750:. The function of the commissions, which were staffed with both Polish communists and Soviet personnel, was not only to register, coordinate and facilitate the transportation of individuals, but also to conduct propaganda work among the target population. Because of the propaganda, which falsely promised Ukrainians better living conditions in Soviet Ukraine, there was some initial success. However, the number of applications for resettlement tapered off by mid-1945, as word spread concerning the true conditions of the agreement, and by the fact that the Ukrainians were not permitted to leave Soviet Ukraine.
36:
622:
1132:
549:. To guarantee efficiency and prevent the haulage of empty wagons, the resettled people were loaded onto the same returning trains on both sides of the new border. According to statistical data, rural inhabitants (453,766 people) represented 58% of all relocated Poles, while urban residents (328,908 people) accounted for the remaining percentage.
762:, respectively) to force people to relocate. With time, the pretence of "voluntary resettlement" was dropped. Groups and entire villages were forced out of their homes and directed to embark on transports bound for the Soviet Union. Within the course of a single year, July 1945-July 1946, close to 500,000 Ukrainians and
790:, a Canadian historian of Ukrainian descent, concluded "that the separation of the two people was a necessary precondition for the development of a mutually beneficial relationship between them. Apparently, the old adage that 'good fences make for good neighbors' has been proven once more," he wrote.
753:
In August 1945, the campaign to resettle entered a new phase. To achieve the political objective of relocating the
Ukrainian ethnic population from Poland, the Polish government abandoned the relatively-benign character of the policy toward a more aggressive approach. There was significant
459:(PKWN). The exchange stipulated the transfer of ethnic Ukrainians who had Polish citizenship before September 17, 1939 to the Ukrainian SSR and of ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before September 17, 1939 (date of the
544:
were identified only by ethnicity, not by the country of birth. Ukrainians residing west of the border were required to register with the Polish authorities, and the Poles living east of the border registered with the Soviet
1136:
502:
The population transfer, which took place in 1944 to 1946, became part of a mass movement of people expelled from their homes in the process of ethnic consolidation throughout nations of
Central and Eastern Europe.
777:
since 1943. The UPA was somewhat successful in disrupting the 1944-1946 transfers. Difficulties in suppressing the UPA insurgency, however, prompted the Polish and Soviet communist governments to pursue
533:
pertained to rural populations as much as the inhabitants of provincial capitals and stripped them of their prewar economic catchment areas (Grodno, Brest, Lviv, Przemyśl). About 480,000 people from
552:
The number of
Ukrainians registered between October 1944 and September 1946 was 492,682. Of the total, 482,880 individuals were eventually relocated to Soviet Ukraine, settling primarily in the
17:
639:
525:
The eastern and central areas of the Soviet republics remained unchanged, but the western regions of the
Ukrainian and the Byelorussian SSR underwent dramatic expansion at the expense of the
430:
270:
754:
resistance, as most
Ukrainians did not want to abandon their ancestral lands and resettle to Soviet Ukraine. In that regard, Polish and Soviet security forces were deployed (
953:
123:
870:
686:
658:
484:
480:
285:
1151:
160:
665:
472:
423:
280:
914:
718:
During the resettlement campaign, all eligible individuals were required to register with local Polish district commissions set up in the key cities of
836:
774:
672:
518:
with the
Western Allies, had been ratified. There was an ensuing population exchange that affected close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians and about
383:
416:
654:
155:
1044:
368:
373:
358:
55:
1005:
831:
759:
363:
258:
248:
28:
211:
519:
679:
221:
113:
1109:
Kordan, Bohdan (22 September 1997). "Making
Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories".
456:
63:
1066:
Bohdan Kordan (1997). "Making
Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories, 1944-1949".
308:
128:
90:
1166:
1038:
947:
937:
846:
263:
133:
489:
1171:
866:
463:) to post-war Poland, in accordance with the resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new
243:
238:
999:
908:
705:
189:
138:
576:
region of eastern
Ukraine. The largest resettlement of Ukrainians from Poland took place in the border counties of
172:
143:
537:, west of the Curzon Line, were moved eastward to the territory, which became part of Soviet Ukraine and Belarus.
226:
942:. The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945. Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press. p. 558.
896:
643:
148:
85:
1156:
343:
231:
194:
841:
253:
206:
177:
991:
766:
had been uprooted and deported in that manner. The resettlement operation concluded in
September 1946.
201:
118:
1161:
1028:
782:
in 1947, which entailed the resettlement of the Ukrainians remaining in southeastern Poland into the
464:
460:
770:
40:
755:
632:
981:
526:
393:
1030:
Linking Networks: The Formation of Common Standards and Visions for Infrastructure Development
540:
With the signing of the agreement in September 1944, people who were required to register for
35:
783:
403:
184:
165:
769:
The campaign to resettle Ukrainians was in large part intended to remove any base for the
593:
8:
541:
216:
812:
1083:
398:
1091:
1034:
995:
943:
904:
779:
333:
818:
1075:
1074:(3 (Autumn, 1997)). International Migration Review: 704–20 preview, with purchase.
515:
468:
323:
303:
799:
565:
557:
328:
313:
787:
569:
476:
318:
80:
1145:
1026:
452:
577:
1095:
530:
511:
448:
44:
747:
903:. Dan Diner, Raphael Gross. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 174–75.
802:, Polish science fiction writer and his family; resettled from Lwów (now
743:
561:
507:
983:
Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z kresów wschodnich do Polski, 1944-1947
735:
719:
601:
589:
581:
1087:
867:""Переселение белорусов из Польши и Полесская область (1944-1947 гг.)""
727:
646: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
534:
506:
The new border between post-war Poland and the Soviet Union along the
1079:
807:
621:
1137:
Expulsion of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union (1944-1946)
553:
739:
605:
564:
Oblasts (provinces), in the southern and south-western oblasts of
723:
988:
Resettlement of Poles from the Kresy region to Poland, 1944-1947
1131:
763:
731:
573:
597:
585:
353:
95:
803:
546:
1027:
Dr Hans-Liudger Dienel; Dr Martin Schiefelbusch (2014).
451:
was based on a treaty signed on 9 September 1944 by the
655:"Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine"
481:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
18:
Expulsion of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union
473:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus
445:
population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
979:
935:
837:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
775:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
483:); the three documents are commonly known as the
1143:
1065:
990:]. Neriton : Instytut Historii PAN,
901:Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte
424:
894:
832:History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland
467:. Similar agreements were signed with the
431:
417:
1152:Population transfers of Poles (1944–1946)
706:Learn how and when to remove this message
34:
897:"Ethnic Cleansing, Memory and Property"
457:Polish Committee of National Liberation
29:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
14:
1144:
1108:
1020:
975:
973:
971:
873:from the original on 1 September 2021
847:World War II evacuation and expulsion
890:
888:
644:adding citations to reliable sources
615:
1033:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 192.
286:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
24:
1111:The International Migration Review
968:
929:
793:
309:German–Soviet population transfers
25:
1183:
1125:
1059:
1047:from the original on 19 July 2021
1008:from the original on 19 July 2021
939:Nation-building and Moving People
885:
520:1.1 million Poles and Polish Jews
510:, as requested by Soviet Premier
281:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
276:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
1130:
956:from the original on 3 July 2021
917:from the original on 6 July 2021
620:
124:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
39:Resettlement of Ukrainians from
773:(UPA), which had conducted the
631:needs additional citations for
1102:
859:
13:
1:
980:Stanisław Ciesielski (1999).
852:
572:, and to a lesser extent the
384:Massive labor force transfers
936:Alexander V. Prusin (2016).
842:Ukrainian minority in Poland
611:
7:
1117:(4): 707 – via JSTOR.
825:
10:
1188:
1172:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
992:Polish Academy of Sciences
497:
64:Forced population transfer
26:
461:Soviet Invasion of Poland
114:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
1167:Poland–Ukraine relations
994:. pp. 29, 50, 434.
821:, Polish football coach.
815:, Polish football coach.
771:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
222:Kurds from Transcaucasia
394:Twenty-five-thousanders
527:Second Polish Republic
455:with the newly-formed
271:Polish and Soviet Jews
48:
1139:at Wikimedia Commons
784:Recovered Territories
485:Republican Agreements
465:Poland–Ukraine border
404:Virgin Lands campaign
38:
1157:Ukrainians in Poland
895:Yfaat Weiss (2006).
640:improve this article
129:Chechens and Ingush
66:in the Soviet Union
399:NKVD labor columns
354:POW Administration
91:Forced settlements
49:
1135:Media related to
1040:978-1-4094-7164-6
949:978-0-19-101775-9
780:Operation Vistula
716:
715:
708:
690:
441:
440:
334:Operation Vistula
16:(Redirected from
1179:
1162:1940s in Ukraine
1134:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
977:
966:
965:
963:
961:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
892:
883:
882:
880:
878:
863:
813:Kazimierz Górski
711:
704:
700:
697:
691:
689:
648:
624:
616:
529:. The so-called
516:Yalta Conference
493:
469:Byelorussian SSR
433:
426:
419:
324:Operation Priboi
304:June deportation
244:Meskhetian Turks
51:
50:
21:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1103:
1080:10.2307/2547293
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1002:
978:
969:
959:
957:
950:
934:
930:
920:
918:
911:
893:
886:
876:
874:
865:
864:
860:
855:
828:
796:
794:Notable persons
712:
701:
695:
692:
649:
647:
637:
625:
614:
558:Ivano-Frankivsk
500:
487:
437:
408:
378:
338:
329:Operation Vesna
314:Operation North
290:
100:
65:
31:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1127:
1126:External links
1124:
1121:
1120:
1101:
1058:
1039:
1019:
1000:
967:
948:
928:
909:
884:
857:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:Stefan Żywotko
816:
810:
795:
792:
788:Orest Subtelny
714:
713:
628:
626:
619:
613:
610:
588:, followed by
570:Dnipropetrovsk
499:
496:
477:Lithuanian SSR
447:at the end of
439:
438:
436:
435:
428:
421:
413:
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
390:
387:
386:
380:
379:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
344:WWII POW labor
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Operation Osen
316:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
254:NKVD operation
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
232:NKVD operation
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
198:
197:
195:NKVD operation
187:
182:
181:
180:
178:NKVD operation
170:
169:
168:
166:NKVD operation
163:
153:
152:
151:
149:NKVD operation
141:
139:Crimean Tatars
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
81:Dekulakization
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1184:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1007:
1003:
1001:83-86842-56-3
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
976:
974:
972:
955:
951:
945:
941:
940:
932:
916:
912:
910:3-525-36288-9
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
872:
868:
862:
858:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:Stanisław Lem
798:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
710:
707:
699:
688:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657: –
656:
652:
651:Find sources:
645:
641:
635:
634:
629:This section
627:
623:
618:
617:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Ukrainian SSR
450:
446:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
415:
414:
412:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
388:
385:
382:
381:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
345:
342:
341:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
294:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Ingrian Finns
188:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
46:
42:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1071:
1068:Int Migr Rev
1067:
1061:
1051:20 September
1049:. Retrieved
1029:
1022:
1012:20 September
1010:. Retrieved
987:
982:
960:20 September
958:. Retrieved
938:
931:
921:20 September
919:. Retrieved
900:
875:. Retrieved
861:
768:
752:
717:
702:
693:
683:
676:
669:
662:
650:
638:Please help
633:verification
630:
551:
542:resettlement
539:
531:repatriation
524:
512:Josef Stalin
505:
501:
449:World War II
444:
442:
275:
161:from Romania
47:, March 1946
45:Sanok County
32:
877:1 September
508:Curzon Line
488: [
239:Lithuanians
1146:Categories
853:References
728:Krasnystaw
666:newspapers
578:Hrubieszów
535:Zakerzonia
475:) and the
369:Hungarians
295:Operations
185:Harbinites
86:Evacuation
41:Nowosielce
27:See also:
748:Nowy Sącz
730:, Chełm,
696:July 2018
612:Logistics
374:Romanians
264:1955–1959
259:1944–1946
207:Karachays
144:Estonians
1096:12292959
1045:Archived
1006:Archived
954:Archived
915:Archived
871:Archived
826:See also
736:Biłgoraj
720:Jarosław
602:Jarosław
594:Tomaszów
590:Lubaczów
582:Przemyśl
566:Mykolaiv
554:Ternopil
359:Japanese
227:Latvians
72:Policies
56:a series
54:Part of
1088:2547293
724:Gorlice
680:scholar
514:at the
498:History
364:Germans
212:Koreans
202:Kalmyks
156:Germans
134:Chinese
119:Balkars
105:Peoples
1094:
1086:
1037:
998:
946:
907:
808:Kraków
764:Rusyns
744:Zamość
732:Lublin
682:
675:
668:
661:
653:
574:Donbas
560:, and
217:Kumyks
173:Greeks
1084:JSTOR
986:[
806:) to
740:Jasło
687:JSTOR
673:books
606:Chełm
598:Lesko
586:Sanok
492:]
479:(see
471:(see
249:Poles
96:Gulag
1092:PMID
1053:2020
1035:ISBN
1014:2020
996:ISBN
962:2020
944:ISBN
923:2020
905:ISBN
879:2021
804:Lviv
758:and
746:and
659:news
604:and
584:and
568:and
562:Lviv
547:NKVD
443:The
1076:doi
760:MVD
756:KBW
642:by
43:in
1148::
1115:31
1113:.
1090:.
1082:.
1072:31
1070:.
1043:.
1004:.
970:^
952:.
913:.
899:.
887:^
869:.
786:.
742:,
738:,
734:,
726:,
722:,
608:.
600:,
596:,
592:,
580:,
556:,
522:.
494:.
490:pl
58:on
1098:.
1078::
1055:.
1016:.
964:.
925:.
881:.
709:)
703:(
698:)
694:(
684:·
677:·
670:·
663:·
636:.
432:e
425:t
418:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
