657:, so she would not have children and repeat the cycle of abuse. With the support of her husband and primary care physician, Berry eventually realized that her memories were false and filed a suit for malpractice. The suit brought to light the mother's manipulation of mental health professionals to convince Berry that she had been sexually abused by her father. In February 1997, Berry sued her therapists and clinic that treated her from 1992 to 1995 and, she says, made her falsely believe she had been sexually and physically abused as a child when no such abuse ever occurred. The lawsuit, filed in February 1997 in Minnehaha Co. Circuit Court South Dakota, states that therapist Lynda O'Connor-Davis had an improper relationship with Berry, both during and after her treatment. The suit also names psychologist Vail Williams, psychiatrist Dr. William Fuller and Charter Hospital and Charter Counseling Center as defendants. Berry and her husband settled out of court.
499:, and the recoverability of lost memory may influence willingness to accept vague impressions or fragmentary images as recovered memories and thus, might affect the likelihood of accepting false memory. For example, if someone believes that memory once encoded is permanent, and that visualization is an effective way to recover memories, the individual may endorse more liberal criteria for accepting a mental image as true memory. Also, individuals who report themselves as having better everyday memories may feel more compelled to come up with a memory when asked to do so. This may lead to more liberal criteria, making these individuals more susceptible to false memory.
3397:. "The details are often filled in later, or dismissed, and guessing may become part of the memory."...Recalling an event draws on some of same areas of the brain that recorded it; in essence, to remember is to relive. Every time the mind summons the encoded experience, it can add details, subtract others and even alter the tone and point of the story. That reassembly, in turn, is freshly stored again, so that the next time it comes to mind it contains those edits. Using memory changes memory, as cognitive scientists say. For a victim, often the only stable elements are emotions and the tunnel-vision details: the dress she wore, the hand over her mouth
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found on the list. For example, if the word that they were trying to trigger was "river", the list would contain words such as flow, current, water, stream, bend, etc. They would then take the lists away and ask the subjects to recall the words on the lists. Almost every time, the false memory was triggered, and the subjects would end up recalling the target word as part of the list when it was never there. McDermott and
Roediger even went as far as informing the subjects of the purpose and details of the experiment, and still the subjects would recall the non-listed target word as part of the word list they had studied.
469:
going on around us and we only pick up on a small portion. This forces the observer to begin by selecting a focal point for focus. Second, our visual perception must be translated into statements and descriptions. The statements represent a collection of concepts and objects; they are the link between the event occurrence and the recall. Third, the perceptions are subject to any "external" information being provided before or after the interpretation. This subsequent set of information can reconstruct the memory.
263:
462:. Loftus noticed that when a presupposition was one of false information it could only be explained by the construction hypothesis and not the strength hypothesis. Loftus then stated that a theory needed to be created for complex visual experiences where the construction hypothesis plays a significantly more important role than situational strength. She presented a diagram as a "skeleton" of this theory, which later became referred to by some as the skeleton theory.
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question. The stress being put on the child can make recovering an accurate memory more difficult. Some people hypothesize that as the child continuously attempts to remember a memory, they are building a larger file of sources that the memory could be derived from, potentially including sources other than genuine memories. Children that have never been abused but undergo similar response-eliciting techniques can disclose events that never occurred.
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robbery. The results surprisingly showed that those who watched the video of the robbery actually recalled more information more accurately than those who were live on the scene. Still, false memory presented itself in ways such as subjects seeing things that would fit in a crime scene that were not there, or not recalling things that did not fit the crime scene. This happened with both parties, displaying the idea of staged naturalistic events.
136:. The final group was not asked about the speed of the crashed cars. The researchers then asked the participants if they had seen any broken glass, knowing that there was no broken glass in the video. The responses to this question had shown that the difference between whether broken glass was recalled or not heavily depended on the verb used. A larger sum of participants in the "smashed" group declared that there was broken glass.
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difficult for avoidant adults to access negative emotional experiences from childhood, whereas ambivalent adults access these kinds of experiences easily. Consistent with attachment theory, adults with avoidant attachment styles, like their child counterparts, may attempt to suppress physiological and emotional reactions to activation of the attachment system. Significant associations between parental attachment and children's
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ends do not justify the means (32%), potential for abuse (14%), lack of consent (10%), practical doubts (8%), better alternative (7%), and free will (3%). Of those who thought implanting false memories would be acceptable, 36% believed the end justified the means, with other reasons being increasing treatment options (6%), people need support (6%), no harm would be done (6%), and it's no worse than alternatives (5%).
120:. Participants estimated collisions of all speeds to average between 35 mph (56 km/h) to just below 40 mph (64 km/h). If actual speed was the main factor in estimate, it could be assumed that participants would have lower estimates for lower speed collisions. Instead, the word being used to describe the collision seemed to better predict the estimate in speed rather than the speed itself.
200:"smacked", or "groped" would all paint a different picture of a person in the memory of an observer of sexual harassment if questioned about it later. The stronger the word, the more intense the recreation of the experience in the memory is. This in turn could trigger further false memories to better fit the memory created (change how a person looks or how fast a vehicle was moving before a collision).
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happened. During the trial, memory researcher
Elizabeth Loftus testified that memory is fallible and there were many emotions that played a part in the woman's description given to police. Loftus has published many studies consistent with her testimony. These studies suggest that memories can easily be changed around and sometimes eyewitness testimonies are not as reliable as many believe.
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false memory indicate that individuals have superior organizational processes, heightened creativity, and prime solutions for insight based problems. All of these things indicate that false memories are adaptive and functional. False memories tied to familiar concepts can also potentially aid in future problem solving in a related topic, especially when related to survival.
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688:. Source misattribution is the flaw in deciphering between potential origins of a memory. The source could come from an actual occurring perception, or it can come from an induced and imagined event. Younger children, preschoolers in particular, find it more difficult to discriminate between the two. Lindsay & Johnson (1987) concluded that even children approaching
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detail, "only 13% of the children answered 'yes' to the question 'Did you ever have this procedure?'". As to the success of implantation with false 'memories', the children "assented to the question for a variety of reasons, a false memory being only one of them. In sum, it is possible that no false memories have been created in children in
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developed in the 1980s, with civil suits alleging child sexual abuse on the basis of "memories" recovered during psychotherapy. The term "repressed memory therapy" gained momentum and with it social stigma surrounded those accused of abuse. The "therapy" led to other psychological disorders in persons whose memories were recovered.
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the emotional trauma being surfaced. There may be tears, writhing, or many other forms of physical disturbance. The occurrence of physical deterioration in memory recall coming from a patient with relatively minor issues prior to therapy could be an indication of the recalled memory's potential falsehood.
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Memory, by its nature and necessity, is selective, its details subject to revision and dissipation. ... "Recollection is always a reconstruction, to some extent — it's not a videotape that preserves every detail," said
Richard J. McNally, a professor of psychology at Harvard University and the author
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If a child experienced abuse, it is not typical for them to disclose the details of the event when confronted in an open-ended manner. Trying to indirectly prompt a memory recall can lead to the conflict of source attribution, as a repeatedly questioned child might try to recall a memory to satisfy a
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Individuals who feel under greater social pressure may be more likely to acquiesce. Perceived pressure from an authority figure may lower individuals' criteria for accepting a false event as true. The new individual difference factors include preexisting beliefs about memory, self-evaluation of one's
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Greater creative imagination and dissociation are known to relate to false memory formation. Creative imagination may lead to vivid details of imagined events. High dissociation may be associated with habitual use of lax response criteria for source decisions due to frequent interruption of attention
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The fuzzy-trace theory, proposed by
Valerie Reyna and Charles Brainerd, suggests that information can be stored in two different ways: verbatim and gist. Verbatim representations are literal, precise, and exact copies of the information. On the other hand, gist representations are fuzzy, general, and
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In another study, subjects were presented with a situation where they witnessed a staged robbery. Half of the subjects witnessed the robbery live, while the other half watched a video of the robbery as it took place. After the event, they were sat down and asked to recall what had happened during the
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In 1998, Kathleen McDermott and Henry
Roediger III conducted a similar experiment. Their goal was to intentionally trigger false memories through word lists. They presented subjects with lists to study, all containing a large number of words that were semantically related to another word that was not
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One can trigger false memories by presenting subjects a continuous list of words. When subjects were presented with a second version of the list and asked if the words had appeared on the previous list, they found that the subjects did not recognize the list correctly. When the words on the two lists
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Therapy-induced memory recovery has made frequent appearances in legal cases, particularly those regarding sexual abuse. Therapists can often aid in creating a false memory in a victim's mind, intentionally or unintentionally. They may associate a patient's behavior with the fact that they have been
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According to Loftus, there are different possibilities to create false therapy-induced memory. One is the unintentional suggestions of therapists. For example, a therapist might tell their client that, on the basis of their symptoms, it is quite likely that they had been abused as a child. Once this
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of sexual abuse. Psychotherapists tried to reveal "repressed memories" in mental therapy patients through "hypnosis, guided imagery, dream interpretation and narco-analysis". The reasoning was that if abuse could not be remembered, then it needed to be recovered by the therapist. The legal phenomena
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is defined as false memory being a prevalent part of one's life in which it affects the person's mentality and day-to-day life. False memory syndrome differs from false memory in that the syndrome is heavily influential in the orientation of a person's life, while false memory can occur without this
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Construction hypothesis has major implications for explanations on the malleability of memory. Upon asking a respondent a question that provides a presupposition, the respondent will provide a recall in accordance with the presupposition (if accepted to exist in the first place). The respondent will
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Scientists suggest that these are examples of false memories shaped by similar cognitive factors affecting multiple people and families, such as social and cognitive reinforcement of incorrect memories or false news reports and misleading photographs that influence the formation of memories based on
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Memory retrieval has been associated with the brain's relational processing. In associating two events (in reference to false memory, say tying a testimony to a prior event), there are verbatim and gist representations. Verbatim matches to the individual occurrences (e.g., I do not like dogs because
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and gist memory. Valerie F. Reyna, who coined the terms as an explanation for the DRM paradigm, explains that her findings indicate that reliance on prior knowledge from gist memory can help individuals make safer, well informed choices in terms of risk taking. Other positive traits associated with
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A 2016 study surveyed the public's attitude regarding the ethics of planting false memories as an attempt to influence healthy behavior. People were most concerned with the consequences, with 37% saying it was overly manipulative, potentially harmful or traumatic. Their reasons against are that the
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Harold
Merskey published a paper on the ethical issues of recovered-memory therapy. He suggests that if a patient had pre-existing severe issues in their life, it is likely that "deterioration" will occur to a relatively severe extent upon memory recall. This deterioration is a physical parallel to
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A 1989 study focusing on hypnotizability and false memory separated accurate and inaccurate memories recalled. In open-ended question formation, 11.5% of subjects recalled the false event suggested by observers. In a multiple-choice format, no participants claimed the false event had happened. This
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in August 1980. In the study, 92% of respondents falsely remembered the clock had remained stopped since the bombing, when, in fact, the clock was repaired shortly after the attack. Years later, the clock was again stopped and set to the time of the explosion, in observance and commemoration of the
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Another notable case is Maxine Berry. Berry grew up in the custody of her mother, who opposed the father having contact with her. When the father expressed his desire to attend his daughter's high school graduation, the mother enrolled Berry in therapy, ostensibly to deal with the stress of seeing
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In another legal case where false memories were used, they helped a man to be acquitted of his charges. Joseph Pacely had been accused of breaking into a woman's home with the intent to sexually assault her. The woman had given her description of the assailant to police shortly after the crime had
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Laurence and Perry conducted a study testing the ability to induce memory recall through hypnosis. Subjects were put into a hypnotic state and later woken up. Observers suggested that the subjects were woken up by a loud noise. Nearly half of the subjects being tested concluded that this was true,
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is another recovery strategy. This is essentially a repeated suggestion pattern. The person whose memory is to be "recovered" is persistently said to have gone through an experience even if it may have not happened. This strategy can cause the person to recall the event as having occurred, despite
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Sleep deprivation can also affect the possibility of falsely encoding a memory. In two experiments, participants studied DRM lists (lists of words that are semantically associated with a non-presented word) before a night of either sleep or sleep deprivation; testing took place the following day.
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The acquisition processes are in three separate steps. First, upon the original encounter, the observer selects a stimulus to focus on. The information that the observer can focus on compared to all of the information occurring in the situation as a whole, is very limited. In other words, a lot is
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The fuzzy-trace theory relates to false memory because studies have found that when information is stored as a gist representation, it is more prone to manipulation. This is because information is stored in parallel pathways, not together. The term verbatim traces applies to the storing of surface
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is an implication through chosen language. If a person is asked, "What shade of blue was the wallet?", the questioner is, in translation, saying, "The wallet was blue. What shade was it?" The question's phrasing provides the respondent with a supposed "fact". This presupposition creates one of two
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Sleep deprivation can increase the risk of developing false memories. Specifically, sleep deprivation increased false memories in a misinformation task when participants in a study were sleep deprived during event encoding, but did not have a significant effect when the deprivation occurred after
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Possible associations between attachment styles and reports of false childhood memories were also of interest. Adult attachment styles have been related to memories of early childhood events, suggesting that the encoding or retrieval of such memories may activate the attachment system. It is more
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There is some research that shows individual differences in false memory susceptibility are not always large (even on variables that have previously shown differences—such as creative imagination or dissociation), that there appears to be no false memory trait, and that even those who have highly
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The strength of verbs used in conversation or questioning also has a similar effect on the memory; for example – the words "met", "bumped", "collided", "crashed", or "smashed" would all cause people to remember a car accident at different levels of intensity. The words "bumped", "hit", "grabbed",
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taking hold on the recall process and products of the human memory. Even the smallest adjustment in a question, such as the article preceding the supposed memory, could alter the responses. For example, having asked someone if they had seen "the" stop sign, rather than "a" stop sign, provided the
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The second experiment also showed participants videos of a car accident, but the phrasing of the follow-up questionnaire was critical in participant responses. 150 participants were randomly assigned to three conditions. Those in the first condition were asked the same question as the first study
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in children. The study comprised a series of interviews concerning a medical procedure that the children may have undergone. The data was scored so that if a child made one false affirmation during the interview, the child was classified as inaccurate. When the medical procedure was described in
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In the first study, 45 participants were randomly assigned to watch different videos of a car accident, in which separate videos had shown collisions at 20 mph (32 km/h), 30 mph (48 km/h) and 40 mph (64 km/h). Afterwards, participants filled out a survey. The survey
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Although there have been many legal cases in which false memory appears to have been a factor, this does not ease the process of distinguishing between false memory and real recall. Sound therapeutic strategy can help this differentiation, by either avoiding known controversial strategies or to
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The retrieval processes come in two steps. First, the memory and imagery are regenerated. This perception is subject to what foci the observer has selected, along with the information provided before or after the observation. Second, the linking is initiated by a statement response, "painting a
139:
In this study, the first point brought up in discussion is that the words used to phrase a question can heavily influence the response given. Second, the study indicates that the phrasing of a question can give expectations to previously ignored details, and therefore, a misconstruction of our
593:. These strategies may provoke the recovery of nonexistent events or inaccurate memories. A recent report indicates that similar strategies may have produced false memories in several therapies in the century before the modern controversy on the topic which took place in the 1980s and 1990s.
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exist. These data, however, do not directly address the issue of whether adults' or their parents' attachment styles are related to false childhood memories. Such data nevertheless suggest that greater attachment avoidance may be associated with a stronger tendency to form false memories of
290:, decades after his release and after serving as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. Broome reported that hundreds of other people had written about having the same memory of Mandela's death, some while he was still alive, and she speculated that the phenomenon could be evidence of
173:, the implication was accurate: the wallet really was blue. That makes the respondent's recall stronger, more readily available, and easier to extrapolate from. A respondent is more likely to remember a wallet as blue if the prompt said that it was blue than if the prompt did not say so.
243:, which suggests false memories are stored in gist representations (which retrieves both true and false recall), Storbeck & Clore (2005) wanted to see how change in mood affected the retrieval of false memories. After using the measure of a word association tool called the
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Subjects were invited into an office and were told to wait there. After this, they had to recall the inventory of the visited office. Subjects recognized objects consistent with the "office schema", although they did not appear in the office. (Brewer & Treyens, 1981)
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247:(DRM), the subjects' moods were manipulated. Moods were either oriented towards being more positive, more negative, or were left untouched. Findings suggested that a more negative mood made critical details, stored in gist representation, more accessible.
637:, two therapists wrongly prompted a recall that their patient, Holly Ramona, had been sexually abused by her father. It was suggested that the therapist, Isabella, had implanted one of the sexual abuse memories in Ramona after use of the hypnotic drug
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Freud was fascinated with memory and all the ways it could be understood, used, and manipulated. Some claim that his studies have been quite influential in contemporary memory research, including the research into the field of false memory.
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A history of trauma is relevant to the issue of false memory. It has been proposed that people with a trauma history or trauma symptoms may be particularly vulnerable to memory deficits, including source-monitoring failures.
3122:
DePrince, Anne P.; Brown, Laura S.; Cheit, Ross E.; Freyd, Jennifer J.; Gold, Steven N.; Pezdek, Kathy; Quina, Kathryn (18 October 2011), "Motivated
Forgetting and Misremembering: Perspectives from Betrayal Trauma Theory",
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435:(situations where one course of action is encouraged more than any other course of action due to the objective payoff), people are expected to demonstrate rational behavior, basing their behavior on the objective payoff.
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562:. False memory can be declared a syndrome when recall of a false or inaccurate memory takes great effect on a person's life. Such a false memory can completely alter the orientation of one's personality and lifestyle.
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764:, a memory implantation technique used to demonstrate that false memories can be implanted through suggestions made to experimental subjects in which the subject is told that an older relative was present at the time.
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Bremner, J.D.; Krystal, J.H.; Charney, D.S.; Southwick, S.M. (1996). "Neural
Mechanisms in dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: Relevance to the current controversy surrounding the "false memory syndrome"".
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597:"diagnosis" is made, the therapist sometimes urges the patient to pursue the recalcitrant memories. It is a problem resulting from the fact that people create their own social reality with external information.
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despite it being false. However, by therapeutically altering the subject's state, they may have been led to believe that what they were being told was true. Because of this, the respondent has a false recall.
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a victim of sexual abuse, thus helping the memory occur. They may then use memory enhancement techniques such as hypnosis dream analysis in the attempt to extract memories of sexual abuse from victims. In
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asked the question, "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" The question always asked the same thing, except the verb used to describe the collision varied. Rather than
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were semantically related to each other (e.g. sleep/bed), it was more likely that the subjects did not remember the first list correctly and created false memories (Anisfeld & Knapp, 1963).
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1984:
Bialer, Daniel; Reyna, Valerie; Brainerd, Charles (2021). "False Memory: What are the
Effects, How Does Fuzzy-Trace Theory Predict Them, and How Does This Matter For Eyewitness Testimony?".
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significant effect. The syndrome takes effect because the person believes the influential memory to be true. However, its research is controversial and the syndrome is not included in the
1950:
1281:
802:
Gleaves, David H.; Smith, Steven M.; Butler, Lisa D.; Spiegel, David (2006). "False and
Recovered Memories in the Laboratory and Clinic: A Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence".
180:, the implication was actually false: the wallet was not blue even though the question asked what shade of blue it was. This convinces the respondent of its truth (i.e., that the wallet
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Ceci, Stephen J.; Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Leichtman, Michelle D.; Bruck, Maggie (1994). "The Possible Role of Source Misattributions in the Creation of False Beliefs Among Preschoolers".
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Goldschmied, Nadav; Sheptock, Mark; Kim, Kacey; Galily, Yair (2017). "Appraising Loftus and Palmer (1974) Post-Event Information versus Concurrent Commentary in the Context of Sport".
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her father. The therapist pressed Berry to recover memories of sex abuse by her father. Berry broke down under the pressure and had to be psychiatrically hospitalized. She underwent
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Replications in different contexts (such as hockey games instead of car crashes) have shown that different scenarios require different framing effects to produce differing memories.
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respondent with a presupposition that there was a stop sign in the scene. This presupposition increased the number of people responding that they had indeed seen the stop sign.
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3739:“Future Thinking and False Memories.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/time-travelling-apollo/201607/future-thinking-and-false-memories.
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struggle with this, as well as recalling an existent memory as a witness. Children are significantly more likely to confuse a source between being invented or existent.
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also credited with great contributions into memory research. Janet contributed to false memory through his ideas on dissociation and memory retrieval through hypnosis.
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Paddock, John R.; Terranova, Sophia; Kwok, Rosie; Halpern, David V. (2000). "When Knowing Becomes Remembering: Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Suggestion".
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An example of this is the laws of a country. Most of its citizens, no matter how daring, will conform to these laws, because the objective payoff is personal safety.
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result led to the conclusion that hypnotic suggestions produce shifts in focus, awareness, and attention. Despite this, subjects do not mix fantasy up with reality.
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The skeleton theory explains the procedure of how a memory is recalled, which is split into two categories: the acquisition processes and the retrieval processes.
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Bremner, J. Douglas; Shobe, Katharine Krause; Kihlstrom, John F. (2000). "False Memories in Women with Self-Reported Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Empirical Study".
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or consciousness. Social desirability and false memory have also been examined. Social desirability effects may depend on the level of perceived social pressure.
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Lampinen, James M.; Neuschatz, Jeffrey S.; Payne, David G. (1997). "Memory illusions and consciousness: Examining the phenomenology of true and false memories".
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Putative memories recovered through therapy have become more difficult to distinguish between simply being repressed or not having existed in the first place.
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The construction hypothesis says that if a true piece of information being provided can alter a respondent's answer, then so can a false piece of information.
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and John Palmer conducted a study to investigate the effects of language on the development of false memory. The experiment involved two separate studies.
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Regardless of the effect being true or false, the respondent is attempting to conform to the supplied information, because they assume it to be true.
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Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Palmer, John C. (1974). "Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory".
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Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark L.; Patihis, Lawrence; Merckelbach, Harald; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (November 2019).
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de Vito, Stefania; Cubelli, Roberto; Della Sala, Sergio (May 2009). "Collective representations elicit widespread individual false memories".
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Foley, Mary Ann; Johnson, Marcia K. (1985). "Confusions between Memories for Performed and Imagined Actions: A Developmental Comparison".
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558:. False memory is an important part of psychological research because of the ties it has to a large number of mental disorders, such as
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Ihlebæk, C., Løve, T., Erik Eilertsen, D., & Magnussen, S. (2003). Memory for a staged criminal event witnessed live and on video.
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towards Holly Ramona. This 1994 legal issue played a massive role in shedding light on the possibility of false memories' occurrences.
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2331:"Why there is no false memory trait and why everyone is susceptible to memory distortions: The dual encoding interference hypothesis"
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blue), which affects their memory. It can also alter responses to later questions to keep them consistent with the false implication.
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Edelstein, Robin S. (2006). "Attachment and emotional memory: Investigating the source and extent of avoidant memory impairments".
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3809:"Fantastic Memories: The Relevance of Research into Eyewitness Testimony and False Memories for Reports of Anomalous Experiences"
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Storbeck, J.; Clore, G.L. (2005). "With Sadness Comes Accuracy; with Happiness, False Memory: Mood and the False Memory Effect".
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features of an experience, whereas gist traces applies to the way in which we store the context and interpretation of an event.
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Specific false memories can sometimes be shared by a large group of people. This phenomenon was dubbed the "Mandela effect" by
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One well-documented example of shared false memories comes from a 2010 study that examined people familiar with the clock at
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picture" to make sense of what was observed. This retrieval process results in either an accurate memory or a false memory.
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Loftus developed what some refer to as "the skeleton theory" after having run an experiment involving 150 subjects from the
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Patihis, L.; Frenda, S.J.; LePort, A.K.R.; Petersen, N.; Nichols, R.M.; Stark, C.E.L.; McGaugh, J.L.; Loftus, E.F. (2013).
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bit me) and gist matches to general inferences (e.g., I do not like dogs because they are mean). Keeping in line with the
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One study showed higher rates of false recognition in sleep-deprived participants, compared with rested participants.
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3716:
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Lindsay, D. Stephen; Johnson, Marcia K.; Kwon, Paul (1991). "Developmental changes in memory source monitoring".
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Davis, Joseph E. (2005). "Victim Narratives and Victim Selves: False Memory Syndrome and the Power of Accounts".
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738:, an effect in which memories are incorrectly attributed to different experiences from the ones that caused them.
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Bernstein, D.M.; Scoboria, A.; Desjarlais, L.; Soucie, K. (2018). ""False memory" is a linguistic convenience".
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Laurence, Jean-Roch; Perry, Campbell (1983). "Hypnotically Created Memory among Highly Hypnotizable Subjects".
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17:
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Powers, Peter A.; Andriks, Joyce L.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1979). "Eyewitness accounts of females and males".
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Kaplan, Robert; Manicavasagar, Vijaya (2001). "Is there a false memory syndrome? A review of three cases".
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point to a wide variety of common problems, ranging from eating disorders to sleeplessness, as evidence of
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altering the past and turning the current era into "a glitch" became popular in the United States in 2016.
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styles. Regarding the first of these, metamemory beliefs about the malleability of memory, the nature of
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Frenda, Steven J.; Patihis, Lawrence; Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Lewis, Holly C.; Fenn, Kimberly M. (2014).
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387:). Likewise, false memories of Mandela's death could be explained as the subject conflating him with
3669:"Public Attitudes on the Ethics of Deceptively Planting False Memories to Motivate Healthy Behavior"
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Diekelmann, Susanne; Landolt, Hans-Peter; Lahl, Olaf; Born, Jan; Wagner, Ullrich (23 October 2008).
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something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.
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Our brains sometimes create 'false memories' — but science suggests we could be better off this way
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2916:; Keck, Paul E. (1995). "Recovered Memory Therapy: False Memory Syndrome and Other Complications".
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459:
58:
3040:"Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory"
4377:
4143:
2943:
Gold, Steven N. (1997). "False memory syndrome: A false dichotomy between science and practice".
1756:"NZ and the 'Mandela Effect': Meet the folks who remember New Zealand being in a different place"
735:
367:
of real memories, possibly including Sinbad wearing a genie-like costume during a TV marathon of
333:
3232:
Loftus, Elizabeth F.; Greene, Edith (1980). "Warning: Even memory for faces may be contagious".
1666:
It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office
4968:
4784:
4744:
4645:
4614:
4252:
4040:
3620:"The ethics of conducting 'false memory' research with children: a reply to Herrmann and Yoder"
2768:
The Clinical Corner: Third-Party Liability in Repressed Memory Cases: Recent Legal Developments
2491:
1971:
Miller, Patricia; Bjorklund, David (1998). "Contemplating Fuzzy-Trace Theory: The Gist of it".
674:
777:, a science fiction film dealing with the concept of implanting ideas in sleeping individuals.
4799:
4514:
4400:
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4357:
4352:
4190:
3943:
3849:
3835:
3347:
3330:
2790:"The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma"
1501:
987:
548:
543:
278:
researcher Fiona Broome, who reported having vivid and detailed memories of news coverage of
192:
1416:"The Mandela Effect: Poll shows most Americans misremember Darth Vader quote, Monopoly logo"
1362:"The Visual Mandela Effect as Evidence for Shared and Specific False Memories Across People"
1273:"Are you living in an alternate reality? Welcome to the wacky world of the 'Mandela Effect'"
61:
have been suggested to be several mechanisms underlying a variety of types of false memory.
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33:
1999:
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Shyamalan, Lamb and Sheldrick (1995) partially re-created a study that involved attempted
8:
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4714:
4405:
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4237:
4205:
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701:
696:
378:
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3164:"Spectral Evidence - The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley"
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391:, another prominent South African anti-apartheid activist, who died in prison in 1977.
240:
3372:"They Say Sexual Assault, Kavanaugh Says It Never Happened: Sifting Truth From Memory"
2196:"Neural changes underlying the development of episodic memory during middle childhood"
886:
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2019:
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Malpass, Roy S.; Goodman-Delahunty, Jane (2004). "Psychology and the Law, Overview".
944:
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767:
492:
368:
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316:
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Christianson, Sven-ĂĄke; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1987). "Memory for traumatic events".
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am your father" in response to Skywalker's assertion that Vader killed his father),
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Schacter, D. L; Curran, T. (1995). "The Cognitive Neuroscience of False Memories".
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2627:
1821:"Memory's Malleability: Its Role in Shaping Collective Memory and Social Identity"
1146:"Hundreds 'remember' Nelson Mandela dying in the 1980s: Inside the Mandela Effect"
974:
Loftus, Elizabeth, F. (1975). "Reconstructing memory: The incredible eyewitness".
913:
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236:
69:
The false memory phenomenon was initially investigated by psychological pioneers
57:, activation of associated information, the incorporation of misinformation, and
50:
3787:
False-memory Creation in Children and Adults: Theory, Research, and Implications
3132:
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638:
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141:
128:. The second group was asked the same question as the first study, replacing
74:
3100:
2666:
2452:
2406:
2054:
Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1975). "Leading questions and the eyewitness report".
2015:
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199806)12:3<207::AID-ACP523>3.0.CO;2-T
3604:
3569:
3526:
3434:
3356:
3295:"Hospital's staff falsely made woman believe she was abused, lawsuit says"
3108:
3024:
2899:
2715:
815:
4759:
4630:
4584:
3426:
1171:"Two cognitive psychologists explain the mystery of the 'Mandela effect'"
689:
398:
324:
309:
Other examples include memories of the respective title component of the
86:
3946:
was created from a revision of this article dated 30 July 2019
2814:
315:
children's books being spelled "Berenstein", the logo of clothing brand
4794:
4657:
4224:
3561:
3245:
2988:
2971:
2706:
2689:
2382:"False memories in highly superior autobiographical memory individuals"
2346:
2307:
2260:
1912:"False Memories in the News: Are Pictures Worth MORE Than 1,000 Words?"
1443:"Rich Uncle Pennybags didn't wear a monocle — and other false memories"
673:
False memory is often considered for trauma victims including those of
388:
320:
275:
42:
744:, the feeling that one has lived through the present situation before.
476:
191:
Loftus's meta-analysis on language manipulation studies suggested the
4030:
3684:
3056:
3039:
837:
773:
748:
642:
3553:
4519:
721:
Several possible benefits associated with false memory arrive from
144:. This indication supports false memory as an existing phenomenon.
3003:
Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1993). "The reality of repressed memories".
2849:"Opinion | The Forgotten Lessons of the Recovered Memory Movement"
1986:
Methods, measures, and theories in eyewitness identification tasks
1472:"The movie that doesn't exist and the Redditors who think it does"
4232:
2245:"False memory tasks do not reliably predict other false memories"
2242:
1614:"Critically Thinking About the Mandela Effect | Psychology Today"
383:
351:
346:
267:
1943:"We're underestimating the mind-warping potential of fake video"
1694:"Collective False Memories: What's Behind the 'Mandela Effect'?"
1558:"Collective False Memories: What's Behind the 'Mandela Effect'?"
641:. After a nearly unanimous decision, Isabella had been declared
155:
3968:
2092:
Ost, James; Foster, Samantha; Costall, Alan; Bull, Ray (2005).
1882:"Can groups of people "remember" something that didn't happen?"
1526:
1241:
373:
360:
3411:
1819:
Brown, Adam D.; Kouri, Nicole; Hirst, William (23 July 2012).
1336:"No, Darth Vader Didn't Actually Say 'Luke, I Am Your Father'"
2094:"False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews"
397:
about the Mandela effect and associated online jokes about a
2787:
899:
684:
One of children's most notable setbacks in memory recall is
270:
station clock in Italy, subject of a collective false memory
3667:
Nash, Robert A.; Berkowitz, Shari R.; Roche, Simon (2016).
3507:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
2976:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
2690:"PTSD diagnosis and treatment for mental health clinicians"
2335:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
2296:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
2249:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
2150:
848:
Zongwill, O. L. (2019). Memory abnormality. Retrieved from
559:
394:
3618:
Goodman, Gail S; Quas, Jodi D; Redlich, Allison A (1998).
2526:
801:
3504:
2593:
1790:"On a Grandma's House and the Unknowability of the Past"
1589:"The 'Mandela effect' and the science of false memories"
1199:
1006:
752:, the feeling of unfamiliarity with recognized memories.
3121:
1640:"The Science Behind the Reality-Bending Mandela Effect"
1522:"Did Sinbad Play a Genie in the 1990s Movie 'Shazaam'?"
286:
dying in prison in the 1980s, despite Mandela actually
3127:, vol. 58, New York: Springer, pp. 193–242,
1042:
3331:"Ethical Issues in the Search for Repressed Memories"
2438:
850:
https://www.britannica.com/science/memory-abnormality
555:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
255:"Mandela Effect" redirects here. For other uses, see
2972:"False memories in therapy and hypnosis before 1980"
2970:
Patihis, Lawrence; Younes Burton, Helena J. (2015).
2969:
2091:
570:
Therapists who subscribe to the theories underlying
3370:Carey, Benedict; Hoffman, Jan (25 September 2018).
3196:
2652:
1305:"Did the Fruit of the Loom logo have a cornucopia?"
503:superior memory are susceptible to false memories.
477:
Natural factors for the formation of false memories
3666:
3617:
3582:
3474:
3270:. False Memory Syndrome Foundation. 1 April 1997.
1271:
1038:
1036:
1586:
4960:
3840:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2878:Ware, Robert C. (1995). "Scylla and Charybdis".
1359:
165:separate effects: true effect and false effect.
1818:
1587:Drinkwater, Ken; Dagnall, Neil (19 July 2019).
1360:Prasad, Deepasri; Bainbridge, Wilma A. (2022).
1033:
419:abstracted representations of the information.
3888:
3830:. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
2243:Patihis, L.; Frenda, S.; Loftus, E.F. (2018).
1784:
875:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
3984:
3848:
3078:
2087:
2085:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1997:
1100:
381:, and the 1960s animated genie-themed series
216:
156:Presuppositions and the misinformation effect
3539:
3468:
3369:
3231:
1998:Brainerd, C.J.; Reyna, V.F. (October 2002).
992:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
902:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
872:
707:
377:featuring a genie played by basketball star
349:, and the existence of a 1990s movie titled
331:, "Luke, I am your father" in the climax of
4115:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
3407:
3405:
2912:
2765:
2752:. In S.J. Lynn & K.M. McConkey (Eds.),
2328:
2193:
2004:Current Directions in Psychological Science
491:own memory abilities, trauma symptoms, and
150:
3991:
3977:
3324:
3322:
3320:
2766:Mertz, Elizabeth; Bowman, Cynthia (1998),
2082:
2036:
1725:"Does this picture look a bit off to you?"
758:, a memory that is not recognized as such.
441:
3879:
3692:
3346:
3292:
3055:
2987:
2823:
2813:
2705:
2570:
2552:
2495:
2481:
2415:
2405:
2287:
2219:
2194:Ghetti, Simona; Bunge, Silvia A. (2012).
1854:
1836:
1504:; the marathon featured movies including
868:
866:
864:
828:Knafo, D. (2009). Freud's memory erased.
804:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
797:
795:
793:
791:
481:
3954:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3937:
3749:Jarrett, Christian (23 September 2013).
3585:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
3402:
3348:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.3.323
3293:Gerrietts, Jennifer (27 February 1997).
3031:
2687:
2322:
2236:
1973:Journal of experimental child psychology
1722:
585:Therapists have used strategies such as
537:
261:
229:
3748:
3500:
3498:
3328:
3317:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2846:
2373:
1940:
1500:28 December 1994, on the cable channel
1441:Bannon, Jessica Lyn (16 January 2022).
431:The strength hypothesis states that in
14:
4979:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
4961:
3806:
3382:from the original on 26 September 2018
3037:
3002:
2646:
2596:"Sleep Deprivation and False Memories"
2053:
1555:
1440:
1143:
973:
942:
861:
788:
426:
3972:
3801:Recovered Memories and False Memories
3763:from the original on 21 November 2018
3447:
3441:
3178:from the original on 20 November 2021
2794:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2000:"Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory"
1922:from the original on 25 February 2021
1916:CogBlog – A Cognitive Psychology Blog
1876:
1874:
1800:from the original on 17 February 2022
1753:
1735:from the original on 11 November 2020
1663:
1637:
1568:from the original on 25 November 2020
1551:
1549:
1534:from the original on 19 December 2021
1465:
1463:
1333:
1302:
1266:
1264:
1249:from the original on 17 February 2022
1234:
1181:from the original on 12 November 2020
1144:Bhengu, Cebelihle (6 November 2019).
716:
661:disclosing controversy to a subject.
620:
413:
3495:
3305:from the original on 22 October 2020
2942:
2877:
2866:
2847:Watters, Ethan (27 September 2022).
2681:
2634:from the original on 18 October 2019
2529:"Sleep Loss Produces False Memories"
2361:from the original on 22 October 2020
2275:from the original on 23 October 2020
2200:Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
1892:from the original on 18 January 2021
1766:from the original on 10 January 2021
1556:Aamodt, Caitlin (16 February 2016).
1519:
1469:
1315:from the original on 30 January 2021
1284:from the original on 12 January 2022
524:
3274:from the original on 9 October 2019
2759:
1723:Fernando, Gavin (8 November 2016).
949:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
3924:
3779:
2132:from the original on 27 March 2020
1953:from the original on 15 March 2021
1871:
1700:. 16 February 2017. Archived from
1546:
1482:from the original on 26 March 2021
1460:
1261:
1193:
1009:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
453:
32:For the novel by Dean Koontz, see
25:
4995:
4396:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
3335:American Journal of Psychotherapy
3125:True and False Recovered Memories
2756:, (pp. 3-31). New York: Guilford.
2153:The Journal of Genetic Psychology
1638:Dimou, Eleni (30 December 2021).
1470:Tait, Amelia (21 December 2016).
943:Beaver, David I. (1 April 2011).
250:
245:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
4941:
4929:
3998:
3936:
3816:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2892:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1995.00005.x
2880:Journal of Analytical Psychology
1941:Resnick, Brian (20 April 2018).
1754:Cooke, Henry (12 October 2017).
1334:Palma, Bethania (20 July 2022).
1115:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01615.x
601:The "lost-in-the-mall" technique
565:
299:Bologna Centrale railway station
3751:"False memories have an upside"
3742:
3733:
3709:
3660:
3611:
3576:
3533:
3363:
3286:
3260:
3225:
3190:
3156:
3115:
3072:
2996:
2963:
2936:
2906:
2840:
2781:
2730:
2694:Community Mental Health Journal
2587:
2520:
2475:
2432:
2187:
2144:
2030:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1934:
1904:
1812:
1778:
1747:
1716:
1686:
1657:
1631:
1606:
1580:
1513:
1507:Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger
1494:
1434:
1408:
1353:
1327:
1296:
1228:
1163:
1137:
1094:
1077:
1071:
955:from the original on 1 May 2020
257:Mandela Effect (disambiguation)
4606:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
4479:Memory and social interactions
3852:; Marsh, Elizabeth J. (2009).
3415:American Journal of Psychiatry
1520:Evon, Dan (28 December 2016).
1017:10.1016/B0-12-657410-3/00380-9
1000:
967:
936:
893:
842:
822:
625:
371:movies in 1994, the 1996 film
49:is a phenomenon where someone
13:
1:
3903:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-08
3756:British Psychological Society
3199:Journal of Applied Psychology
2930:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09
2688:Friedman, Matthew J. (1996).
1303:Tweed, Carter (29 May 2017).
1280:. London. 20 September 2016.
1235:Emery, David (24 July 2016).
914:10.1080/17470218.2016.1237980
887:10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80011-3
830:Psychoanalytic Psychology, 26
781:
450:recall the object or detail.
203:
64:
4315:Retrieval-induced forgetting
3673:Applied Cognitive Psychology
3627:Applied Cognitive Psychology
3597:10.1016/0022-0965(91)90065-z
3477:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2554:10.1371/journal.pone.0003512
2068:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90023-7
1664:Beran, Dale (30 July 2019).
1214:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.08.002
589:, repeated questioning, and
104:, other verbs used included
7:
3168:Women's Rights Law Reporter
3133:10.1007/978-1-4614-1195-6_7
729:
668:
607:
408:
10:
5000:
4653:Levels of Processing model
4578:World Memory Championships
4411:Lost in the mall technique
4258:dissociative (psychogenic)
3803:. Oxford University Press.
3211:10.1037/0021-9010.64.3.339
3017:10.1037/0003-066x.48.5.518
2957:10.1037/0003-066x.52.9.988
1668:(1st ed.). New York:
762:Lost in the mall technique
541:
254:
217:Staged naturalistic events
31:
4924:
4879:
4848:
4707:
4700:
4593:
4565:
4497:
4454:
4426:
4386:
4328:
4223:
4129:
4104:
4056:
4049:
4006:
3881:10.4249/scholarpedia.3858
3785:Bjorklund, D. F. (2014).
3519:10.1080/00207149408409361
3268:"FMSF Newsletter Archive"
2506:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.340
2212:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.05.002
2165:10.1080/00221320009596724
2110:10.1080/09658210444000340
1378:10.1177/09567976221108944
1057:10.1007/s12144-997-1000-5
708:Ethics and public opinion
506:
301:, which was damaged in a
4691:The Seven Sins of Memory
4636:Intermediate-term memory
4441:Indirect tests of memory
4418:Recovered-memory therapy
4368:Misattribution of memory
3462:10.1525/sp.2005.52.4.529
3329:Merskey, Harold (1996).
2806:10.1177/1745691619862306
2655:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2612:10.1177/0956797614534694
1838:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00257
572:recovered-memory therapy
460:University of Washington
337:(he actually says, "No,
151:Manifestations and types
27:Psychological occurrence
4378:Source-monitoring error
3101:10.1126/science.6623094
2667:10.1053/comp.2001.24588
2453:10.1111/1467-9280.00266
2407:10.1073/pnas.1314373110
2016:10.1111/1467-8721.00192
1825:Frontiers in Psychology
1618:www.psychologytoday.com
736:Source-monitoring error
442:Construction hypothesis
334:The Empire Strikes Back
4785:George Armitage Miller
4745:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
3932:
3912:Listen to this article
3799:Conway, M. A. (1997).
3489:10.1002/acp.2350010402
3234:Law and Human Behavior
2776:10.1037/e300392004-003
2748:1 October 2021 at the
675:childhood sexual abuse
482:Individual differences
282:anti-apartheid leader
271:
4948:Philosophy portal
4936:Psychology portal
4800:Henry L. Roediger III
4401:False memory syndrome
4373:Misinformation effect
4353:Imagination inflation
3931:
3044:Learning & Memory
3038:Loftus, E.F. (2005).
3005:American Psychologist
2945:American Psychologist
2600:Psychological Science
2441:Psychological Science
1366:Psychological Science
1103:Psychological Science
816:10.1093/clipsy.bph055
686:source misattribution
549:False memory syndrome
544:False memory syndrome
538:False memory syndrome
265:
230:Relational processing
193:misinformation effect
59:source misattribution
4305:Motivated forgetting
3963:More spoken articles
3789:. Psychology Press.
3427:10.1176/ajp.153.7.71
2329:Patihis, L. (2018).
2056:Cognitive Psychology
1237:"The Mandela Effect"
1011:. pp. 171–184.
855:30 June 2020 at the
363:suggests could be a
34:False Memory (novel)
4815:Arthur P. Shimamura
4715:Richard C. Atkinson
4532:Effects of exercise
4406:Memory implantation
4290:Interference theory
4206:Selective retention
4186:Meaningful learning
3872:2009SchpJ...4.3858I
3722:6 June 2020 at the
3093:1983Sci...222..523L
2545:2008PLoSO...3.3512D
2398:2013PNAS..11020947P
2392:(52): 20947–20952.
1788:(9 February 2017).
1704:on 28 February 2017
976:Jurimetrics Journal
427:Strength hypothesis
4912:Andriy Slyusarchuk
4735:Hermann Ebbinghaus
4641:Involuntary memory
4542:Memory improvement
4527:Effects of alcohol
4489:Transactive memory
4467:Politics of memory
4436:Exceptional memory
3933:
3891:Psychiatric Annals
3850:Roediger, Henry L.
3807:French, C (2003).
3715:Dodgson, Lindsay.
3395:Remembering Trauma
3376:The New York Times
3246:10.1007/BF01040624
2989:10.1037/cns0000044
2918:Psychiatric Annals
2853:The New York Times
2707:10.1007/bf02249755
2347:10.1037/cns0000143
2308:10.1037/cns0000148
2261:10.1037/cns0000147
1422:. 5 September 2022
1309:Alternate Memories
1045:Current Psychology
723:fuzzy-trace theory
717:Potential benefits
634:Ramona v. Isabella
621:Effects on society
576:repressed memories
414:Fuzzy-trace theory
359:as a genie (which
355:starring comedian
292:parallel realities
272:
241:fuzzy-trace theory
235:when I was five a
4956:
4955:
4920:
4919:
4907:Cosmos Rossellius
4755:Marcia K. Johnson
4626:Exosomatic memory
4611:Context-dependent
4601:Absent-mindedness
4484:Memory conformity
4462:Collective memory
4363:Memory conformity
4300:Memory inhibition
4219:
4218:
4211:Tip of the tongue
3929:
3542:Child Development
3174:: 49. 1998–1999.
3142:978-1-4614-1194-9
3087:(4623): 523–524.
2914:McElroy, Susan L.
1679:978-1-250-21947-3
1644:Popular Mechanics
1562:Discover Magazine
1372:(12): 1971–1988.
1026:978-0-12-657410-4
908:(11): 2347–2356.
768:Memory conformity
697:memory implanting
525:Sleep deprivation
433:strong situations
369:Sinbad the Sailor
317:Fruit of the Loom
16:(Redirected from
4991:
4974:Memory disorders
4946:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4887:Jonathan Hancock
4840:Robert Stickgold
4810:Richard Shiffrin
4765:Elizabeth Loftus
4705:
4704:
4621:Childhood memory
4428:Research methods
4310:Repressed memory
4285:Forgetting curve
4273:transient global
4144:Autobiographical
4054:
4053:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3939:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3885:
3883:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3813:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3728:Business Insider
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3685:10.1002/acp.3274
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3648:on 9 August 2017
3647:
3641:. Archived from
3624:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3057:10.1101/lm.94705
3035:
3029:
3028:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2875:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2800:(6): 1072–1095.
2785:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2757:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2606:(9): 1674–1681.
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2556:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2051:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1794:Pacific Standard
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1670:All Points Books
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1593:The Conversation
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1420:ABC7 Los Angeles
1412:
1406:
1405:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1051:(3–4): 181–224.
1040:
1031:
1030:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
983:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
945:"Presupposition"
940:
934:
933:
897:
891:
890:
870:
859:
846:
840:
838:10.1037/a0015557
826:
820:
819:
799:
702:implanted-memory
534:event encoding.
379:Shaquille O'Neal
312:Berenstain Bears
94:Elizabeth Loftus
21:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4916:
4897:Dominic O'Brien
4875:
4844:
4825:Susumu Tonegawa
4805:Daniel Schacter
4780:Eleanor Maguire
4770:Geoffrey Loftus
4725:Stephen J. Ceci
4720:Robert A. Bjork
4696:
4615:state-dependent
4589:
4561:
4493:
4474:Cultural memory
4450:
4446:Memory disorder
4422:
4382:
4324:
4215:
4125:
4100:
4045:
4002:
3997:
3967:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3944:This audio file
3941:
3934:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3897:(12): 727–731.
3833:
3832:
3811:
3782:
3780:Further reading
3777:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3724:Wayback Machine
3714:
3710:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3581:
3577:
3554:10.2307/1130229
3538:
3534:
3503:
3496:
3473:
3469:
3450:Social Problems
3446:
3442:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3364:
3327:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3230:
3226:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3143:
3120:
3116:
3077:
3073:
3036:
3032:
3001:
2997:
2968:
2964:
2941:
2937:
2924:(12): 731–735.
2911:
2907:
2876:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2845:
2841:
2786:
2782:
2764:
2760:
2754:Truth in memory
2750:Wayback Machine
2737:Kihlstrom, J.F.
2735:
2731:
2686:
2682:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2592:
2588:
2525:
2521:
2480:
2476:
2437:
2433:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2327:
2323:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2241:
2237:
2192:
2188:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2090:
2083:
2052:
2037:
2031:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1975:. 71(2) 184-193
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1886:Hopes&Fears
1880:
1879:
1872:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1175:The Independent
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1109:(10): 785–791.
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1005:
1001:
985:
984:
972:
968:
958:
956:
941:
937:
898:
894:
871:
862:
857:Wayback Machine
847:
843:
827:
823:
800:
789:
784:
732:
719:
710:
671:
628:
623:
610:
604:its falsehood.
568:
546:
540:
527:
509:
484:
479:
456:
454:Skeleton theory
444:
429:
416:
411:
260:
253:
232:
219:
206:
158:
153:
124:using the verb
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Paul R. McHugh
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Ivan Izquierdo
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Hindsight bias
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Memory erasure
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:post-traumatic
4250:
4245:
4240:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:Personal-event
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4121:Working memory
4118:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:Motor learning
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4007:Basic concepts
4004:
4003:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3956:
3942:
3935:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3886:
3854:"False memory"
3846:
3804:
3797:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3741:
3732:
3708:
3679:(6): 885–897.
3659:
3633:(3): 207–217.
3610:
3591:(3): 297–318.
3575:
3548:(5): 1145–55.
3532:
3513:(4): 304–320.
3494:
3483:(4): 225–239.
3467:
3456:(4): 529–548.
3440:
3401:
3362:
3341:(3): 323–335.
3316:
3301:. p. 27.
3285:
3259:
3240:(4): 323–334.
3224:
3205:(3): 339–347.
3189:
3155:
3141:
3114:
3071:
3050:(4): 361–366.
3030:
3011:(5): 518–537.
2995:
2982:(2): 153–169.
2962:
2951:(9): 988–989.
2935:
2905:
2865:
2839:
2780:
2758:
2742:Exhumed memory
2729:
2700:(2): 173–189.
2680:
2661:(4): 342–348.
2645:
2586:
2519:
2497:10.1.1.498.181
2490:(2): 340–345.
2474:
2447:(4): 333–337.
2431:
2372:
2341:(2): 180–184.
2321:
2302:(2): 161–179.
2286:
2255:(2): 140–160.
2235:
2206:(4): 381–395.
2186:
2159:(4): 453–468.
2143:
2104:(7): 700–710.
2081:
2062:(4): 560–572.
2035:
2029:
2010:(5): 164–169.
1990:
1977:
1964:
1933:
1903:
1870:
1811:
1786:Gabbert, Elisa
1777:
1746:
1715:
1685:
1678:
1672:. p. 16.
1656:
1630:
1605:
1579:
1545:
1512:
1493:
1459:
1433:
1407:
1352:
1326:
1295:
1260:
1227:
1208:(5): 686–687.
1192:
1162:
1136:
1093:
1076:
1070:
1032:
1025:
999:
966:
935:
892:
881:(5): 585–589.
860:
841:
832:(2), 171–190.
821:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
770:
765:
759:
753:
745:
739:
731:
728:
718:
715:
709:
706:
670:
667:
655:tubal ligation
627:
624:
622:
619:
609:
606:
567:
564:
542:Main article:
539:
536:
526:
523:
518:suggestibility
508:
505:
483:
480:
478:
475:
455:
452:
443:
440:
428:
425:
415:
412:
410:
407:
329:Luke Skywalker
284:Nelson Mandela
252:
251:Mandela effect
249:
231:
228:
218:
215:
205:
202:
186:
185:
174:
162:presupposition
157:
154:
152:
149:
66:
63:
55:Suggestibility
26:
18:False memories
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4996:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:Memory biases
4967:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4871:Clive Wearing
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Endel Tulving
4833:
4831:
4830:Anne Treisman
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Brenda Milner
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:James McGaugh
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Sigmund Freud
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:retrospective
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Muscle memory
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:Art of memory
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Memory biases
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Confabulation
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:Memory errors
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:post-hypnotic
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Rote learning
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Hyperthymesia
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Active recall
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Consolidation
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:9781138003224
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:(10): e3512.
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1476:New Statesman
1473:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1278:The Telegraph
1274:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1091:(3), 319-327.
1090:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
982:(3): 188–193.
981:
977:
970:
954:
950:
946:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
867:
865:
858:
854:
851:
845:
839:
835:
831:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
796:
794:
792:
787:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
727:
724:
714:
705:
703:
698:
693:
691:
687:
682:
678:
676:
666:
662:
658:
656:
650:
646:
644:
640:
639:sodium amytal
636:
635:
618:
614:
605:
602:
598:
594:
592:
591:bibliotherapy
588:
583:
580:
577:
573:
566:Psychotherapy
563:
561:
557:
556:
550:
545:
535:
531:
522:
519:
513:
504:
500:
498:
497:trauma memory
494:
488:
474:
470:
466:
463:
461:
451:
447:
439:
436:
434:
424:
420:
406:
402:
400:
399:time traveler
396:
392:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:confabulation
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
307:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
288:dying in 2013
285:
281:
280:South African
277:
269:
264:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
227:
223:
214:
210:
201:
197:
194:
189:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
148:
145:
143:
142:memory recall
137:
135:
131:
127:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
90:
88:
85:was a French
84:
78:
76:
75:Sigmund Freud
72:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4902:Ben Pridmore
4820:Larry Squire
4730:Susan Clancy
4689:
4573:Memory sport
4498:Other topics
4388:False memory
4387:
4343:Cryptomnesia
4320:Weapon focus
4280:Decay theory
4041:Neuroanatomy
4000:Human memory
3894:
3890:
3863:
3859:Scholarpedia
3857:
3836:cite journal
3819:
3815:
3800:
3786:
3765:. Retrieved
3754:
3744:
3735:
3727:
3711:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3643:the original
3630:
3626:
3613:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3510:
3506:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3421:(7): 71–82.
3418:
3414:
3394:
3391:
3386:26 September
3384:. Retrieved
3375:
3365:
3338:
3334:
3307:. Retrieved
3299:Argus-Leader
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3262:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3171:
3167:
3158:
3124:
3117:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2883:
2879:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2815:11343/245210
2797:
2793:
2783:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2741:
2732:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2603:
2599:
2589:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2338:
2334:
2324:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2252:
2248:
2238:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2101:
2097:
2059:
2055:
2032:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1793:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1697:
1688:
1665:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1561:
1536:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1505:
1496:
1486:21 September
1484:. Retrieved
1475:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1288:21 September
1286:. Retrieved
1277:
1253:21 September
1251:. Retrieved
1240:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1008:
1002:
988:cite journal
979:
975:
969:
957:. Retrieved
948:
938:
905:
901:
895:
878:
874:
844:
829:
824:
807:
803:
772:
756:Cryptomnesia
747:
720:
711:
694:
683:
679:
672:
663:
659:
651:
647:
632:
629:
615:
611:
599:
595:
587:hypnotherapy
584:
581:
569:
553:
547:
532:
528:
514:
510:
501:
489:
485:
471:
467:
464:
457:
448:
445:
437:
430:
421:
417:
403:
393:
382:
372:
350:
343:Mr. Monopoly
338:
332:
319:featuring a
310:
308:
296:
273:
233:
224:
220:
211:
207:
198:
190:
187:
181:
178:false effect
177:
170:
159:
146:
138:
133:
129:
125:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
91:
83:Pierre Janet
79:
71:Pierre Janet
68:
47:false memory
46:
40:
38:
29:
4760:Eric Kandel
4708:Researchers
4680:Prospective
4631:Free recall
4585:Shas Pollak
4238:anterograde
4154:Declarative
3866:(8): 3858.
3822:: 153–174.
3767:21 November
3182:17 February
2886:(1): 5–22.
1957:20 December
1770:27 February
1739:27 February
1729:News.com.au
1708:27 February
1572:12 December
1538:12 February
1319:25 November
690:adolescence
626:Legal cases
521:childhood.
325:Darth Vader
171:true effect
87:neurologist
4963:Categories
4795:Lynn Nadel
4673:intertrial
4658:Metamemory
4646:flashbacks
4566:In society
4263:retrograde
4225:Forgetting
4196:Procedural
4106:Short-term
4076:Eyewitness
3959:Audio help
3950:2019-07-30
3278:26 October
2858:16 January
2638:1 December
1478:. London.
1452:6 December
1426:6 December
1345:6 December
782:References
704:studies".
493:attachment
389:Steve Biko
345:wearing a
321:cornucopia
276:paranormal
204:Word lists
65:Early work
43:psychology
4547:Nutrition
4455:In groups
4268:selective
4243:childhood
4171:Flashbulb
4131:Long-term
4031:Attention
3828:1355-8250
3254:146947540
2724:143532335
2563:1932-6203
2492:CiteSeerX
2355:149974111
2316:173992031
2269:150202452
2024:0963-7214
1988:. 325-352
1847:1664-1078
1402:241793849
1386:1467-9280
1185:3 October
1150:TimesLIVE
1065:144603817
930:205924157
774:Inception
749:Jamais vu
643:negligent
306:bombing.
237:chihuahua
118:contacted
92:In 1974,
4849:Patients
4520:mnemonic
4515:chunking
4181:Implicit
4164:Semantic
4159:Episodic
4149:Explicit
4014:Encoding
3961: ·
3761:Archived
3720:Archived
3703:28111495
3380:Archived
3309:27 April
3303:Archived
3272:Archived
3219:31305222
3176:Archived
3151:22303768
3066:16027179
2834:31584864
2746:Archived
2739:(1998).
2675:11936143
2632:Archived
2620:25031301
2581:18946511
2533:PLOS ONE
2514:16768567
2461:11273395
2426:24248358
2359:Archived
2273:Archived
2230:22770728
2181:34798568
2173:11117101
2136:27 March
2130:Archived
2126:33621927
2118:16191820
2076:16731808
1951:Archived
1920:Archived
1890:Archived
1865:22837750
1798:Archived
1764:Archived
1733:Archived
1698:The Crux
1566:Archived
1532:Archived
1480:Archived
1447:The Hill
1394:36219739
1313:Archived
1282:Archived
1247:Archived
1222:19111288
1179:Archived
1131:16608445
1123:16181441
953:Archived
922:27643483
853:Archived
810:: 3–28.
730:See also
669:Children
608:Hypnosis
409:Theories
327:telling
110:collided
4668:Priming
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