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Catholicism attracted the local working class, allowing the FSLN to successfully recruit them. Eventually the
Sandinistas managed to recruit Cardenal himself, turning his local church into a potent source of new recruits. Cardenal was even reported to have said that "Jesus Christ is the Sandinistas" during Mass. Other priests such as José de la Jara promoted a sense of Catholic community in poor squatter neighbourhoods, promoting the portrayal of Jesus Christ as a poor worker in image of local inhabitants, and instituted a number of Catholic programs to help the community, such as road repairs, literacy programs and founded the Christian Youth Movement. Such actions united hitherto dispersed communities and fostered mutual support and trust. When encouraged by local priests to consider struggling for better living conditions as the realization of Catholic social teachings, parishioners spoke out forcefully against poor living conditions and unaffordable prices, eventually turning their discontent into open support for the FSLN. Even the priests who did not join the revolution would turn their churches into safe houses for the insurrectionists, gathering food and medicine for Sandinista combatants.
3191:, a Nicaraguan poet and writer, established a Rubén Darío prize for Latin American writers, the Leonel Rugama prize for young Nicaraguan writers, as well as public poetry readings and contests, cultural festivals and concerts. The Sandinista regime tried to keep the revolutionary spirit alive by empowering its citizens artistically. At the time of its inception, the Ministry of Culture needed, according to Cardenal, "to bring a culture to the people who were marginalized from it. We want a culture that is not the culture of an elite, of a group that is considered 'cultivated', but rather of an entire people." Nevertheless, the success of the Ministry of Culture had mixed results and by 1985 criticism arose over artistic freedom in the poetry workshops. The poetry workshops became a matter for criticism and debate. Critics argued that the ministry imposed too many principles and guidelines for young writers in the workshop, such as, asking them to avoid metaphors in their poetry and advising them to write about events in their everyday life. Critical voices came from established poets and writers represented by the
3542:(IACHR) in a 1981 report found evidence for mass executions in the period following the revolution. It stated: "In the Commission's view, while the government of Nicaragua clearly intended to respect the lives of all those defeated in the civil war, during the weeks immediately subsequent to the Revolutionary triumph, when the government was not in effective control, illegal executions took place which violated the right to life, and these acts have not been investigated and the persons responsible have not been punished." The IACHR also stated that: "The Commission is of the view that the new regime did not have, and does not now have, a policy of violating the right to life of political enemies, including among the latter the former guardsmen of the Government of General Somoza, whom a large sector of the population of Nicaragua held responsible for serious human rights violations during the former regime; proof of the foregoing is the abolition of the death penalty and the high number of former guardsmen who were prisoners and brought to trial for crimes that constituted violations of human rights."
3404:(CELAM) warned in 1981 that “Nicaragua is heading for atheism, and that the Sandinista Front was already suppressing Christmas and the feast of the Immaculate Conception.” However, when Spanish priest Teófilo Cabestrero travelled to Revolutionary Nicaragua to investigate the situation, he found that Catholic celebrations were not suppressed at all, but rather encouraged and openly celebrated by the Sandinistas themselves - festivities were held in government ministries, commercialization of the religious feast was prohibited, and a national holiday for all major Catholic feasts were proclaimed. Cabastrero concluded: “This revolution is not prohibiting or curbing religious activities, but rather is offering the churches a unique opportunity to re-evangelize themselves, and to evangelize the entire population with new evangelical vigor.” He also added: “For the present, the danger for religion and the Church is not with the Sandinista people’s revolution, but rather is in the utilization of religion and the Church against the people’s revolution”.
3668:, which describes its stance as one of "critical support for the Sandinistas", refers to the report: "The CPDH: Can It Be Trusted?" written by Scottish lawyer Paul Laverty. In the report, Laverty observes that: "The entire board of directors , are members of or closely identify with the 'Nicaraguan Democratic Coordinating Committee' (Coordinadora), an alliance of the more right wing parties and COSEP, the business organization." He goes on to express concern about CPDH's alleged tendency to provide relatively few names and other details in connection with alleged violations. "According to the 11 monthly bulletins of 1987 (July being the only month without an issue), the CPDH claims to have received information on 1,236 abuses of all types. However, of those cases, only 144 names are provided. The majority of those 144 cases give dates and places of alleged incidents, but not all. This means that only in 11.65% of its cases is there the minimal detail provided to identify the person, place, date, incident and perpetrator of the abuse."
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government but rather as an attempt to “spiritualize religion and support the moral authority of the bishops.” John M. Kirk shares
Berryman's conclusion, arguing that the emerging rift between the Church and state was a result of “powerful international organizations stepping in to shore up an increasingly conservative hierarchy and at the same time cast aspersions on the progressive wing of the Church, which favored the government reforms.” Mounting tensions were followed by the attempts of the Sandinista government to silence bishops perceived as problematic - in July 1981 the government cancelled the weekly televised broadcast of mass by archbishop Obando y Bravo after he denied the government's request to share the spot with progressive, government-aligned priests. The government also shut down the Church-run media such as the Radio Católica radio station, and in 1982 the government banned the publication of a letter from
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positive and negative events that took place during this revolutionary period. The victory of the
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1979 brought about major changes and gains for women, mainly in legislation, broad educational opportunities, training programs for working women, childcare programs to help women enter the work force and greatly increased participation and leadership positions in a range of political activities. This, in turn, reduced the burdens that the women of Nicaragua were faced with prior to the revolution. During the Sandinista government, women were more active politically. The large majority of members of the neighborhood committees (Comités de Defensa Sandinista) were women. By 1987, 31% of the executive positions in the Sandinista government, 27% of the leadership positions of the FSLN, and 25% of the FSLN's active membership were women.
3267:), health, and housing. Providing subsidies for basic foodstuffs and the introduction of mass employment were also contributions of the FSLN. The Sandinistas were particularly advantageous for the women of Nicaraguan as they promoted progressive views on gender as early as 1969 claiming that the revolution would "abolish the detestable discrimination that women have suffered with regard to men and establish economic, political and cultural equality between men and women". This was evident as the FSLN began integrating women into their ranks by 1967, unlike other left-wing guerilla groups in the region. This goal was not fully reached because the roots of gender inequality were not explicitly challenged. Women's participation within the public sphere was also substantial, as many took part in the armed struggle as part of the FSLN or as part of counter-revolutionary forces.
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figure has been called into question. One of the government's major concerns was the previous education system under the Somoza regime which did not see education as a major factor on the development of the country. As mentioned in the
Historical Program of the FSLN of 1969, education was seen as a right and the pressure to stay committed to the promises made in the program was even stronger. 1980 was declared the "Year of Literacy" and the major goals of the campaign that started only 8 months after the FSLN took over. This included the eradication of illiteracy and the integration of different classes, races, gender and age. Political awareness and the strengthening of political and economic participation of the Nicaraguan people was also a central goal of the Literacy Campaign. The campaign was a key component of the FSLN's cultural transformation agenda.
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stated that they are “confident that the revolutionary process will be something creative, profoundly original, and in no way imitative.” Full of praise for the new revolutionary government, the clergy promised to assist the new regime, “even in the construction of a socialist society.” However, the new government alienated the Church by what was perceived as a gradual removal of the Church's in the education; the government was accused of introducing a purely secular model of education on the example of the Cuban government, even inviting Cuban teachers to assist the process. Conservative media attacked the government by promoting “materialist ideology” in schools and warning of looming
Marxist and atheist infiltration of the state education. By 1982, the controversy over education became so polarizing that some members of the governing junta such as
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they came to a consensus on political ideas. Even in 1963, while still under the name of FLN, there was a lack of internal coherence in political ideas (this can be seen in the publication of the newspaper
Trinchera). The first few years were carried by some basic shared values of all the forces that were being integrated. Some of these basic shared ideas was to imitate the success of the Cuban Revolution, the ineffectiveness of the conventional opposition to the Somoza regime and the need to remain independent of them (referring to the from the conservative, liberal and communist parties), the need for a revolutionary movement that would use the armed struggle as opposition to the Somoza dictatorship, and after some discussion, identification with Sandino's struggle. It was not until 1969 that any programmatic document was published.
3599:. The ICCHRLA in its newsletter stated that: "From time to time the current U.S. administration, and private organizations sympathetic to it, have made serious and extensive allegations of religious persecution in Nicaragua. Colleague churches in the United States undertook onsite investigation of these charges in 1984. In their report, the delegation organized by the Division of Overseas Ministries of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States concluded that there is 'no basis for the charge of systematic religious persecution'. The delegation 'considers this issue to be a device being used to justify aggressive opposition to the present Nicaraguan government.'" On the other hand, some elements of the Catholic Church in Nicaragua, among them Archbishop
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Catholic message into its program; this was augmented by left-wing
Catholic organizations such as the Movimiento Cristiano Revolucionario joining the FSLN, whose members would assume high responsibilities within the Sandinista government. Sandinista activists infiltrated folk and religious imagery - on one such instance, they distributed paintings of the resurrection of Christ, where Christ appeared in a black and red cape (Sandinista colours), which bore the letters FSLN. As the FSLN lacked party structures which could be used for organizing, they relied on friendly clergymen instead; according to Peter Marchetti, this relationship became so intimate that "the parish replaced Lenin's idea of a cell". Sandinista Minister of Education
3375:. When given a Mercedes Benz as a goodwill gift by Somoza, Bravo sold it and distributed the money among the poor. During the revolution, the Catholic Church's relationship with the Sandinistas grew so close that even sacraments acquired a revolutionary meaning - one priest reportedly baptized a newborn girl by saying: “Let all selfishness, capitalism, Somozism, go out of this little girl.” Numerous Christian base communities (CEBs) were created in which lower level clergy and laity took part in consciousness raising initiatives to educate the peasants about the institutionalized violence they were suffering from. Some priests took a more active role in supporting the revolutionary struggle. For example, Father
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civilian defense efforts against Contra activities and a network of intelligence systems in order to apprehend their supporters. These activities led critics of the
Sandinistas to argue that the CDS was a system of local spy networks for the government used to stifle political dissent, and the CDS did hold limited powers—such as the ability to suspend privileges such as driver licenses and passports—if locals refused to cooperate with the government. After the initiation of heavier U.S. military involvement in the Nicaraguan conflict the CDS was empowered to enforce wartime bans on political assembly and association with other political parties (i.e., parties associated with the Contras).
2255:, who wanted to de-legitimize the election process. Among other parties that abstained was COSEP, who had warned the FSLN that they would decline participation unless freedom of the press was reinstituted. Coordinadora Democrática (CD) also refused to file candidates and urged Nicaraguans not to take part in the election. The Independent Liberal Party (PLI), headed by Virgilio Godoy Reyes, announced its refusal to participate in October. Consequently, when the elections went ahead the U.S. raised objections based upon political restrictions instituted by the State of Emergency (e.g., censorship of the press, cancellation of habeas corpus, and the curtailing of free assembly).
3293:, the situation for women in Nicaragua was seriously altered. In terms of women and the labor market, by the end of 1991 AMNLAE reported that almost 16,000 working women—9,000 agricultural laborers, 3,000 industrial workers, and 3,800 civil servants, including 2,000 in health, 800 in education, and 1,000 in administration—had lost their jobs. The change in government also resulted in the drastic reduction or suspension of all Nicaraguan social programs, which brought back the burdens characteristic of pre-revolutionary Nicaragua. The women were forced to maintain and supplement community social services on their own without economic aid or technical and human resource.
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as tools to destabilize the government and to "terrorize" the population into collaborating with the
Contras. Throughout this campaign, the Contras received military and financial support from the CIA and the Reagan Administration. This campaign has been condemned internationally for its many human rights violations. Contra supporters have often tried to downplay these violations, or countered that the Sandinista government carried out much more. In particular, the Reagan administration engaged in a campaign to alter public opinion on the Contras that has been termed "white propaganda". In 1984, the
1658:– FAO), which opposed Somoza, was made up of a conglomeration of dissidents within the government as well as the "Democratic Union of Liberation" (UDEL) and the "Twelve", representatives of the Terceristas (whose founding members included Casimiro A. Sotelo, later to become Ambassador to the U.S. and Canada representing the FSLN). The FAO and Carter came up with a plan to remove Somoza from office but give the FSLN no government power. The FAO's efforts lost political legitimacy, as the grassroots support of the FSLN wanted more structural changes and was opposed to "Somocism without Somoza".
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3630:. The report, "Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua", discussed the politicization of the human rights issue: "The Reagan administration, with scant regard for the truth, has made a concerted effort to paint as evil a picture as possible of Nicaragua, describing it as a 'totalitarian dungeon'. Supporters of the Sandinistas ... have argued that Nicaragua has a good record of human rights compared with other Central American countries and have compared Nicaragua with other countries at war." The CIIR report refers to estimates made by the NGO
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psychological torture. The Red Cross made repeated requests to be given access to prisoners held in state security detention centers, but were refused. The CIIR was critical of the
Permanent Commission on Human Rights (PCHR or CPDH in Spanish), claiming that the organisation had a tendency to immediately publish accusations against the government without first establishing a factual basis for the allegations. The CIIR report also questioned the independence of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, referring to an article in
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3153:, a poet and priest. The ministry was established in order to socialize the modes of cultural production. This extended to art forms including dance, music, art, theatre and poetry. The project was created to democratize culture on a national level. The aim of the ministry was to "democratize art" by making it accessible to all social classes as well as protecting the right of the oppressed to produce, distribute and receive art. In particular, the ministry was devoted to the development of working class and
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hit the road. He never made a break from his parents, but they rarely knew where he was. Sometimes he came home and his mother would have to sew $ 100 bills into the seams of his blue jeans. He disappeared in Nicaragua. His body was later identified as a dead Sandinista freedom fighter. From a nice little house surrounded by evergreens at the other end of Washington Street, he left to look for something he needed to find. I believe in Sean Penn's Christopher McCandless. I grew up with him.
1915:. In 1979 and 1980, former Somoza supporters and ex-members of Somoza's National Guard formed irregular military forces, while the original core of the FSLN began to splinter. Armed opposition to the Sandinista government eventually divided into two main groups: The Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense (FDN), a U.S.-supported army formed in 1981 by the CIA, U.S. State Department, and former members of the Somoza-era Nicaraguan National Guard; and the Alianza Revolucionaria Democratica (ARDE)
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workers and peasants, the "economically underprivileged", the prime beneficiaries of the new society. Consequently, in 1980 and 1981, unbridled incentives to private investment gave way to institutions designed to redistribute wealth and income. Private property would continue to be allowed, but all land belonging to the Somozas was confiscated. By 1990 the agrarian reform had affected half of the country's arable land benefiting some 60% of rural families.
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2262:, having taken 67% of the vote on a turnout of 75%. Despite international validation of the elections by multiple political and independent observers (virtually all from among U.S. allies), the United States refused to recognize the elections, with President Ronald Reagan denouncing the elections as a sham. Daniel Ortega began his six-year presidential term on January 10, 1985. After the United States Congress turned down continued funding of the
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the country's development, in which property owners and the professional class would be tapped for their managerial and technical expertise. After reconstruction and recovery, the private sector would give way to expanded public ownership in most areas of the economy. Despite such ideas, which represented the point of view of a faction of the government, the Sandinista government remained officially committed to a mixed economy.
2909:. After several failed attempts to attack government strongholds and little initial support from the local population, the National Guard nearly annihilated the Sandinistas in a series of attacks in 1963. Disappointed with the performance of Shelepin's new Latin American "revolutionary vanguard", the KGB reconstituted its core of the Sandinista leadership into the ISKRA group and used them for other activities in Latin America.
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but the split was more uneven, with limited support for the MRS. The vote for the two liberal parties combined was larger than the vote for the two Sandinista parties. In 2010, several liberal congressmen raised accusations about the FSLN presumably attempting to buy votes in order to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984. In 2011, Ortega was re-elected as president.
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1665:– FPN) together with the "United People's Movement" (MPU). This strengthened the revolutionary organizations as tens of thousands of youths joined the FSLN and the fight against Somoza. A direct consequence of the spread of the armed struggle in Nicaragua was the official reunification of the FSLN that took place March 7, 1979. Nine men, three from each tendency, formed the National Directorate that led the reunited FSLN:
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3553:" of such prisoners, forced relocation, and destruction of property. A 1984 IACHR report accused the Sandinistas of having "repeatedly violated the basic rights of Miskito Indians living there, including instances of "illegal killings" and torture". The report accused them of executing 35 to 40 Miskitos in Leimus in December 1981. The U.S. government accused Nicaragua of genocide. The U.S. Secretary of State
1257:'s National Guard embezzled much of the international aid that flowed into the country to assist in reconstruction, and several parts of downtown Managua were never rebuilt. The president gave reconstruction contracts preferentially to family and friends, thereby profiting from the quake and increasing his control of the city's economy. By some estimates, his personal wealth rose to US$ 400 million in 1974.
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students and inexperienced lawyers. However, the decisions of the "Tribunales Especiales" were subject to appeal in regular courts. Many of the National Guard prisoners were released immediately due to lack of evidence. Others were pardoned or released by decree. By 1986 only 2,157 remained in custody and only 39 were still being held in 1989 when they were released under the Esquipulas II agreement.
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was carefully timed to take place after the departure of the US ambassador from the gathering. At 10:50 pm, a group of 15 young guerrillas and their commanders, Pomares and Contreras, entered the house. They killed the minister, who tried to shoot them, during the takeover. The guerrillas received US$ 2 million ransom, and had their official communiqué read on the radio and printed in the newspaper
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reluctance of foreign banks to offer new loans, the diversion of funds to fight the new insurrection against the government, and, after 1985, the total embargo on trade with the United States, formerly Nicaragua's largest trading partner. After 1985 the government chose to fill the gap between decreasing revenues and mushrooming military expenditures by printing large amounts of paper money.
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opposition eventually pressed the government toward a national election. Tomás Borge warned that the elections were a concession, an act of generosity and of political necessity. On the other hand, the Sandinistas had little to fear from the election given the advantages of incumbency and the restrictions on the opposition, and they hoped to discredit the armed efforts to overthrow them.
3164:. The workshops were set up in poor neighbourhoods and rural areas and advocated universal access and consumption of art in Nicaragua. The ministry assisted in the creation of theatre groups, folklore and artisanal production, song groups, new journals of creation and cultural criticism, and training programs for cultural workers. The ministry created a Sandinista daily newspaper named
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not allied with the FSLN. Due to the rules governing the Council of State, in 1980 both non-FSLN junta members resigned. Nevertheless, as of the 1982 State of Emergency, opposition parties were no longer given representation in the council. The preponderance of power also remained with the Sandinistas through their mass organizations, including the Sandinista Workers' Federation (
3476:, an erstwhile opponent of the Sandinistas in the 1980s. Bravo emerged as a close ally of Ortega, and in return Sandinistas expressed their support for a blanket ban on abortion in 2006, and in his speeches Ortega would refer to the reforged FSLN as “Christian socialist”. Despite this, FSLN still faces tensions with the Catholic clergy outside of Nicaragua. On August 23,
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Contras. Another grave was also found in the town of Quininowas which contained six corpses, believed to be an entire family killed by government forces when the town was invaded. A further 72 graves were reported as being found, containing bodies of people, the majority of whom were believed to have been executed by agents of the state and some also by the Contras.
1638:. Large numbers of semi-armed civilians joined the revolt and put the Guard garrisons of the latter four cities under siege. The September Insurrection of 1978 was subdued at the cost of several thousand, mostly civilian, casualties. Members of all three factions fought in these uprisings, which began to blur the divisions and prepare the way for unified action.
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future development of Nicaragua. The FSLN was not necessarily seen simply as the vanguard of the proletariat revolution. The proletariat was but a minor fraction of the population. A complex class structure in a revolution based on unity among people from various class positions suggested more that it made sense to see the FSLN as the "vanguard of the people".
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campaign. According to the Puebla Institute, by mid-December 1989, seven opposition leaders had been murdered, 12 had disappeared, 20 had been arrested, and 30 others assaulted. In late January 1990, the OAS observer team reported that "a convoy of troops attacked four truckloads of UNO sympathizers with bayonets and rifle butts, threatening to kill them."
2236:—claimed that the elections had been fair. Several groups, however, disputed this, including UNO, a broad coalition of anti-Sandinista activists, COSEP, an organization of business leaders, the Contra group "FDN", organized by former Somozan-era National Guardsmen, landowners, businessmen, peasant highlanders, and what some claimed as their patron, the
3648:, an organization funded by the US government, allocated a concession of US$ 50,000 for assistance in the translation and distribution outside Nicaragua of its monthly report, and that these funds were administered by the Committee for Democracy in Central America (Prodemca), a US-based organization which later published full-page advertisements in
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new currency was introduced. As a result, by August 1988, inflation had dropped to an annual rate of 240 percent. The following month, however, Hurricane Joan cut a path directly across the center of the country. Damage was extensive, and the government's program of large spending to repair the infrastructure destroyed its anti-inflation measures.
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others, the hydrocarbons sector. Puma Energy entered the Nicaraguan oil and fuel derivatives market at the end of March 2011, when it bought the entire network of Esso stations in Nicaragua, as part of a regional operation that involved the purchase of 290 service stations and eight storage terminals of fuel in four countries of Central America.
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the CPDH continues to play an important role in the protection of human rights, and that a good number of people who consider that their human rights have been ignored by the Government are constantly coming to it." The IACHR continued to meet with representatives of the Permanent Commission and report their assessments in later years.
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3899:, Chi-Chi Rodriguez, to Hollywood to compete in a drag competition. Noxeema was totally against the idea and quotes this line: "Mmm, Mmm, Mmm, not on your young queer life—you and your causes. That child is Latin, you does not wanna get mixed up in all that Latin mess ... she might turn out to be a Sandinista or something."
7436:"The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." As seen at:
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church was strong, and it costs us, but I don't think it was our fault. ... There were so many people being wounded every day, so many people dying, and it was hard for us to understand the position of the church hierarchy in refusing to condemn the contras." The hierarchy-state tensions were brought to the fore with
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Sandinistas advertised this move as a part of their liberation theology, which postulated moving the Church out of the hands of the vilified higher hierarchy and into the hands of lower-ranking priests who were part of the working class and knew their struggle. Geraldine O'Leary de Macias commented on this situation:
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necessity; improved public services, housing conditions, education; abolition of torture, political assassination and the death penalty; protection of democratic liberties; equality for women; non-aligned foreign policy; and formation of a "popular army" under the leadership of the FSLN and Humberto Ortega.
3184:. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, a state publishing house for literature, was also created. The ministry collected and published political poetry of the revolutionary period, known as testimonial narrative, a form of literary genre that recorded the experiences of individuals in the course of the revolution.
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freely participating and deciding in the construction of the economic, political and social system what is most appropriate to their interest. The people exercise power directly and by their means of their representatives, freely elected in accord with universal, equal, direct, free, and secret suffrage."
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Since the conflict with Nicaragua in the 1980s, variations of the term "Sandinista" are now sometimes used in the United States to refer to fanatical supporters of a certain cause. In the Spanish language, the suffix "-ista" is used to indicate a predilection towards the root and is the equivalent of
3357:. For revolutionary Catholics, imperialism and capitalism became sin in themselves, and Jesus Christ was interpreted in context of being a revolutionary. Left-wing Nicaraguan priests replaced the traditional imaginery of 'New Jerusalem' with 'New Havana', and argued for the necessity of embracing the
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in January 1985. The plant used the newest technology available and was built by workers trained in Cuba. Also during this visit Castro announced that all debts incurred on this project were absolved. Cuba also provided technicians to aid in the sugar harvest and assist in the rejuvenation of several
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General Intelligence Directorate, or DGI, had begun to establish ties with Nicaraguan revolutionary organizations. By 1970 the DGI had managed to train hundreds of Sandinista guerrilla leaders and had vast influence over the organization. After the successful ousting of Somoza, DGI involvement in the
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The Confidential newspaper and other media were seized and taken by the government of Daniel Ortega Several service stations of the Puma brand were closed on the afternoon, December 20, by representatives of the Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE), a state entity that has the mandate to regulate, among
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Reasons for the Sandinista loss in 1990 are disputed. Defenders of the defeated government assert that Nicaraguans voted for the opposition due to the continuing U.S. economic embargo and potential Contra threat. Others have alleged that the United States threatened to continue to support the Contras
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The elections of 1990, which had been mandated by the constitution passed in 1987, saw the Bush administration funnel $ 49.75 million of 'non-lethal' aid to the Contras, as well as $ 9 million to the opposition UNO—equivalent to $ 2 billion worth of intervention by a foreign power in a US election at
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While the Sandinistas encouraged grassroots pluralism, they were perhaps less enthusiastic about national elections. They argued that popular support was expressed in the insurrection and that further appeals to popular support would be a waste of scarce resources. International pressure and domestic
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Under the new "Law for the Maintenance of Order and Public Security" the "Tribunales Populares Anti-Somocistas" allowed for the indefinite holding of suspected counter-revolutionaries without trial. The State of Emergency, however, most notably affected rights and guarantees contained in the "Statute
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In December 1974, a guerrilla group affiliated with FSLN directed by Eduardo Contreras and Germán Pomares seized government hostages at a party in the house of the Minister of Agriculture in the Managua suburb Los Robles, among them several leading Nicaraguan officials and Somoza relatives. The siege
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The Sandinista National Liberation Front was supposedly founded in a meeting in Tegucigalpa (Honduras) between Carlos Fonseca, Tomás Borge, and Silvio Mayorga. It's even been said that the meeting was held on July 19, 1961. In reality, there is no documentary reference that supports this affirmation,
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with safe haven, training, command-and-control headquarters, advice, weapons, ammunition, and other vital supplies. Captured documents, testimonials of former rebels and Sandinistas, aerial photographs, the tracing of captured weapons back to Nicaragua, and captured vehicles from Nicaragua smuggling
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states: "During its on-site observation in 1978 under the Government of General Somoza, the Permanent Commission on Human Rights in Nicaragua, (CPDH) gave the Commission notable assistance, which certainly helped it to prepare its report promptly and correctly." and in 1980 "It cannot be denied that
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states that: "Although it is true that much of the friction between the Government and the churches arises from positions that are directly or indirectly linked to the political situation of the country, it is also true that statements by high government officials, official press statements, and the
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stated in 1985 that: "The hostility with which the Nicaraguan government is viewed by the Reagan administration is an unfortunate development. Even more unfortunate is the expression of that hostility in the destabilization campaign developed by the US administration. ... An important aspect of this
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as the new papal nuncio in Nicaragua in July. Giglio quickly earned the respect of the revolutionary government in November after attacking the United States for its hostility to the government, arguing that the Sandinistas were always open to negotiations with the United States but were turned down
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claiming that the FSLN was trying to appropriate Catholic symbols. Examples of their attempts to "infiltrate" the Church was the presence of Sandinista leaders at religious ceremonies, supporting socialist-aligned Catholic institutions such as the Instituto Histérico Centro-Americano which published
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After the establishment of Sandinista regime, the Catholic Church was jubilant, which could be observed in the November 1979 pastoral letter “Christian Commitment for a New Nicaragua” which was described as “warm, encouraging, confident, and supportive of the FSLN-led revolution.” Nicaraguan bishops
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The Sandinista government also significantly expanded workers rights in particular the right to form a union and collective bargaining. Some trade union rights however, like the right to strike were suspended during the Contra War, but strikes still occurred throughout the 1980s, most labour strikes
3203:. They argued that young writers should be exposed to different poetic styles of writing and resources developed in Nicaragua and elsewhere. Furthermore, they argued that the ministry exhibited a tendency that favored and fostered political and testimonial literature in post-revolutionary Nicaragua.
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The FSLN also won 38 seats in the congressional elections, becoming the party with the largest representation in parliament. The split in the Constitutionalist Liberal Party helped to allow the FSLN to become the largest party in Congress. The Sandinista vote was also split between the FSLN and MRS,
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and leader of the "Democratic Union of Liberation" (Unión Democrática de Liberación – UDEL), was assassinated. His assassins were not identified at the time, but evidence implicated Somoza's son and other members of the National Guard. Spontaneous riots followed in several cities, while the business
750:
who was supported by the U.S. On 21 February 1934, Somoza, using the National Guard, assassinated Sandino who opposed and fought against US intervention. This was the first act of a series that Somoza, with help from the U.S., would take that would culminate in his election as president in 1936. The
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also stated in its 1989 report on Nicaragua that: "Under the Reagan administration, U.S. policy toward Nicaragua's Sandinista government was marked by constant hostility. This hostility yielded, among other things, an inordinate amount of publicity about human rights issues. Almost invariably, U.S.
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resigned, arguing that new laws are unconstitutional. Analyzing the conflict, John M. Kirk concluded: “For their part, the Sandinistas can be criticized for their lack of sensitivity to the hierarchy’s concerns — for it should have been obvious that education had long been regarded as the bailiwick
3366:
stating that a classless society where private ownership of production is prohibited is the only acceptable Catholic response. The FSLN openly courted the growing following of revolutionary Catholics, portraying their revolutionary struggle against the Somoza regime as a realization of the Catholic
3239:
Measures taken by the government to lower inflation were hampered by natural disaster. In early 1988, the administration of Daniel José Ortega Saavedra (Sandinista junta coordinator 1979–85, president 1985–90) established an austerity program to lower inflation. Price controls were tightened, and a
3015:
regime not only served as a model for Nicaragua but also provided technical assistance and advice. Cuba played an important part in the Campaign, providing teachers on a yearly basis after the revolution. Prevost states that "Teachers were not the only ones studying in Cuba, about 2,000 primary and
2817:
on July 27, 1979, at which diplomatic ties between the two countries were re-established after more than 25 years. Julián López Díaz, a prominent DGI agent, was named Ambassador to Nicaragua. Cuban military and DGI advisors, initially brought in during the Sandinista insurgency, would swell to over
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of Panama, also a member of the Socialist International, rejected the expulsion of the FSLN and threatened to leave the International, saying that it has abandoned its principles and made a decision regarding Latin America without consulting the Latin American parties, and referred to a "history of
2073:
The Contras also carried out a systematic campaign to disrupt the social reform programs of the government. This campaign included attacks on schools, health centers and the majority of the rural population that was sympathetic to the Sandinistas. Widespread murder, rape, and torture were also used
1953:
All independent news program broadcasts were suspended. In total, twenty-four programs were cancelled. In addition, Sandinista censor Nelba Cecilia Blandón issued a decree ordering all radio stations to take broadcasts from government radio station La Voz de La Defensa de La Patria every six hours.
1800:
On July 19, the 18th anniversary of the foundation of the FSLN, the FSLN army entered Managua, culminating the first goal of the revolution. The war left 30,000–50,000 dead and 150,000 Nicaraguans in exile. The five-member junta entered Managua the next day and assumed power, reiterating its pledge
1228:
A congress or assembly is not formed between all the prominent leaders of the various groups as the preparation would have required a prior theoretical process in order to create them. As a result, the FSLN was not prepared for its own formation. Different discussions took place within the group as
3984:
I grew up in Urbana three houses down from the Sanderson family – Milton and Virginia and their boys Steve and Joe. My close friend was Joe. His bedroom was filled with aquariums, terrariums, snakes, hamsters, spiders, and butterfly and beetle collections. I envied him like crazy. After college he
3262:
Supporters of the Sandinistas see their era as characterized by the creation and implementation of successful social programs which were free and made widely available to the entire nation. Some of the more successful programs for women that were implemented by the Sandinistas were in the areas of
3223:
However, the ideology of the Sandinistas put the future of the private sector and of private ownership of the means of production in doubt. Although under the new government both public and private ownership were accepted, government spokespersons occasionally referred to a reconstruction phase in
3096:
in May 1985, made it impossible for Nicaragua to receive spare parts for US-made machines, so this led Nicaragua to look to other countries for help. Cuba was the best choice because of the shared language and proximity and also because it had imported similar machinery over the years. Nicaraguans
3042:
The goals of the 1980 Literacy Campaign were socio-political, strategic as well as educational. It was the most prominent campaign with regards to the new education system. Illiteracy in Nicaragua was reduced, and it has been claimed that overall illiteracy went down from 50% to 13%, although this
2283:
Years of conflict had left 50,000 casualties and $ 12 billion of damages in a society of 3.5 million people and an annual GNP of $ 2 billion. After the election, a survey was taken of voters: 75.6% agreed that if the Sandinistas had won, the war would never have ended. 91.8% of those who voted for
1936:
The opposition militias were initially organized and largely remained segregated according to regional affiliation and political backgrounds. They conducted attacks on economic, military, and civilian targets. During the Contra war, the Sandinistas arrested suspected members of the Contra militias
1843:
The FSLN also established a Council of State, subordinate to the junta, which was composed of representative bodies. But the Council of State gave political parties only 12 of 47 seats; the rest were given to Sandinista organizations. Of the 12 seats reserved for political parties, only three were
1784:
On July 9, the provisional government in exile released a government program in which it pledged to organize an effective democratic regime, promote political pluralism and universal suffrage, and ban ideological discrimination, except for those promoting the "return of Somoza's rule". On July 17,
3564:
The IACHR's 1991 annual report states: "In 1990, the Commission was informed of the discovery of common graves in Nicaragua, especially in areas where fighting had occurred. The information was provided by the Nicaraguan Pro Human Rights Association, which had received its first complaint in June
3330:
were repealed, and Somoza granted the Church tax exemptions and assigned it a central role in state education, allowing Catholic, state-funded schools to flourish. However, relations with the Catholic clergy gradually deteriorated as the regime grew more oppressive and Somoza committed atrocities
3231:
Economic growth was uneven in the 1980s. Restructuring of the economy and the rebuilding immediately following the end of the civil war caused the GDP to rise about 5 percent in 1980 and 1981. Each year from 1984 to 1990, however, showed a drop in the GDP. Reasons for the contraction included the
2393:
After their loss, the Sandinista leaders held most of the private property and businesses that had been confiscated and nationalized by the FSLN government. This process became known as the "piñata" and was tolerated by the new Chamorro government. Ortega also claimed to "rule from below" through
1973:
Some emergency measures were taken before 1982. In December 1979 special courts called "Tribunales Especiales" were established to speed up the processing of 7,000-8,000 National Guard prisoners. These courts operated through relaxed rules of evidence and due process and were often staffed by law
1869:
The FSLN's literacy campaign sent teachers into the countryside, and it has been claimed that within six months, half a million people had been taught rudimentary reading, bringing the national illiteracy rate down from over 50% to just under 12%. Over 100,000 Nicaraguans participated as literacy
3572:
The IACHR's 1992 annual report contains details of mass graves and investigations which suggest that mass executions had been carried out. One such grave contained 75 corpses of peasants who were believed to have been executed in 1984 by government security forces pretending to be members of the
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concludes that the growing tension between the Sandinistas and the Catholic Church was a result of constant misinterpretations and misunderstanding between both sides, combined with interference of foreign conservative clergymen. He concludes that CELAM did not intend to attack the revolutionary
3349:
encouraged his parishioners to reflect on their living conditions in relation to the religious message; in his teachings, Cardenal concluded that the realization of the Gospel would be taking up arms against the Somoza regime to oppose “un-Christian” conditions. Cardenal's brand of revolutionary
3219:
The new government, formed in 1979 and dominated by the Sandinistas, resulted in a socialist model of economic development. The new leadership was conscious of the social inequities produced during the previous thirty years of unrestricted economic growth and was determined to make the country's
2771:
Mixed Economy – Fonseca's understanding that Nicaragua was not, in spite of Browderist interpretations, simply a feudal country and that it had also never really developed its own capitalism made it clear that a simple feudalism-capitalism-socialism path was not a rational way to think about the
2688:
who served as the Minister of Culture in the Sandinista government, remarked: "I think Nicaraguans who separate Christianity from Revolution are mistaken. Here they are the same thing." In response to the growing radicalization and opposition to Somoza amongst the Church, the FSLN incorporated a
2296:
directed a campaign centered around the failing economy and promises of peace. Many Nicaraguans expected the country's economic crisis to deepen and the Contra conflict to continue if the Sandinistas remained in power. Chamorro promised to end the unpopular military draft, bring about democratic
655:
were held, but were boycotted by opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes, and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987, and after
3435:
War continued. The hierarchy refused to speak out against the counterrevolutionary activities of the contras and failed to denounce American military aid. State media accused the Church of being reactionary and supporting the Contras. According to former President Ortega, "The conflict with the
2775:
Popular Participation and Mobilization – This calls for more than simple representative democracy. The inclusion of the mass organizations in the Council of State clearly manifested this conception. In Article 2 of the Constitution this is spelled out as follows: "The people exercise democracy,
2721:
remarked: "Since I began working with the Sandinista Front I have never—never! at any moment met anything which contradicts my Christian faith, nor which clashes with my Christian morality. Never. Just the opposite. For me the Sandinista Front has been the channel that has enabled me to live my
2554:
On December 21, 2018, the Nicaraguan police raided the offices of the 100% News Channel. They arrested Miguel Mora, owner of the Canal; Lucía Pineda, Head of Press of 100% Noticias and Verónica Chávez, wife of Miguel Mora and host of the Ellas Lo Dicen Program. Subsequently, Verónica Chávez was
2279:
There were reports of intimidation and violence during the election campaign by the contras, with a Canadian observer mission claiming that 42 people were killed by the contras in "election violence" in October 1989. Sandinistas were also accused of intimidation and violence during the election
2227:
A broad range of political parties, ranging in political orientation from far-left to far-right, competed for power. Following promulgation of a new populist constitution, Nicaragua held national elections in 1984. Independent electoral observers from around the world—including groups from the
676:
with 38.7% of the vote to 29% for his leading rival, bringing in the country's second Sandinista government after 17 years of other parties winning elections. In October 2009, the Supreme Court, which has a majority of Sandinista judges, overturned presidential term limits that were set by the
3581:
The issue of human rights also became highly politicized at this time as human rights is claimed to be a key component of propaganda created by the Reagan administration to help legitimize its policies in the region. The Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America (ICCHRLA) in its
3258:
The women of Nicaragua prior to, during and after the revolution played a prominent role within the nation's society as they have commonly been recognized, throughout history and across all Latin American states, as its backbone. Nicaraguan women were therefore directly affected by all of the
3243:
In its eleven years in power, the Sandinista government never overcame most of the economic inequalities that it inherited from the Somoza era. Years of war, policy missteps, natural disasters, and the effects of the United States trade embargo all hindered economic development. Despite these
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and portrays him as descending from the mountains in Nicaragua knowing he would be betrayed and killed. Generally however, most Sandinistas associated Sandino on a more practical level, as a heroic and honest person who tried to combat the evil forces of imperialist national and international
1895:
units of local governance. Their obligations included political education, organizing Sandinista rallies, distributing food rations, organizing neighborhood/regional cleanup and recreational activities, policing to control looting, and apprehending counter-revolutionaries. The CDSes organized
1590:
The Terceristas carried out attacks in early February in several Nicaraguan cities. The National Guard responded by further increasing repression and using force to contain and intimidate all government opposition. The nationwide strike that paralyzed the country for ten days weakened private
1314:
in 1976. Fonseca had returned to Nicaragua in 1975 from his exile in Cuba to try to reunite factions that existed in the FSLN. He and his group were betrayed by someone who informed the National Guard that they were in the area. The guerrilla group was ambushed, and Fonseca was wounded in the
3637:
According to the CIIR report, Amnesty International and Americas Watch stated that there is no evidence that the use of torture was sanctioned by the Nicaraguan authorities, although prisoners reported the use of conditions of detention and interrogation techniques that could be described as
3415:
which called for ordinary priests to support and obey their bishops. FSLN also fostered a "popular church" by using its connections to progressive clergy established during the revolution, effectively developing a 'popular church' that became a parallel structure to the institutional church.
3046:
The basic reader which was disseminated and used by teacher was called "Dawn of the People" based on the themes of Sandino, Carlos Fonseca, and the Sandinista struggle against imperialism and defending the revolution. Political education was aimed at creating a new social values based on the
2513:
During this unrest there were many deaths linked to the violence, as well as many instances of torture, sexual assaults, death threats, ransacking and burning of buildings and violence against journalists. Opposition figures argued that the government was responsible for the violence, a view
1865:
Upon assuming power, the FSLN's official political platform included nationalization of property owned by the Somozas and their supporters; land reform; improved rural and urban working conditions; free unionization for all workers, both urban and rural; price fixing for commodities of basic
2779:
International Non-alignment – This is a result of the fundamentally Bolivarist conceptions of Sandino as distilled through the modern understanding of Fonseca. The U.S. government and large U.S. economic entities were a significant part of the problem for Nicaragua. But experiences with the
7449:
4213:
3937:(2010) includes a group of FSLN Revolutionaries forced into Costa Rica as an important group of supporting characters, including Amanda. The Anti-Somoza revolution itself figures prominently into the plot of the game as well, being described within the game's narrative as being started by
870:, however they were generally stationed in Honduras. Their first public activity was held in March 1961, in support of the Cuban revolution and in protest of the position that the Nicaraguan government held with Cuba. The NNM later dissolved to make way for the National Liberation Front.
1969:
or pro-Sandinista mobs. Opponents to the State of Emergency argued its intent was to crush resistance to the FSLN. James Wheelock justified the actions of the Directorate by saying "... We are annulling the license of the false prophets and the oligarchs to attack the revolution."
4171:, Blanche, Dorothy, and Rose return home to find Sophia bound, gagged, and tied to a chair. When Dorothy removes the gag and asks who has done this to her, Sophia sarcastically replies: "the Sandinistas!" (It was really a released prisoner named Merrill, who was searching for Blanche.)
3420:
The FSLN continues to cultivate the base Christian communities and call them "the good Christians". But the FSLN has turned against Archbishop Obando, calling him an anti-Christ, because he has challenged their human rights violations and their systematic elimination of the political
4091:, the first verse states "I was a Highwoman, And a mother from my youth, For my children I did what I had to do, My family left Honduras when they killed the Sandinistas, We followed a coyote through the dust of Mexico, Every one of them except for me survived, And I am still alive."
1977:
On October 5, 1985, the Sandinistas broadened the 1982 State of Emergency and suspended many more civil rights. A new regulation also forced any organization outside of the government to first submit any statement it wanted to make public to the censorship bureau for prior approval.
3345:, Catholic-Marxist dialogue, and empowering already existing left-wing currents within the Catholic clergy such as the worker-priests. Many Nicagaruan priests would join this trend and radicalize their parishioners into either supporting or evening joining the Sandinistas. Priest
803:
In 1957 Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, Oswaldo Madriz y Heriberto Carrillo formed the first cell of the Nicaraguan Revolutionary Committee who identified with the issues of the proletariat. Later that October, the Mexican cell was formed with members such as
3087:
Cuba has participated in the training of Nicaraguan workers in the use of new machinery imported to Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan revolution caused the United States to oppose the country's government; therefore the Sandinistas would not receive any aid from the United States. The
2746:
of National Reconstruction agreed, under Sandinista leadership, that these principles had guided it in putting into practice a form of government that was characterized by those principles." It is generally accepted that these following principles have evolved the "ideology of
3853:(MRS) about the use of the red and black flag in public activities. Although the MRS has its own flag (orange with a silhouette of Sandino's hat in black), they also use the red-and-black flag in honor of Sandino's legacy. They state that the red-and-black flag is a symbol of
3514:
in 1983 published reports of human rights violations in an article which stated that "According to Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights, the regime detains several hundred people a month; about half of them are eventually released, but the rest simply disappear."
4102:
who will not lie down" references numerous revolutionary groups around the world and includes the lines "In Central America there they do strive, to rid themselves free of those Washington clowns; Freedom's the game, Sandinista's the name, of the Croppies who will not lie
2763:
Political Pluralism – The ultimate success of the Sandinista Front in guiding the insurrection and in obtaining the leading fore within it was based on the fact that the FSLN, through the tercerista guidance, had worked with many sectors of the population in defeating the
2490:
from running in the election. Ortega was re-elected as president, amid claims of electoral fraud; data about turnout were unclear: while the Supreme Electoral Council claimed a turnout of 66% of voters, the opposition claimed only 30% of voters actually went to the polls.
2397:
Ortega remained the head of the FSLN, but his brother Humberto resigned from the party and remained at the head of the Sandinista Army, becoming a close confidante and supporter of Chamorro. The party also experienced internal divisions, with prominent Sandinistas such as
2916:
says during the following three years the KGB handpicked several dozen Sandinistas for intelligence and sabotage operations in the United States. Andrew and Mitrokhin say that in 1966, this KGB-controlled Sandinista sabotage and intelligence group was sent to northern
2704:
composed "Misa Campesina Nicaraguense" (Nicaraguan peasant mass) which replaced the traditional mass in Nicaraguan churches, with Catholic hymns praising "worker Christ". The FSLN provided churches with decals of Virgin Mary and Catholic saints next to portraits of
1568:. The group's main idea was to organize a provisional government in Costa Rica. The Terceristas' new strategy also included unarmed strikes and rioting by labor and student groups coordinated by the FSLN's "United People's Movement" (Movimiento Pueblo Unido – MPU).
3031:
2174:
also stated that their "review did not substantiate the main allegations stated and implied in the Mercury News articles". Regarding the specific charges towards the CIA, the DOJ wrote "the implication that the drug trafficking by the individuals discussed in the
2662:
also helped attract popular and international support by organizing a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen (known as "the Twelve"), who called for Somoza's removal and sought to organize a provisional government from Costa
1726:
The FSLN evolved from one of many opposition groups to a leadership role in the overthrow of the Somoza regime. By mid-April 1979, five guerrilla fronts opened under the FSLN's joint command, including an internal front in Managua. Young guerrilla cadres and the
1606:
seized the entire Nicaraguan congress and took nearly 1,000 hostages, including Somoza's nephew José Somoza Abrego and cousin Luis Pallais Debayle. Somoza gave in to their demands and paid a $ 500,000 ransom, released 59 political prisoners (including GPP chief
2667:
Nevertheless, while ideologies varied between FSLN leaders, all leaders essentially agreed that Sandino provided a path for the Nicaragua masses to take charge, and the FSLN would act as the legitimate vanguard. The extreme end of the ideology links Sandino to
10175:
1731:
were clashing almost daily in cities throughout the country. The Final Offensive's strategic goal was the division of the enemy's forces. Urban insurrection was the crucial element because the FSLN could never hope to outnumber or outgun the National Guard.
3845:
in the early 1920s. (The traditional flag of anarcho-syndicalism, which joins diagonally the red color of the labour movement and the black color of anarchism, as in the flag of the CNT, is a negation of nationalism and reaffirmation of internationalism.)
833:) died. The following year the events of "El Dorado" (February 28, 1960) took place where several events occurred leading to several deaths including Luis Morales, Julio Alonso Leclair (head of the September 15 column), Manuel Baldizón and Erasmo Montoya.
770:
was founded to fight against French colonial control. In Nicaragua, different movements that opposed the Somoza dynasty began to unite, forming the Nicaraguan National Liberation Front which would later be renamed the Sandinista National Liberation Front.
2901:, and in 1960 the KGB organized funding and training for twelve individuals that Fonseca handpicked. These individuals were to be the core of the new Sandinista organization. In the following several years, the FSLN tried with little success to organize
2276:
the time, and proportionately five times the amount George Bush had spent on his own election campaign. When Violeta Chamorro visited the White House in November 1989, the US pledged to maintain the embargo against Nicaragua unless Violeta Chamorro won.
4203:, the Jennings' learn of a covert effort by the US government to train the Contras' on American soil, and are aided by a fiery Sandinista operative in attempting to disrupt the training camp by killing the leadership and leaking the evidence of the camp
2593:. The ideology of Sandinismo gained momentum in 1974, when a Sandinista-initiated hostage situation resulted in the Somoza government adhering to FSLN demands and publicly printing and airing work on Sandino in well known newspapers and media outlets.
2936:
containing proposals to create a situation in various areas of the world which would favor dispersion of attention and forces by the US and their satellites, and would tie them down during the settlement of the question of a German peace treaty and
1236:
The term "Sandinista" was adopted two years later, establishing continuity with Sandino's movement, and using his legacy to develop the newer movement's ideology and strategy. By the early 1970s, the FSLN was launching limited military initiatives.
2656:, was ideologically eclectic, favoring a more rapid insurrectional strategy in alliance with diverse sectors of the country, including business owners, churches, students, the middle class, unemployed youth and the inhabitants of shantytowns. The
3066:
In this area Cuba played a role by again offering expertise to Nicaragua. Over 1,500 Cuban doctors worked in Nicaragua and provided more than five million consultations. Cuban personnel were essential in the elimination of polio, the decrease in
1907:
resigned from the junta in 1980, and rumors began that members of the Ortega junta would consolidate power among themselves. These allegations spread, and rumors intensified that it was Ortega's goal to turn Nicaragua into a state modeled after
5350:
5182:
3444:
as he tried to say Mass during a visit. Therefore, while the activities of the Church contributed to the success of the Sandinista revolution, the hierarchy's opposition was a major factor in the downfall of the revolutionary government.
1950:
on Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans". Many civil liberties were curtailed or canceled such as the freedom to organize demonstrations, the inviolability of the home, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and the freedom to strike.
3534:
Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights reported 2,000 murders in the first six months and 3,000 disappearances in the first few years. It has since documented 14,000 cases of torture, rape, kidnapping, mutilation and murder.
1809:
The Sandinistas inherited a country with a debt of US$ 1.6 billion, an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 war dead, 600,000 homeless, and a devastated economic infrastructure. To begin establishing a new government, they created a Council (or
2447:
were that the FSLN won 42.6% of the vote for parliament (versus 52.6% for the PLC), giving them 41 out of the 92 seats in the National Assembly (versus 48 for the PLC). In the presidential race, Ortega lost to Bolaños 46.3% to 53.6%.
1945:
In March 1982 the Sandinistas declared an official State of Emergency. They argued that this was a response to attacks by counter-revolutionary forces. The State of Emergency lasted six years, until January 1988, when it was lifted.
4364:
4110:, founder of the 'Manguebeat' movement, in his song "Monólogo ao pé do ouvido", makes reference to Augusto César Sandino and other personalities who resisted the status quo in their respective realities. The verse states: "Viva
2482:
Ortega was allowed by Nicaraguan Supreme Court to run again as president, despite having already served two mandates, in a move which was strongly criticized by the opposition. The Supreme Court also banned the leader of the
2119:
report on links between the Contras and drug imports to the US concluded that "senior U.S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contras' funding problems". According to the
3157:, or peasant culture. Therefore, the ministry sponsored cultural workshops throughout the country until October 1988 when the Ministry of Culture was integrated into the Ministry of Education because of financial troubles.
2054:(see Edén Pastora cited below) to the south. As was typical in guerrilla warfare, they were engaged in a campaign of economic sabotage in an attempt to combat the Sandinista government and disrupted shipping by planting
1309:
and torture. Somoza's National Guard also increased its violence against people and communities suspected of collaborating with the Sandinistas. Many of the FSLN guerrillas were killed, including its leader and founder
6513:
3400:
pamphlets that depicted Jesus Christ superimposed on the image of a guerrilla fighter, encouraging Catholics to participate in the "revolutionary process", and discussing “martyrs” of the revolutionary struggle. The
3270:
Nicaraguan women organized independently in support of the revolution and their cause. Some of those organizations were the Socialist Party (1963), Federación Democrática (which support the FSLN in rural areas), and
3660:
supporting military aid to the Contras. The Permanent Commission denies that it received any money which it claims was instead used by others for translating and distributing their monthly reports in other nations.
1735:
On June 4, the FSLN called a general strike, to last until Somoza fell and an uprising was launched in Managua. On June 16, the formation of a provisional Nicaraguan government in exile, consisting of a five-member
5236:
1862:), and most importantly the Sandinista Defense Committees (CDS). The Sandinista-controlled mass organizations were extremely influential over civil society and saw their power and popularity peak in the mid-1980s.
9062:
2722:
Christian faith more authentically, that is, with actions." Sandinismo offered a blend of the Marxist notion of class struggle and liberation theology, presenting their ideology as an 'extension' of Catholicism.
2266:
in April 1985, the Reagan administration ordered a total embargo on United States trade with Nicaragua the following month, accusing the Sandinista government of threatening United States security in the region.
2247:(a former Sandinista), declined participation in the elections based on their own objections to the restrictions placed on the electoral process by the State of Emergency and the official advisement of President
2509:
in the Río San Juan department (which came to an end when rain abruptly put the fire out), leading on to an outbreak of violence a few weeks later after social security reforms were announced by the government.
2424:, or hardliners. In the 1996 Nicaraguan election, Ortega and Ramírez both campaigned unsuccessfully as presidential candidates on behalf of their respective parties, with Ortega receiving 43% of the vote while
4410:, leader of the FSLN Insurrectional Tendency (Tercerista) in the 1970s, chief strategist of the anti-Somoza urban insurrection; Minister of Defense in the 1980s during the Contra war. Brother of Daniel Ortega.
2833:
The early years of the Nicaraguan revolution had strong ties to Cuba. The Sandinista leaders acknowledged that the FSLN owed a great debt to the socialist island. Once the Sandinistas assumed power, Cuba gave
3608:
actions of groups under the control of the Government have gone beyond the limits within which political discussions should take place and have become obstacles to certain specifically religious activities."
1504:, GPP) theory as its strategic doctrine. The GPP was based on the "accumulation of forces in silence": while the urban organization recruited on the university campuses and robbed money from banks, the main
706:(1895–1934), the leader of Nicaragua's nationalist rebellion against the US occupation of the country during the early 20th century (ca. 1922–1934). The suffix "-ista" is the Spanish equivalent of "-ist".
3322:'s relationship with the Sandinistas was extremely complex. Initially, the Church was supportive of the Somoza regime as it broke with the liberal tradition of anti-clericalism. Anti-clerical laws of the
3549:) infiltrated a Miskito village in order to launch attacks against government soldiers, and as part of a subsequent forced relocation program. Allegations included arbitrary imprisonment without trial, "
3392:
of Church leaders. This political insensitivity of the FSLN — particularly among the middle-level cadres—exacerbated the increasingly problematic relationship between the FSLN and the Church hierarchy.”
3367:
social teaching. While the Catholic upper hierarchy was first reluctant to join the Sandinista revolution, it gradually moved to legitimatize its revolutionary goals and openly embraced it following the
3361:
and committing onself to Marxist revolution in order to be a 'true Catholic'. Supporters of liberation theology also agreed in principle with Marxist economics, with liberation theology priests such as
2374:. The treaty's provisions included a call for a cease-fire, freedom of expression, and national elections. After the February 26, 1990 elections, the Sandinistas lost and peacefully passed power to the
1591:
enterprises and most of them decided to suspend their participation in less than two weeks. Meanwhile, Somoza asserted his intention to stay in power until the end of his presidential term in 1981. The
829:
After "El Chaparral", several more armed rebellions took place. In August the journalist Manuel Díaz y Sotelo died; in September Carlos "Chale" Haslam died; in December Heriberto Reyes (Colonel of the
5950:
2505:
The year 2018 was marked by particular unrest in Nicaragua that had not been seen in the country in three decades. It came in two different phases, with initial unrest in the context of a fire at the
4422:", social democratic guerrilla leader who joined the Terceristas during the anti-Somoza insurrection, broke with FSLN to lead center-left ARDE contra group based in Costa Rica during the early 1980s
4158:"), "we learn Salazar's true past: No, this simple barber wasn't so simple at all. As a younger man , he was given the choice between torturer and victim, and he chose the path that kept him alive."
5358:
3055:
Health conditions in Somoza era Nicaragua were abysmal according to a report published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Vaccine coverage of babies under a year old was 88% immunised against
1870:
teachers. One of the literacy campaign's aims was to create a literate electorate that could make informed choices in the promised elections. The success of the literacy campaign was recognized by
1519:
As a consequence of the repressive campaign of the National Guard, in 1975 a group within the FSLN's urban mobilization arm began to question the GPP's viability. In the view of the young orthodox
5186:
3353:
At its core, liberation theology recognized class struggle as a part of the Latin American society that was inherited from colonialism, and that is continued under capitalism which was considered
4404:, post-revolution junta head, then President from 1985, lost presidential elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, won presidential elections in 2006, 2011 and 2016 and continues to lead the FSLN party
9210:
3979:
as a Sandinista freedom fighter (in April 1982, one of only two Americans known to have died while in the ranks of that country's leftist guerrilla movement in the 1980s and 1990s). Ebert wrote:
651:. The United States sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinista government by imposing a full trade embargo and by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's ports. In 1984, free and fair
742:
of the Liberal Party won the elections. By 1 January 1933 there wasn't a single US soldier left on Nicaraguan soil, however in 1930 the US had formed a group for national security known as the
2206:. Unlike Spanish-speaking western Nicaragua, the Caribbean Coast also has lots of speakers of indigenous languages and English-based creoles, and was largely ignored by the Somoza regime. The
2027:
to begin financing, arming and training rebels, most of whom were the remnants of Somoza's National Guard, as anti-Sandinista guerrillas that were branded "counter-revolutionary" by leftists (
3176:
and the Nicaraguan film production unit called the INCINE. There were existing papers which splintered after the revolution and produced other independent, pro-Sandinista newspapers, such as
7925:
Popular Religion, Protest, and Revolt: The Emergence of Political Insurgency in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Churches of the 1960s—80s. In C. Smith (Ed.), Disruptive Religion (pp. 105–124)
1480:
5771:
3465:
to bring four sisters into Nicaragua in order to create a new, small religious community. The Sandinista conflict with the Catholic Church was ultimately settled with the signing of the
3615:
pronouncements on human rights exaggerated and distorted the real human rights violations of the Sandinista regime, and exculpated those of the U.S.-supported insurgents, known as the
2297:
reconciliation, and promote economic growth. In the February 25, 1990, elections, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro carried 55 percent of the popular vote against Daniel Ortega's 41 percent.
11972:
2614:") faction was rural-based and sought long-term "silent accumulation of forces" within the country's large peasant population, which it saw as the main social base for the revolution.
2838:
military advice, as well as aid in education, health care, vocational training and industry building for the impoverished Nicaraguan economy. In return, Nicaragua provided Cuba with
3461:, Sandinistas leaders helped promote the congress and decried the lack of interest in it; President Ortega met with several Catholic clergymen during the congress, and also allowed
4039:
2097:). When this scheme was revealed, Reagan admitted that he knew about Iranian "arms for hostages" dealings but professed ignorance about the proceeds funding the Contras; for this,
5380:
3371:, which openly called for challenging oppressive regimes in the region. The Church's hostility towards Somoza became even more apparent in 1970 with the appointment of Archbishop
7872:
5436:, the Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Independiente, PLI), the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC) and two other smaller parties.
5209:
3717:
weapons were cited as evidence. El Salvador was in a civil war in the period in question and the US was heavily supporting the Salvadoran government against the FMLN guerrillas.
840:, had not been able to form a common front against the dictatorship. The opposition to the dictatorship was established around various student organizations. Among its leaders,
2696:
As Sandinistas relied on churches to build their structures, their ideological relationship to Catholicism was not just based on mutual support, but on active incorporation of
2431:
Ortega was re-elected as leader of the FSLN in 1998. Municipal elections in November 2000 saw a strong Sandinista vote, especially in urban areas, and former Tourism Minister
13307:
6914:
5905:
8900:
5240:
2953:
2803:
2945:
and with the "Revolutionary Front Sandino". Shelepin proposed to make appropriations from KGB funds in addition to the previous assistance $ 10,000 for purchase of arms.
7821:
3860:
1527:, economic development had turned Nicaragua into a nation of factory workers and wage-earning farm laborers. Wheelock's faction was known as the "Proletarian Tendency".
3790:, he wrote letters to the group denouncing the US media portrayal of the conflict, and also visited Nicaragua during the war where he attended a Sandinista rally where
3545:
A 1983 IACHR report documented allegations of human rights violations against the Miskito Indians, which were alleged to have taken place after opposition forces (the
2784:
Bruce E. Wright claims that "this was a crucial contribution from Fonseca's work that set the template for FSLN governance during the revolutionary years and beyond".
1253:. The earthquake killed 10,000 of the city's 400,000 residents and left another 50,000 homeless. About 80% of Managua's commercial buildings were destroyed. President
3565:
1990. By December 1991, that Association had received reports of 60 common graves and had investigated 15 of them. While most of the graves seem to be the result of
3160:
The objective of the workshops was to recognize and celebrate neglected forms of artistic expression. The ministry created a program of cultural workshops known as,
863:
and small business leaders such as Julio Jerez Suárez. Legendary guerilla veteran Santos Lopez, who fought with Augusto Cesar Sandino, also participated in the NNM.
7689:
4243:
4024:(1986). The song chronicles the history of the Sandinistas, as well as their conflict with the Contras, and reflects an optimistic hope for the future of Nicaragua.
1682:
818:
June 1959 the event known as "El Chaparral" occurred in Honduran territory bordering Nicaragua. The guerrilla fighters "Rigoberto López Pérez" under the command of
7179:
3561:
alleged to show Miskito bodies being burned by Sandinista troops as evidence; however, the photo was actually of people killed by Somoza's National Guard in 1978.
3313:
980:
196:
6181:
5874:
2813:
new Sandinista government expanded rapidly. An early indication of the central role that the DGI would play in the Cuban-Nicaraguan relationship is a meeting in
10239:
6336:
4393:
3079:
rate. Gary Prevost states that Cuban personnel made it possible for Nicaragua to have a national health care system that reached the majority of its citizens.
2518:. Many opposition figures and independent journalists have been arrested and police raids of opposition forces and independent media have occurred frequently.
1212:
12158:
5940:
3272:
2329:
856:
296:
61:
5290:
Reed, Jean-Pierre; Foran, John (2002). "Political Cultures of Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of Nicaragua".
11589:
4459:
3523:
prisoners and make it look like they had died in combat. Another article described Sandinista neighbourhood "Defense Committees", modeled on similar Cuban
3296:
Between 2007 and 2018 under Sandinista administrations, Nicaragua has advanced from 62nd to 6th in the world in terms of gender equality, according to the
2435:
was elected mayor of Managua. This result led to expectations of a close race in the presidential elections scheduled for November 2001. Daniel Ortega and
4428:, novelist and civilian Sandinista, architect of alliance with moderates in the 1970s, Vice President in the 1980s, opponent of Daniel Ortega in the 1990s
10217:
3519:
also interviewed a former deputy chief of Nicaraguan military counterintelligence, who stated that he had fled Nicaragua after being ordered to kill 800
2768:
dictatorship. The FSLN and all those who would constitute the new provisional government were called diverse; "they were plural in virtually all senses".
9596:
7769:
6056:"History of Nicaragua's FSLN." The page no longer lists the names shown above, and appears to be a commercial site, not the FSLN's site (November 2009).
2406:
resigning to protest what they described as heavy-handed domination of the party by Daniel Ortega. Ramírez also founded a separate political party, the
1595:
showed its displeasure with Somoza by suspending all military assistance to the regime, but continued to approve economic assistance to the country for
860:
11637:
6515:
Political Violence in Latin America: A Cross-Case Comparison of the Urban Insurgency Campaigns of Montoneros, M-19 and FSLN in a Historical Perspective
3941:
agent Vladimir Zadornov in order to make Nicaragua a communist state so the Soviet Union could force the United States out of Central America entirely.
3634:
which count the number of non-battle related deaths and disappearances for which the government was responsible up to the year 1986 as "close to 300".
1178:
The FSLN originated in the milieu of various oppositional organizations, youth and student groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The university of
830:
819:
664:
in an election marked by US interference, but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature. The FSLN is now Nicaragua's sole leading party. In the
9539:
9369:
3531:, was subject to strict censorship. The newspaper's editors were forbidden to print anything negative about the Sandinistas either at home or abroad.
1674:
624:, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Having seized power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a
7743:
4443:
3488:(Nicaraguan Human Rights Center, Cenidh) said that the Church had been the victim of 24 attacks since April 2018, including a fire that began in the
1927:. Although independent and often in conflict with each other, these guerrilla bands—along with several others—all became known as Contras (short for
2555:
released. Miguel Mora and Lucia Pineda were accused of terrorist crimes and provoking hatred and discrimination between the police and Sandinistas.
13292:
12819:
11569:
7583:
6787:
4384:
3921:, starring Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman and Joanna Cassidy, is set during the last days of the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution that ended the Somoza regime.
3883:
3603:, strongly criticized the Sandinistas. The Archbishop stated "The government wants a church that is aligned with the Marxist–Leninist regime." The
1203:
848:
812:
754:
During the 1960s, leftist ideas began spreading worldwide, sparking independence movements in different colonial territories. On 1 January 1959 in
108:
7153:
11136:
10561:
3569:
by members of the Sandinista People's Army or the State Security, some contain the bodies of individuals executed by the Nicaraguan Resistance."
1165:
80:
9088:
3587:
campaign is misinformation and frequent allegations of serious human rights violations by the Nicaraguan authorities." Among the accusations in
3527:, which according to critics were used to unleash mobs on anyone who was labeled a counterrevolutionary. Nicaragua's only opposition newspaper,
13378:
10887:
10696:
9120:
5768:
4155:
2543:
In December 2018, the government revoked the licenses of five human rights organizations, closed the offices of the cable news and online show
1487:
9497:
8790:
5411:
13447:
7973:
Reed, Jean-Pierre (2020). "Elective affinities between Sandinismo (as socialist idea) and liberation theology in the Nicaraguan Revolution".
3472:
Prior to their victory in the 2006 election, Ortega sought to rekindle his old relationship with the Catholic Church and befriended Cardinal
2521:
On September 29, 2018, President Ortega declared that the protests were illegal, stating that demonstrators would "respond to justice." The
87:
13368:
10395:
10390:
10111:
9970:
7770:"Confidencial, el diario requisado y ocupado por la policía de Nicaragua que sobrevive en la semiclandestinidad de una habitación de hotel"
5449:
3524:
3368:
2258:
Daniel Ortega and Sergio Ramírez were elected president and vice-president, and the FSLN won an overwhelming 61 out of 96 seats in the new
1882:
1542:, and Mexican-born Victor Tirado Lopez, was more pragmatic and called for tactical, temporary alliances with non-communists, including the
9650:
4252:
1691:
13482:
13342:
12229:
10594:
10485:
9574:
8216:
6425:
3975:– to his childhood friend, Joseph David "Joe" Sanderson, a nature-loving Illinois native and adventurer, who died in combat, fighting in
2182:
The Contra war unfolded differently in the northern and southern zones of Nicaragua. Contras based in Costa Rica operated on Nicaragua's
1875:
1793:. While initially seeking to remain in power to serve out Somoza's presidential term, Urcuyo ceded his position to the junta and fled to
1183:
6906:
5815:
5388:
3682:
stated that: "While elements of the Somoza National Guard tortured political opponents, they did not employ psychological torture." The
2428:
of the Constitutional Liberal Party received 51%. The Sandinistas won second place in the congressional elections, with 36 of 93 seats.
1383:
13457:
13332:
10506:
10232:
5213:
4020:
2780:
traditional parties allied with the Soviet Union had also been unsatisfactory. Thus it was clear that Nicaragua must seek its own road.
2451:
Daniel Ortega was once again re-elected as leader of the FSLN in March 2002 and re-elected as president of Nicaragua in November 2006.
2116:
1554:
regime. By attacking the Guard directly, the Terceristas would demonstrate the regime's weakness and encourage others to take up arms.
787:
3149:
After the Nicaraguan revolution, the Sandinista government established a Ministry of Culture in 1980. The ministry was spearheaded by
2825:, countries previously looking for support from Cuba saw that the United States was likely to take violent action to discourage this.
94:
13452:
13421:
10135:
Revista Envío – Nicaraguan magazine, "critically supportive" of the Sandinistas, with archive documenting events throughout the 1980s
7617:
3908:(1983), about journalist Jack Cox's experiences in Nicaragua, portrayed the Sandinistas as crazed communist psychopaths while making
3672:
3604:
3539:
3437:
1557:
In October 1977, a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen allied with the Terceristas to form "
1109:
7564:
3484:, who had been outside of Nicaragua for reasons of security since April 23, 2019, accused President Ortega of being a dictator. The
632:
programs, nationalization, land reform, and devoted significant resources to healthcare, but came under international criticism for
13373:
11406:
7103:
6413:
3489:
2085:
in 1983, the Reagan administration continued to back the Contras by raising money from foreign allies and covertly selling arms to
2019:
condemned the FSLN for joining with Cuba in supporting "Marxist" revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries such as
1096:
1092:
7894:
7534:
13472:
13462:
12809:
11453:
10516:
6919:
5094:
3089:
3063:
in 1983. Despite the turmoil caused by the Contra War under-fire mortality was reduced by approximately half during this period.
2098:
1081:
76:
2179:
articles was connected to the CIA was also not supported by the facts". The CIA also investigated and rejected the allegations.
1923:, a.k.a. "Commander Zero". Milpistas, former anti-Somoza rural militias, eventually formed the largest pool of recruits for the
13477:
13467:
13302:
11574:
10435:
10248:
8290:
6875:
3253:
3244:
problems however, the Nicaragua economy saw a transformation in a direction to satisfy the needs of Nicaragua's poor majority.
3097:
went to Cuba for short periods of three to six months and this training involved close to 3,000 workers. Countries such as the
1058:
545:
10330:
10159:
7897:[PRD rejects the expulsion of the FSLN from Nicaragua from the Socialist International] (in Spanish). January 29, 2019
1138:
628:. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted
13297:
11232:
10919:
10897:
10425:
10350:
10296:
10284:
10225:
9939:
9911:
9249:
8042:
7055:
6958:
6603:
5751:
5533:
5483:
5334:
5274:
3401:
2484:
1408:
999:
606:
12320:
9803:
2717:. Sandinistas openly promoted the Catholic concept of "preferential option for the poor", and the Secretary-General of FSLN
2562:, which cited "gross violations of human rights and democratic values committed by the government of Nicaragua". The ruling
12139:
12064:
11724:
11324:
9063:"Nicaragua: el obispo Silvio Báez llamó 'dictadura' al régimen de Daniel Ortega y lo acusó de atacar a la Iglesia Católica"
5925:
3686:
stated that under the Somoza regime cruel physical torture was regularly used in the interrogation of political prisoners.
2693:
argued that Sandinismo "is deeply rooted in Christianity" and "came about through a process of Christian self-reflection".
2043:
and many of the indigenous guerrilla forces, who were not associated with the "Somocistas", also resisted the Sandinistas.
1423:
1413:
774:
The economic situation of Nicaragua in the mid-20th century had deteriorated as the prices of agricultural exports such as
10247:
9614:
6635:
Williams, Philip (January 1994). "Dual Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Popular and Electoral Democracy in Nicaragua".
6137:
5626:
5526:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World: Newly Revealed Secrets from the Mitrokhin Archive
4375:, Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Soviet Dean of Ambassadors, has worked in various administarions with high-profile jobs.
3448:
The relations between the Sandinistas and the Catholic Church started improving in 1986, starting with the appointment of
2821:
The Cubans would like to have helped more in the development of Nicaragua towards socialism. Following the US invasion of
2443:(PLC) ran neck-and-neck in the polls for much of the campaign, but in the end the PLC won a clear victory. The results of
13337:
11744:
10877:
10475:
10415:
7326:
6032:
Library of Congress, Country Study, Chapter 1 >> "Rise of the FSLN"; and Ignatiev, Chapter 4, "Sandinista Revival".
5846:
3833:
which consisted of two vertical stripes, equally in size, one red and the other black with a skull (like the traditional
3683:
3047:
principles of Sandinista socialism, such as social solidarity, worker's democracy, egalitarianism, and anti-imperialism.
2285:
2171:
2132:. The Reagan administration's support for the Contras continued to stir controversy well into the 1990s. In August 1996,
1373:
1195:
1158:
847:
At the start of 1961 the New Nicaragua Movement (NNM) was founded by prominent leaders in education like Carlos Fonseca,
767:
10986:
10914:
7427:
Rita Beamish, "Bush Will Lift Trade Embargo if Nicaraguan Opposition Candidate Wins", Associated Press, November 8, 1989
7183:
3426:
Jacobson, R. S. (1986). Liberation Theology as a Revolutionary Ideology in Latin America. The Fletcher Forum, 10(2), 332
13426:
12779:
11874:
10852:
10737:
10691:
10686:
10632:
10465:
10380:
7932:
7847:
6526:
5605:
4084:", which references the Sandinistas and other events and groups involved in Latin American history, starting from 1959.
2847:
1654:
government, but did not want a left-wing government to take power in Nicaragua. The moderate "Broad Opposition Front" (
637:
9781:
6188:
5882:
4044:
2726:
argued that the Sandinista revolution "was on behalf of all human beings, but as with Christ above all for the poor."
1770:
1577:
1530:
Shortly after, a third faction arose within the FSLN. The "Insurrectional Tendency", also known as the "Third Way" or
12511:
12074:
11344:
11285:
10410:
10405:
10365:
10050:
9979:
9889:
9029:
8978:
8953:
8928:
8883:
8738:
8123:
8017:
7957:
7361:
7310:
7256:
6754:
6721:
6714:
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America)
6566:
6496:
6362:
6295:
6259:
6165:
6100:
5726:
5508:
4687:
4661:
2351:
1919:, a group that had existed since before the FSLN and was led by Sandinista founder and former FSLN supreme commander
1916:
1816:) of National Reconstruction, made up of five appointed members. Three of the appointed members—Sandinista militants
127:
11082:
9632:
6333:
1611:), broadcast a communiqué with FSLN's call for general insurrection and gave the guerrillas safe passage to Panama.
12214:
12209:
11704:
11667:
11396:
10842:
10536:
10531:
10198:
7794:
5036:
5000:
4964:
4928:
4892:
4856:
4820:
4779:
4713:
4635:
4609:
4583:
4557:
4526:
3779:
3752:
3645:
2464:
2444:
2078:
judged that the United States Government had been in violation of International law when it supported the Contras.
1982:
1962:
1878:, although the actual success of this literary campaign, and its long-term impact, have been called into question.
1773:. By the end of that month, with the exception of the capital, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control, including
1737:
1433:
1428:
1048:
1043:
1038:
686:
682:
678:
665:
657:
652:
625:
11892:
11754:
11438:
10120:
9676:
5381:"Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad – LVDS"
2506:
101:
12934:
12315:
12244:
12144:
12022:
11794:
11784:
11371:
10758:
10335:
10278:
10125:
4455:
4372:
2500:
2237:
1592:
401:
11709:
11596:
11584:
10098:
9597:"PolitiFact – Mitch McConnell: John Kerry visited Nicaragua in 1980s to accuse Reagan of 'enaging in terrorism'"
6041:
The FSLN official website may once have named the following as founders: Santos López (former Sandino fighter),
2960:
were instructed to work out more specific measures and present them for consideration by the Central Committee.
12365:
12134:
11714:
11616:
11349:
10793:
10788:
10566:
10556:
10460:
10430:
10302:
9241:
8107:
3933:
3850:
3702:
3469:- the government allowed Radio Catolica to broadcast again and allowed expelled clergy to return to Nicaragua.
2870:
2563:
2468:
2407:
2333:
2259:
2252:
2075:
2063:
1438:
1270:
Over the next year, the guerrillas got 14 Sandinista prisoners released from jail, and with them were flown to
1151:
1071:
783:
65:
12034:
11764:
11275:
11047:
10370:
10355:
1378:
1348:
13312:
12327:
12280:
12044:
11967:
11699:
10450:
10375:
10263:
8382:
Persson, Lars Åke; Rahman, Anisur; Peña, Rodolfo; Perez, Wilton; Musafili, Aimable; Hoa, Dinh Phuong (2017).
7469:
2370:
In 1987, due to a stalemate with the Contras, the Esquipulas II treaty was brokered by Costa Rican President
1937:
and censored publications they accused of collaborating with the enemy, such as the U.S., the FDN, and ARDE.
1899:
By 1980, conflicts began to emerge between the Sandinista and non-Sandinista members of the governing junta.
1473:
1358:
1328:
975:
470:
430:
11759:
11468:
11391:
11062:
9833:
6438:
6054:
3016:
secondary students were studying on the Isle of Youth and the cost was covered by the host country (Cuba)".
2600:, the FSLN leaders' internal disagreements over strategy and tactics were reflected in three main factions:
1368:
12345:
12305:
12275:
12224:
12084:
12002:
11998:
11869:
11799:
11564:
11381:
11147:
11042:
10974:
10526:
10521:
10511:
10455:
10400:
10340:
9373:
7125:
5210:"Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad"
4264:
3864:
3327:
3286:
3264:
3025:
3000:
2440:
1505:
837:
314:
10186:
9153:(University Publications of America, 1987) p. 143n94 (2,000 killings); Roger Miranda and William Ratliff,
5674:
States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines
2734:
For purposes of making sense of how to govern, the FSLN drew four fundamental principles from the work of
13317:
12789:
12784:
12501:
12179:
11907:
11652:
11611:
11555:
11458:
11339:
11297:
11202:
10727:
10681:
10440:
10290:
9702:
8368:
5689:
5549:
4185:
4162:
3802:
2383:
2378:(UNO), an alliance of 14 opposition parties ranging from the conservative business organization COSEP to
2210:
did not participate in the uprising against Somoza and viewed Sandinismo with suspicion from the outset.
2024:
1837:
1757:
1011:
950:
661:
648:
484:
405:
184:
10139:
8855:
Steinfeld Jacobson, Roberta (1986). "Liberation Theology as a Revolutionary Ideology in Latin America".
6794:
6673:
Sandiford, Peter; Lankshear, Colin; Montenegro, María Martha; Sánchez, Germana; Cassel, Jeffrey (1994).
5434:
left-wing populist Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN)
709:
13154:
12375:
12360:
12350:
12204:
11804:
11292:
11095:
10862:
10445:
8384:"Child survival revolutions revisited – lessons learned from Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Rwanda and Vietnam"
7717:
7157:
7043:
6581:
6401:
6213:
5100:
4279:
3592:
3466:
3332:
2957:
2751:". Three of these (excluding popular participation, which was presumably contained in Article 2 of the
2611:
2379:
2066:
as illegal. The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and, as with Cuba, the
1728:
1457:
1279:
873:
The New Nicaragua Movement soon dissolved with its members forming the National Liberation Front, FLN.
797:
713:
9526:
8754:
Fernandez Poncela, Anna M.; Bill Steiger (1996). "The Disruptions of Adjustment: Women in Nicaragua".
8451:
5121:
4248:
4127:
3457:
was also received by the pope in a private audience. Once Congreso Eucaristico Nacional took place in
1840:(the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro), were also appointed. Only three votes were needed to pass law.
1687:
793:
747:
727:
723:
13383:
13259:
13204:
13024:
12012:
11719:
11280:
10892:
10809:
10551:
10541:
10470:
10147:
9897:
Breaking Faith: The Sandinista Revolution and Its Impact on Freedom and Christian Faith in Nicaragua.
8794:
7075:
7021:
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
5089:
4081:
3623:
2756:
2752:
2375:
2121:
1246:
1218:
908:
743:
9128:
5965:"Statement on Daniel Ortega's Decision Not to Invite International Observers to Nicaragua Elections"
3034:
1979 FSLN poster reading: "Consolidate the Revolution in the rearguard and with literacy" (Spanish:
13009:
12576:
11839:
11729:
11483:
11027:
10345:
9504:
9197:
Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin
6078:: Resurrection and Reappropriation: Political Uses of Historical Figures in Comparative Perspective
5610:
5412:"Daniel Ortega's Third Term of Office: The Controversial Re-Election of the President of Nicaragua"
4200:
4003:
mentioned the Sandinista movement in their song "Llegale a mi guarida" (2007). The lyrics claimed:
3909:
3297:
2597:
2371:
1957:
The rights affected also included certain procedural guarantees in the case of detention including
1709:
1651:
1614:
A few days later six Nicaraguan cities rose in revolt. Armed youths took over the highland city of
1551:
1500:
After the FSLN's defeat at the battle of Pancasán in 1967, it adopted the "Prolonged Popular War" (
1363:
1254:
1114:
1006:
920:
823:
613:
12749:
8238:
6287:
6053:, Casimiro Sotelo, José Benito Escobar Pérez. The original citation, dated March 30, 2009, was to
3810:
3376:
2586:
1305:
In 1975, Somoza imposed a state of siege, censoring the press, and threatening all opponents with
984:
703:
602:
12239:
12184:
12169:
12109:
11917:
11897:
11657:
11334:
10939:
10360:
9118:
7690:"Daniel Ortega declara ilegales las protestas en Nicaragua y amenaza con prisión a organizadores"
7642:
5432:
The parties approved by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) to contest the election included the
4367:, a journalist, university professor, diplomat Ambassador to East Germany, Consul General to the
4181:
3830:
3679:
3588:
2864:
2559:
2322:
54:
11142:
10170:
Exit Somoza, Enter the Sandinistas, An Account by U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua Lawrence Pezzullo
9582:
8224:
3732:, and in the case of Honduras and Costa Rica outright military operations by Nicaraguan troops.
1233:
with the first news of this meeting and date surfacing after the revolutionary triumph of 1979.
13029:
12533:
11927:
11601:
11077:
10837:
10832:
10625:
10325:
10193:
10116:
10107:
9654:
9347:
6251:
6245:
6157:
6151:
5084:
4471:
4440:", FSLN rural guerrilla commander in the 1970s, member of the National Directorate in the 1980s
3972:
3917:
2714:
2094:
2002:
1278:, who later became president of Nicaragua. The group also lobbied for an increase in wages for
1024:
938:
673:
550:
172:
13239:
7694:
7047:
7037:
6746:
4468:, a Chinese Nicaraguan who became one of the first female martyrs of the Sandinista revolution
4119:
3821:
The flag of the FSLN consists of an upper half in red, a lower half in black, and the letters
3121:
s Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The road was meant to traverse 420 kilometres (260 mi) of
751:
result of his election was the start of the U.S. sponsored dictatorship of the Somoza family.
647:, was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the
13264:
12548:
12543:
12310:
12199:
12154:
12114:
12049:
11993:
11912:
11694:
11508:
11386:
11304:
11212:
11177:
11087:
11032:
10929:
10770:
10599:
10169:
6984:
6923:
6558:
5964:
5822:
5137:
4142:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3600:
3481:
3473:
3372:
3117:
mills. Cuba also attempted to help Nicaragua build the first overland route linking Nicaragua
3093:
2929:
2878:
2697:
2515:
2134:
2067:
1965:. There were many instances where rallies of opposition parties were physically broken up by
1721:
1199:
915:
885:
617:
540:
9119:
George Russell; William McWhirter; Timothy Loughran; Alessandra Stanley (October 17, 1983).
7437:
5351:"Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario – LVDS"
5079:
3976:
3626:(CIIR, now known as "Progressio"), a human rights organization which identifies itself with
2941:. It was planned, inter alia, to organize an armed mutiny in Nicaragua in coordination with
2701:
2567:
brotherhood in the struggle for social justice in Central America" between the two parties.
1403:
1283:
12804:
12571:
12426:
12380:
12295:
12290:
12089:
11988:
11937:
11932:
11824:
11779:
11734:
11672:
11503:
11478:
11428:
11356:
11270:
11120:
10722:
10701:
10480:
8264:
4176:
4055:
3967:
3550:
3301:
2475:
as its candidate for president. However, Lewites died several months before the elections.
1801:
to work for political pluralism, a mixed economic system, and a nonaligned foreign policy.
1661:
The "Twelve" abandoned the coalition in protest and formed the "National Patriotic Front" (
1337:
739:
356:
17:
9739:
9429:
9325:
7664:
7071:
6883:
4327:
3363:
2365:
1705:
1388:
640:. They were also criticized for mismanaging the economy and overseeing runaway inflation.
8:
13249:
13164:
13159:
13059:
12922:
12719:
12603:
12518:
12406:
12259:
12254:
12234:
12219:
12129:
12124:
12029:
11962:
11952:
11864:
11859:
11849:
11749:
11689:
11662:
11488:
11473:
11443:
11421:
11207:
11197:
10924:
10847:
10817:
10801:
10385:
9473:
7568:
6280:
6066:
5910:
5167:
4123:
3650:
3640:
3627:
3528:
3440:. Hostility to the Church became so great that at one point, FSLN militants shouted down
3358:
3342:
2906:
2894:
2681:
2677:
2576:
2526:
2487:
1762:
1582:
1263:
1104:
578:
337:
332:
322:
12104:
12017:
9758:
9451:
9315:
Numbers 1&2, 1985. Toronto: Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America.
9196:
8477:"Supplemental Information 2: Protocol sent to participants in Hinari eligible countries"
7096:
6116:
4480:, leader of the FSLN Proletarian Tendency, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
4260:
2690:
1891:
or CDS). Especially in the early days following Somoza's overthrow, the CDSes served as
1508:
were to permanently settle in the north central mountain zone. There they would build a
13403:
13199:
13184:
13109:
13089:
13084:
13069:
12916:
12664:
12416:
12300:
12054:
11957:
11942:
11854:
11844:
11819:
11814:
11579:
11533:
11448:
11433:
11376:
11192:
11115:
10991:
10882:
10872:
9722:"Chapter 13. Brigadistas and Revolutionaries: Health and Social Justice in El Salvador"
8771:
8656:
8416:
8383:
7990:
7542:
7226:
6694:
6652:
6392:
National Directorate of the FSLN: General Political-Military Platform of Struggle, 1977
5941:"Nicaragua may be holding presidential elections, but it is edging toward dictatorship"
5586:
5307:
4447:
4345:
3656:
3611:
2890:
2102:
2059:
1821:
1745:
372:
366:
342:
258:
13099:
12928:
9287:
9265:
9174:
8908:(Master of International Development thesis). Universidad Centroamericana. p. 29.
3211:
2436:
1774:
1627:
1179:
855:, Gordillo, Navarro y Francisco Buitrago; prominent leaders on workers issues such as
808:, Juan José Ordóñez, Roger Hernández, Porfirio Molina y Pedro José Martínez Alvarado.
529:
416:
13416:
13269:
13214:
13189:
13144:
13074:
13049:
13014:
13004:
12973:
12860:
12744:
12714:
12451:
12441:
12355:
12249:
12094:
11809:
11606:
11463:
11416:
11314:
11265:
11239:
11217:
11057:
11037:
10981:
10969:
10783:
10618:
10046:
9975:
9935:
9907:
9885:
9575:"Nicaragua's role in revolutionary internationalism – statement by Vernon A. Walters"
9245:
9025:
8974:
8949:
8924:
8879:
8820:
8775:
8734:
8660:
8648:
8421:
8403:
8349:
8341:
8119:
8038:
8013:
7994:
7953:
7928:
7591:
7512:
7357:
7306:
7252:
7218:
7051:
7003:
6750:
6739:
6717:
6599:
6562:
6551:
6522:
6492:
6486:
6358:
6291:
6255:
6161:
6096:
5732:
5722:
5590:
5529:
5504:
5479:
5423:
5330:
5311:
5270:
5183:"Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario"
4389:
4313:
4067:
3696:
3566:
3477:
3441:
3412:
3335:. Open conflict between the Church and the regime emerged in the wake of Vatican II.
3012:
3008:
3007:, but the campaign succeeded in lowering the rate from 50% to 12%. The revolution in
2933:
2902:
2874:
2669:
1513:
1208:
759:
13393:
13064:
9653:(in Spanish). Centro Para la Promoción, Investigación Rural y Social. Archived from
8704:
8298:
4486:, former guerrilla commander and Minister of Regional Affairs from 1982 to 1990
4425:
4339:
3454:
2425:
2403:
1825:
1749:
13179:
13104:
13034:
13019:
12999:
12946:
12729:
12724:
12704:
12654:
12644:
12471:
12436:
12421:
12370:
12099:
12039:
11879:
11538:
11518:
11227:
11169:
11163:
11130:
11110:
11100:
10949:
10750:
10742:
10546:
10420:
8832:
8763:
8640:
8484:
8411:
8395:
8333:
8111:
7982:
7618:"Daniel Ortega called a 'killer' as talks open with protesters on Nicaragua crisis"
7303:
Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001
7249:
Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990–2001
7210:
6686:
6644:
5578:
5299:
4483:
4307:
4275:
4167:
4095:
3493:
3407:
3384:
3346:
3290:
3188:
3150:
3076:
2913:
2881:, one of the original three founding members of the FSLN had been recruited by the
2685:
2540:, left the country after his office was subject to police search in December 2018.
2533:
2417:
2399:
2293:
2154:
to the CIA-Contra alliance. Webb's allegations were repudiated by reports from the
2082:
1986:
1966:
1900:
1786:
1602:
In August, the Terceristas took hostages. Twenty-three Tercerista commandos led by
1461:
1132:
730:
ruled the country from 1936 until they were overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979.
597:
566:
284:
10020:
Palmer, Steven. "Carlos Fonseca and the Construction of Sandinismo in Nicaragua".
9430:"Report On The Situation Of Human Rights In The Republic Of Nicaragua – Chapter 8"
9175:"Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Nicaragua – Chapter 2"
6741:
When the Ak-47s Fall Silent: Revolutionaries, Guerrillas, and the Dangers of Peace
6463:
6312:
4450:, original member of The Group of 12, Ambassador to Panama, Consul General to the
3595:
article are references to alleged policies of religious persecution, particularly
2963:
1985:
when Daniel Ortega was defeated in an election for the Presidency of Nicaragua by
677:
constitution. Ortega and the FSLN were reelected in the presidential elections of
13398:
13254:
13244:
13229:
13209:
13194:
13169:
13114:
12879:
12847:
12739:
12699:
12461:
12456:
12396:
12337:
12069:
11947:
11774:
11739:
11647:
11642:
11366:
11260:
10934:
10867:
10857:
10822:
10778:
10765:
10717:
10589:
10576:
10102:
10029:
The Sandinista Legacy: The Construction of Democracy, Latin American Perspectives
9866:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
9811:
9048:
A Road to Dialogue After Nicaragua's Crushed Uprising. International Crisis Group
7456:
7286:
7107:
6340:
5775:
5662:
The Cuban Revolution and Its Extension: Resolution of the Socialist Workers Party
5303:
5129:
4407:
4295:
4111:
4035:
4000:
3740:
3508:
3497:
3354:
3319:
3200:
2706:
2649:
2199:
2055:
1670:
1539:
955:
826:
in coordination with the intelligence services of the Nicaraguan National Guard.
746:. The National Guard remained after the exit of the U.S. under the leadership of
581:
462:
291:
189:
11361:
8489:
8476:
8337:
8137:
7565:"Núñez: 'Reelección ilegal de Ortega aumenta persecución contra sociedad civil'"
5237:"Celebró Rosario en nombre del pueblo y el gobierno elección del papa Francisco"
4413:
4151:
3689:
Throughout the 1980s the Sandinista government was regarded as "Partly Free" by
3141:
old sugar mills. Cubans also assisted in building schools and similar projects.
2040:
1920:
1603:
815:
began his guerilla war against the Somoza dynasty beginning the armed conflict.
805:
13224:
13149:
13139:
13134:
12994:
12734:
12523:
12446:
12174:
12079:
11829:
11769:
11401:
11319:
11222:
11182:
11152:
11052:
11007:
10571:
10501:
9965:
8767:
6690:
6050:
6042:
5582:
5569:
Ruhl, J. Mark (2003). "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua".
4477:
4451:
4368:
4358:
4352:
4333:
4285:
4147:
4050:
4031:
3971:(2007), likened the film's subject – the American hiker and itinerant traveler
3904:
3888:
3783:
3631:
3554:
3520:
3396:
3388:
3098:
3068:
2743:
2735:
2718:
2624:
2582:
2522:
2233:
2229:
2187:
2183:
2125:
1904:
1833:
1753:
1740:, was announced and organized in Costa Rica. The members of the new junta were
1701:
1524:
1398:
1393:
1311:
841:
327:
212:
8644:
8321:
6046:
4291:
2723:
2243:
Although initially willing to stand in the 1984 elections, the UNO, headed by
2081:
After the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras through the
2007:
1678:
1608:
852:
220:
13441:
13388:
13234:
13129:
13094:
13079:
13039:
12581:
12411:
12149:
12059:
11922:
11902:
11789:
11550:
11528:
11493:
11072:
11067:
11022:
10944:
10904:
10653:
10209:
10143:
9628:
9546:
8837:
8652:
8407:
8345:
7986:
7595:
7222:
5926:"Nicaragua's Controversial Candidate Daniel Ortega | The World from PRX"
5427:
5125:
4784:
4531:
4401:
4378:
4230:
4224:
4107:
4088:
3892:
3849:
In recent times, there has been a dispute between the FSLN and the dissident
3791:
3756:
3690:
3462:
3282:
2988:
2653:
2472:
2460:
2432:
2248:
2147:
2016:
1958:
1817:
1741:
1666:
1547:
1535:
1275:
943:
866:
The New Nicaragua Movement was established in three cities Managua, Leon and
669:
621:
177:
8628:
7873:"Grave concern at the deterioration of the political situation in Nicaragua"
7744:"Journalists And NGOs Face Shutdowns, Beatings As Nicaragua Stifles Dissent"
6907:"Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways...The Threat is Real"
6334:
United States Air Force – Maxwell-Gunter AFB – Air & Space Power Journal
5993:
5736:
5120:
The party is avowedly Christian, however, it does not explicitly state what
4474:, a Nicaraguan historian most famous as an icon of the Sandinista Revolution
3395:
Conservative Catholic priests and journalists attacked the new regime, with
894:
689:, although these elections have been criticized by international observers.
13174:
13124:
13054:
13044:
12898:
12886:
12873:
12679:
12506:
12007:
11255:
11105:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10660:
8629:"The Nicaraguan revolution-six years after the Sandinista electoral defeat"
8425:
7354:
Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States
6998:
5133:
4301:
4269:
4018:
recorded the song "An Interlude: Beginning To Take It Back" on their album
4011:
3806:
3596:
3449:
3137:
3136:-Malacatoya sugar mill. It was completed and inaugurated during a visit by
2972:
intelligence agencies to the fledgling Sandinista government including the
2105:
1647:
1596:
1291:
1225:(FLN). Only Borge lived long enough to see the Sandinista victory in 1979.
1191:
633:
391:
10150:
lecture in which he explains the Sandinista conflict and condemns the U.S.
9093:
9046:
8604:
8353:
7384:
4361:, one of the FSLN's principal founders and leading ideologist in the 1960s
4080:(1980) for their fourth studio album. The triple album contains the song "
3341:
had a profound effect on the Catholic Church, leading to the beginning of
822:(in which Carlos Fonseca was integrated) was found and annihilated by the
13219:
12824:
12794:
12649:
12639:
12538:
12401:
12194:
11683:
11513:
11498:
11309:
11157:
11125:
11012:
10827:
10732:
10671:
8995:
8201:
Arnove, Robert (June 1981). "The Nicaraguan National Literacy Campaign".
6214:"Library of Congress Country Studies Nicaragua – The Somoza Era, 1936–74"
5716:
5650:"To Abolish the Monroe Doctrine": Proclamation from Augusto César Sandino
5262:
4076:
4015:
3996:
3962:
3834:
3713:
3110:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2949:
2938:
2898:
2710:
2292:
Despite limited resources and poor organization, the UNO coalition under
2244:
2195:
2191:
2020:
31:
9407:
8675:
7584:"Nicaragua president re-elected in landslide amid claims of rigged vote"
6948:
6834:
6049:, Germán Pomares Ordonez, Jorge Navarro, Julio Buitrago, Faustino Ruiz,
5788:
4066:
As a reaction to an anti-Sandinista statement by British Prime Minister
1832:"the Twelve")—belonged to the FSLN. Two opposition members, businessman
156:
12978:
12689:
12659:
12613:
12528:
12496:
12488:
12431:
12119:
11834:
11523:
11411:
11017:
9859:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
7033:
6698:
6674:
5649:
4431:
4184:
during the early-eighties, one of the main characters is an undercover
3896:
3854:
3786:
expressed support for the Sandinistas and condemned US support for the
3748:
3725:
3705:
accused the Sandinistas of many cases of illegal foreign intervention.
3338:
3004:
2853:
2748:
2336: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2151:
2112:
2051:
1697:
1631:
1565:
1543:
1509:
1306:
1287:
279:
11632:
8399:
7230:
7198:
6656:
6431:
5453:
5161:
4220:
The party has given the following Presidents of the Republic, namely:
520:
13274:
13119:
12968:
12941:
12754:
12709:
12618:
12586:
12566:
12558:
11887:
11677:
10253:
10095:
9721:
8731:
Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua
7895:"PRD rechaza expulsión FSLN de Nicaragua de Internacional Socialista"
4465:
4349:
4192:
to local drug dealers with the intent of using the money to fund the
4071:
3838:
3814:
3764:
3558:
3233:
2867:
2843:
2835:
2590:
2525:
condemned the actions as being a violation of human rights regarding
2390:
and continue the civil war if the regime was not voted out of power.
2139:
1912:
1794:
1778:
1615:
1587:
community organized a general strike demanding Somoza's resignation.
1451:
585:
270:
10008:
The Secret War in Central America: Sandinista Assault on World Order
9874:
Nicaragua: Revolución. Relatos de combatientes del Frente Sandinista
9089:"Arrojan bomba molotov a Catedral de Managua; dañan imagen venerada"
4288:, novelist and poet, handled media relations for the FSLN government
4070:
and her proposal to ban the use of the word itself, punk rock group
3236:
rose rapidly, peaking in 1988 at more than 14,000 percent annually.
2311:
1635:
867:
43:
12853:
12694:
12591:
12466:
12285:
12189:
11329:
11187:
10641:
8605:"Country Studies: Nicaragua: Chapter 3:The Sandinista Era, 1979–90"
7214:
6672:
6648:
5861:
The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
5631:
4321:
4154:) is working as a Los Angeles barber, but in season 1, episode 5 ("
4099:
4087:
In the song titled "Highwomen" by the US-based country music group
3736:
3729:
3721:
3133:
2968:
Other researchers have documented the contribution made from other
2922:
2818:
2,500 and operated at all levels of the new Nicaraguan government.
2047:
1829:
1560:
629:
506:
380:
11973:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
8791:"The women's movement in Nicaragua: Constructing new alternatives"
8679:
7023:, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986.
6953:
6838:
5503:. Center for International Studies, Ohio University. p. 179.
3697:
United States government allegations of support for foreign rebels
3431:
The Sandinistas' relationship with the Church deteriorated as the
2046:
The Contras operated out of camps in the neighboring countries of
12799:
12684:
12674:
12623:
12164:
10909:
10126:
History of the Sandinista Revolution: the union of a whole nation
9452:"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1987–1988 – Nicaragua"
9394:"Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua," 1987. London: CIIR
7117:
6675:"The Nicaraguan Literacy Crusade: How Lasting Were Its Benefits?"
5554:
5462:
that brought Ortega to power, is retired general Hugo Torres, 73.
4212:
4193:
4189:
3826:
3787:
3546:
3458:
3432:
3126:
3072:
3060:
2932:
KGB chief Alexander Shelepin sent a memorandum to Soviet premier
2822:
2739:
2628:
2263:
2203:
2186:, which is sparsely populated by indigenous groups including the
2035:
1998:
1924:
1619:
1520:
1295:
1286:($ 71 at the time). The Somoza government responded with further
1250:
1187:
763:
644:
420:
254:
10153:
10090:
9999:
Molero, Maria. "Nicaragua Sandinista: del sueno a la realidad".
9211:"OAS Study Says Miskito Indians Suffered Abuse From Sandinistas"
8239:"Annual Report Of The Inter-American Commission On Human Rights"
7450:"U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report"
7272:"La Necesidad de un Nuevo Modelo de Comunicación en Nicaragua".
6343:: From FOCO to Insurrection: Sandinista Strategies of Revolution
3109:
Cuba helped Nicaragua in large projects such as building roads,
3036:
A consolidar la Revolución en la Retaguardia y la Alfabetización
12867:
12669:
12608:
11543:
10308:
9476:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. September 22, 1987
9328:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. September 24, 1984
4317:
3842:
3122:
2980:
2964:
Cooperation with foreign intelligence agencies during the 1980s
2918:
2886:
2814:
2765:
2129:
1881:
The FSLN also created neighborhood groups similar to the Cuban
1871:
1623:
1315:
process. The next morning the National Guard executed Fonseca.
1299:
1190:
were two of the principal centers of activity. Inspired by the
779:
775:
755:
10160:
Many Nicaragua Revolutionaries feel Betrayed by the Revolution
10027:
Prevost, Gary. "Cuba and Nicaragua: A special Relationship?".
9268:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. February 14, 1992
8902:
The Catholic Church and the 2018 wave of protests in Nicaragua
6788:"The Sandista Record on Human Rights in Nicaragua (1979–1990)"
6711:
5980:
De Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro. El Caribe, frontera imperia
5476:
What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis
5267:
What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis
2471:
continued to oppose the FSLN, running former Mayor of Managua
13352:
13308:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
12814:
12597:
10676:
10015:
The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution
8821:"Church, State, and Society during the Nicaraguan Revolution"
8753:
5627:"Obama's Not the First President to Say 'Bucket' to Congress"
5450:"El Chipote, the dungeon for Nicaragua's political prisoners"
4115:
4028:
3503:
3114:
3056:
2976:
2839:
1850:), the Luisa Amanda Espinoza Nicaraguan Women's Association (
1790:
9804:"Nicaragua | Global Feminisms at the University of Michigan"
6978:
6282:
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America
4381:, former mayor of Managua, opponent of Daniel Ortega in 2005
3841:
movements that Sandino was involved with during his stay in
3030:
2804:
Cuban assistance to the Sandinista National Liberation Front
2394:
groups he controls such as labor unions and student groups.
12892:
12774:
10666:
10610:
10134:
10129:
10065:. Dir. Leuten Rojas. Latin American Review Series. c. 1983.
9904:
Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions
9290:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. March 12, 1993
8035:
Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua
6234:
Encyclopedia of World Biography on Daniel Ortega, 2005–2006
5327:
Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua
3709:
3125:, but completion of the road and usage was hindered by the
2942:
2897:
as a spearhead of the Soviet Union's foreign policy in the
2809:
2284:
the UNO agreed with this (William I Robinson, op cit). The
2090:
2086:
1909:
1271:
9454:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 16, 1988
9432:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 30, 1981
9177:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. June 30, 1981
6156:(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Westview Press. p.
5816:"Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways..."
5676:
by Misargh Parsa for Cambridge University Press. Page 224.
2987:
who described the Stasi's assistance in the creation of a
2952:
and on August 1 it was, with minor revisions, passed as a
13347:
13327:
13322:
10017:. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1984.
8072:
Nicaragua Sandinista: del sueno a la Realidad (1979–1988)
7848:"Ortega's FSLN Expelled from the Socialist International"
5945:
5644:
5642:
4342:, internal front leader, later chief of staff of the army
3938:
3744:
3278:
Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenses Luisa Amanda Espinosa
2948:
Khrushchev sent the memo with his approval to his deputy
2882:
1853:
Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenses Luisa Amanda Espinoza
836:
The conventional opposition, up to that point led by the
10077:
Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution
9408:"Human Rights: Opposition Rights Group Continues Attack"
8320:
Halperin, David C.; Garfield, Richard (August 5, 1982).
8161:
Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
7795:"Régimen ordena cierre de gasolineras, ¿qué hay detrás?"
7643:"Shoot to Kill: Nicaragua's Strategy to Repress Protest"
6818:
6488:
Condemned to Repetition. The United States and Nicaragua
6355:
Imperialismo y Dictadura: crisis de una formación social
5550:"FACTBOX-Landmarks in Latin American left-wing politics"
4298:
tendency in the 1970s, Minister of Interior in the 1980s
3720:
There were also accusations of subversive activities in
3314:
Role of the Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution
3307:
2921:
near the US border to conduct surveillance for possible
2828:
2581:
Through the media and the works of FSLN leaders such as
2093:), and channelling the proceeds to the Contras (see the
601:) in both English and Spanish. The party is named after
7499:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 31.
7403:
Resisting Reagan: The US Central America Peace Movement
6416:: An Observer Case Study: Economic Sanctions and Ethics
5718:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
5478:. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. pp. XIV–XV.
2755:) were to ultimately be guaranteed by Article 5 of the
2170:
eventually disavowed his work. An investigation by the
9960:
Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution.
9932:
Aesthetics and Revolution, Nicaraguan Poetry 1979–1990
8381:
8291:"Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign: Its Democratic Essence"
8217:"Nicaraguan literacy campaign: its democratic essence"
7718:"NicaNotes: Carlos Fernando Chamorro and Confidencial"
6439:"Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua"
5639:
4294:, one of the FSLN's founders, leader of the Prolonged
1512:
peasant support base in preparation for renewed rural
733:
30:"Sandinista" redirects here. For the Clash album, see
8116:
The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West
6247:
Liberalization and Redemocratization in Latin America
3273:
Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women
2684:. This connection was so strong that Catholic priest
2467:). This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway
738:
The second U.S. intervention in Nicaragua ended when
10176:
Attacks attributed to the FSLN on the START database
9934:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
9677:"The Sandinista Revolution Day in Nicaragua in 2021"
9157:(Transaction, 1993), p. 193 (3,000 disappearances);
7291:, Brad Roth (1999), Oxford University Press, p. 352.
6022:. Havana: La Habana: Editorial de ciencias sociales.
5982:. Havana: La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales.
4257:, hard-line National Directorate member in the 1980s
4007:("I respect Nicaragua and the Sandinista struggle").
3622:
In 1987, a report was published by the UK based NGO
2854:
Relationship with eastern bloc intelligence agencies
2558:
On January 30, 2019, the FSLN was expelled from the
2386:, replaced Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua.
27:
Nicaraguan socialist political party founded in 1961
10070:
Theory in the Practice of the Nicaraguan Revolution
9615:"Bernie Sanders's Pro-Sandinista Past is a Problem"
8733:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 417.
8059:
Theory in the Practice of the Nicaraguan Revolution
7665:"Nicaraguan police raid NGO offices, seize records"
7497:
The 1990 Elections in Nicaragua and Their Aftermath
7039:
The United States since 1980 (The World Since 1980)
5523:
4310:, poet and priest; Minister of Culture in the 1980s
3829:used in the 1930s, during the war against the U.S.
3247:
3193:
Asociacion Sandinista de Trabajadores de la Cultura
3003:. Nicaragua was a country with a very high rate of
1961:. The State of Emergency was not lifted during the
636:abuses, including mass execution and oppression of
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9994:The Civil War in Nicaragua: Inside the Sandinistas
9307:
9305:
9200:(1983), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
8898:
8854:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
7532:
7511:
7385:"Country Studies: Nicaragua: The Sandinista Years"
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7203:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
7148:
7146:
7002:
6793:. Réseau Européen Droit et Société. Archived from
6738:
6550:
6491:. United States of America: Princeton Univ Press.
6464:"Truman State University: Revolutionary Nicaragua"
6279:
6140:: 1972: Earthquake wreaks devastation in Nicaragua
6086:
6084:
4365:Adeline Gröns y Schindler-McCoy de Argüello-Olivas
4304:, Sandinista leader; also an author and politician
2648:(TI, "third way/insurrectionist") faction, led by
2532:Carlos Fernando Chamorro, son of former president
10121:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
10112:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
9572:
9051:. International Crisis Group. 2018. pp. 5–6.
9024:. University Press of Florida. pp. 202–205.
8948:. University Press of Florida. pp. 110–112.
8923:. University Press of Florida. pp. 104–110.
7242:
7240:
6859:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6273:
6271:
5234:
5207:
5180:
3576:
3162:Casas de Cultura and Centros Populares de Cultura
3132:Another significant feat was the building of the
2673:governments that existed in Nicaragua's history.
2514:supported by some press outlets and NGOs such as
1940:
656:years of fighting the Contras, the FSLN lost the
13439:
13293:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
9633:"Making Sense of Bernie's Sandinista Sympathies"
9238:The Murals of Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979–1992
8705:"Ten Years After: Women in Sandinista Nicaragua"
8319:
7684:
7682:
6634:
6441:. Human Rights Library – University of Minnesota
5859:Helicon, ed. (2016). "Ortega Saavedra, Daniel".
3884:To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar
2979:, by using recently declassified documents from
2676:An important part of the Sandinista ideology is
2463:was elected president with 38% of the vote (see
1781:, Nicaragua's two largest cities after Managua.
758:, Cuban revolutionaries fought against dictator
697:
605:, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the
11730:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
11137:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
10562:Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers
10172:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
9488:
9302:
8878:. University Press of Florida. pp. 69–71.
8588:
8581:
8579:
8437:
8435:
8366:
8187:
8185:
7370:
7274:University Revista de la Escuela de Perdiodismo
7143:
6458:
6456:
6377:
6081:
5752:"In Nicaragua, Economy is Hobbling Sandinistas"
5498:
5387:(in Spanish). December 24, 2012. Archived from
3825:in white. It is a modified version of the flag
2742:. According to Bruce E. Wright, "the Governing
2631:approach that sought to organize urban workers.
1856:), the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (
9996:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
9925:Requiem in the Tropics: Inside Central America
8542:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8528:
7288:Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law
7237:
7199:"The Costenos and the Revolution in Nicaragua"
6949:"US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On"
6812:
6621:
6521:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 202.
6352:
6268:
6017:
5789:"US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On"
5721:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
5714:
4740:
4355:priest; served as Nicaragua's foreign minister
4207:
3624:Catholic Institute for International Relations
3104:
1804:
790:, began collaborating with the Somoza regime.
10626:
10233:
9872:
9474:"Annual Report 1986–1987 Chapter 4 Nicaragua"
9022:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
8971:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
8946:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
8921:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
8876:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
8231:
8010:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
7950:Politics And The Catholic Church In Nicaragua
7679:
6404:: The End of the Anastasio Somoza Debayle Era
5875:"Nicaragua – The Sandinista Regime and After"
5606:"Ortega widely supported despite controversy"
4462:, Canadian Dean of Latin American Ambassadors
4435:
4417:
4005:"Respeto a Nicaragua y a la lucha sandinista"
3331:against his political opponents with help of
3276:
3228:were settled through dialogue with the FSLN.
2657:
2642:
2636:
2618:
2605:
2411:
2028:
2015:Upon assuming office in 1981, U.S. President
1928:
1886:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1811:
1481:
1159:
717:
268:
13369:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
10920:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
10391:Independent Liberal Party for National Unity
9971:Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua
9779:
9756:
9700:
8973:. University Press of Florida. p. 114.
8850:
8848:
8698:
8696:
8676:"Women in Nicaragua: The Revolution on Hold"
8576:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8432:
8182:
6453:
5473:
5357:(in Spanish). April 29, 2011. Archived from
5329:. University of Alabama Press. p. 177.
4320:priest and brother of Ernesto, directed the
3525:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
3369:Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America
2547:, and beat journalists when they protested.
1883:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
1650:and the United States ended support for the
1618:. Tercerista cadres attacked Guard posts in
1198:in Algeria, the FSLN was founded in 1961 by
12230:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
10010:. university Publications of America, 1987.
9906:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
9540:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012"
9114:
9112:
8525:
8173:
8140:. Videofact International Documentary Press
8092:
8037:. University of Alabama Press. p. 55.
8012:. University Press of Florida. p. 75.
7952:. University Press of Florida. p. 74.
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7319:
7305:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 65.
7251:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 64.
7180:"Conclusions – Central Intelligence Agency"
7032:
6763:
5906:"Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins"
5769:ICJ (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
5460:Sandinismo, the left-wing populist movement
4053:?" The song was released on the 1984 album
3285:, was defeated in the 1990 election by the
2873:, who undertook the task of processing the
2729:
2410:(MRS); his faction came to be known as the
1184:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
13333:United States involvement in regime change
10888:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
10633:
10619:
10240:
10226:
10043:Nicaragua: Self-Determination and Survival
9946:Sandinistas: The Party And The Revolution.
9899:Crossway Books/The Puebla Institute, 1985.
8899:Cabrales Domínguez, Sergio Miguel (2015).
8814:
8812:
8322:"Developments in Health Care in Nicaragua"
8101:
7327:"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory"
6876:"Nicaragua: Growth of Opposition, 1981–83"
6357:(in Spanish). Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores.
6187:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
6020:Frente Sandinista: Hacia la ofensiva final
5684:
5682:
4021:Pictures of Starving Children Sell Records
3891:) was trying to convince Noxeema Jackson (
3837:flag). These colors came from the Mexican
3504:Human rights violations by the Sandinistas
3379:took up arms and became a member of FSLN.
3187:The ministry developed a new anthology of
2117:U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
1992:
1859:Unión Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos
1488:
1474:
1166:
1152:
528:
155:
10072:. New York: Latin American Studies. 1995.
9953:Life Stories of the Nicaraguan Revolution
9568:
9566:
9564:
9402:
9400:
9169:
9167:
8845:
8836:
8693:
8549:
8497:
8488:
8415:
8288:
8061:, New York: Latin American Studies. 1995.
6382:(in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Diogenes.
5903:
5715:Courtois, Stéphane; Kramer, Mark (1999).
5289:
4495:
3763:'s support for the Contras as supporting
3673:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
3605:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
3540:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
3438:Pope John Paul II 1983 visit to Nicaragua
3019:
2994:
2846:to help Cuba overcome the effects of the
2352:Learn how and when to remove this message
2301:
1580:, the editor of the opposition newspaper
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
10396:Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement
9962:Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.
9864:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili.
9857:Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili.
9719:
9707:columbia University School of Journalism
9109:
8996:"Hostility to the U.S. a costly mistake"
8728:
8369:Nicaragua: The threat of a good example?
8262:
8152:
7909:
7875:. Socialist International. June 15, 2021
7845:
7615:
7300:
7246:
6511:
6346:
5847:1984: Sandinistas claim election victory
4237:
4211:
3857:as a whole, not only of the FSLN party.
3801:
3708:The first allegation was supporting the
3210:
3082:
3029:
2787:
2738:and his understanding of the lessons of
2124:, Oliver North had been in contact with
2006:
1885:, called Sandinista Defense Committees (
1715:
571:Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional
148:Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional
11459:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
10517:Democratic Party of National Confidence
9955:. New York: Routledge Publishing. 1990.
9532:
8809:
8626:
8289:Kleinbach, Russell (July–August 1985).
8174:Marcus Wolf, Anne McElvoy (July 1999).
8158:
8074:, Institute of Political Science, 1999.
7922:
7535:"Ofertas de 'cañonazos' en US$ 500 mil"
7509:
6997:
6979:Grandin, Greg; Joseph, Gilbert (2010).
6920:National Defense Industrial Association
6827:
6823:. University Freedom House. p. 20.
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6712:International Court Of Justice (2000).
6668:
6666:
6618:Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing
6277:
5858:
5749:
5679:
5624:
5447:
5409:
5261:
5239:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from
5212:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from
5208:Redacción Central (December 24, 2012).
5185:. La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from
5159:
5095:List of books and films about Nicaragua
4196:in their fight against the Sandinistas.
4038:mention the Sandinistas in their song "
3486:Centro Nicaragüense de Derechos Humanos
3168:and its weekly cultural addition named
3090:United States embargo against Nicaragua
2983:as well as from former Stasi spymaster
2454:
1641:
876:
14:
13440:
13303:Russian espionage in the United States
11575:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
10436:Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
10108:End of the Sandinistas and US Response
9561:
9397:
9235:
9164:
9069:(in European Spanish). August 23, 2020
8993:
8818:
8673:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8200:
8082:
8080:
7846:Robinson, Circles (January 30, 2019).
7494:
7351:
7196:
7154:"CIA–Contra–Crack Cocaine Controversy"
6905:Truver, Scott C. (February 13, 2007).
6904:
6593:
6584:: Nicaragua: The Sandinista Revolution
6557:. New York: Pathfinder Press. p.
6484:
6478:
6371:
6286:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
6149:
6143:
6090:
5603:
5501:The Many Faces of Sandinista Democracy
5448:Miranda, Wilfredo (January 14, 2022).
3254:Role of women in Nicaraguan Revolution
3144:
2893:'s 'grand strategy' of using national
2039:, a label the force chose to embrace.
1876:Nadezhda Krupskaya International Prize
1785:Somoza resigned, handed over power to
1571:
831:Defensive Army of National Sovereignty
77:"Sandinista National Liberation Front"
13298:Soviet espionage in the United States
11454:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
11233:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
10898:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
10614:
10507:Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense
10426:Nicaraguan Christian Democratic Union
10221:
10038:University of Notre Dame Press, 2019.
9992:Miranda, Roger, and William Ratliff.
9651:"El socialismo libertario de Sandino"
9627:
9517:(July 19, 1983), Heritage Foundation.
8788:
8729:Whisnant, David E. (September 1995).
8167:
8135:
8032:
7966:
7581:
7123:
6959:Central American University (Managua)
6736:
6716:. United Nations Press. p. 512.
6598:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
6548:
6542:
6243:
5977:
5852:
5324:
3915:The 1983 American political thriller
3870:
3453:each time. That year, Vice President
3402:Episcopal Conference of Latin America
3308:Relationship with the Catholic Church
2829:Cuban assistance after the revolution
2623:(TP, "proletarian tendency"), led by
702:The Sandinistas took their name from
607:United States occupation of Nicaragua
596:
13448:Sandinista National Liberation Front
13374:Soviet Union–United States relations
11725:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
10273:Sandinista National Liberation Front
10059:Northwestern University Press, 2005.
9498:"The Sandinista War on Human Rights"
9161:, July 26, 1999 (14,000 atrocities).
9019:
8968:
8943:
8918:
8873:
8702:
8667:
8007:
7972:
7947:
7582:Watts, Jonathan (November 7, 2016).
7533:María José Uriarte (June 15, 2010).
7013:
6772:
6663:
6174:
5938:
5750:Lemoyne, James (December 20, 1987).
5690:"Nicaragua: New Regime, Old Methods"
5568:
5458:One of the ex-guerrilla fighters of
5235:Redacción Central (March 13, 2013).
5181:Redacción Central (April 29, 2011).
4490:
4336:(aka Pablo Ubeda), early FSLN member
4049:", in a passage asking, "Who killed
3496:was thrown at a sacred image of the
3101:, sent farm equipment to Nicaragua.
2334:adding citations to reliable sources
2305:
2062:harbour, an action condemned by the
2023:. His administration authorized the
1318:
1274:. One of the released prisoners was
563:Sandinista National Liberation Front
145:Sandinista National Liberation Front
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
13338:Soviet involvement in regime change
10331:Authentic Costeño Autonomy Movement
10117:Sandinistas and the Catholic Church
9987:Dictatorships and Double Standards.
9918:Nicaragua, Revolution In the Family
9902:Beverley, John and Marc Zimmerman.
9877:. Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores, 1980.
9780:Modell, Josh (September 27, 2015).
9757:Ebert, Roger (September 27, 2007).
9121:"Nothing Will Stop This Revolution"
8615:
8444:
8367:Melrose, Dianna (January 1, 1989).
8077:
7405:, University of Chicago Press, 1996
7356:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 465.
6582:Library of Congress Country Studies
6402:Library of Congress Country Studies
6067:"American Sociological Association"
5953:from the original on June 29, 2023.
5881:. February 27, 2008. Archived from
5795:. Central American University – UCA
5577:(1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 122.
4330:, 1980s National Directorate member
3867:, celebrated on July 19 each year.
3794:chants were reportedly being done.
3684:International Commission of Jurists
3011:since the ousting of the US-backed
2797:
2494:
2286:Library of Congress Country Studies
2172:United States Department of Justice
2033:in Spanish). This was shortened to
1374:Federal Republic of Central America
1240:
786:split and one of the factions, the
734:Precursor to Revolution (1933–1961)
722:), the US-equipped police force of
24:
13483:Socialist parties in North America
13379:Soviet Union–United States summits
10853:1947 Polish parliamentary election
10738:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
10381:Ecologist Green Party of Nicaragua
10154:Daniel Ortega interview highlights
9573:Vernon A. Walters (October 1986).
8138:"Spy vs. Spy: The KGB vs. the CIA"
6868:
6745:. Hoover Institute Press. p.
6380:Cincuenta Años de Lucha Sandinista
6378:Ortega Saavedra, Humberto (1979).
6310:
5813:
5625:Fleming, Thomas (April 27, 2015).
5604:Newman, Lucia (November 6, 2011).
5269:. Koninklijke Brill. p. 147.
5124:it adheres to, although President
4282:Regional Command; killed in action
3215:Nicaragua inflation rate 1980-1993
3075:, measles and the lowering of the
1847:Central Sandinista de Trabajadores
768:Algerian National Liberation Front
25:
13494:
13458:Anti-capitalist political parties
12140:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
12075:United States invasion of Grenada
11345:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
11286:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
10406:Multiethnic Party for Coast Unity
10084:
10057:Bernardo and the Virgin: A Novel.
9151:The Secret War in Central America
8136:Zubok, Vladislav M. (Fall 1994).
7923:Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (1996).
7819:
7459:The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989
7097:Restored version of the original
6860:Chamorro Cardenal, Jaime (1988).
6819:Chomorro Cardenal, Jaime (1988).
6091:Davies, Thomas M. M. Jr. (2002).
5939:Kahn, Carrie (November 7, 2021).
5778:June 27, 1986, Retrieved 26/09/12
5528:. Basic Books. pp. 120–121.
4324:campaign as Minister of Education
3743:claimed during an interview with
3174:Television Sandino, Radio Sandino
2991:force modeled on East Germany's.
2858:
2792:
1917:Democratic Revolutionary Alliance
255:Leal Villa De Santiago De Managua
13453:1961 establishments in Nicaragua
12215:United States invasion of Panama
12065:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
11705:1971 Turkish military memorandum
11668:Communist insurgency in Thailand
11638:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
11570:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
11397:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
11325:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
10843:Restatement of Policy on Germany
10542:National Opposition Union (1990)
10537:National Opposition Union (1966)
10252:
10199:Junta of National Reconstruction
10024:. Vol. 23. No. 1 (1988). 91–109.
9920:. New York: Vintage Books, 1986.
9826:
9796:
9786:continues its march to darkness"
9773:
9750:
9732:
9720:Terry, Michael; Turiano, Laura.
9713:
9694:
9669:
9643:
9621:
9607:
9589:
9520:
9466:
9444:
9422:
9388:
9362:
9340:
9318:
9280:
9258:
9229:
9203:
9189:
9143:
9081:
9055:
9038:
9013:
8987:
8962:
8937:
8912:
8892:
8867:
8782:
8747:
8722:
8674:Torres, Luz Marina (June 1991).
8567:
8558:
8469:
8375:
8360:
8313:
8297:. pp. 75–84. Archived from
8282:
8256:
8209:
8194:
8129:
8064:
8051:
8026:
8001:
7941:
7887:
7865:
7839:
7813:
7787:
7767:
7761:
7736:
7710:
7698:(in Spanish). September 29, 2018
7657:
7635:
7609:
7575:
7557:
7522:
7503:
7488:
7462:
7443:
6821:La Prensa, The Republic of Paper
6785:
5422:. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: 59.
5062:
5055:
5054:
5026:
5019:
5018:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4802:
4727:
4701:
4675:
4649:
4623:
4597:
4571:
4545:
4134:
3956:
3755:, had visited Nicaragua and met
3646:National Endowment for Democracy
3557:pointed to a photo published in
3248:Women in revolutionary Nicaragua
2465:2006 Nicaraguan general election
2310:
2270:
2218:
1738:Junta of National Reconstruction
1450:
1347:
1221:, Casimiro Sotelo and others as
1126:
893:
666:2006 Nicaraguan general election
643:A US-backed group, known as the
626:Junta of National Reconstruction
505:
42:
12935:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
12316:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
12245:Fall of the inner German border
12145:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
11795:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
11785:Spanish transition to democracy
11745:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
11372:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
10878:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
10759:Occupation of the Baltic states
10336:Central American Unionist Party
10279:Constitutionalist Liberal Party
9850:
9579:US Department of State Bulletin
9045:"Ortega's Apparatus of Power".
8793:. Off Our Backs. Archived from
8789:Klein, Hilary (December 1995).
8326:New England Journal of Medicine
8265:"Nicaragua's literacy campaign"
8263:Hanemann, Ulrike (March 2005).
8159:Koehler, John (November 2000).
7430:
7421:
7408:
7395:
7345:
7294:
7280:
7265:
7190:
7172:
7090:
7064:
7026:
6991:
6972:
6941:
6898:
6853:
6835:"Behind the State of Emergency"
6730:
6705:
6612:
6587:
6575:
6505:
6419:
6407:
6395:
6386:
6327:
6304:
6237:
6228:
6206:
6131:
6109:
6059:
6035:
6026:
6011:
5986:
5971:
5957:
5932:
5918:
5897:
5867:
5840:
5807:
5781:
5762:
5743:
5708:
5667:
5655:
5618:
5597:
5562:
5542:
5517:
5492:
5467:
5441:
5403:
5114:
4263:, Sandinista involved with the
3912:look sympathetic by comparison.
3490:Immaculate Conception Cathedral
2321:needs additional citations for
2011:ARDE Frente Sur Contras in 1987
784:conservative party of Nicaragua
53:needs additional citations for
13473:Political parties in Nicaragua
13463:Anti-imperialist organizations
11715:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
11350:Mozambican War of Independence
10789:Indonesian National Revolution
10567:Traditional Conservative Party
10557:Popular Social Christian Party
10461:Sandinista Renovation Movement
10431:Nicaraguan Democratic Movement
10249:Political parties in Nicaragua
10079:. Duke University Press, 2001.
10022:Latin American Research Review
10001:Institute of Political Science
9242:University of California Press
8994:Garvin, Glen (July 18, 1999).
8627:Prevost, Gary (June 1, 1996).
7616:Phillips, Tom (May 16, 2018).
7124:Daunt, Tina (March 16, 2005).
6862:La Prensa, A Republic of Paper
6596:Nicaragua: The Land of Sandino
6353:Wheelock Roman, Jaime (1975).
6018:Wheelock Roman, Jaime (1980).
5904:Editorial (November 9, 1989).
5373:
5343:
5318:
5283:
5255:
5228:
5201:
5174:
5153:
5063:
5027:
4991:
4919:
4883:
3945:
3934:Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker
3851:Sandinista Renovation Movement
3703:United States State Department
3664:The Nicaraguan-based magazine
3577:Politicization of human rights
3129:, and it was never completed.
3050:
2564:Democratic Revolutionary Party
2469:Sandinista Renovation Movement
2408:Sandinista Renovation Movement
2076:International Court of Justice
2070:imposed a full trade embargo.
2064:International Court of Justice
1941:State of Emergency (1982–1988)
13:
1:
13478:Socialism of the 21st century
13468:Left-wing nationalist parties
13313:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
12328:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
12281:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
12003:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
11968:Seven Days to the River Rhine
11700:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
10987:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
10915:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
10451:Popular Conservative Alliance
10376:Democratic Conservative Party
10036:Sandinistas: A Moral History.
9527:"Nicaragua a Tortured Nation"
7975:Critical Research on Religion
7114:, now hosted by narconews.com
6313:"Pre-Revolutionary Nicaragua"
6117:"Nicaragua – A Country Study"
5147:
3881:In the gay cult classic film
3199:both of which were headed by
2999:Cuba was instrumental in the
2507:Indio Maíz Biological Reserve
2128:, the US-backed president of
1983:presidential election of 1990
1888:Comités de Defensa Sandinista
1399:35 Years of conservative rule
1223:The National Liberation Front
698:Origin of the term Sandinista
12306:Fall of communism in Albania
12276:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
12225:Polish Round Table Agreement
11565:1968 Polish political crisis
11382:Eritrean War of Independence
11148:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
11043:East German uprising of 1953
10975:Chinese Communist Revolution
10640:
10527:National Conservative Action
10486:Workers' Revolutionary Party
10456:Revolutionary Unity Movement
10401:Multiethnic Indigenist Party
10341:Communist Party of Nicaragua
9834:"behind paywall, please fix"
9372:. Progressio. Archived from
8203:Comparative Education Review
7470:"The Sandinistas Might Lose"
7333:. BBC News. November 5, 1984
7301:Anderson, Leslie E. (2005).
7247:Anderson, Leslie E. (2005).
6864:. Freedom House. p. 23.
6428:: Guide to Hispanic Heritage
5524:Andrew, Christopher (2005).
5304:10.1177/08969205020280030401
3287:United Nicaraguan Opposition
3265:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign
3026:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign
3001:Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign
2596:During the struggle against
2589:became its unique symbol in
2441:Constitutional Liberal Party
2213:
2089:(then engaged in a war with
1078:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
498:
7:
12180:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
11908:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
11653:Corrective Movement (Syria)
11617:New People's Army rebellion
11612:Sino-Soviet border conflict
11340:Angolan War of Independence
11203:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
11083:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
10728:Jamaican political conflict
10441:Nicaraguan Resistance Party
10371:Costeño Democratic Alliance
10356:Civic Association of Potosí
10319:Extra-parliamentary parties
10291:Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
9948:Blackwell Publishers, 1988.
9740:"Guerrillas in El Salvador"
9728:. Rutgers University Press.
9097:(in Spanish). July 31, 2020
8756:Latin American Perspectives
8338:10.1056/NEJM198208053070634
6922:. p. 4. Archived from
6250:. Greenwood Press. p.
5998:ww5.estrelladenicaragua.com
5821:. p. 4. Archived from
5073:
4741:National Assembly elections
4208:Presidents of the Executive
4130:, sua imagem e semelhança."
3989:
3925:
3875:
3767:during Kerry's tenure as a
3105:Industry and infrastructure
2956:directive. The KGB and the
2885:in 1959 while on a trip to
2570:
2501:2018–20 Nicaraguan protests
2384:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
1981:The FSLN lost power in the
1933:—counter-revolutionaries).
1838:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
1805:Sandinista rule (1979–1990)
1758:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
1564:" (The Group of Twelve) in
859:; countryside leaders like
662:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
649:Central Intelligence Agency
485:Central American Parliament
406:Central American Parliament
10:
13499:
12376:Sino-Indian border dispute
12205:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
12135:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
11893:1976 Argentine coup d'état
11805:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
11755:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
11439:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
11407:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
11096:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
10863:Asian Relations Conference
10446:Nicaraguan Socialist Party
10101:February 23, 2011, at the
9882:Nicaragua: Those Passed By
9155:The Civil War in Nicaragua
8819:Wilson, John-Paul (2009).
8768:10.1177/0094582X9602300104
7518:. Boston: South End Press.
7197:Dennis, Philip A. (1981).
7044:Cambridge University Press
6737:Brown, Timothy C. (2000).
6691:10.1080/096145249100077481
6485:Pastor, Robert A. (1987).
5583:10.1177/0095327X0303000105
5571:Armed Forces & Society
5163:Nicaragua: A Country Study
5101:Nicaragua v. United States
4272:, Sandinista UN ambassador
3809:with the captured flag of
3797:
3782:politician and then mayor
3467:Esquipulas Peace Agreement
3328:Liberal Party of Nicaragua
3311:
3289:(UNO) coalition headed by
3281:, AMNLAE). However, since
3251:
3206:
3180:and its literary addition
3023:
2958:Soviet Ministry of Defense
2905:against the government of
2801:
2652:, Casimiro A. Sotelo, and
2574:
2498:
2363:
2232:as well as observers from
2142:published a series titled
1996:
1719:
1663:Frente Patriotico Nacional
1404:Liberal Revolution of 1893
1249:leveled the capital city,
838:Nicaraguan Communist Party
782:dropped. Politically, the
712:in 1934 by the Nicaraguan
692:
431:Sandinista Workers' Centre
29:
13412:
13361:
13283:
13260:William Appleman Williams
13205:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
12987:
12959:
12908:
12840:
12833:
12767:
12632:
12557:
12487:
12480:
12389:
12336:
12268:
11981:
11720:Bangladesh Liberation War
11710:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
11625:
11597:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
11585:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
11248:
11023:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
11000:
10710:
10648:
10595:List of political parties
10585:
10552:Nationalist Liberal Party
10494:
10471:Social Conservative Party
10318:
10297:Alliance for the Republic
10285:Independent Liberal Party
10262:
10206:
10191:
10187:Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños
10183:
10148:Nobel Prize in Literature
10140:Art, Truth & Politics
9808:globalfeminisms.umich.edu
9288:"Annual Report 1992–1993"
8825:Diálogos Latinoamericanos
8645:10.1080/01436599650035707
8490:10.7717/peerj.7850/supp-2
8456:The Multinational Monitor
7455:February 6, 2013, at the
7076:National Security Archive
6315:. Truman State University
6244:Lopez, George A. (1987).
6095:. SR Books. p. 359.
5994:"estrelladenicaragua.com"
5774:January 22, 2009, at the
5416:KAS International Reports
5090:Komite internazionalistak
4783:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4530:
4265:Dawson's Field hijackings
4165:" of the American sitcom
3861:Sandinista Revolution Day
2757:Constitution of Nicaragua
2753:Constitution of Nicaragua
2607:guerra popular prolongada
2485:Independent Liberal Party
2376:National Opposition Union
2146:, linking the origins of
2122:National Security Archive
2099:National Security Council
1646:In early 1979, President
1502:Guerra Popular Prolongada
1379:18 Years of military rule
1084:: Denis Moncada Colindres
796:was assassinated by poet
588:. Its members are called
536:
518:
513:
504:
497:
483:
469:
436:
426:
412:
397:
387:
365:
313:
302:
290:
278:
264:
250:
232:
205:
195:
183:
171:
163:
154:
142:
12035:1980 Turkish coup d'état
11870:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
11840:1978 Somali coup attempt
11800:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
11765:1973 Chilean coup d'état
11590:Revolutionary Government
11484:South African Border War
11276:1960 Turkish coup d'état
11193:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
11048:1953 Iranian coup d'état
11028:1952 Egyptian revolution
10346:Christian Unity Movement
9951:Hayck, Denis Lynn Daly.
9744:LatinAmericanStudies.org
8838:10.7146/dl.v10i16.113580
7987:10.1177/2050303220924110
7495:Castro, Vanessa (1992).
7440:Human Rights Watch, 1990
7331:On This Day – 5 November
6466:. Revolutions.truman.edu
6278:Lafeber, Walter (1993).
5499:Hoyt, Katherine (1997).
5107:
4199:In the second season of
4140:In the pilot episode of
3910:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
3298:Global Gender Gap Report
2928:In July 1961 during the
2730:Principles of government
2627:, reflected an orthodox
2585:, the life and times of
2108:took much of the blame.
1593:United States government
1364:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
1255:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1247:magnitude 6.2 earthquake
1245:On December 23, 1972, a
1000:Administrative divisions
710:Sandino was assassinated
668:, former FSLN President
614:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
402:Parliamentary Left Group
197:National Assembly Leader
147:
12240:Fall of the Berlin Wall
12185:People Power Revolution
12170:Central American crisis
12110:1986 Black Sea incident
11760:1973 Afghan coup d'état
11658:Western Sahara conflict
11469:1966 Syrian coup d'état
11392:1963 Syrian coup d'état
11335:Portuguese Colonial War
11298:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
11063:1954 Syrian coup d'état
10940:Annexation of Hyderabad
10883:1947–1949 Palestine war
10476:Social Democratic Party
10416:National Unity Movement
10194:Presidency of Nicaragua
7981:(2). SagePub: 153–177.
7645:. Amnesty International
7352:Mileti, Dennis (1999).
7072:"The Oliver North File"
6981:A Century of Revolution
6679:Development in Practice
6594:Walker, Thomas (1981).
6512:Le Blanc, Jorg (2012).
6426:Encyclopædia Britannica
6150:Walker, Thomas (2003).
5410:Peñalba, Kohar (2012).
4182:Los Angeles, California
4106:The Brazilian musician
3831:occupation of Nicaragua
3778:in the 1980s, American
3680:The Heritage Foundation
3671:On the other hand, the
3589:The Heritage Foundation
3182:Nuevo Amanecer Cultural
2889:. This was one part of
2808:Beginning in 1967, the
2759:. They are as follows:
2612:protracted people's war
2560:Socialist International
1993:Sandinistas vs. Contras
1523:intellectuals, such as
1419:Sandinista insurrection
794:Anastasio Somoza Garcia
748:Anastasio Somoza Garcia
413:Continental affiliation
367:Political position
12534:Neoclassical economics
12045:Gulf of Sidra incident
11602:1969 Libyan revolution
11293:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
11078:1954 Geneva Conference
10838:Turkish straits crisis
10833:Corfu Channel incident
10466:Social Christian Party
10351:Citizens' Action Party
10326:Alternative for Change
10210:Daniel Ortega Saavedra
9873:
9703:"El Mozote Case Study"
9529:Historians Against War
9370:"Progressio's history"
9236:Kunzle, David (1995).
9020:Kirk, John M. (1992).
8969:Kirk, John M. (1992).
8944:Kirk, John M. (1992).
8919:Kirk, John M. (1992).
8874:Kirk, John M. (1992).
8223:. 1985. Archived from
8008:Kirk, John M. (1992).
7948:Kirk, John M. (1992).
7510:Chomsky, Noam (1985).
6414:Santa Clara University
4496:Presidential elections
4436:
4418:
4217:
4163:Mary Has a Little Lamb
4040:¿Quién mató a Marilyn?
3987:
3973:Christopher McCandless
3818:
3644:which claims that the
3429:
3277:
3216:
3039:
3020:1980 literacy campaign
2995:Educational assistance
2954:CPSU Central Committee
2715:Camilo Torres Restrepo
2700:. Sandinista musician
2658:
2643:
2637:
2619:
2606:
2412:
2302:Opposition (1990–2006)
2299:
2030:contrarrevolucionarios
2029:
2012:
1930:contrarrevolucionarios
1929:
1887:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1812:
1771:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
1656:Frente Amplio Opositor
1578:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
1429:Post-Sandinista period
1093:Diplomatic missions of
718:
674:President of Nicaragua
598:[sandiˈnistas]
594:Spanish pronunciation:
570:
269:
238:; 63 years ago
201:Gustavo Porras Cortés
13384:Russia–NATO relations
13265:Jonathan Reed Winkler
12549:Democratic capitalism
12544:Supply-side economics
12512:American conservatism
12311:Breakup of Yugoslavia
12200:Bougainville conflict
12115:South Yemen civil war
12050:Martial law in Poland
11913:Nicaraguan Revolution
11888:Dirty War (Argentina)
11695:1971 JVP insurrection
11509:Years of Lead (Italy)
11387:North Yemen civil war
11305:Berlin Crisis of 1961
11281:Albanian–Soviet split
11213:1959 Tibetan uprising
11178:Syrian Crisis of 1957
11033:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
10893:1948 Arab–Israeli War
10600:Politics of Nicaragua
10411:National Action Party
10366:Conservative Alliance
10096:La Voz del Sandinismo
10075:Zimmermann, Matilde.
10045:. Pluto Press, 1991.
10034:Sierakowski, Robert.
9843:– via Newsbank.
9784:Fear The Walking Dead
9657:on September 28, 2007
9311:Report on Nicaragua,
8633:Third World Quarterly
8033:Sabia, Debra (1997).
7112:San Jose Mercury News
6985:Duke University Press
6549:Borge, Tomás (1982).
5474:Botz, Dan La (2016).
5385:La Voz del Sandinismo
5355:La Voz del Sandinismo
5325:Sabia, Debra (1997).
5160:Merrill, Tim (1993).
4280:Rigoberto López Pérez
4238:Prominent Sandinistas
4215:
4161:In the 1990 episode "
4146:, Salvadoran refugee
4143:Fear the Walking Dead
4114:! Viva Sandino! Viva
3982:
3811:Augusto César Sandino
3805:
3776:Nicaraguan Revolution
3769:United States senator
3761:Reagan Administration
3601:Miguel Obando y Bravo
3474:Miguel Obando y Bravo
3418:
3377:Gaspar García Laviana
3373:Miguel Obando y Bravo
3214:
3094:Reagan administration
3083:Vocational assistance
3033:
2930:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2912:According to Andrew,
2879:Carlos Fonseca Amador
2788:Policies and programs
2698:Political Catholicism
2587:Augusto César Sandino
2516:Amnesty International
2380:Nicaraguan communists
2290:
2288:on Nicaragua states:
2168:San Jose Mercury News
2135:San Jose Mercury News
2068:Reagan administration
2010:
1722:Nicaraguan Revolution
1716:Nicaraguan Revolution
1576:On January 10, 1978,
985:Gustavo Porras Cortés
886:Politics of Nicaragua
842:Carlos Fonseca Amador
798:Rigoberto Lopez Perez
704:Augusto César Sandino
618:Nicaraguan Revolution
603:Augusto César Sandino
541:Politics of Nicaragua
271:La Voz del Sandinismo
12805:Non-Aligned Movement
12427:Peaceful coexistence
12381:North Borneo dispute
12296:German reunification
12291:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
11989:Salvadoran Civil War
11938:Grand Mosque seizure
11933:Yemenite War of 1979
11825:Mozambican Civil War
11780:Carnation Revolution
11735:Yemenite War of 1972
11673:1970 Polish protests
11504:1967 Hong Kong riots
11479:Argentine Revolution
11429:Guatemalan Civil War
11357:Cuban Missile Crisis
11271:Bay of Pigs Invasion
11143:1956 Poznań protests
11121:Geneva Summit (1955)
10723:Hukbalahap Rebellion
10702:Non-Aligned Movement
10532:National Convergence
10481:Up with the Republic
10361:Coast Peoples' Party
10162:by Tracy Wilkinson,
10063:The Dream of Sandino
10006:Moore, John Norton,
9974:, Putnam Pub Group,
9916:Christian, Shirley.
9868:. Basic Books (2001)
9861:. Basic Books (2005)
9350:. Human Rights Watch
9326:"Annual Report 1984"
9266:"Annual Report 1991"
9131:on February 11, 2009
8244:. September 22, 1987
6637:Comparative Politics
6182:"The Somoza Dynasty"
5978:Bosch, Juan (1983).
5863:. Abington: Helicon.
5391:on December 13, 2021
5361:on December 13, 2021
5136:and the majority of
4460:Ambassador to Canada
4454:, Ambassador to the
4371:, Ambassador to the
4244:Bayardo Arce Castaño
4061:The Voice of the 80s
3977:Morazán, El Salvador
3302:World Economic Forum
3195:(ASTC) and from the
2895:liberation movements
2865:Cambridge University
2620:tendencia proletaria
2455:Return to government
2330:improve this article
1683:Bayardo Arce Castaño
1642:Reunification (1979)
1439:Coronavirus pandemic
1133:Nicaragua portal
877:Founding (1961–1970)
844:in the early 1960s.
740:Juan Bautista Sacasa
398:Regional affiliation
62:improve this article
13250:Alex von Tunzelmann
13240:Vladimir Tismăneanu
13165:Thomas J. McCormick
13160:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
13060:Robert Hugh Ferrell
12923:Crusade for Freedom
12720:Illiberal democracy
12604:Ho Chi Minh Thought
12407:Eisenhower Doctrine
12260:Peaceful Revolution
12255:Romanian Revolution
12235:Revolutions of 1989
12220:1988 Polish strikes
12130:Operation INFEKTION
12125:1987 Lieyu massacre
12030:Eritrean Civil Wars
12013:Peruvian Revolution
11963:1979 Herat uprising
11953:Sino-Vietnamese War
11918:Uganda–Tanzania War
11898:Egyptian–Libyan War
11865:Third Indochina War
11860:Sino-Albanian split
11850:Ethiopian Civil War
11750:Eritrean Civil Wars
11690:Ping-pong diplomacy
11663:Cambodian Civil War
11489:Korean DMZ Conflict
11474:Cultural Revolution
11444:Dominican Civil War
11422:Tlatelolco massacre
11208:1959 Mosul uprising
11198:1958 Lebanon crisis
10925:Al-Wathbah uprising
10848:First Indochina War
10818:Iran crisis of 1946
10386:Grand Liberal Union
9985:Kirkpatrick, Jean.
9215:The Washington Post
9159:Insight on the News
9149:John Norton Moore,
8609:Library of Congress
8301:on January 12, 2002
8088:Theory in Practice.
7801:. December 21, 2018
7545:on October 19, 2013
7528:Newspaper article:
7476:. February 12, 1990
7416:Deterring Democracy
7389:Library of Congress
7078:. December 26, 2004
6886:on January 12, 2013
5911:The Washington Post
5849:, BBC – On This Day
5168:Library of Congress
5128:and Vice President
4120:Antônio Conselheiro
3999:Reggaeton–rap band
3965:, in his review of
3651:The Washington Post
3641:The Washington Post
3628:Liberation theology
3359:option for the poor
3343:liberation theology
3326:established by the
3145:Ministry of Culture
2907:Luis Somoza Debayle
2682:liberation theology
2678:Christian socialism
2577:Sandinista ideology
2527:freedom of assembly
2488:Eduardo Montealegre
2416:, who favor a more
2382:. UNO's candidate,
2372:Óscar Arias Sánchez
2164:The Washington Post
1700:(GPP faction); and
1572:Insurrection (1978)
857:Jose Benito Escobar
612:The FSLN overthrew
579:Christian socialist
523:.lavozdelsandinismo
338:Liberation theology
333:Christian socialism
13404:Russian Revolution
13200:Mary Elise Sarotte
13185:William B. Pickett
13110:Patrick J. Hearden
13090:Gabriel Gorodetsky
13085:Timothy Garton Ash
13070:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
12665:Ethnic nationalism
12417:Hallstein Doctrine
12301:Yemeni unification
12090:1985 Geneva Summit
12055:Casamance conflict
11958:New Jewel Movement
11943:Iranian Revolution
11928:Chadian–Libyan War
11875:Cambodian conflict
11855:Lebanese Civil War
11845:Western Sahara War
11820:June 1976 protests
11815:Cambodian genocide
11580:17 July Revolution
11534:Nigerian Civil War
11449:Rhodesian Bush War
11434:Colombian conflict
11377:Ramadan Revolution
11116:Bandung Conference
10992:Operation Valuable
10873:Partition of India
10303:Conservative Party
9958:Hodges, Donald C.
9927:. UCA Books, 1987.
9726:Comrades in Health
9701:Meisler, Stanley.
9376:on October 7, 2008
8857:The Fletcher Forum
8703:Giriazzo, Alicia.
8452:"Embargo Politics"
8176:Man Without A Face
8118:. Gardners Books.
8108:Christopher Andrew
8098:Palmer, pp. 91–109
7667:. Associated Press
7474:The New York Times
7106:2010-12-28 at the
7009:. South End Press.
6339:2006-10-04 at the
6119:. Country-data.com
6045:, Silvio Mayorga,
5756:The New York Times
5696:. January 24, 1983
5652:Retrieved 29/09/12
5558:. October 5, 2007.
5292:Critical Sociology
5085:Iran–Contra affair
5080:Carlos Mejía Godoy
4448:political activist
4444:Casimiro A. Sotelo
4437:Comandante Modesto
4218:
4082:Washington Bullets
3952:"-ist" in English.
3895:) to take a young
3871:In popular culture
3819:
3759:and denounced the
3753:Secretary of State
3657:The New York Times
3612:Human Rights Watch
3567:summary executions
3500:on July 31, 2020.
3217:
3040:
2891:Aleksandr Shelepin
2871:Christopher Andrew
2702:Carlos Mejía Godoy
2420:approach than the
2160:The New York Times
2095:Iran–Contra affair
2013:
2003:Iran–Contra affair
1729:National Guardsmen
1458:Years in Nicaragua
806:Edén Pastora Gómez
638:indigenous peoples
343:Left-wing populism
13435:
13434:
13422:List of conflicts
13270:Rudolph Winnacker
13215:Giles Scott-Smith
13190:Ronald E. Powaski
13145:Melvyn P. Leffler
13075:John Lewis Gaddis
13050:Robert D. English
13015:Warren H. Carroll
13005:Michael Beschloss
12974:Nuclear arms race
12955:
12954:
12861:Neues Deutschland
12763:
12762:
12745:White nationalism
12715:Liberal democracy
12452:Ulbricht Doctrine
12442:Brezhnev Doctrine
12250:Velvet Revolution
11994:Soviet–Afghan War
11810:Angolan Civil War
11607:Goulash Communism
11464:ASEAN Declaration
11417:Mexican Dirty War
11315:Annexation of Goa
11266:1960 U-2 incident
11240:Sino-Soviet split
11218:Laotian Civil War
11058:Bricker Amendment
11038:Mau Mau rebellion
10982:Malayan Emergency
10970:Chinese Civil War
10930:Tito–Stalin split
10784:Division of Korea
10608:
10607:
10216:
10215:
10207:Succeeded by
10164:Los Angeles Times
10091:Nicaragua Sandino
10068:Wright, Bruce E.
9989:Touchstone, 1982.
9944:Gilbert, Dennis.
9940:978-0-8166-2146-0
9912:978-0-608-20862-6
9895:Belli, Humberto.
9629:Gould, Jeffrey L.
9585:on June 28, 2009.
9510:on June 27, 2007.
9251:978-0-520-08192-5
8400:10.1111/apa.13830
8227:on June 28, 2009.
8057:Bruce E. Wright,
8044:978-05-85-21162-6
7571:on April 6, 2012.
7401:Christian Smith,
7186:on June 13, 2007.
7160:on April 30, 2017
7130:Los Angeles Times
7126:"Written in Pain"
7057:978-0-521-86017-8
6929:on April 28, 2008
6800:on March 26, 2009
6786:West, W. Gordon.
6605:978-0-89158-940-2
6553:Sandinistas Speak
6093:Guerrilla Warfare
5885:on August 8, 2008
5828:on April 28, 2008
5535:978-0-465-00311-2
5485:978-90-04-29130-0
5336:978-05-85-21162-6
5276:978-90-04-29131-7
5071:
5070:
4738:
4737:
4491:Electoral history
4472:Dora María Téllez
4398:, FSLN co-founder
4314:Fernando Cardenal
4068:Margaret Thatcher
4056:La voz de los '80
3442:Pope John Paul II
3413:Pope John Paul II
3364:Gustavo Gutiérrez
3092:, imposed by the
2934:Nikita Khrushchev
2903:guerrilla warfare
2875:Mitrokhin Archive
2670:Roman Catholicism
2418:social democratic
2366:Piñata sandinista
2362:
2361:
2354:
2260:National Assembly
2156:Los Angeles Times
2050:to the north and
1546:opposition, in a
1514:guerrilla warfare
1498:
1497:
1424:Sandinista period
1319:Split (1977–1978)
1176:
1175:
1110:Visa requirements
1072:Foreign relations
1059:Political parties
1031:Recent elections
976:National Assembly
760:Fulgencio Batista
559:
558:
546:Political parties
471:National Assembly
138:
137:
130:
112:
16:(Redirected from
13490:
13180:David S. Painter
13105:John Earl Haynes
13035:Nicholas J. Cull
13020:Adrian Cioroianu
13000:Thomas A. Bailey
12947:Voice of America
12838:
12837:
12750:White separatism
12730:Social democracy
12725:Guided democracy
12705:Authoritarianism
12655:Ultranationalism
12645:Anti-imperialism
12572:Marxism–Leninism
12485:
12484:
12472:Kinmen Agreement
12437:Johnson Doctrine
12422:Kennedy Doctrine
12338:Frozen conflicts
12321:1991 August Coup
12210:Afghan Civil War
12105:Reykjavík Summit
12100:Somali Rebellion
12040:Ugandan Bush War
12018:Gdańsk Agreement
11539:Protests of 1968
11519:War of Attrition
11228:Cuban Revolution
11164:We will bury you
11131:Cyprus Emergency
11111:Kashmir Princess
11101:Jebel Akhdar War
10950:Western betrayal
10635:
10628:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10547:National Project
10522:Legitimist Party
10512:Democratic Party
10421:Neoliberal Party
10257:
10256:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10219:
10218:
10184:Preceded by
10181:
10180:
10156:, March 10, 2009
10055:Sirias, Silvio.
9876:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9814:on July 15, 2019
9810:. Archived from
9800:
9794:
9793:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9736:
9730:
9729:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9647:
9641:
9640:
9637:The New Republic
9631:(June 6, 2019).
9625:
9619:
9618:
9611:
9605:
9604:
9593:
9587:
9586:
9581:. Archived from
9570:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9544:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9509:
9503:. Archived from
9502:
9494:Richard Araujo,
9492:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9404:
9395:
9392:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9322:
9316:
9309:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9207:
9201:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9171:
9162:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9127:. Archived from
9116:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8816:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8797:on June 28, 2009
8786:
8780:
8779:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8700:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8624:
8613:
8612:
8601:
8586:
8583:
8574:
8571:
8565:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8547:
8544:
8523:
8520:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8448:
8442:
8439:
8430:
8429:
8419:
8388:Acta Paediatrica
8379:
8373:
8372:
8371:(Report). Oxfam.
8364:
8358:
8357:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8269:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8178:. PublicAffairs.
8171:
8165:
8164:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8133:
8127:
8112:Vasili Mitrokhin
8105:
8099:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8075:
8068:
8062:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7920:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7852:The Havana Times
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7567:. Archived from
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7541:. Archived from
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7514:Turning the Tide
7507:
7501:
7500:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7466:
7460:
7447:
7441:
7434:
7428:
7425:
7419:
7412:
7406:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7381:
7368:
7367:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7276:. December 1984.
7269:
7263:
7262:
7244:
7235:
7234:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7182:. Archived from
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7156:. Archived from
7150:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7121:
7115:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7030:
7024:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7005:Turning the Tide
6995:
6989:
6988:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6928:
6915:National Defense
6911:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6882:. Archived from
6872:
6866:
6865:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6792:
6783:
6770:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6744:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6670:
6661:
6660:
6632:
6619:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6556:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6520:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6350:
6344:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6285:
6275:
6266:
6265:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6216:. Lcweb2.loc.gov
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6194:on June 17, 2010
6193:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6088:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6063:
6057:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5820:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5779:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5686:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5648:History Matters
5646:
5637:
5636:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5243:on April 3, 2016
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5216:on April 5, 2016
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5189:on April 2, 2016
5178:
5172:
5171:
5157:
5141:
5118:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5021:
5014:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4814:
4813:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4508:Party candidate
4500:
4499:
4484:Monica Baltodano
4439:
4421:
4397:
4308:Ernesto Cardenal
4278:, member of the
4276:Idania Fernandez
4261:Patrick Argüello
4256:
4180:, mainly set in
4168:The Golden Girls
4096:Irish rebel song
4048:
3865:national holiday
3593:Demokratizatsiya
3494:Molotov cocktail
3427:
3408:Phillip Berryman
3385:Violeta Chamorro
3347:Ernesto Cardenal
3333:Guardia Nacional
3291:Violeta Chamorro
3280:
3263:education (see:
3151:Ernesto Cardenal
3120:
3077:infant mortality
3059:and 78% against
2798:Cuban assistance
2691:Carlos Tünnerman
2686:Ernesto Cardenal
2661:
2646:
2644:insurreccionista
2640:
2622:
2609:
2534:Violeta Chamorro
2495:2018–20 protests
2415:
2400:Ernesto Cardenal
2357:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2314:
2306:
2294:Violeta Chamorro
2253:State Department
2083:Boland Amendment
2056:underwater mines
2032:
1987:Violeta Chamorro
1967:Sandinista Youth
1932:
1901:Violeta Chamorro
1890:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1815:
1797:two days later.
1787:Francisco Urcuyo
1768:
1752:(the "Twelve"),
1695:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1462:Nicaragua Portal
1455:
1454:
1359:Spanish conquest
1351:
1341:
1323:
1322:
1282:soldiers to 500
1241:Rise (1970–1976)
1216:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1129:
897:
881:
880:
820:Rafael Somarriba
811:In October 1958
724:Anastasio Somoza
721:
719:Guardia Nacional
600:
595:
532:
527:
524:
522:
509:
492:
478:
465:
461:
452:
447:
383:
357:Marxism–Leninism
306:
285:Sandinista Youth
274:
246:
244:
239:
159:
140:
139:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
46:
38:
21:
13498:
13497:
13493:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13438:
13437:
13436:
13431:
13408:
13399:Second Cold War
13357:
13285:
13279:
13255:Odd Arne Westad
13245:Patrick Vaughan
13230:Athan Theoharis
13210:Ellen Schrecker
13195:Yakov M. Rabkin
13170:Timothy Naftali
13115:Tvrtko Jakovina
13100:Jussi Hanhimäki
12983:
12961:
12951:
12929:Paix et Liberté
12904:
12848:Active measures
12829:
12759:
12740:White supremacy
12700:Totalitarianism
12628:
12553:
12476:
12462:Reagan Doctrine
12457:Carter Doctrine
12397:Truman Doctrine
12385:
12332:
12264:
12159:Soviet reaction
12070:Ndogboyosoi War
11977:
11948:Saur Revolution
11775:1973 oil crisis
11740:Munich massacre
11648:Alcora Exercise
11643:Black September
11621:
11367:Sino-Indian War
11261:Simba rebellion
11244:
11088:Capture of the
10996:
10935:Berlin Blockade
10868:May 1947 crises
10858:Truman Doctrine
10823:Greek Civil War
10812:Blacklist Forty
10779:Gouzenko Affair
10766:Cursed soldiers
10718:Morgenthau Plan
10706:
10644:
10639:
10609:
10604:
10590:Portal:Politics
10581:
10577:UNO-96 Alliance
10495:Defunct parties
10490:
10314:
10258:
10251:
10246:
10212:
10203:
10196:
10189:
10166:, July 19, 2009
10103:Wayback Machine
10087:
10082:
9966:Kinzer, Stephen
9880:Asleson, Vern.
9853:
9848:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9817:
9815:
9802:
9801:
9797:
9790:AV Club TV Club
9778:
9774:
9755:
9751:
9738:
9737:
9733:
9718:
9714:
9699:
9695:
9685:
9683:
9681:Office Holidays
9675:
9674:
9670:
9660:
9658:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9626:
9622:
9617:. May 28, 2019.
9613:
9612:
9608:
9595:
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9165:
9148:
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9117:
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9056:
9044:
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8967:
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8956:
8942:
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8798:
8787:
8783:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8701:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8672:
8668:
8625:
8616:
8603:
8602:
8589:
8585:Beverley, p. 98
8584:
8577:
8573:Beverley, p. 96
8572:
8568:
8563:
8559:
8554:
8550:
8546:Beverley, p. 95
8545:
8526:
8521:
8498:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8441:Prevost, p. 127
8440:
8433:
8380:
8376:
8365:
8361:
8318:
8314:
8304:
8302:
8287:
8283:
8273:
8271:
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8261:
8257:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8199:
8195:
8191:Prevost, p. 128
8190:
8183:
8172:
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8157:
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8143:
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8006:
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7960:
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7898:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7878:
7876:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7856:
7854:
7844:
7840:
7830:
7828:
7818:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7768:Arce, Alberto.
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7724:. March 6, 2019
7716:
7715:
7711:
7701:
7699:
7688:
7687:
7680:
7670:
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7663:
7662:
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7648:
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7641:
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7626:
7624:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7598:
7580:
7576:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7527:
7523:
7508:
7504:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7457:Wayback Machine
7448:
7444:
7435:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:, Vintage, 1992
7413:
7409:
7400:
7396:
7383:
7382:
7371:
7364:
7350:
7346:
7336:
7334:
7325:
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7320:
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7295:
7285:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7245:
7238:
7195:
7191:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7152:
7151:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7122:
7118:
7108:Wayback Machine
7099:"Dark Alliance"
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7058:
7031:
7027:
7019:Official name:
7018:
7014:
6996:
6992:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6889:
6887:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6858:
6854:
6844:
6842:
6841:. November 1985
6833:
6832:
6828:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6784:
6773:
6769:Prevost, p. 153
6768:
6764:
6757:
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6706:
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6506:
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6454:
6444:
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6437:
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6424:
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6412:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6351:
6347:
6341:Wayback Machine
6332:
6328:
6318:
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6309:
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6298:
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6089:
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6065:
6064:
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6031:
6027:
6016:
6012:
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6000:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5976:
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5958:
5937:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5776:Wayback Machine
5767:
5763:
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5744:
5729:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5687:
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5672:
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5493:
5486:
5472:
5468:
5446:
5442:
5408:
5404:
5394:
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5379:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5323:
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5288:
5284:
5277:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5179:
5175:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5134:Roman Catholics
5130:Rosario Murillo
5119:
5115:
5110:
5076:
5051:
5048:
5015:
5012:
4979:
4976:
4943:
4940:
4907:
4904:
4871:
4868:
4835:
4832:
4799:
4796:
4743:
4732:
4728:
4706:
4702:
4680:
4676:
4654:
4650:
4628:
4624:
4602:
4598:
4576:
4572:
4550:
4546:
4498:
4493:
4419:Comandante Cero
4408:Humberto Ortega
4387:
4346:Miguel D'Escoto
4246:
4240:
4210:
4137:
4124:Panteras Negras
4074:used the title
4042:
4036:Los Prisioneros
3992:
3959:
3948:
3931:The video game
3928:
3878:
3873:
3800:
3741:Mitch McConnell
3699:
3591:report and the
3579:
3506:
3498:Blood of Christ
3428:
3425:
3355:neo-colonialism
3320:Catholic Church
3316:
3310:
3256:
3250:
3209:
3201:Rosario Murillo
3178:El Nuevo Diario
3172:along with the
3147:
3118:
3107:
3085:
3053:
3028:
3022:
3009:Cuban education
2997:
2966:
2861:
2856:
2831:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2732:
2707:Augusto Sandino
2579:
2573:
2503:
2497:
2457:
2445:these elections
2437:Enrique Bolaños
2368:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2327:
2315:
2304:
2273:
2238:U.S. government
2221:
2216:
2184:Caribbean coast
2058:in Nicaragua's
2005:
1997:Main articles:
1995:
1943:
1824:, and novelist
1807:
1766:
1760:, the widow of
1724:
1718:
1685:
1677:(Terceristas);
1671:Humberto Ortega
1644:
1574:
1540:Humberto Ortega
1494:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1369:1823 Rebellions
1339:
1332:
1321:
1243:
1206:
1172:
1143:
1139:Other countries
1127:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1089:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1002:
992:
991:
971:
963:
962:
956:Rosario Murillo
934:
926:
925:
911:
888:
879:
736:
700:
695:
593:
582:political party
555:
519:
493:
490:
479:
476:
459:
458:
454:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
427:Union affiliate
419:
417:São Paulo Forum
379:
375:
371:
361:
347:
304:
242:
240:
237:
228:
225:Casimiro Sotelo
217:Silvio Mayorga
190:Rosario Murillo
150:
149:
146:
134:
123:
117:
114:
71:
69:
59:
47:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13496:
13486:
13485:
13480:
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13460:
13455:
13450:
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13419:
13413:
13410:
13409:
13407:
13406:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
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13371:
13365:
13363:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13289:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13225:Timothy Snyder
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13155:Vojtech Mastny
13152:
13150:Geir Lundestad
13147:
13142:
13140:Walter Laqueur
13137:
13135:Walter LaFeber
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13065:André Fontaine
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12995:Gar Alperovitz
12991:
12989:
12985:
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12982:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12965:
12963:
12957:
12956:
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12949:
12944:
12938:
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12925:
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12912:
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12906:
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12903:
12902:
12895:
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12883:
12876:
12871:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12844:
12842:
12835:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12771:
12769:
12765:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12735:Third-Worldism
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12636:
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12629:
12627:
12626:
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12606:
12601:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12563:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12524:Libertarianism
12521:
12516:
12515:
12514:
12504:
12502:Chicago school
12499:
12493:
12491:
12482:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12447:Nixon Doctrine
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12393:
12391:
12390:Foreign policy
12387:
12386:
12384:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12342:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12325:
12324:
12323:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12272:
12270:
12266:
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12175:Operation RYAN
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12080:Able Archer 83
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11862:
11857:
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11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11830:Oromo conflict
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11770:Yom Kippur War
11767:
11762:
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11426:
11425:
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11414:
11409:
11404:
11402:Aden Emergency
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11353:
11352:
11347:
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11332:
11327:
11322:
11320:Papua conflict
11317:
11312:
11307:
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11300:
11290:
11289:
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11268:
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11225:
11223:Kitchen Debate
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11183:Sputnik crisis
11180:
11175:
11167:
11160:
11155:
11153:Polish October
11150:
11145:
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11133:
11128:
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11118:
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11108:
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11098:
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11065:
11060:
11055:
11053:Pact of Madrid
11050:
11045:
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11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11008:Bamboo Curtain
11004:
11002:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
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10927:
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10907:
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10855:
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10606:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10572:Unity Alliance
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10502:Coast Alliance
10498:
10496:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
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10105:
10093:
10086:
10085:External links
10083:
10081:
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10060:
10053:
10041:Smith, Hazel.
10039:
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10025:
10018:
10013:Nolan, David.
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9884:. Galde Press
9878:
9871:Arias, Pilar.
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9244:. p. 12.
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9217:. June 8, 1984
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8639:(2): 307–328.
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8394:(6): 871–877.
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8312:
8295:Monthly Review
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8221:Monthly Review
8208:
8193:
8181:
8166:
8163:. Basic Books.
8151:
8128:
8100:
8091:
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8070:Maria Molero,
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7209:(3): 271–296.
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4487:
4481:
4478:Jaime Wheelock
4475:
4469:
4463:
4452:United Nations
4441:
4429:
4426:Sergio Ramírez
4423:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4385:Silvio Mayorga
4382:
4376:
4369:United Nations
4362:
4359:Carlos Fonseca
4356:
4353:Roman Catholic
4343:
4340:Joaquín Cuadra
4337:
4334:Rigoberto Cruz
4331:
4325:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4289:
4286:Gioconda Belli
4283:
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4267:
4258:
4239:
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4206:
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4188:agent selling
4172:
4159:
4148:Daniel Salazar
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
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4051:Marilyn Monroe
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3905:Last Plane Out
3900:
3889:Patrick Swayze
3887:(1995), Vida (
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3799:
3796:
3784:Bernie Sanders
3698:
3695:
3632:Americas Watch
3578:
3575:
3555:Alexander Haig
3551:disappearances
3505:
3502:
3455:Sergio Ramírez
3423:
3397:Humberto Belli
3389:Alfonso Robelo
3324:Estado Liberal
3312:Main article:
3309:
3306:
3252:Main article:
3249:
3246:
3208:
3205:
3146:
3143:
3106:
3103:
3084:
3081:
3069:whooping cough
3052:
3049:
3024:Main article:
3021:
3018:
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2859:Pre-Revolution
2857:
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2802:Main article:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Foreign policy
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
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2777:
2773:
2769:
2736:Carlos Fonseca
2731:
2728:
2719:Carlos Fonseca
2665:
2664:
2632:
2625:Jaime Wheelock
2615:
2583:Carlos Fonseca
2575:Main article:
2572:
2569:
2536:and editor of
2523:United Nations
2499:Main article:
2496:
2493:
2456:
2453:
2426:Arnoldo Alemán
2404:Sergio Ramírez
2360:
2359:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2272:
2269:
2234:Western Europe
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2126:Manuel Noriega
1994:
1991:
1963:1984 elections
1942:
1939:
1905:Alfonso Robelo
1834:Alfonso Robelo
1826:Sergio Ramírez
1806:
1803:
1789:, and fled to
1754:Alfonso Robelo
1750:Sergio Ramírez
1720:Main article:
1717:
1714:
1702:Jaime Wheelock
1643:
1640:
1573:
1570:
1538:, his brother
1525:Jaime Wheelock
1496:
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1394:Filibuster War
1391:
1389:Malespín's War
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1371:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:Carlos Fonseca
1280:National Guard
1242:
1239:
1204:Silvio Mayorga
1200:Carlos Fonseca
1174:
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951:Vice President
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931:
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923:
918:
912:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
890:
889:
884:
878:
875:
861:Germán Pomares
849:Silvio Mayorga
813:Ramon Raudales
744:National Guard
735:
732:
714:National Guard
699:
696:
694:
691:
672:was reelected
622:Somoza dynasty
609:in the 1930s.
557:
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389:
385:
384:
369:
363:
362:
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359:
354:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
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328:Christian left
325:
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275:
266:
262:
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226:
223:
218:
215:
213:Carlos Fonseca
209:
207:
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202:
199:
193:
192:
187:
185:Vice President
181:
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50:
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26:
9:
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3:
2:
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13418:
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13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13389:War on terror
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
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13366:
13364:
13360:
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13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13288:
13284:Espionage and
13282:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13235:Andrew Thorpe
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
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13213:
13211:
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13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13130:Gabriel Kolko
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13095:Fred Halliday
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13080:Lloyd Gardner
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13040:Norman Davies
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13025:John Costello
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12986:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
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12966:
12964:
12960:Technological
12958:
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12841:Pro-communist
12839:
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12768:Organizations
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12582:Eurocommunism
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12412:Domino theory
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12366:South Ossetia
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12150:8888 Uprising
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12095:Iran–Iraq War
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12060:Falklands War
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11923:NDF Rebellion
11921:
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11909:
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11903:German Autumn
11901:
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11790:Metapolitefsi
11788:
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11551:Prague Spring
11549:
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11529:Al-Wadiah War
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11494:12-3 incident
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11119:
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11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11073:Domino theory
11071:
11069:
11068:Petrov Affair
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
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10971:
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10966:
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10958:
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10945:Madiun Affair
10943:
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10931:
10928:
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10918:
10916:
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10908:
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10905:Marshall Plan
10903:
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10654:United States
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10264:Parliamentary
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10144:Harold Pinter
10141:
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10058:
10054:
10052:
10051:0-7453-0475-3
10048:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10031:. 17.3 (1990)
10030:
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10023:
10019:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9991:
9988:
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9980:0-399-13594-4
9977:
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9972:
9967:
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9961:
9957:
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9947:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9930:Dawes, Greg.
9929:
9926:
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9915:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9890:1-931942-16-1
9887:
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9762:
9761:Into the Wild
9753:
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9514:(480 KB)
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9221:September 27,
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8863:(2): 317–336.
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8740:0-8078-4523-X
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8706:
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8680:Revista Envío
8677:
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8570:
8564:Dawes, p. 165
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7927:. Routledge.
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7820:Local, Onda.
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7549:September 14,
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7480:September 27,
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4201:The Americans
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4135:In television
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4108:Chico Science
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4089:The Highwomen
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3757:Daniel Ortega
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2319:This section
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2277:
2271:1990 election
2268:
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2256:
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2249:Ronald Reagan
2246:
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2239:
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2219:1984 election
2211:
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2180:
2178:
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2148:crack cocaine
2145:
2144:Dark Alliance
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2018:
2017:Ronald Reagan
2009:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:habeas corpus
1955:
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1822:Moisés Hassán
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1818:Daniel Ortega
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1548:popular front
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1536:Daniel Ortega
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1434:Ortega return
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1409:US occupation
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1276:Daniel Ortega
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944:Daniel Ortega
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824:Honduran Army
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670:Daniel Ortega
667:
663:
659:
658:1990 election
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620:, ending the
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178:Daniel Ortega
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79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
36:
33:
19:
13394:Brinkmanship
13286:intelligence
13175:Marius Oprea
13125:Harvey Klehr
13055:Herbert Feis
13045:Willem Drees
13010:Archie Brown
12927:
12915:
12897:
12887:Trybuna Ludu
12885:
12878:
12874:Radio Moscow
12866:
12859:
12852:
12680:Anti-Zionism
12596:
12519:Keynesianism
12507:Conservatism
12371:Transnistria
12351:China-Taiwan
12008:Gera Demands
11881:
11682:
11557:
11362:El Porteñazo
11256:Congo Crisis
11171:
11106:Algerian War
11089:
10965:Western Bloc
10960:Eastern Bloc
10955:Iron Curtain
10811:
10803:
10795:
10772:
10752:
10744:
10661:Soviet Union
10659:
10652:
10272:
10192:
10163:
10076:
10069:
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10056:
10042:
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9945:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9903:
9896:
9881:
9865:
9858:
9851:Bibliography
9837:. Retrieved
9828:
9816:. Retrieved
9812:the original
9807:
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9684:. Retrieved
9680:
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9583:the original
9578:
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9534:
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9505:the original
9495:
9490:
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9446:
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9424:
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9390:
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9374:the original
9364:
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9092:
9083:
9071:. Retrieved
9066:
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9021:
9015:
9003:. Retrieved
9000:Miami Herald
8999:
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8939:
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8828:
8824:
8799:. Retrieved
8795:the original
8784:
8762:(1): 49–66.
8759:
8755:
8749:
8730:
8724:
8714:February 22,
8712:. Retrieved
8708:
8685:February 22,
8683:. Retrieved
8669:
8636:
8632:
8608:
8569:
8560:
8555:Dawes, p. 31
8551:
8522:Dawes, p. 28
8480:
8471:
8461:February 15,
8459:. Retrieved
8455:
8446:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8362:
8329:
8325:
8315:
8303:. Retrieved
8299:the original
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8272:. Retrieved
8258:
8246:. Retrieved
8233:
8225:the original
8220:
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8142:. Retrieved
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7978:
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7949:
7943:
7924:
7899:. Retrieved
7889:
7877:. Retrieved
7867:
7855:. Retrieved
7851:
7841:
7829:. Retrieved
7825:
7822:"Onda Local"
7815:
7803:. Retrieved
7799:Confidencial
7798:
7789:
7777:. Retrieved
7773:
7763:
7751:. Retrieved
7747:
7738:
7726:. Retrieved
7721:
7712:
7700:. Retrieved
7695:La Republica
7693:
7669:. Retrieved
7659:
7647:. Retrieved
7637:
7625:. Retrieved
7622:The Guardian
7621:
7611:
7599:. Retrieved
7588:The Guardian
7587:
7577:
7569:the original
7559:
7547:. Retrieved
7543:the original
7538:
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7478:. Retrieved
7473:
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7388:
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7347:
7337:February 16,
7335:. Retrieved
7330:
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6962:. Retrieved
6952:
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6931:. Retrieved
6924:the original
6913:
6900:
6888:. Retrieved
6884:the original
6879:
6870:
6861:
6855:
6845:February 16,
6843:. Retrieved
6829:
6820:
6814:
6802:. Retrieved
6795:the original
6765:
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6707:
6685:(1): 35–49.
6682:
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6595:
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6577:
6552:
6544:
6532:. Retrieved
6514:
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6468:. Retrieved
6443:. Retrieved
6433:
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6329:
6317:. Retrieved
6306:
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6230:
6218:. Retrieved
6208:
6198:September 2,
6196:. Retrieved
6189:the original
6176:
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6121:. Retrieved
6111:
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6037:
6028:
6019:
6013:
6001:. Retrieved
5997:
5988:
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5899:
5887:. Retrieved
5883:the original
5878:
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5860:
5854:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5823:the original
5814:Truver, SC.
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5792:
5783:
5764:
5755:
5745:
5717:
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5693:
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5494:
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5469:
5459:
5457:
5452:. San José:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5395:December 13,
5393:. Retrieved
5389:the original
5384:
5375:
5365:December 13,
5363:. Retrieved
5359:the original
5354:
5345:
5326:
5320:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5266:
5263:La Botz, Dan
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5214:the original
5203:
5191:. Retrieved
5187:the original
5176:
5162:
5155:
5116:
5099:
4772:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4724:
4698:
4672:
4646:
4620:
4594:
4568:
4542:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4414:Edén Pastora
4328:Luis Carrión
4302:Omar Cabezas
4296:People's War
4270:Nora Astorga
4233:2007–present
4219:
4175:
4166:
4152:Rubén Blades
4141:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4019:
4012:anarcho-punk
4010:The English
4004:
3997:Puerto Rican
3995:The popular
3983:
3966:
3932:
3916:
3903:
3882:
3859:
3848:
3822:
3820:
3807:U.S. Marines
3773:
3734:
3719:
3707:
3700:
3688:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3597:antisemitism
3583:
3580:
3571:
3563:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3485:
3471:
3450:Paolo Giglio
3447:
3430:
3419:
3406:
3394:
3381:
3352:
3337:
3323:
3317:
3295:
3269:
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3192:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3138:Fidel Castro
3131:
3111:power plants
3108:
3086:
3065:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3035:
2998:
2967:
2947:
2927:
2911:
2862:
2832:
2820:
2807:
2783:
2733:
2695:
2675:
2666:
2635:
2595:
2580:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:Confidencial
2544:
2542:
2538:Confidencial
2537:
2531:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2481:
2477:
2458:
2450:
2430:
2421:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2369:
2348:
2339:
2328:Please help
2323:verification
2320:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2257:
2242:
2226:
2222:
2207:
2181:
2177:Mercury News
2176:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2133:
2110:
2106:Oliver North
2080:
2072:
2045:
2041:Edén Pastora
2034:
2014:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1921:Edén Pastora
1898:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1842:
1808:
1799:
1783:
1761:
1734:
1725:
1710:Carlos Núñez
1706:Luis Carrión
1662:
1660:
1655:
1648:Jimmy Carter
1645:
1613:
1604:Edén Pastora
1601:
1597:humanitarian
1589:
1581:
1575:
1559:El Grupo de
1558:
1556:
1550:against the
1531:
1529:
1518:
1501:
1499:
1418:
1384:Independence
1304:
1292:intimidation
1269:
1262:
1259:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1177:
1097:in Nicaragua
916:Abortion law
909:Constitution
872:
865:
846:
835:
828:
817:
810:
802:
792:
773:
753:
737:
708:
701:
642:
634:human rights
616:in the 1979
611:
589:
574:
562:
560:
455:
441:
392:Christianity
376:
351:
292:Women's wing
251:Headquarters
243:19 July 1961
236:19 July 1961
164:Abbreviation
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
35:
13220:Shen Zhihua
13030:Michael Cox
12962:competition
12909:Pro-Western
12899:Soviet Life
12825:Safari Club
12795:Warsaw Pact
12650:Nationalism
12640:Imperialism
12539:Reaganomics
12402:Containment
12195:Perestroika
11684:Realpolitik
11514:Six-Day War
11499:Greek junta
11310:Berlin Wall
11158:Suez Crisis
11126:Vietnam War
11013:McCarthyism
10828:Baruch Plan
10773:Unthinkable
10733:Dekemvriana
10672:Warsaw Pact
9923:Cox, Jack.
9601:@politifact
9410:. Envio.org
9348:"Nicaragua"
7831:January 17,
7805:January 17,
7779:January 17,
7753:January 17,
7438:"Nicaragua"
7164:October 31,
7135:October 31,
7034:Baker, Dean
6047:Tomás Borge
6003:October 12,
5138:Nicaraguans
4388: [
4292:Tomás Borge
4247: [
4122:! Todos os
4077:Sandinista!
4043: [
4016:Chumbawamba
3963:Roger Ebert
3946:In language
3835:Jolly Roger
3774:During the
3714:El Salvador
3482:Silvio Báez
3421:opposition.
3189:Rubén Darío
3051:Health care
2985:Markus Wolf
2974:East German
2970:Warsaw Pact
2950:Frol Kozlov
2939:West Berlin
2899:Third World
2724:Tomás Borge
2711:Che Guevara
2659:terceristas
2245:Arturo Cruz
2021:El Salvador
1769:s director
1686: [
1679:Tomás Borge
1609:Tomás Borge
1532:Terceristas
1338:History of
1219:Tomás Borge
1207: [
1115:Visa policy
1007:Departments
970:Legislature
921:LGBT rights
853:Tomás Borge
590:Sandinistas
463:Carmine red
377:Historical:
352:Historical:
303:Membership
221:Tomás Borge
32:Sandinista!
13442:Categories
12988:Historians
12979:Space Race
12880:Rudé právo
12834:Propaganda
12690:Neo-Nazism
12660:Chauvinism
12614:Trotskyism
12529:Monetarism
12497:Liberalism
12489:Capitalism
12481:Ideologies
12432:Ostpolitik
12155:Solidarity
12120:Toyota War
12023:Solidarity
11880:Operation
11835:Ogaden War
11524:Dhofar War
11412:Shifta War
11170:Operation
11018:Korean War
10810:Operation
10802:Operation
10794:Operation
10771:Operation
10751:Operation
10743:Operation
10204:1979–1984
9686:August 25,
9553:August 22,
9313:Newsletter
9101:August 25,
9073:August 25,
8831:(16): 21.
7857:October 7,
7826:Onda Local
7702:October 3,
7046:. p.
6964:August 21,
6933:August 21,
6890:August 21,
6880:Ciao Atlas
6643:(2): 177.
5832:August 21,
5799:August 21,
5611:Al Jazeera
5298:(3): 356.
5247:August 18,
5220:August 18,
5193:August 18,
5148:References
5041:2,039,717
5005:1,590,316
4969:1,583,199
4718:2,093,834
4692:1,806,651
4666:1,569,287
4432:Henry Ruiz
3918:Under Fire
3897:drag queen
3855:Sandinismo
3780:Democratic
3749:John Kerry
3726:Costa Rica
3712:rebels in
3584:Newsletter
3339:Vatican II
3127:Contra war
3005:illiteracy
2848:US embargo
2844:foodstuffs
2842:and other
2749:Sandinismo
2638:tercerista
2413:renovistas
2364:See also:
2166:, and the
2152:California
2113:John Kerry
2052:Costa Rica
1756:(MDN) and
1698:Henry Ruiz
1632:Chinandega
1566:Costa Rica
1544:right-wing
1510:grassroots
1307:internment
1288:censorship
1192:Revolution
1186:(UNAN) in
1182:, and the
456:Customary:
323:Sandinismo
309:<95,700
280:Youth wing
88:newspapers
13275:Ken Young
13120:Tony Judt
12969:Arms race
12942:Red Scare
12810:NN States
12755:Apartheid
12710:Autocracy
12619:Stalinism
12587:Guevarism
12577:Castroism
12567:Communism
12559:Socialism
12085:Star Wars
11678:Koza riot
10804:Beleaguer
10796:Masterdom
10146:delivers
10119:from the
10110:from the
9759:"Review:
9661:March 30,
9480:March 30,
9458:March 30,
9436:March 30,
9414:March 30,
9380:March 30,
9354:April 18,
9332:March 30,
9294:March 30,
9272:March 30,
9181:March 30,
9135:March 30,
9094:Excélsior
9005:March 30,
8801:March 30,
8776:143583266
8661:144886074
8653:0143-6597
8408:1651-2227
8346:0028-4793
8305:March 30,
8274:March 30,
8270:. UNESDOC
8248:March 30,
8144:March 30,
7995:219416844
7774:El Diario
7728:March 14,
7671:March 14,
7649:March 14,
7627:March 14,
7601:March 13,
7596:0261-3077
7539:La Prensa
7530:La Prensa
7223:0022-1937
7082:March 30,
6804:March 30,
6534:August 5,
6470:April 18,
6445:March 30,
6319:March 30,
6220:April 18,
6153:Nicaragua
6123:April 18,
5889:April 18,
5664:. Page 74
5591:145351444
5428:0177-7521
5312:145100852
4466:Arlen Siu
4350:Maryknoll
4227:1985–1990
4072:The Clash
3902:The film
3839:anarchist
3815:Nicaragua
3765:terrorism
3735:In 2015,
3559:Le Figaro
3529:La Prensa
3480:, Bishop
3300:from the
3234:Inflation
3166:Barricada
3155:campesino
2914:Mitrokhin
2868:historian
2836:Nicaragua
2591:Nicaragua
2459:In 2006,
2422:ortodoxos
2342:July 2017
2214:Elections
2140:Gary Webb
2138:reporter
1913:socialism
1795:Guatemala
1779:Matagalpa
1763:La Prensa
1616:Matagalpa
1599:reasons.
1583:La Prensa
1534:, led by
1414:Civil War
1340:Nicaragua
1264:La Prensa
1037:General:
1025:Elections
981:President
939:President
933:Executive
800:in 1956.
653:elections
586:Nicaragua
551:Elections
442:Official:
373:Left-wing
265:Newspaper
173:President
118:June 2019
13427:Timeline
13417:Category
13362:See also
12854:Izvestia
12695:Islamism
12592:Hoxhaism
12467:Rollback
12346:Abkhazia
12286:Gulf War
12190:Glasnost
11560:incident
11330:Sand War
11188:Ifni War
10697:Rio Pact
10642:Cold War
10099:Archived
10003:.(1999).
9839:March 7,
9818:March 7,
8426:28295602
8114:(2000).
8086:Wright,
7879:July 25,
7722:afgj.org
7453:Archived
7104:Archived
7101:web page
7036:(2007).
7001:(1985).
6337:Archived
6138:BBC News
5951:Archived
5772:Archived
5737:41256361
5632:Politico
5265:(2016).
5074:See also
4933:840,851
4897:915,417
4861:626,178
4825:579,723
4789:729,159
4773:Position
4749:Election
4640:854.316
4614:922,436
4588:664,909
4562:579.886
4536:735,967
4504:Election
4322:literacy
4177:Snowfall
4100:Croppies
4032:new wave
4001:Calle 13
3990:In music
3926:In games
3876:In films
3739:senator
3737:Kentucky
3730:Colombia
3722:Honduras
3512:magazine
3424:—
3134:Tipitapa
2923:sabotage
2650:Humberto
2571:Ideology
2208:costeños
2200:Garifuna
2115:'s 1988
2111:Senator
2103:Lt. Col.
2048:Honduras
1893:de facto
1830:Los Doce
1744:(FSLN),
1561:los Doce
1329:a series
1327:Part of
1284:córdobas
1194:and the
1105:Passport
1082:Minister
788:Zancudos
726:, whose
630:literacy
388:Religion
381:Far-left
315:Ideology
12917:Amerika
12800:Comecon
12685:Fascism
12675:Zionism
12624:Titoism
12165:Contras
11633:Détente
10910:Comecon
10266:parties
10130:ViaNica
9982:, 1991.
9067:infobae
8417:5450127
8354:7088111
7901:June 3,
6699:4029165
5555:Reuters
5454:El País
5049:75 / 90
5044:74.17%
5013:70 / 92
5008:65.86%
4977:63 / 92
4972:60.85%
4941:38 / 92
4936:37.59%
4905:39 / 92
4869:36 / 93
4864:36.46%
4833:39 / 92
4828:40.84%
4797:61 / 96
4792:66.78%
4725:Elected
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