Reza; Rezvani, Azita; Ahmadi, Mohsen (December 2022).
1612:. At the beginning of written history the entire steppe population west of Dzungaria spoke
1426:
849:
335:
164:
1560:
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The Eurasian Steppe extends for 8,000 kilometres (5,000 miles) from near the mouth of the
8:
3565:
3233:. University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1992. p. 11
2108:
2096:
1906:
1836:
1820:
1736:
1257:
1165:
633:
156:
3550:
Sinor, Denis (1977). "Horse and Pasture in Inner Asian History". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
3448:. Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell Publishing.
3032:
2785:
1604:, their common ancestor is thought to have originated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe. The
1243:
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3181:
2802:
2235:
1645:
1641:
1629:
1414:
1216:
968:
869:
487:
3478:
John of Plano Carpini (2005). "History of the Mongols". In Dawson, Christopher (ed.).
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2833:
2462:
2416:
416:
370:
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3301:
3291:
3266:
3208:
3169:
3159:
3158:. Wigen, Einar, 1981- (First ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 198–250.
3142:
Russia in 1480, stopped paying tribute to the now-shaky and fragmented Golden Horde.
3124:
3086:
3044:
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1601:
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1045:
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499:
3040:
2923:
2508:
2366:
3616:
3500:
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3322:Степь да степь кругом /русская народная песня/ Russian folk song/ Steppe all around
3036:
2943:
2897:
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2797:
2789:
2754:
2750:
2710:
2664:
2618:
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2526:
2480:
2434:
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1850:
1688:
1637:
1633:
1617:
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1235:
1189:
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327:
113:
3462:
2599:
Kaczensky, P.; Lkhagvasuren, B.; Pereladova, O.; Hemami, M.; Bouskila, A. (2020).
1271:
827:. This discontinuous section of the Eurasian steppe connects the great steppes of
697:
and provide irrigation for agriculture. In the southeast is the densely populated
3228:
3118:
3080:
2287:
2259:
2197:
1790:
1580:
1544:
1369:
1305:
1181:
1006:
889:
877:
856:
786:
762:
714:
311:
842:
divide the steppe into Dzungaria in the north and the Tarim Basin to the south.
278:
3566:"The importance of the Eurasian steppe to the study of international relations"
3519:(1962). "The Geographical Factor in Mongol History". In Lattimore, Owen (ed.).
3516:
2364:
2215:
2209:
2183:
1890:
1438:
1263:
1208:
1153:
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998:
993:
is the main part of the Eurasian Steppe in East Asia. It covers large parts of
904:
873:
698:
678:
629:
601:
471:
284:
175:
168:
3374:
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3320:
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2330:
Canada's vegetation: a world perspective – Geoffrey A. J. Scott – Google Knihy
1794:
mobility. Horsemen could raid a village and retreat with their loot before an
1336:
Parts of the Eurasian steppe experience an ecological regime shift in form of
3580:
2934:
2888:
2842:
2701:
2655:
2609:
2563:
2517:
2471:
2425:
2379:
2279:
2165:
2160:
2114:
2042:
1977:
1878:
1494:
1432:
1396:
1321:
1212:
1026:
1014:
972:
948:
928:
908:
806:
782:
742:
674:
609:
475:
207:
195:
3305:
1687:
was established in the Tarim Basin while Dzungaria and Mongolia had adopted
3048:
2811:
2307:
2221:
2201:
2177:
1868:
1664:
1660:
1531:
1527:
1197:
1018:
828:
722:
718:
613:
495:
140:
136:
128:
3082:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
677:
makes up most of the Eurasian Steppe in Central Asia. It extends from the
494:
is an island of steppe separated from the main steppe by the mountains of
3528:
3318:
2297:
2265:
2084:
2007:
1971:
1668:
1609:
1033:. In the southeast the Silk Road led over some hills to the east-flowing
1022:
1002:
865:
605:
483:
160:
124:
3439:. Translated by Minorsky, T. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
3204:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
2231:
2102:
2078:
1995:
1965:
1935:
1910:
1605:
1504:
1249:
1185:
1177:
790:
766:
746:
583:
420:
374:
315:
244:
191:
187:
148:
93:
30:
3406:"The Proto-Turkic Urheimat and the Early Migrations of Turkic Peoples"
3105:
more than worth the large bribes the khan required before awarding it.
3079:
Halperin, Charles J. (1985). "Economic and Demographic Consequences".
2793:
2138:
2060:
1959:
1947:
1929:
1923:
1803:
1799:
1676:
1539:
1535:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1289:
1173:
1034:
1030:
881:
861:
844:
839:
832:
824:
706:
690:
686:
682:
539:
479:
307:
152:
144:
105:
54:
2924:
Tsytsulina, K.; Zagorodnyuk, I.; Formozov, N.; Sheftel, B. (2017) .
2365:
King, S.R.B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmermann, W. & Kendall, B.E. (2016) .
1747:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3061:
2243:
2227:
2189:
2150:
2144:
1953:
1902:
1795:
1672:
1656:
1100:
1080:
994:
853:
702:
694:
579:
559:
424:
378:
355:
101:
97:
73:
2506:
2460:
2414:
1596:
According to the most widely held hypothesis of the origin of the
1312:
does not seem to have been completely developed until 300 AD (see
864:
mountains, is an area about twice the size of Dzungaria, the oval
3487:
Krader, Lawrence (1955). "Ecology of Central Asian Pastoralism".
3379:
3375:"Пелагея и Кубанский казачий хор – Любо, братцы, любо! (2019 HD)"
2239:
2193:
2132:
2126:
2054:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1941:
1858:
1854:
1569:
1373:
1357:
1313:
1309:
1188:
are predators roaming the steppe. Smaller mammal species are the
710:
587:
563:
543:
519:
442:
397:
347:
343:
339:
331:
203:
183:
179:
117:
109:
85:
81:
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69:
58:
3123:. Insiders' Guide Travel Series. Hunter Publishing. p. 44.
2644:
1483:(Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia)
3244:
2205:
2154:
2120:
2066:
2025:
1898:
1841:
1802:
and often had to enlist cavalry from their nomadic enemies (as
1317:
1277:
1169:
1001:. The two are separated by a relatively dry area marked by the
984:
976:
952:
932:
912:
463:
459:
351:
303:
199:
172:
132:
89:
51:
334:
of the Eurasian Steppe, separated from the main steppe by the
2090:
2048:
2036:
2031:
1983:
1894:
1863:
1807:
1684:
1680:
1411:(Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan)
1297:
1285:
1135:
1010:
467:
65:
2831:
2767:
1005:. South of the Mongol Steppe is the high and thinly peopled
462:
end of the Eurasian Steppe and begins near the mouth of the
3535:. Collected Studies Series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.
2072:
1989:
1625:
1515:
3531:(1997). "The Inner Asian Warrior". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
3290:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 352–353.
1288:
were used in the drier areas for transport as far west as
1884:
1293:
449:
3319:Алексей Мочалов ღ романса трепетные звуки (2013-12-18),
1308:
to develop and the process is not fully understood. The
27:
Steppe ecoregion of grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3521:
Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers 1928–1958
3482:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–76.
3243:
The marriages of Rus' princes to the daughters of the
3065:
Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici
1423:(Moldova, Romania, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria)
1017:, a belt of moderately dense population that connects
3477:
3288:
The economy and material culture of Russia, 1600-1725
1845:
Hungarian invasions of Europe in the 9–10th centuries
1624:
first on the steppe, and later in the oases north of
1300:. The horse was used for transportation and warfare.
3523:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–258.
3467:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
2255:
860:
and west of Dzungaria, and separated from it by the
3469:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. New Brunswick, NJ:
3262:
Turkic Soundscapes: From Shamanic Voices to Hip-Hop
604:, about 650 km (400 mi) northeast of the
178:and ancient states throughout history, such as the
3570:Journal of International Relations and Development
600:The steppe narrows around the southern end of the
1916:
888:separate the Tarim Basin from the thinly peopled
668:
3578:
3552:Inner Asia and its Contacts with Medieval Europe
3285:
3258:
3153:
1044:South of the Khingan Mountains and north of the
663:Bashkiriya National Park, Ural Mountains, Russia
3259:Sultanova, Razia; Rancier, Megan (2018-01-19).
2440:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T19832A233712210.en
717:. The southern area has a complex history (see
310:. It is bounded on the north by the forests of
3667:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3446:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia
3201:Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (2003-09-02).
2949:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12830A22258375.en
2903:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T20490A22264478.en
2857:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13171A22432999.en
2716:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T23051A59049446.en
2670:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en
2645:Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.; Jhala, Y. (2023) .
2624:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T7951A166520460.en
2486:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18232A50193126.en
1552:pushed Chinese power west to the Tarim Basin.
470:and then southeast to the southern tip of the
3554:. Collected Studies Series. London: Variorum.
3200:
2690:
2532:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8976A50187422.en
2394:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7961A45172099.en
321:
63:temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands
3372:
3062:Természettudományi Múzeum (Hungary) (1969).
3014:
2578:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63543A12689285.en
2461:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) .
1148:Big mammals of the Eurasian steppe were the
985:Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Eastern Steppe)
651:, southern end of the Ural Mountains, Russia
2877:
2736:
2507:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017).
2415:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2023).
1872:warfare from the dawn of history until the
1814:
498:. On the north shore of the Black Sea, the
3186:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1829:List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe
1608:were an early Indo-European branch in the
1075:The Mongolian-Manchurian grassland in the
1009:. The northern edge of the plateau is the
693:(Jaxartes), which flow northwest into the
3515:
3455:Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia
3443:
3345:
2947:
2901:
2855:
2801:
2714:
2668:
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2530:
2484:
2438:
2392:
1763:Learn how and when to remove this message
701:and west of it the great oasis cities of
595:
131:has been the main overland route between
3461:
3452:
3434:
3116:
3078:
2832:Batsaikhan, N.; Tsytsulina, K. (2017) .
2552:
1840:
1786:Mongol military tactics and organization
1644:are in Mongolia. In Manchuria one finds
1574:
1559:
1509:
1498:
1352:divides the Eurasian steppe's temperate
474:. Its northern edge was a broad band of
29:
1534:which was an active predecessor of the
1331:
880:connect the Tian Shan Mountains to the
814:
167:in the modern era. It has been home to
14:
3579:
3486:
3000:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1885:Legacy of the Eurasian steppe's nomads
1833:Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands
1387:(Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
1130:The Mongolian-Manchurian grassland in
450:Pontic–Caspian Steppe (Western Steppe)
3549:
3527:
3437:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
2326:
2212:states and tribes 15th–18th centuries
3489:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
3349:"Ах ты, степь широкая".[HD].
2327:Scott, Geoffrey A. J. (1995-01-10).
1712:
2935:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2889:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2843:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2702:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2656:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2610:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2564:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2518:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2472:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2426:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2380:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1897:, traditional costumes such as the
1488:
1453:(Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine)
876:. At the west end of the basin the
24:
306:in Romania to the western edge of
25:
3683:
3559:
3457:. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum.
466:, stretching northeast almost to
3021:Science of the Total Environment
2272:
2258:
2010:4th century BC – 14th century AD
1944:11th century BC – 8th century AD
1717:
1302:The horse was first domesticated
1270:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1123:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1053:
960:
940:
920:
897:
798:
774:
754:
734:
656:
641:
621:
571:
551:
527:
507:
431:
404:
385:
363:
277:
257:
250:Biomes classified by vegetation.
243:
226:
34:Eurasian steppe belt (turquoise)
3428:
3398:
3387:from the original on 2021-12-13
3366:
3339:
3329:from the original on 2021-12-13
3312:
3279:
3252:
3221:
3194:
3154:Neumann, Iver B. (2018-07-19).
3147:
3110:
3072:
3055:
3041:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173925
3008:
2983:from the original on 2017-08-08
2963:
2917:
2871:
2825:
2761:
2730:
2347:from the original on 2013-10-29
2333:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
2039:1st century BC – 6th century AD
2028:2nd century BC – 1st century AD
2022:3rd century BC – 5th century AD
2016:3rd century BC – 2nd century AD
1998:5th century BC – 5th century AD
1521:
1477:(China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan)
3533:Studies in Medieval Inner Asia
3501:10.1086/soutjanth.11.4.3628907
2755:10.1080/09397140.1999.10637777
2684:
2638:
2592:
2546:
2500:
2454:
2408:
2358:
2320:
1917:Historical peoples and nations
1782:Mongol invasions and conquests
1555:
1475:Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
1445:Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
669:Kazakh Steppe (Central Steppe)
13:
1:
3120:The Insider's Guide to Russia
2313:
2004:7th century BC–7th century AD
1825:Hungarian invasions of Europe
1709:History of the western steppe
1705:History of the central steppe
1701:History of the eastern steppe
1385:Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe
1343:
289:Köppen climate classification
269:Köppen climate classification
235:Köppen climate classification
1564:Plowing with tractor on the
1538:. The latter started in the
1469:South Siberian forest steppe
1463:Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe
1391:Altai steppe and semi-desert
997:and the Chinese province of
338:. It is found in modern-day
297:
217:
7:
3373:Олег Семёнов (2019-03-30).
2251:
1743:the claims made and adding
1651:
1591:
1421:East European forest steppe
1409:Gissaro-Alai open woodlands
991:Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe
10:
3688:
2743:Zoology in the Middle East
1874:Qing conquest of Dzungaria
1818:
1779:
1775:
1698:
1694:
1632:speakers, a branch of the
1492:
1350:World Wide Fund for Nature
1326:Domestication of the horse
1029:was the main route of the
322:Pannonian Steppe (exclave)
3622:Geography of Central Asia
3444:Christian, David (1998).
3286:Hellie, Richard. (1999).
1457:Sayan Intermontane steppe
1447:(China, Mongolia, Russia)
1405:(China, Mongolia, Russia)
1372:and species and distinct
439:Danube-Auen National Park
287:worldwide, utilizing the
267:worldwide, utilizing the
265:Humid continental climate
155:, which developed during
3471:Rutgers University Press
3346:NIK KIRIN (2013-04-08),
2147:10th century-present day
1815:Relations with neighbors
1616:. From about 500 AD the
1543:with a rich caravan the
1338:woody plant encroachment
1143:
1037:valley which led to the
649:Bashkiriya National Park
3657:Social history of India
3117:Uspensky, Gleb (1993).
1598:Indo-European languages
1328:and related articles).
1221:white-throated bushchat
316:Asian Russia or Siberia
68:. It stretches through
3627:Geography of East Asia
2942:: e.T12830A115106780.
2850:: e.T13171A115110851.
2691:Murdoch, J.D. (2014).
2479:: e.T18232A115142812.
2433:: e.T19832A233712210.
2303:Little Hungarian Plain
1846:
1584:
1572:
1518:
1507:
1116:Daursky Nature Reserve
596:Ural–Caspian Narrowing
35:
3435:Barthold, W. (1992).
2896:: e.T20490A22264478.
2882:Spermophilus pygmaeus
2836:Meriones unguiculatus
2774:Ecology and Evolution
2709:: e.T23051A59049446.
2663:: e.T3746A247624660.
2617:: e.T7951A166520460.
2571:: e.T63543A12689285.
2293:Great Hungarian Plain
1986:7th BC-5th century AD
1938:12th–7th centuries BC
1932:13th–3rd centuries BC
1926:15th-3rd centuries BC
1844:
1699:Further information:
1578:
1566:Great Hungarian Plain
1563:
1513:
1502:
1451:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1403:Daurian forest steppe
1184:and occasionally the
1062:Daurian forest steppe
536:Pontic–Caspian steppe
516:Pontic–Caspian steppe
492:Great Hungarian Plain
456:Pontic–Caspian Steppe
33:
3652:Grasslands of Russia
3647:Grasslands of Europe
3637:Geography of Siberia
3612:Ecoregions of Europe
3412:on December 24, 2013
2878:Cassola, F. (2017).
2525:: e.T8976A50187422.
2511:Gazella subgutturosa
2387:: e.T7961A97205530.
1992:6th–1st centuries BC
1980:7th – 2nd century BC
1956:8th–4th centuries BC
1950:8th–4th centuries BC
1683:. By about 1600 AD,
1435:(Kazakhstan, Russia)
1429:(Kazakhstan, Russia)
1427:Kazakh forest steppe
1332:Ecological processes
1095:Grass steppe in the
884:. To the south, the
852:on the west and the
850:Tarbagatai Mountains
815:Dzungarian Narrowing
809:in the early spring.
336:Carpathian Mountains
165:Eurasian Land Bridge
116:, located mostly in
3632:Geography of Europe
3033:2024ScTEn.94473925T
2786:2022EcoEv..12E9624L
2246:20th–21st centuries
2218:16th–20th centuries
2186:15th–19th centuries
2180:13th–15th centuries
2174:13th–15th centuries
2168:13th–14th centuries
2157:11th–13th centuries
1837:Kazakh-Dzungar Wars
1579:Steppe fire in the
1417:(China, Kazakhstan)
1166:wild Bactrian camel
840:Tian Shan Mountains
634:Beloretsky District
490:. In the west, the
285:Cold steppe climate
3642:Grasslands of Asia
3607:Ecoregions of Asia
2465:Procapra gutturosa
2236:Russian Federation
2141:8th–11th centuries
2129:7th–11th centuries
2093:5th–11th centuries
2087:5th-10th centuries
1974:7th–3rd century BC
1968:7th–1st century BC
1962:7th–1st century BC
1847:
1728:possibly contains
1659:was introduced by
1646:Tungusic languages
1642:Mongolic languages
1585:
1573:
1519:
1508:
1465:(Mongolia, Russia)
1415:Emin Valley steppe
1296:along the edge of
1292:. There were some
1150:Przewalski's horse
969:Tandinsky District
870:Northern Silk Road
848:is bounded by the
821:Sino-Soviet border
488:Caucasus Mountains
163:, but also of the
42:, also called the
36:
3542:978-0-86078-632-0
2794:10.1002/ece3.9624
2553:Hare, J. (2008).
2123:6th–8th centuries
2117:6th–8th centuries
2111:6th–8th centuries
2105:5th–7th centuries
2099:5th–9th centuries
2081:4th–8th centuries
2075:4th–8th centuries
2069:3rd–8th centuries
2063:3rd–5th centuries
2057:2nd–5th centuries
2051:3rd–6th centuries
2045:1st–3rd centuries
1773:
1772:
1765:
1730:original research
1648:and some others.
1622:Iranian languages
1614:Iranian languages
1602:Kurgan hypothesis
1370:plant communities
1364:into a number of
1158:Mongolian gazelle
1097:Khövsgöl Province
1077:Khövsgöl Province
1046:Taihang Mountains
1039:North China Plain
947:The grassland in
819:Along the former
500:Crimean Peninsula
212:Göktürk Khaganate
108:, with one major
16:(Redirected from
3679:
3555:
3546:
3524:
3512:
3483:
3474:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3408:. Archived from
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3352:, archived from
3343:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2921:
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2914:
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2805:
2765:
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2758:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2324:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2172:Chagatai Khanate
1851:Khanate of Sibir
1768:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:inline citations
1721:
1720:
1713:
1689:Tibetan Buddhism
1638:Carpathian basin
1628:. Additionally,
1618:Turkic languages
1489:Human activities
1481:Pannonian Steppe
1274:
1260:
1246:
1236:Przewalski horse
1232:
1217:pale-back pigeon
1190:Mongolian gerbil
1162:goitered gazelle
1127:
1112:
1092:
1072:
1057:
964:
944:
924:
901:
886:Kunlun Mountains
802:
778:
758:
738:
660:
645:
625:
575:
555:
531:
518:near Krynychne,
511:
435:
413:Pannonian steppe
408:
394:Pannonian steppe
389:
367:
328:Pannonian Steppe
281:
261:
247:
230:
114:Pannonian steppe
21:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3662:Southern Europe
3587:Eurasian Steppe
3577:
3576:
3562:
3543:
3517:Lattimore, Owen
3480:Mission to Asia
3431:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3298:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3152:
3148:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3077:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3013:
3009:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2971:"Archived copy"
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2766:
2762:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2288:Eurasian nomads
2278:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2198:Crimean Khanate
1919:
1887:
1857:). Russia paid
1839:
1821:Han–Xiongnu War
1817:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1654:
1594:
1581:Kostanay Region
1558:
1524:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1346:
1334:
1306:mounted archery
1280:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1007:Tibetan Plateau
987:
980:
967:Dus-Khol lake,
965:
956:
945:
936:
927:Dus-Khol lake,
925:
916:
902:
890:Tibetan Plateau
878:Pamir Mountains
857:Altai Mountains
817:
810:
803:
794:
787:Ayagoz District
779:
770:
763:Akmola Province
761:The steppes in
759:
750:
739:
727:written history
715:Zeravshan River
671:
664:
661:
652:
646:
637:
626:
598:
591:
576:
567:
556:
547:
532:
523:
512:
452:
445:
436:
427:
417:Devínska Kobyla
409:
400:
390:
381:
371:Devínska Kobyla
368:
324:
312:European Russia
300:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
282:
273:
272:
271:
262:
253:
252:
251:
248:
239:
238:
237:
231:
220:
171:and many large
169:nomadic empires
125:Paleolithic age
90:southern Russia
40:Eurasian Steppe
28:
23:
22:
18:Eurasian steppe
15:
12:
11:
5:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3672:Western Europe
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Eastern Europe
3599:
3594:
3589:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3560:External links
3558:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3525:
3513:
3495:(4): 301–326.
3484:
3475:
3463:Grousset, René
3459:
3450:
3441:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3397:
3365:
3338:
3311:
3296:
3278:
3271:
3251:
3230:Histoire Russe
3220:
3213:
3193:
3164:
3146:
3129:
3109:
3091:
3071:
3054:
3007:
2962:
2916:
2870:
2824:
2760:
2729:
2683:
2637:
2603:Equus hemionus
2591:
2545:
2499:
2453:
2419:Saiga tatarica
2407:
2357:
2339:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2269:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2225:
2219:
2216:Russian Empire
2213:
2187:
2184:Kazakh Khanate
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:Eurasian Avars
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1886:
1883:
1816:
1813:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1753:September 2014
1725:
1723:
1716:
1696:
1693:
1653:
1650:
1593:
1590:
1557:
1554:
1550:Emperor of Han
1523:
1520:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:Kazakh Uplands
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1264:Saiga antelope
1262:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1209:lesser kestrel
1205:imperial eagle
1194:little souslik
1154:saiga antelope
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:Inner Mongolia
1129:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
999:Inner Mongolia
986:
983:
982:
981:
966:
959:
957:
946:
939:
937:
926:
919:
917:
905:Uvs Lake Basin
903:
896:
874:Fergana Valley
838:The east-west
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
797:
795:
780:
773:
771:
760:
753:
751:
741:The steppe in
740:
733:
699:Fergana Valley
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
655:
653:
647:
640:
638:
630:Ural Mountains
627:
620:
602:Ural Mountains
597:
594:
593:
592:
577:
570:
568:
557:
550:
548:
533:
526:
524:
513:
506:
472:Ural Mountains
451:
448:
447:
446:
437:
430:
428:
410:
403:
401:
396:in Seewinkel,
391:
384:
382:
369:
362:
323:
320:
299:
296:
283:
276:
275:
274:
263:
256:
255:
254:
249:
242:
241:
240:
232:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
219:
216:
176:confederations
50:, is the vast
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3356:on 2014-11-04
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:9781351665957
3268:
3265:. Routledge.
3264:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3214:9781134828777
3210:
3207:. Routledge.
3206:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3165:9781108420792
3161:
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3143:
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3130:9781556505584
3126:
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3092:9780253204455
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2929:
2928:Marmota bobak
2920:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2858:
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2849:
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2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:U. thibetanus
2733:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2695:Vulpes corsac
2687:
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2666:
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2641:
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2616:
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2604:
2595:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2557:Camelus ferus
2549:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
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2280:Europe portal
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2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:Mongol Empire
2164:
2162:
2161:Crimean Goths
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
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1726:This section
1724:
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1647:
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1640:in year 895.
1639:
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1627:
1623:
1620:replaced the
1619:
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1607:
1603:
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1546:
1545:steppe nomads
1541:
1537:
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1529:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:Nomad studies
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
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1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:Kazakh Steppe
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:Baraba steppe
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:Composite bow
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
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1287:
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1268:
1265:
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1254:
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1240:
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1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:great bustard
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
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1137:
1133:
1126:
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1111:
1106:
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1098:
1091:
1086:
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1078:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Hexi Corridor
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Hexi Corridor
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
978:
974:
973:Tuva Republic
970:
963:
958:
954:
950:
949:Tuva Republic
943:
938:
934:
930:
929:Tuva Republic
923:
918:
914:
910:
909:Tuva Republic
906:
900:
895:
894:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
808:
807:Kazakh Steppe
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:Kazakh Steppe
777:
772:
768:
764:
757:
752:
748:
744:
743:Akmola Region
737:
732:
731:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Kazakh Steppe
659:
654:
650:
644:
639:
635:
631:
624:
619:
618:
617:
615:
611:
610:Kazakh Steppe
607:
603:
589:
585:
581:
574:
569:
565:
561:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
525:
521:
517:
510:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:forest steppe
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
444:
440:
434:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
402:
399:
395:
388:
383:
380:
376:
372:
366:
361:
360:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:is a western
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
290:
286:
280:
270:
266:
260:
246:
236:
229:
215:
213:
209:
208:Mongol Empire
205:
201:
197:
196:Hunnic Empire
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
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142:
138:
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83:
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64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3592:Central Asia
3574:
3569:
3551:
3532:
3529:Sinor, Denis
3520:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3466:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3429:Bibliography
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3358:, retrieved
3354:the original
3348:
3341:
3331:, retrieved
3321:
3314:
3287:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3242:
3235:. Retrieved
3229:
3223:
3203:
3196:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3134:. Retrieved
3119:
3112:
3103:
3096:. Retrieved
3081:
3074:
3064:
3057:
3024:
3020:
3010:
2985:. Retrieved
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2893:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2847:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2777:
2773:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2741:, in Iran".
2738:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2706:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2660:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2614:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2568:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2522:
2516:
2510:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2476:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2430:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2384:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2329:
2322:
2308:Steppe Route
2224:20th century
2222:Soviet Union
2202:Volga Tatars
2178:Golden Horde
1888:
1869:Golden Horde
1862:
1848:
1789:
1759:
1750:
1727:
1679:had adopted
1665:Nestorianism
1661:Turko-Mongol
1655:
1595:
1586:
1583:, Kazakhstan
1532:Steppe route
1528:Greater Iran
1525:
1522:Trade habits
1503:The site of
1441:(Kazakhstan)
1393:(Kazakhstan)
1347:
1335:
1283:
1202:
1198:bobak marmot
1182:Pallas's cat
1147:
1043:
1019:China proper
988:
843:
837:
829:Central Asia
818:
723:Greater Iran
719:Central Asia
672:
614:Central Asia
599:
496:Transylvania
458:is the main
453:
325:
301:
141:Central Asia
137:Western Asia
129:Steppe Route
122:
47:
44:Great Steppe
43:
39:
37:
2955:29 December
2909:11 November
2863:29 December
2722:11 November
2676:29 December
2649:Canis lupus
2630:11 November
2584:11 November
2538:11 November
2492:29 December
2446:29 December
2373:przewalskii
2369:Equus ferus
2298:Izyum Trail
2266:Asia portal
2135:8th century
2103:Hepthalites
2085:Early Slavs
2008:Transoxiana
1972:Thyssagetae
1907:tea culture
1804:mercenaries
1669:Manichaeism
1610:Tarim Basin
1556:Agriculture
1023:Tarim Basin
1003:Gobi Desert
866:Tarim Basin
689:(Oxus) and
606:Caspian Sea
578:Steppes in
558:Steppes in
484:Caspian Sea
161:Middle Ages
48:The Steppes
3581:Categories
3391:2019-06-11
3360:2019-06-11
3333:2019-06-11
3297:0226326497
3174:1053859731
3027:: 173925.
2987:2017-05-26
2400:29 October
2351:2012-02-09
2314:References
2232:Kazakhstan
2208:and other
2079:Ostrogoths
1996:Sarmatians
1966:Massagetae
1936:Cimmerians
1911:folk-songs
1901:. Russian
1819:See also:
1800:war horses
1780:See also:
1737:improve it
1606:Tocharians
1568:(Alföld),
1514:Mongolian
1505:Por-Bazhyn
1493:See also:
1377:ecosystems
1366:ecoregions
1362:shrublands
1354:grasslands
1344:Ecoregions
1250:Corsac fox
1186:brown bear
1178:corsac fox
791:Kazakhstan
767:Kazakhstan
747:Kazakhstan
713:along the
584:Dezghingea
421:Bratislava
375:Bratislava
149:South Asia
123:Since the
94:Kazakhstan
3597:East Asia
3509:130062187
3416:April 20,
3182:cite book
2780:(12): 3.
2139:Pechenegs
2061:Visigoths
1960:Issedones
1948:Scythians
1930:Chorasmia
1924:Thracians
1867:) to the
1861:(compare
1741:verifying
1677:Dzungaria
1630:Hungarian
1540:Guanzhong
1536:Silk Road
1290:Astrakhan
1174:gray wolf
1035:Wei River
1031:Silk Road
1021:with the
882:Himalayas
862:Tian Shan
854:Mongolian
845:Dzungaria
833:East Asia
825:Dzungaria
707:Samarkand
691:Syr Darya
687:Amu Darya
683:Dzungaria
540:Henichesk
480:Black Sea
308:Manchuria
298:Divisions
218:Geography
157:antiquity
153:Silk Road
145:East Asia
106:Manchuria
55:ecoregion
3465:(1970).
3385:Archived
3327:archived
3306:39655294
3245:Polovtsy
3049:38866162
2996:cite web
2978:Archived
2817:27 March
2812:36532134
2345:Archived
2252:See also
2244:Xinjiang
2228:Gagauzia
2190:Cossacks
2151:Kipchaks
2145:Bashkirs
2115:Göktürks
1954:Sogdiana
1796:infantry
1673:Buddhism
1663:nomads.
1657:Tengrism
1652:Religion
1592:Language
1471:(Russia)
1459:(Russia)
1399:(Russia)
1358:savannas
1219:and the
1196:and the
1168:and the
1101:Mongolia
1081:Mongolia
995:Mongolia
703:Tashkent
695:Aral Sea
636:, Russia
580:Gagauzia
560:Gagauzia
460:European
425:Slovakia
379:Slovakia
356:Slovakia
192:Sarmatia
188:Cimmeria
159:and the
102:Mongolia
98:Xinjiang
74:Bulgaria
3617:Eurasia
3380:YouTube
3247:khans .
3029:Bibcode
2803:9750817
2782:Bibcode
2749:: 5–8.
2240:Ukraine
2194:Kalmyks
2133:Onogurs
2127:Khazars
2055:Vandals
2043:Xianbei
2020:Iazyges
2014:Xiongnu
2002:Bulgars
1942:Magyars
1903:Cossack
1859:tribute
1855:Buryats
1776:Warfare
1735:Please
1695:History
1570:Hungary
1374:habitat
1314:Stirrup
1310:stirrup
785:in the
711:Bukhara
628:Wooded
588:Moldova
564:Moldova
544:Ukraine
520:Ukraine
486:to the
443:Austria
398:Austria
348:Romania
344:Hungary
340:Austria
332:exclave
204:Xianbei
184:Scythia
180:Xiongnu
118:Hungary
110:exclave
86:Ukraine
82:Moldova
78:Romania
70:Hungary
61:in the
59:Eurasia
3539:
3507:
3304:
3294:
3269:
3237:17 May
3211:
3172:
3162:
3136:17 May
3127:
3098:17 May
3089:
3047:
2810:
2800:
2337:
2210:Turkic
2206:Nogais
2155:Cumans
2121:Sabirs
2067:Franks
2026:Yuezhi
1978:Donghu
1899:kaftan
1879:Manchu
1835:, and
1808:nomads
1707:, and
1634:Uralic
1600:, the
1318:Saddle
1286:Camels
1278:Onager
1215:, the
1211:, the
1207:, the
1192:, the
1172:. The
1170:onager
1164:, the
1160:, the
1156:, the
1152:, the
1025:. The
977:Russia
953:Russia
933:Russia
913:Russia
464:Danube
352:Serbia
304:Danube
200:Sogdia
173:tribal
133:Europe
127:, the
112:, the
52:steppe
3505:S2CID
2981:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2371:ssp.
2097:Avars
2091:Alans
2049:Goths
2037:Wusun
2032:Tauri
1984:Dahae
1895:domra
1864:yasak
1791:Raids
1685:Islam
1681:Islam
1298:Tibet
1144:Fauna
1136:China
1011:Gansu
679:Urals
468:Kazan
66:biome
3537:ISBN
3418:2014
3302:OCLC
3292:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3239:2021
3209:ISBN
3188:link
3170:OCLC
3160:ISBN
3138:2021
3125:ISBN
3100:2021
3087:ISBN
3045:PMID
3002:link
2957:2023
2940:2016
2911:2021
2894:2017
2865:2023
2848:2016
2819:2024
2808:PMID
2724:2021
2707:2014
2678:2023
2661:2023
2632:2021
2615:2020
2586:2021
2569:2008
2540:2021
2523:2017
2494:2023
2477:2016
2448:2023
2431:2023
2402:2018
2385:2015
2335:ISBN
2153:and
2073:Huns
1990:Saka
1905:and
1891:Rus'
1784:and
1667:and
1626:Iran
1516:yurt
1360:and
1348:The
1294:yaks
1060:The
989:The
831:and
805:The
781:The
721:and
709:and
673:The
534:The
514:The
482:and
454:The
411:The
392:The
354:and
326:The
314:and
233:The
210:and
147:and
104:and
38:The
3568:in
3497:doi
3037:doi
3025:944
2944:doi
2898:doi
2852:doi
2798:PMC
2790:doi
2751:doi
2711:doi
2665:doi
2619:doi
2573:doi
2527:doi
2481:doi
2435:doi
2389:doi
1739:by
1013:or
681:to
632:of
612:in
538:in
415:in
57:of
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