1011:
surnames needed them. In 1526, King
Frederik I of Denmark-Norway ordered that noble families must take up fixed surnames, and many of them took as their name some element of their coat of arms; for example, the Rosenkrantz ("rose wreath") family took their surname from a wreath of roses comprising the torse of their arms, and the Gyldenstierne ("golden star") family took theirs from a 7-pointed gold star on their shield. Subsequently, many middle-class Scandinavian families desired names similar to those of the nobles and adopted "ornamental" surnames as well. Most other naming traditions refer to them as "acquired". They might be given to people newly immigrated, conquered, or converted, as well as those with unknown parentage, formerly enslaved, or from parentage without a surname tradition.
2262:, the custom is for people to have two surnames, with the first surname coming from the father and the second from the mother; the opposite order is now legally allowed in Spain but still unusual. In informal situations typically only the first one is used, although both are needed for legal purposes. A child's first surname will usually be their father's first surname, while the child's second surname will usually be their mother's first surname. For example, if José García Torres and María Acosta Gómez had a child named Pablo, then his full name would be Pablo García Acosta. One family member's relationship to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of surnames.
3012:
2762:
either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames – he or she may have up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his/her parents and grandparents' surnames). The use of any surname outside this lot, or of more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. Parents or the person him/herself must explain the claims they have to bear that surname (a family nickname, a rare surname lost in past generations, or any other reason one may find suitable). In Brazil, there is no limit of surnames used.
1842:
by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). In Czech and Slovak, the pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evolved to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: examples in Czech are Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů. These are the archaic form of the possessive, related to the plural name of the family. Such rare surnames are also often used for transgender persons during transition because most common surnames are gender-specific.
2049:. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as "John Smith-Jones" and "Mary Smith-Jones". A spouse may also opt to use their birth name as a middle name, and e.g. become known as "Mary Jones Smith". An additional option, although rarely practiced, is the adoption of the last name derived from a blend of the prior names, such as "Simones", which also requires a legal name change. Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames.
632:
409:. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire, however it was not until the 11th century that surnames came to be used in West Europe.
413:
Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and
Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of
2723:, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since many Hispanics are unfamiliar with this and other compound surnames, "Paz y Miño" might be inadvertently mistaken as "Paz" for the paternal surname and "Miño" for the maternal surname. Although Miño did start off as the maternal surname in this compound surname, it was many generations ago, around five centuries, that it became compounded, and henceforth inherited and passed on as a compound.
2571:, the family's nickname is used instead of the surname: if one family is known as "Ñecos" because of an ancestor who was known as "Ñecu", they would be "José el de Ñecu" or "Ana la de Ñecu" (collective: the Ñeco's). Some common nicknames are "Rubiu" (blond or red hair), "Roju" (reddish, referring to their red hair), "Chiqui" (small), "Jinchu" (big), and a bunch of names about certain characteristics, family relationship or geographical origin (
3000:
along with the institution of civil registries, all children now have surnames. During the mid-20th century, under French influence and among upper classes, women started to take up their husbands' surname(s). From the 1960s onwards, this usage spread to the common people, again under French influence, this time, however, due to the forceful legal adoption of their husbands' surname which was imposed onto
Portuguese immigrant women in France.
2121:
54:
428:. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most
1858:
with the ending "-s" – "Iron", ("iron"), "rock", 2) as well as surnames of both genders, which are written in the same nominative case because corresponds to nouns in the third declension ending in "-us" "Grigus", "Markus"; 3) surnames based on an adjective have indefinite suffixes typical of adjectives "-s, -a" ("Stalts", "Stalta") or the specified endings "-ais, -ā" ("Čaklais", "Čaklā") ("diligent").
153:
1891:-owa. In Lithuania, if the husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his unmarried daughter will be named Vilkaitė. Male surnames have suffixes -as, -is, -ius, or -us, unmarried girl surnames aitė, -ytė, -iūtė or -utė, wife surnames -ienė. These suffixes are also used for foreign names, exclusively for grammar; Welby, the surname of
2988:". He was often referred to in 12th-century documents as "Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia", Soeiro Mendes, lord of Maia. Noblewomen also bore patronymics and surnames in the same manner and never bore their husband's surnames. First-born males bore their father's surname, other children bore either both or only one of them at their will.
1444:, for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization; the surname
2761:
Each person usually has two family names: though the law specifies no order, the first one is usually the maternal family name, whereas the last one is commonly the paternal family name. In
Portugal, a person's full name has a minimum legal length of two names (one given name and one family name from
2539:
A new trend in the United States for
Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is done because American-born English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names and thus mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name. In doing so
2448:
corresponding to "Mrs Gómez"). Feminist activists have criticized this custom as they consider it sexist. In some countries, this form may be mainly social and not an official name change, i.e. her name would still legally be her birth name. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only
1938:
and, according to law or custom, is passed or given to children from at least one of their parents' family names. The use of family names is common in most cultures around the world, but each culture has its own rules as to how the names are formed, passed, and used. However, the style of having both
1853:
In Greece, if a man called
Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple has decided their offspring will take his surname), the genitive form, as if the daughter is "of" a man named Papadopoulos. Likewise, the surnames of daughters of males with surnames ending in
1849:
Generally, inflected languages use names and surnames as living words, not as static identifiers. Thus, the pair or the family can be named by a plural form which can differ from the singular male and female form. For instance, when the male form is Novák and the female form Nováková, the family name
1605:
In
English and other languages like Spanish—although the usual order of names is "first middle last"—for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle," with the last and first names separated by a comma, and
3007:
onwards the adoption of their husbands' surname(s) receded again, and today both the adoption and non-adoption occur, with non-adoption being chosen in the majority of cases in recent years (60%). Also, it is legally possible for the husband to adopt his wife's surname(s), but this practice is rare.
2777:
The custom of a woman changing her name upon marriage is recent. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their
2715:
is in fact the paternal surname, being a true compound surname. His children, therefore, would inherit the compound surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname, while
Estrella would be lost, since the mother's paternal surname becomes the children's second surname (as their own maternal surname).
2710:
as his first given name, Telmo as his middle name, the true compound surname Paz y Miño as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and
Estrella as his second (i.e. maternal) surname. Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño.
2563:
and in Cuba, people are often informally known by the name of their dwelling or collective family nickname rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives at Ca l'Elvira would be referred to as "Remei de Ca l'Elvira"; and Adela
Barreira López who is part of the "Provisores"
2535:
Some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname, even if not formally, so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in. Similarly, foreigners with just one surname may be asked to provide a second surname on official documents in Spanish-speaking
2531:
Sometimes, for single mothers or when the father would or could not recognize the child, the mother's surname has been used twice: for example, "Ana Reyes Reyes". In Spain, however, children with just one parent receive both surnames of that parent, although the order may also be changed. In 1973 in
1914:
The common Celtic prefixes "Ó" or "Ua" (descendant of) and "Mac" or "Mag" (son of) can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, yielding "Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan". Other Irish prefixes include Ní, Nic (daughter of the son of),
1910:
Many surnames include prefixes that may or may not be separated by a space or punctuation from the main part of the surname. These are usually not considered true compound names, rather single surnames are made up of more than one word. These prefixes often give hints about the type or origin of the
1857:
Latvian, like Lithuanian, use strictly feminized surnames for women, even in the case of foreign names. The function of the suffix is purely grammar. Male surnames ending -e or -a need not be modified for women. An exception is 1) the female surnames which correspond to nouns in the sixth declension
1841:
In Slavic languages, substantivized adjective surnames have commonly symmetrical adjective variants for males and females (Podwiński/Podwińska in Polish, Nový/Nová in Czech or Slovak, etc.). In the case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant
225:
While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent. Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location
196:
Depending on culture, the surname may be placed at either the start of a person's name, or at the end. The number of surnames given to an individual also varies: in most cases it is just one, but in many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames are used for legal purposes. Depending on culture, not
2999:
Until the end of the 19th century, it was common for women, especially those from a very poor background, not to have a surname and so to be known only by their first names. A woman would then adopt her husband's full surname after marriage. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal,
2014:
in 1855, and there has been a general increase in the rate of women using their birth name. Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices (writes one commentator) were recognized as "com into conflict with current sensitivities about children's and women's rights".
2001:
In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man's changing (or hyphenating) his family name, so
1958:
denied paternity, the newborn child would have the surname of the mother. That is still the custom or law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father. In recent years, there has been a trend towards equality of treatment in relation to family
1890:
used different female forms for unmarried daughters (Jordanojc, Nowcyc, Kubašec, Markulic), and for wives (Nowakowa, Budarka, Nowcyna, Markulina). In Polish, typical surnames for unmarried women ended -ówna, -anka, or -ianka, while the surnames of married women used the possessive suffixes -ina or
1218:
Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of the family of Wassa", while "Lucci"
1205:
Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the
1010:
are made up of names, not specific to any attribute (place, parentage, occupation, caste) of the first person to acquire the name, and stem from the middle class's desire for their own hereditary names like the nobles. They were generally acquired later in history and generally when those without
2072:
now permits parents to give their children the family name of either their father, mother, or hyphenation of both – although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, both names are used in alphabetical order. This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the
514:
During the modern era many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. The Napoleonic Code, adopted in various parts of Europe, stipulated that people should be known by both
2773:
are somewhat different from the ones in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually, the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname, whereas in Portuguese-speaking countries the father's name is the last, mother's coming first. A woman may adopt her husband's surname(s), but
2393:
In Spain, feminist activism pushed for a law approved in 1999 that allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they (and the child, if over 12) agree, although this order must be the same for all their
964:
This is the broadest class of surnames, originating from nicknames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar", and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which,
204:
in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of
412:
Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in the
1953:
vary around the world. Traditionally in many European countries for the past few hundred years, it was the custom or the law for a woman, upon marriage, to use her husband's surname and for any children born to bear the father's surname. If a child's paternity was not known, or if the
1881:
Some Slavic cultures originally distinguished the surnames of married and unmarried women by different suffixes, but this distinction is no longer widely observed. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use the form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. In the culture of the
2797:, social significance, or other reasons. For example, is not uncommon for the firstborn male to be given the father's full name followed by "Júnior" or "Filho" (son), and the next generation's firstborn male to be given the grandfather's name followed by "Neto" (grandson). Hence
2540:
they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban Álvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be particularly troublesome in official matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban Álvarez Cobos, would become Esteban Álvarez-Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.
1210:
elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element
2424:
In Spain, a woman does not generally change her legal surname when she marries. In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, a woman may, on her marriage, drop her mother's surname and add her husband's surname to her father's surname using the preposition
1959:
names, with women being not automatically required, expected or, in some places, even forbidden, to take the husband's surname on marriage, with the children not automatically being given the father's surname. In this article, both family name and surname mean the
2477:, and to a certain extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becoming obsolete), but is frowned upon by people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if
2711:
He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (although other people use the "Paz" surname on its own). In this case,
1947:, with some cultures not using family names. Issues of family name arise especially on the passing of a name to a newborn child, the adoption of a common family name on marriage, the renunciation of a family name, and the changing of a family name.
2018:
Naming conventions in the US have gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2006, more than 80% of American women adopted the husband's family name after marriage.
1591:. Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname.
479:, with project leader Richard Coates calling the study "more detailed and accurate" than those before. He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be
5009:
Kelly, 99 W Va L Rev at 10; see id. at 10 n 25 (The custom of taking the father's surname assumes that the child is born to parents in a "state-sanctioned marriage". The custom is different for children born to unmarried parents.). Cited in
1989:
of England (reigned 1509–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. In England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her
1559:, it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also
2774:
nevertheless, she usually keeps her birth name or at least the last one. Since 1977 in Portugal and 2012 in Brazil, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. When this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage.
1238:, it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain".
188:
of a person, although several given names and surnames are possible in the full name. In modern times the "hereditary" requirement is a traditional, although common, interpretation, since in most countries a person has a right for a
4749:
The Celtic Englishes IV: The interface between English and the Celtic languages; Proceedings of the Fourth International Colloquium on the "Celtic Englishes" held at the University of Potsdam in Golm (Germany) from 22–26 September
4641:
Differences in publication behaviour between female and male scientists. Bibliometric analysis of longitudinal data from 1980 to 2005 with regard to gender differences in productivity and involvement, collaboration and citation
1536:
Since family names are normally written last in European societies, the terms last name or surname are commonly used for the family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing) the family name may be referred to as "upper name"
197:
all members of a family unit are required to have identical surnames. In some countries, surnames are modified depending on gender and family membership status of a person. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names.
3747:
2693:
Beyond the seemingly "compound" surname system in the Spanish-speaking world, there are also true compound surnames. These true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds. For instance, former chairman of the
2009:
The United States followed the naming customs and practices of English common law and traditions until recent times. The first known instance in the United States of a woman insisting on the use of her birth name was that of
1151:(smith). There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer's occupation or first name as their last name, adding the letter
2015:
Those changes accelerated a shift away from the interests of the parents to a focus on the best interests of the child. The law in this area continues to evolve today mainly in the context of paternity and custody actions.
1480:
and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as West Asia/North Africa, South Asia, and most Sub-Saharan African cultures), the surname or family name ("last name") is placed after the personal,
515:
their given name(s) and a family name that would not change across generations. Other notable examples include the Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the
2991:
Only during the Early Modern Age, lower-class males started to use at least one surname; married lower-class women usually took up their spouse's surname, since they rarely ever used one beforehand. After the
1845:
The informal dialectal female form in Polish and Czech dialects was also -ka (Pawlaczka, Kubeška). With the exception of the -ski/-ska suffix, most feminine forms of surnames are seldom observed in Polish.
2044:
It is exceedingly rare but does occur in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new last name by going through a legal change of name. As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a
1048:. Such abandoned children might be claimed and named by religious figures, the community leaders, or adoptive parents. Some such children were given surnames that reflected their condition, like (Italian)
1231:. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname.
1064:, Abbandonata, or (Dutch) Vondeling, Verlaeten, Bijstand. Other children were named for the street/place they were found (Union, Liquorpond (street), di Palermo, Baan, Bijdam, van den Eyngel (shop name),
2088:(1983), Finland (1985) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts.
2054:
279:
and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's
502:
In the modern era, governments have enacted laws to require people to adopt surnames. This served the purpose of uniquely identifying subjects for taxation purposes or for inheritance. In the late
2107:). This was seen as discriminatory by a part of the public. Since 1 January 2022, Czech women can decide for themselves whether they want to use the feminine or neutral form of their family name.
5528:
5415:
3572:
1583:, depending on the circumstances of their names, either saw no change or did see a transformation of their name. For example: Sire in some cases became Siri, and Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became
2058:("CEDAW"), which declared in effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name", as well as a profession and an occupation.
2736:, Spain is known for its incidence of true compound surnames, characterized for having the first portion of the surname as a patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic or more unusually a
3275:
Haas, Ann; Elliott, Marc N; Dembosky, Jacob W; Adams, John L; Wilson-Frederick, Shondelle M; Mallett, Joshua S; Gaillot, Sarah; Haffer, Samuel C; Haviland, Amelia M (1 February 2019).
2061:
In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California).
5434:"Real Decreto 193/2000, de 11 de febrero, de modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento del Registro Civil en materia relativa al nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos"
5199:
3743:
2037:). Upon marriage to a woman, men in the United States can change their surnames to that of their wives, or adopt a combination of both names with the federal government, through the
2996:, Portuguese authorities realized the benefits of enforcing the use and registry of surnames. Henceforth, they became mandatory, although the rules for their use were very liberal.
5572:
530:
In Breslau Prussia enacted the Hoym Ordinance in 1790, mandating the adoption of Jewish surnames. Napoleon also insisted on Jews adopting fixed names in a decree issued in 1808.
1014:
Ornamental surnames are more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly in Scandinavia, and among
241:(1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC.
8193:
4387:
2980:
In Medieval times, Portuguese nobility started to use one of their estates' names or the name of the town or village they ruled as their surname, just after their patronymic.
2100:
challenged prohibitions on women using their surname as the family name, an option only available to men. The Court found all these laws to be in violation of the convention.
2543:
In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as a legal marriage, the wife is referred to as "
5600:(Princeton University Press; 2014) 384 pages; uses statistical data on family names over generations to estimate social mobility in diverse societies and historical periods.
1864:
Finnish used gender-specific suffixes up to 1929 when the Marriage Act forced women to use the husband's form of the surname. In 1985, this clause was removed from the act.
5388:
1171:
could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval
3825:
2092:
challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife's surname to his surname, which they had chosen as the family name when this option was available for women.
5328:
5165:
4285:
2077:
requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979.
1918:
A surname with the prefix "Fitz" can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam" (like, for example,
4215:, In: Name and Naming. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Onomastics. Onomastics in Contemporary Public Space. Baia Mare, 9–11 May 2013, pp.504–517
3381:
2096:
challenged a prohibition on foreign men married to Swiss women keeping their surname if this option was provided in their national law, an option available to women.
1602:-speaking families in south India, surname is placed before personal / first name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth).
1065:
3990:
Preventing Identity Crime: Identity Theft and Identity Fraud: An Identity Crime Model and Legislative Analysis with Recommendations for Preventing Identity Crime
2981:
2528:
used with Spanish surnames. This can not be chosen by the person, as it is part of the surname, for example, "Puente" and "Del Puente" are not the same surname.
1223:". Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in
2022:
It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take his wife's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among
1850:
is Novákovi in Czech and Novákovci in Slovak. When the male form is Hrubý and the female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých").
1072:, Septembre, Spring, di Gennaio), or festival/feast day they found or christened (Easter, SanJosé). Some foundlings were given the name of whoever found them.
2437:("of the", when the following word is feminine). For example, if "Clara Reyes Alba" were to marry "Alberto Gómez Rodríguez", the wife could use "Clara Reyes
1485:(in Europe) or given name ("first name"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the
405:, but eventually people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the
4409:
2726:
Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. An example would be the surname
2517:
981:
2719:
To avoid ambiguity, one might often informally see these true compound surnames hyphenated, for instance, as Paz-y-Miño. This is true especially in the
2103:
From 1945 to 2021 in the Czech Republic women by law had to use family names with the ending -ová after the name of their father or husband (so-called
1963:
surname, which is handed down from or inherited from the father, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term "maternal surname" means the
537:), or in cases where groups of people are escaping persecution. After arriving in the United States, European Jews who fled Nazi persecution sometimes
5524:
3340:
2497:, "widow" in Spanish). The law in Peru changed some years ago, and all married women can keep their maiden last name if they wish with no alteration.
5186:
Because of Buday's case, a California state lawmaker has introduced a bill to put a space on the marriage license for either spouse to change names.
7642:
5237:
3564:
3037:
According to some estimates, 85% of China's population shares just 100 surnames. The names Wang (王), Zhang (张), and Li (李) are the most frequent.
2758:
In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alpha sorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last.
7310:
7233:
5721:
447:. The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being
7522:
7054:
4754:
5441:
4845:
3657:
1044:
names. Historically, children born to unwed parents or extremely poor parents would be abandoned in a public place or anonymously placed in a
7132:
4212:
3458:
1175:. The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include
624:". Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name "
5457:: Royal Decree 193/2000, of 11 February, to amend certain articles of the Civil Registration Regulations in the field on the name and order.
5014:
4199:
5475:
5207:
4324:
2378:, the second surname tends to gain preeminence over the first one in informal use. Rodríguez Zapatero, therefore is more often called just
5409:
5112:
4591:
233:
in 2000 BC. His administration standardised the naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally,
160:
as example. This shows a structure typical for Anglophonic cultures (and some others). Other cultures use other structures for full names.
7773:
5569:
5152:
2500:
Historically, sometimes a father transmitted his combined family names, thus creating a new one e.g., the paternal surname of the son of
5695:
7238:
2778:
husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their professional or informal life.
1030:
many Africans were given new names by their masters. Many of the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (
5733:
4357:
200:
Using names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in the 11th century by the
3396:
1459:
4379:
2781:
The children usually bear only the last surnames of the parents (i.e., the paternal surname of each of their parents). For example,
6585:
5552:
1215:
may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names.
443:, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the
4779:
Visuomenės reakcijos į kalbinę lyčių problematiką. Nepriesaginių moteriškų pavardžių atvejis Lietuvoje, "hen" įvardžio – Švedijoje
3365:
Doll, Cynthia Blevins (1992). "Harmonizing Filial and Parental Rights in Names: Progress, Pitfalls, and Constitutional Problems".
3243:
2199:
or hyphens. However, it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen, for example
5380:
5049:
4783:
2068:
In France, until 1 January 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. Article 311-21 of the French
4614:
4473:
3801:
4281:
5357:
5321:
5173:
2181:
While in many countries surnames are usually one word, in others a surname may contain two words or more, as described below.
5865:
5508:
4816:
4086:
4059:
4032:
3998:
3910:
3870:
3819:
3690:
3540:
3432:
2195:
Compound surnames in English and several other European cultures feature two (or occasionally more) words, often joined by a
4822:
3778:
2984:
bore a name "Soeiro", a patronymic "Mendes" ("son of Hermenegildo – shortened to Mendo") and the name of the town he ruled "
5135:
8059:
7906:
3721:
4259:
1432:
The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be the Irish name
7578:
7480:
2247:
1598:
and are invariably mentioned along with the personal/first names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In
4550:
3221:
118:
4951:
4711:
Makri-Tsilipakou, Marianthi (November 2003). "Greek Diminutive Use Problematized: Gender, Culture and Common Sense".
4452:
4135:
2375:
2168:
1911:
surname (patronymic, toponymic, notable lineage) and include words that mean from , and son of/daughter of/child of.
1777:
992:
suggests that the first nickname/surname bearer may have acted as a king or bishop, or was corpulent as bishop. etc.
440:
137:
5758:
5656:
3172:
2390:, a person becomes usually called by both surnames. This changes from person to person and stems merely from habit.
2150:
545:
government of Germany assigned German names to European people in the territories they conquered. In the 1980s, the
90:
8188:
8064:
7911:
5805:
546:
7980:
6388:
5263:
3030:
In the United States, 1,712 surnames cover 50% of the population, and about 1% of the population has the surname
2730:, whose members are related to the Paz y Miño, as both descend from the "Paz Miño" family of five centuries ago.
2520:
has inherited a compound surname constructed from the patrilineal and matrilineal surnames of a recent ancestor.
4417:
6310:
2190:
2146:
2038:
1081:
349:
Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. (
97:
75:
3595:
8198:
7627:
7614:
7195:
6449:
6109:
5032:
The Controversy Over Children's Surnames: Familial Autonomy, Equal Protection, and the Child's Best Interests
4646:
3077:
3025:
3011:
1529:
people of south India also place surname before personal name. There are some parts of Europe, in particular
1235:
385:
were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the
3332:
7331:
6958:
6910:
6578:
4599:
2536:
countries. When none (such as the mother's maiden name) is provided, the last name may simply be repeated.
2532:
Chile, the law was changed to avoid stigmatizing illegitimate children with the maternal surname repeated.
1308:
599:
595:
35:
17:
1191:. The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English.
7436:
6636:
6222:
3072:
2253:
1634:(such as Latvian, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, etc.) as well as in
541:
their surnames to avoid discrimination. Governments can also forcibly change people's names, as when the
104:
5229:
3605:
7725:
6986:
6707:
4979:
eLS noms en la vida quotidiana. Actes del XXIV Congrés Internacional d'ICOS sobre Ciències Onomàstiques
1625:
1490:
1027:
5718:
4912:
Nalibow, Kenneth L. (1 June 1973). "The Opposition in Polish of Genus and Sexus in Women's Surnames".
1610:
and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents.
988:, etc. but it is rather unlikely that a person with surname King was a king or descended from a king.
291:(fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in
8168:
8037:
6459:
6425:
4622:
4163:
3167:
3138:
2441:
Gómez" as her name (or "Clara Reyes Gómez", or, rarely, "Clara Gómez Reyes". She can be addressed as
989:
4747:
4668:
Heijnen, Adriënne (1 September 2010). "Relating through Dreams: Names, Genes and Shared Substance".
604:
These are the oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a first name such as "Wilhelm", a
86:
8139:
7995:
7532:
6821:
5433:
4167:
3649:
3631:
3082:
2216:
2142:
2131:
1995:
1876:
352:
71:
3469:
2703:
2547:" plus the surname of her husband. And most records of the church follow that structure as well.
487:. Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as
8308:
7878:
6571:
6512:
6400:
5680:
5628:(Oxford University Press, 2016), which has a lengthy introduction with much comparative material.
5011:
4506:
2204:
2135:
2026:
1854:-as will end in -a, and those of daughters of males with the -is suffix will have the -i suffix.
1252:
Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of
1172:
64:
7210:
5467:
5109:
1714:
1282:
For those descended from land-owners, the name of their holdings, castle, manor or estate, e.g.
7896:
7805:
7572:
7443:
7300:
6929:
5148:
4588:
4051:
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress
3935:"The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname"
3248:
2993:
2720:
2243:
1631:
1245:
derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river" (and is also
3860:
3530:
420:
In England the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the
7647:
6692:
6507:
6466:
5825:
5121:
4076:
4049:
4022:
3988:
3900:
3862:
Credit Intelligence and Modelling: Many Paths Through the Forest of Credit Rating and Scoring
3680:
2985:
2374:
In some instances, when an individual's first surname is very common, such as for example in
2046:
1699:
1109:
652:
meaning Hick's man, where Hick is a pet form of the name Richard) or strong ties of religion
4573:
3629:, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in
1967:
surname that one's mother inherited from either or both of her parents. For a discussion of
401:
throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional
7935:
7667:
7402:
6547:
6527:
6517:
6454:
6410:
6320:
6252:
5798:
5741:
4349:
3811:
3277:"Imputation of race/ethnicity to enable measurement of HEDIS performance by race/ethnicity"
3004:
2793:. However, the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames, according to
2414:
1643:
1165:
is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar, while
683:
657:
406:
3654:
Official Web Page of the Laurel Sovereign of Arms for the Society for Creative Anachronism
1249:), Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and Inoue (井上) means "above the well".
267:) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of
8:
8295:
8032:
8022:
7945:
7920:
7243:
6977:
6953:
6487:
6444:
6437:
6139:
6096:
5556:
4078:
The Orient Within: Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation of Nationhood in Modern Bulgaria
3905:. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 32.
3380:
Note: content available by subscription only. The first page of content is available via
3153:
2977:") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names.
1974:
1397:
1266:
1246:
1141:
1053:
905:
899:
809:
499:, or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person."
315:
5709:
1471:
8158:
8101:
7865:
7545:
7338:
7220:
6900:
6874:
6750:
6641:
5549:
5092:
4894:
4728:
4693:
3962:
3511:
3503:
3309:
3276:
3253:
3123:
3113:
2525:
2450:
2387:
1792:
1744:
1639:
1619:
1450:
1445:
1436:, which means 'little king' in Irish. Also, Celtic origin of the name Arthur, meaning '
1373:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1291:
1115:
996:
952:
941:
767:
719:
701:
621:
571:
567:
542:
534:
456:
367:(tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC. The
329:
287:, a famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example,
5043:
4777:
3650:"Personal Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the Later Byzantine Era"
8244:
8010:
7499:
7379:
6773:
6739:
6734:
6532:
6420:
6247:
6217:
5970:
5855:
5504:
4929:
4898:
4886:
4812:
4732:
4697:
4685:
4626:
4611:
4465:
4448:
4131:
4082:
4055:
4028:
3994:
3954:
3906:
3902:
Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
3866:
3815:
3686:
3536:
3515:
3428:
3370:
3314:
3296:
3192:
2226:
2200:
2074:
1887:
1861:
In Iceland, surnames have a gender-specific suffix (-dóttir = daughter, -son = son).
1588:
1477:
1345:
1200:
1167:
1161:
1147:
1135:
1041:
929:
917:
851:
839:
749:
731:
665:
550:
495:. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown,
480:
433:
398:
358:
111:
5668:
1684:
1224:
8329:
8129:
8005:
8000:
7901:
7822:
7719:
7387:
7356:
7263:
7122:
6843:
6522:
6184:
6174:
6169:
6144:
5975:
5954:
5850:
5353:
5082:
4982:
4921:
4876:
4720:
4677:
3946:
3807:
3495:
3304:
3288:
2410:
1825:
1572:
1568:
1555:
When people from areas using Eastern naming order write their personal name in the
1389:
1353:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1287:
1121:
1103:
1069:
985:
973:
887:
863:
845:
821:
803:
791:
779:
755:
737:
725:
713:
617:
464:
429:
288:
276:
31:
6563:
2418:
436:
people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536.
8134:
8054:
8049:
8044:
7975:
7940:
7891:
7849:
7815:
7743:
7620:
7527:
7369:
7346:
7305:
7059:
7019:
6831:
6552:
6415:
6395:
6383:
6315:
6164:
6159:
6149:
6039:
5845:
5840:
5791:
5725:
5660:
5576:
5498:
5419:
5116:
5053:
5018:
4806:
4681:
4618:
4595:
3774:
3422:
3057:
3031:
2789:(in case she adopted her husband's name after marriage) would have a child named
2753:
2737:
2556:
2222:
1955:
1762:
1599:
1526:
1506:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1385:
1377:
1349:
1304:
1091:
977:
965:
according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate".
935:
911:
857:
833:
827:
815:
785:
773:
743:
695:
625:
460:
452:
448:
425:
314:
as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου – a genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example,
234:
208:
The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places) is called
157:
4881:
4864:
8027:
7990:
7869:
7861:
7800:
7792:
7768:
7758:
7690:
7634:
7599:
7475:
7457:
7407:
7147:
7082:
7026:
6702:
6627:
6347:
6295:
6262:
6257:
6179:
6119:
6029:
5999:
5835:
5702:
5675:, including UK & US census distribution, immigration, and surname origins (
5066:
4494:
3118:
2695:
1939:
a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal (see
1919:
1759:
1669:
1635:
1556:
1455:
1433:
1401:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1253:
1183:
1177:
1045:
1015:
969:
923:
873:
707:
577:
488:
339:
303:
4724:
3950:
3713:
2401:, the paternal and maternal surnames are often combined using the conjunction
1584:
1448:
is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname
346:. At other times formal identification commonly included the place of origin.
8323:
8017:
7925:
7844:
7733:
7714:
7699:
7604:
7567:
7450:
7417:
7397:
7320:
7295:
7290:
7277:
7248:
7205:
7142:
7049:
7034:
7005:
6918:
6712:
6594:
6542:
6482:
6277:
6194:
6124:
6024:
5087:
5070:
4933:
4925:
4890:
4689:
4251:
4123:
3958:
3885:
Nagata, Mary Louise. "Names and Name Changing in Early Modern Kyoto, Japan."
3374:
3300:
3160:
3128:
3092:
1991:
1935:
1560:
1502:
1413:
1393:
1312:
1300:
1242:
1228:
1097:
947:
538:
516:
506:
in Europe, there were several revolts against the mandate to have a surname.
496:
484:
472:
444:
421:
342:. These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of
238:
177:
5759:"Some Common English Surnames: Especially Those Derived from Personal Names"
5525:"Identidade, submissão ou amor? O que significa adoptar o apelido do marido"
5260:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
3292:
1926:" comes from French (fils) thus making these surnames a form of patronymic.
226:
of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation.
8283:
8271:
8221:
8215:
8210:
8069:
7763:
7709:
7704:
7657:
7591:
7517:
7507:
7486:
7430:
7364:
7315:
7177:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7127:
7102:
7092:
6999:
6780:
6598:
6405:
6367:
6362:
6189:
6034:
5672:
3626:
3318:
3213:
2259:
2081:
2030:
1892:
1810:
1729:
1564:
1514:
1494:
581:
4986:
4947:
4546:
4202:, Indogermanische Forschungen; Strassburg Vol. 100, (1 January 1995): 223.
3682:
The Surnames Handbook: A Guide to Family Name Research in the 21st Century
2055:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
1944:
1867:
Until at least 1850, women's surnames were suffixed with an -in in Tyrol.
1782:
Suffixes -ov, -ev, -in, -iy, -oy, -yy, Patronymics -ovich, -ovych, -yovych
8256:
8178:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7748:
7662:
7652:
7512:
7470:
7465:
7282:
7258:
7200:
7167:
7137:
7117:
7112:
7087:
7077:
7044:
7039:
6855:
6836:
6790:
6785:
6666:
6497:
6287:
6242:
6086:
5980:
5935:
5773:
5056:, FindLaw's Writ column (12 August 2003), (last visited 7 December 2006).
3182:
3148:
3143:
3097:
2741:
2023:
1969:
1960:
1950:
1795:
1498:
1207:
893:
589:
585:
533:
Names can sometimes be changed to protect individual privacy (such as in
503:
319:
292:
253:
190:
5646:
4974:
2744:"de", with the second part of the surname being a placename from Álava.
8249:
8232:
8173:
8153:
7810:
7738:
7685:
7681:
7609:
7425:
7392:
7325:
7228:
7172:
6994:
6948:
6905:
6860:
6811:
6744:
6724:
6687:
6661:
6617:
6612:
6502:
6432:
6305:
6267:
6129:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6044:
5984:
5940:
5096:
4869:
Slovenščina 2.0: Empirične, aplikativne in interdisciplinarne raziskave
3966:
3507:
3187:
3108:
3067:
3062:
2069:
2011:
1986:
1486:
1482:
1156:
1057:
1034:
995:
A considerable group of surname-producing nicknames may be found among
689:
676:
672:
613:
605:
307:
284:
249:
209:
181:
5259:
3934:
2727:
2712:
2041:. Men may face difficulty doing so on the state level in some states.
1943:
below). In many cultures, it is common for people to have one name or
1440:'. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name
631:
8261:
8148:
8124:
7886:
7778:
7538:
7253:
6936:
6870:
6816:
6763:
6758:
6631:
6492:
6204:
6081:
5830:
5653:
3133:
3087:
3052:
2568:
2462:
2458:
2398:
885:(from Mary) or from a clan name (for those of Scottish origin, e.g.,
492:
373:
311:
268:
185:
3800:
Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016).
2120:
2062:
53:
8278:
8266:
8227:
8205:
8096:
7985:
7930:
7753:
7552:
7012:
6965:
6924:
6895:
6883:
6826:
6806:
6768:
6729:
6300:
6237:
6232:
6209:
6154:
6114:
5900:
4380:"England Regional, Ethnic, Foundling Surnames (National Institute)"
3599:
3499:
3468:. 2004. Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003). Archived from
3047:
2766:
2560:
2466:
2003:
1646:, some surnames change form depending on the gender of the bearer.
1522:
1510:
1086:
1049:
609:
325:
42:
4639:
4578:. printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p. 209.
2733:
1606:
items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain,
8119:
8091:
7559:
7187:
6942:
6848:
6697:
6134:
6104:
6017:
5912:
5907:
5381:"Spain overhauls tradition of 'sexist' double-barrelled surnames"
3486:
Zhimin, An (1988). "Archaeological Research on Neolithic China".
3103:
2809:, in which case none of the mother's family names are passed on.
2794:
2699:
2454:
2085:
2034:
1973:('mother-line') surnames, passing from mothers to daughters, see
1785:
Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ina, -aya, Patronymics -ovna, -ivna, -yivna
1607:
1530:
1061:
245:
229:
In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor
6889:
3744:"BBC – Family History – What's in a Name? Your Link to the Past"
3333:"BBC – Family History – What's in a Name? Your Link to the Past"
2921:
In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used – surnames like
477:
Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
8288:
8163:
7273:
6719:
6537:
6357:
6352:
6007:
5989:
5917:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5814:
5598:
The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility
5149:"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women"
4517:
4350:"Finding Foundlings: Searching for Abandoned Children in Italy"
4325:"Many African American last names hold weight of Black history"
2770:
2474:
2196:
1489:
because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the
1441:
1257:
797:
761:
468:
381:) was used to distinguish individuals within the group. Female
272:
257:
30:"Last name" and "Family name" redirect here. For the song, see
3369:. Vol. 35. Howard University School of Law. p. 227.
2765:
In general, the traditions followed in countries like Brazil,
152:
8238:
7967:
7953:
7949:
6342:
5945:
5890:
5559:
Web Archives, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (1995).
4808:
Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: The Complete Course for Beginners
4149:
Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: the complete course for beginners
1883:
1595:
1594:
Indian surnames may often denote village, profession, and/or
1580:
1437:
1283:
1220:
1130:
1125:, and so on, as well as non-English ones, such as the German
343:
296:
280:
201:
180:
that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a
5719:
Short explanation of Polish surname endings and their origin
5626:
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
4975:"Which name upon marriage? Family names of women in Finland"
3803:
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
2716:"Paz" alone would not be passed on, nor would "Miño" alone.
2512:(maternal surname) may have become the new paternal surname
1575:
traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the
1037:). Some freed slaves later created family names themselves.
635:
A family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system
6272:
6012:
5949:
5688:
5200:"Quebec newlywed furious she can't take her husband's name"
4865:"Czech gender linguistics: Topics, attitudes, perspectives"
4313:. London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932. No ISBN.
2707:
2470:
2443:
1923:
1576:
1518:
1261:
364:
230:
156:
First/given/forename, middle, and last/family/surname with
3933:
Scott, James C.; Tehranian, John; Mathias, Jeremy (2002).
681:, often from a person's given name. e.g., from male name:
5895:
5783:
3177:
3015:
Map of Most Common Surnames in the United States by State
1870:
5654:
Dictionnaire des noms de famille de France et d'ailleurs
5071:"Making a Name: Women's Surnames at Marriage and Beyond"
3274:
1533:, where the surname is placed before the personal name.
237:
were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the
5624:
Hanks, Patrick, Richard Coates and Peter McClure, eds.
4805:
Graham, Katie; Spadaro, Katherine M. (11 August 2005).
4213:
Surnames of Ethnonymic Origin in the Hungarian Language
4024:
What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution
4746:
Mac Mathúna, Liam (2006). "What's in an irish name?".
4228:, 27th ed. Copenhagen: Vilh. Trydes Boghandel, p. 371.
3775:"Most common surnames in Britain and Ireland revealed"
1613:
5712:, free searchable online database of Italian surnames
4527:
3932:
3840:
1155:
to the word, although this formation could also be a
561:
4501:, — Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972; Russian version:
4447:
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Rev. 3rd ed.
4241:, 43rd ed. Copenhagen: Vilh. Trydes Boghandel, p. 3.
2433:("of the", when the following word is masculine) or
1462:
rather than the surnames of their adoptive parents.
6593:
5647:
Comprehensive surname information and resource site
5455:
Note: Google auto-translation of title into English
1256:al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5322:"European Gender Equality Law Review – No. 1/2012"
4753:. Potsdam: University of Potsdam. pp. 64–87.
3799:
3565:"The complex origins of Chinese names demystified"
3397:"Our last names reveal a lot about our labor days"
968:A group of nicknames look like occupational ones:
5607:(London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932)
4844:Canada, Library and Archives (1 September 2022).
2564:family would be known as "Adela dos Provisores".
1722:Suffixes -ienė, -uvienė, -aitė, -utė, -iūtė, -ytė
556:
549:forcibly changed the first and last names of its
483:, for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a
8321:
5354:"Novela zákona o matrikách, jménech a příijmeni"
4710:
2747:
1934:A family name is typically a part of a person's
5172:. Los Angeles. Associated Press. Archived from
4948:"Icelandic names – everything you need to know"
3769:
3767:
3765:
2555:In many places, such as villages in Catalonia,
2065:law permits neither spouse to change surnames.
1707:Prefixes Bean Uí, Nic, Bean Mhic, Ní, Mhic, Nig
1538:
4237:von Irgens-Bergh, G.O.A., and Bobe, L. (1926)
4189:. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. No ISBN.
2489:, and if the husband dies, she will be called
2191:Double-barrelled name § British tradition
1545:
397:Later with the gradual influence of Greek and
6579:
5799:
4862:
4804:
4200:The Lithuanian Nicknames of Ethnonymic Origin
4020:
3714:"What is the origin of the last name Molina?"
3643:
3641:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2550:
2237:
4863:Kolek, Vít; Valdrová, Jana (6 August 2020).
4775:
4224:Hiort-Lorensen, H.R., and Thiset, A. (1910)
4021:Holton, G.; Sonnert, G. (25 December 2006).
3865:. Oxford University Press. p. 193-194.
3762:
3604:. The New York Times Company. Archived from
2805:, who in turn might name his first born son
2787:Ana Luísa de Albuquerque Pereira (Gonçalves)
2491:Rosa María Pérez Martínez Vda. de De la Cruz
6286:
5570:Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says
5496:
5431:
5157:
4745:
3427:. University of Toronto Press. p. 48.
3158:
2149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6586:
6572:
5806:
5792:
5703:Information on surname history and origins
5527:. Lifestyle.publico.pt. 18 November 2014.
5012:Doherty v. Wizner, Oregon Court of Appeals
4645:(Thesis). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
4147:Katherine M. Spadaro, Katie Graham (2001)
3939:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3638:
3528:
3360:
3358:
2254:Surnames by country § The Philippines
475:. The findings have been published in the
392:
176:is the mostly hereditary portion of one's
5756:
5086:
4880:
4520:, citing Суслова А.В., Суперанская А.В.,
4439:
4437:
4435:
4305:
4303:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4074:
4054:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 82.
3736:
3535:. Harvard University Press. p. 310.
3414:
3308:
2169:Learn how and when to remove this message
1264:. This component of the name is called a
371:was to identify group kinship, while the
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
4972:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4081:. Cornell University Press. p. 77.
3858:
3587:
3453:
3451:
3010:
2801:might choose to name his first born son
2386:only; in other cases, such as in writer
2052:In 1979, the United Nations adopted the
1075:
1068:, von Trapp), the date they were found (
630:
151:
5731:
5635:(3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1997)
5497:Frank, Francine; Anshen, Frank (1985).
5166:"Man files lawsuit to take wife's name"
5163:
5136:Most women say 'I do' to husband's name
4911:
4667:
4533:
4159:
4157:
3945:(1). Cambridge University Press: 4–44.
3846:
3678:
3596:"Ancient Names – Greek and Roman Names"
3394:
3355:
2487:Rosa María Pérez Martínez de De la Cruz
1458:, illegitimate children were sometimes
338:, which referred to the founder of the
275:, surnames were in use as early as the
14:
8322:
5206:. CanWest News Service. Archived from
5110:"American Women, Changing Their Names"
5065:
4843:
4637:
4458:
4432:
4410:"Deciphering Dutch Foundling Surnames"
4322:
4300:
4172:
4047:
3887:International Review of Social History
3660:from the original on 16 September 2008
3647:
3620:
3485:
3420:
3343:from the original on 20 September 2020
2688:
1871:Indication of family membership status
1247:the name of one of Japan's prefectures
1040:Another category of acquired names is
1002:
959:
302:In Ancient Greece, as far back as the
6567:
5787:
5378:
5334:from the original on 22 November 2017
5197:
5005:
5003:
4571:
4102:
3986:
3479:
3448:
3395:Lederer, Richard (5 September 2015).
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2271:
2269:
2267:
1833:Suffixes -ova, -yeva, Patronymic qızı
1194:
256:is well attested. The famous scholar
27:Hereditary portion of a personal name
5757:Wilkinson, Hugh E. (December 2010).
5478:from the original on 17 October 2017
5432:Juan Carlos, R. (11 February 2000).
5391:from the original on 17 October 2017
5297:Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland
5153:Archived at WebCite on 1 April 2011.
5075:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
4612:"MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format"
4553:from the original on 8 February 2018
4316:
4154:
4068:
3980:
3926:
3892:
3812:10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001
3781:from the original on 2 November 2018
3672:
3656:. Society for Creative Anachronism.
3562:
3522:
3364:
2516:. For example, Uruguayan politician
2232:
2147:adding citations to reliable sources
2114:
2110:
2094:Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland
1893:the present Archbishop of Canterbury
1021:
519:was formalized by the government as
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
5677:Dictionary of American Family Names
5617:Hanks, Patrick and Hodges, Flavia.
5444:from the original on 3 October 2008
4825:from the original on 7 October 2023
4466:"Saddam Hussein's top aides hanged"
3898:
3575:from the original on 4 October 2017
3388:
2207:, whose surname is "Duncan Smith".
1994:to her husband's family name. (See
1980:
1915:Mhic, and Uí (wife of the son of).
1830:Suffixes -ov, -yev, Patronymic oğlu
1614:Gender-specific versions of surname
310:("son of") were also common, as in
24:
5734:"Welsh surnames and their meaning"
5590:
5543:
5531:from the original on 17 April 2018
5440:(in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas.
5266:from the original on 21 April 2018
5000:
4786:from the original on 10 April 2023
4782:(Thesis). Vilniaus universitetas.
4757:from the original on 10 April 2023
4649:from the original on 10 April 2023
4323:Craven, Julia (24 February 2022).
3889:07/2002; 47(02):243 – 259. P. 246.
3724:from the original on 1 August 2023
3648:Chavez, Berret (9 November 2006).
3563:Koon, Wee Kek (18 November 2016).
3224:from the original on 17 March 2023
3034:, the most common American name.
2248:Naming customs of Hispanic America
1579:structure of their societies. The
1476:In many cultures (particularly in
562:Patronymic and matronymic surnames
25:
8341:
5732:Summers, Neil (4 November 2006).
5639:
5360:from the original on 3 April 2022
5311:, no. 29865/96, 16 November 2004.
5287:, no. 16213/90, 22 February 1994.
5198:White, Marianne (8 August 2007).
5164:Risling, Greg (12 January 2007).
5046:Whose Surname Should a Child Have
4954:from the original on 13 June 2023
4507:Chapter IX: "Artificial surnames"
4476:from the original on 2 March 2016
4445:A Dictionary of English Surnames.
4390:from the original on 27 July 2021
4360:from the original on 27 July 2021
4288:from the original on 27 July 2021
4262:from the original on 27 July 2021
4130:. Oxford University Press, 1989.
3601:About Ancient / Classical History
3325:
2493:(Vda. being the abbreviation for
2413:), see for example the economist
2080:Similar measures were adopted by
1899:in Lithuanian, while his wife is
1465:
1133:, later Anglicized in America as
1018:and Jews in Germany and Austria.
441:University of the West of England
7234:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5633:A Dictionary of English Surnames
5240:from the original on 24 May 2021
5134:Daniella Miletic (20 July 2012)
4575:A Grammar of the Telugu Language
3828:from the original on 26 May 2020
3750:from the original on 17 May 2022
3685:. History Press. p. 19-20.
3593:
2803:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Júnior
2119:
1206:type of settlement. Examples of
52:
5631:Reaney, P.H., and Wilson, R.M.
5621:(Oxford University Press, 1989)
5562:
5517:
5490:
5460:
5425:
5403:
5372:
5346:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5252:
5222:
5191:
5141:
5128:
5103:
5059:
5037:
5024:
4966:
4940:
4905:
4856:
4837:
4798:
4769:
4739:
4704:
4661:
4631:
4605:
4582:
4565:
4539:
4511:
4488:
4443:Reaney, P.H., and Wilson, R.M.
4402:
4372:
4342:
4274:
4244:
4231:
4218:
4205:
4192:
4141:
4041:
4014:
3879:
3852:
3793:
3706:
3556:
1472:Personal name § Name order
63:needs additional citations for
6311:Genealogical numbering systems
5696:History of Jewish family Names
5612:Penguin Dictionary of Surnames
5299:, no. 664/06, 9 November 2010.
4572:Brown, Charles Philip (1857).
4187:Penguin Dictionary of Surnames
3635:, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994).
3268:
3236:
3206:
2807:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Neto
2039:Social Security Administration
1929:
1903:, and his unmarried daughter,
1340:(geographical features) e.g.,
1145:(tailor) – or, as in English,
1082:Category:Occupational surnames
557:Origins of particular surnames
324:, as a supposed descendant of
13:
1:
6450:International Day of Families
6110:Australian Aboriginal kinship
5411:Art. 55 Ley de Registro Civil
5230:"Article 311-21 – Code civil"
5170:The Boston Globe (Boston.com)
4776:Smoriginaitė, Jovita (2022).
4518:НЕСТАНДАРТНЫЕ РУССКИЕ ФАМИЛИИ
3859:Anderson, Raymond A. (2022).
3199:
3078:Lists of most common surnames
3026:Lists of most common surnames
3019:
2748:Portuguese-speaking countries
2567:Also in many places, such as
1886:(a.k.a. Wends or Lusatians),
1803:Suffixes -ová, -á, -ská, -cká
1273:
1236:Portuguese-speaking countries
547:People's Republic of Bulgaria
509:
439:A four-year study led by the
261:
5438:Base de Datos de Legislación
5379:Govan, Fiona (1 June 2017).
5327:. Ec.europa.eu. p. 17.
4682:10.1080/02757206.2010.499909
4600:American Library Association
3173:Spanish nominal conjunctions
2740:patronymic, followed by the
2483:Juan Martín De la Cruz Gómez
2376:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1940:
1800:Suffixes -ov, -ý, -ský, -cký
1499:Korea (both North and South)
1227:, derived from a village in
1159:. For instance, the surname
340:dynasty to which he belonged
248:period (640–900 AD) and the
36:Family Name (disambiguation)
7:
5663:, French surname dictionary
4882:10.4312/slo2.0.2020.1.35-65
4282:"The History of Last Names"
3806:. Oxford University Press.
3073:List of family name affixes
3040:
1734:Suffixes -us, -is, -s, -iņš
1719:Suffixes -as, -ys, -is, -us
1539:
1509:. This is also the case in
639:
620:", or a clan name such as "
328:, and by the dynastic name
10:
8346:
7897:Imperial, royal, and noble
5813:
5503:. SUNY Press. p. 18.
5125:. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
4850:Library-archives.canada.ca
4384:FamilySearch Research Wiki
3023:
2751:
2551:Informal traditional names
2260:Spanish-speaking countries
2251:
2241:
2238:Spanish-speaking countries
2214:
2210:
2205:British Conservative Party
2188:
2184:
1874:
1818:Suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka
1815:Suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki
1626:Category:Gendered surnames
1623:
1617:
1491:East Asian cultural sphere
1469:
1198:
1079:
1028:Trans-Atlantic slave trade
593:
575:
565:
215:
40:
29:
8304:
8112:
8084:
7981:Imperial, royal and noble
7966:
7877:
7858:
7791:
7680:
7590:
7498:
7416:
7378:
7355:
7272:
7219:
7186:
7101:
7068:
6985:
6974:
6869:
6799:
6680:
6654:
6605:
6475:
6411:National Grandparents Day
6376:
6335:
6203:
6095:
6055:
5998:
5963:
5928:
5864:
5821:
5689:Guild of One-Name Studies
5603:Bowman, William Dodgson.
4973:Paikkala, Sirkka (2014).
4725:10.1177/09579265030146002
4623:Purdue Online Writing Lab
4309:Bowman, William Dodgson.
3951:10.1017/S0010417502000026
3777:. BBC. 17 November 2016.
2864:
2862:
2829:
2799:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves
2783:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2479:Rosa María Pérez Martínez
2317:
2315:
2280:
2203:, a former leader of the
1770:Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ska
1546:
1460:given artificial surnames
220:
6822:Maiden and married names
5738:Amlwch history databases
5659:13 November 2008 at the
5619:A Dictionary of Surnames
5418:16 December 2017 at the
5285:Burghartz v. Switzerland
5088:10.1257/0895330041371268
4950:. Reykjavik Excursions.
4926:10.1179/nam.1973.21.2.78
4670:History and Anthropology
4354:Legacy Tree Genealogists
4128:A Dictionary of Surnames
4075:Neuburger, M.C. (2011).
4048:Lemkin, Raphael (2014).
4027:. Springer. p. 96.
3632:Journal of Roman Studies
3281:Health Services Research
3083:Maiden and married names
2419:Salvador Dalí i Domènech
2217:Chinese compound surname
2090:Burghartz v. Switzerland
1996:Maiden and married names
1877:Maiden and married names
1745:Scottish Gaelic surnames
1704:Prefixes Mac, Ó, Ua, Mag
1650:Forms of gendered names
1427:
1297:Habitation (place) names
594:See also the categories
353:Roman naming conventions
41:Not to be confused with
8309:Category:Lists of names
6513:Sociology of the family
6353:Philia (brotherly love)
5929:Second-degree relatives
5681:Oxford University Press
5596:Blark. Gregory, et al.
5575:25 October 2018 at the
5555:12 October 2010 at the
4713:Discourse & Society
4594:21 January 2013 at the
4549:. Snl.no. 29 May 2017.
3529:Ch'ien, E.N.M. (2005).
3421:Danesi, Marcel (2007).
3401:San Diego Union-Tribune
3293:10.1111/1475-6773.13099
3168:Irish surname additives
2791:Lucas Pereira Gonçalves
2508:(paternal family name)
2449:has legal validity in
2084:(1976), Sweden (1982),
1767:Suffixes -ov, -ev, -ski
424:in 1086, following the
393:Medieval era and beyond
295:prior to the advent of
158:John Fitzgerald Kennedy
7239:Eritrean and Ethiopian
6358:Storge (familial love)
5964:Third-degree relatives
5866:First-degree relatives
5500:Language and the Sexes
5468:"Proper married name?"
5115:4 October 2017 at the
5034:, 1979 Utah L Rev 303.
4846:"Item – Theses Canada"
4617:7 January 2013 at the
3159:
3016:
2994:1755 Lisbon earthquake
2721:English-speaking world
2696:Supreme Military Junta
2405:("and" in Spanish) or
2244:Spanish naming customs
1689:Suffixes -os, -as, -is
1632:Balto-Slavic languages
1076:Occupational surnames
1026:During the era of the
871:(from Moll for Mary),
636:
161:
34:. For other uses, see
8169:Galton–Watson process
7774:Ancient Tamil country
7196:Australian Aboriginal
6508:Middle child syndrome
6467:National Adoption Day
6343:Agape (parental love)
5605:The Story of Surnames
5147:UN Convention, 1979.
5122:National Public Radio
5052:28 April 2016 at the
5030:Richard H. Thornton,
4987:10.2436/15.8040.01.88
4638:Donner, Paul (2012).
4356:. 14 September 2017.
4311:The Story of Surnames
4239:Danmarks Adels Aarbog
4226:Danmarks Adels Aarbog
4151:p.16. Routledge, 2001
3993:. Brill. p. 39.
3424:The Quest for Meaning
3014:
2982:Soeiro Mendes da Maia
2704:Luis Telmo Paz y Miño
2485:, she will be called
2397:In Spain, especially
2258:In Spain and in most
2189:Further information:
2098:Ünal Tekeli v. Turkey
2047:double-barrelled name
2002:that the name of the
1895:for example, becomes
1737:Suffixes -a, -e, -iņa
1565:Baltic Finnic peoples
1470:Further information:
699:(Welsh for Johnson),
634:
205:hereditary surnames.
155:
7936:Post-nominal letters
7055:Indigenous Taiwanese
6548:Sibling estrangement
6528:Dysfunctional family
6518:Museum of Motherhood
6455:National Family Week
6321:Quarters of nobility
5724:15 June 2016 at the
5669:Family Facts Archive
5422:(article in Spanish)
5413:– Civil Register Law
5309:Ünal Tekeli v Turkey
5262:. Human Rights Web.
5017:4 March 2016 at the
4524:, Л.: Лениздат, 1991
4414:Dutch Ancestry Coach
4386:. 4 September 2014.
4168:Classifying surnames
4126:and Hodges, Flavia.
3987:Ahmed, S.R. (2020).
3679:Kennett, D. (2012).
3488:Current Anthropology
3466:Berkeley Linguistics
3005:Carnation Revolution
2415:Xavier Sala-i-Martin
2143:improve this section
2029:groups, such as the
1826:Azerbaijani surnames
1778:East Slavic surnames
1692:Suffixes -ou, -a, -i
1585:Aslak Jacobsen Hætta
1487:Eastern naming order
553:to Bulgarian names.
407:Eastern Roman Empire
72:improve this article
8296:Surnames by country
7921:Pre-nominal letters
6978:Surnames by country
6488:Wedding anniversary
6445:American Family Day
6401:Father–Daughter Day
6348:Eros (marital love)
6097:Kinship terminology
5779:on 15 January 2013.
5772:(3). Archived from
5766:Aoyama Keiei Ronshu
5557:Library of Congress
4996:– via gencat.
4472:. 15 January 2007.
3608:on 28 November 2007
3249:Oxford Dictionaries
3154:Surnames by country
2514:Reyes de la Barrera
2027:Canadian aboriginal
1975:matrilineal surname
1763:Macedonian surnames
1715:Lithuanian surnames
1651:
1219:means "resident of
1008:Ornamental surnames
1003:Ornamental surnames
997:ethnonymic surnames
960:Cognominal surnames
664:(follower of Saint
600:Matronymic surnames
596:Patronymic surnames
316:Alexander the Great
8159:Endonym and exonym
8102:Calendar of saints
8085:Related traditions
7859:Manners of address
7221:Sub-Saharan Africa
6642:Nobiliary particle
6253:collateral descent
5474:. 9 January 2012.
5176:on 27 January 2007
3718:Last Name Meanings
3594:Gill, N.S. (ed.).
3459:"Naming practices"
3367:Howard Law Journal
3256:on 20 January 2017
3139:Surname extinction
3124:Patronymic surname
3114:Nobiliary particle
3102:Names ending with
3017:
2526:nobiliary particle
2451:Dominican Republic
2388:Mario Vargas Llosa
2225:use more than one
1670:Icelandic surnames
1649:
1620:Surname inflection
1195:Toponymic surnames
867:, or female names
637:
572:Matronymic surname
568:Patronymic surname
543:National Socialist
535:witness protection
377:(forename; plural
363:, the name of the
162:
8317:
8316:
8245:Personal identity
8080:
8079:
7787:
7786:
7728:
7676:
7675:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7581:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7489:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7341:
7334:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
6800:By life situation
6753:
6561:
6560:
6533:Domestic violence
6331:
6330:
6248:Lineal descendant
6218:Bilateral descent
5971:Great-grandparent
5856:Matrifocal family
5510:978-0-87395-882-0
5210:on 2 January 2016
5044:Joanna Grossman,
4818:978-1-134-62415-7
4627:Purdue University
4252:"Ornamental Name"
4198:Butkus, Alvydas,
4088:978-1-5017-2023-9
4061:978-1-58477-576-8
4034:978-0-230-60179-6
4000:978-90-04-39597-8
3912:978-0-8047-8104-6
3872:978-0-19-284419-4
3821:978-0-19-967776-4
3692:978-0-7524-8349-8
3542:978-0-674-02953-8
3434:978-0-8020-9514-5
3193:Toponymic surname
2919:
2918:
2689:Compound surnames
2518:Guido Manini Rios
2382:and almost never
2372:
2371:
2233:Multiple surnames
2201:Iain Duncan Smith
2179:
2178:
2171:
2111:Compound surnames
2075:Council of Europe
1839:
1838:
1338:Topographic names
1243:Japanese surnames
1201:Toponymic surname
1022:Acquired surnames
666:Brigid of Kildare
481:linked to a place
399:Christian culture
265: 865–925 AD
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
8337:
8130:Anthropomorphism
7875:
7874:
7823:Buddhist surname
7724:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7579:Hispanic America
7577:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7485:
7456:
7449:
7444:African-American
7442:
7435:
7353:
7352:
7337:
7330:
7301:Ashkenazi Jewish
7106:and Western Asia
7071:and Central Asia
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6983:
6982:
6844:Placeholder name
6749:
6693:Double-barrelled
6588:
6581:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6523:Astronaut family
6284:
6283:
6185:Iroquois kinship
6175:Sudanese kinship
6170:Hawaiian kinship
6145:Family of choice
5976:Great-grandchild
5851:Immediate family
5808:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5740:. Archived from
5710:Italian Surnames
5584:
5583:. 20 April 2009.
5566:
5560:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5429:
5423:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5161:
5155:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5063:
5057:
5041:
5035:
5028:
5022:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4884:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4635:
4629:
4609:
4603:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4522:О русских именах
4515:
4509:
4499:Russian surnames
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4416:. Archived from
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4248:
4242:
4235:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4183:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4121:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3899:Ury, S. (2012).
3896:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3645:
3636:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3463:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3210:
3164:
2900:
2897:
2837:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2353:
2350:
2287:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2223:Chinese surnames
2174:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2123:
2115:
1981:Surname of women
1730:Latvian surnames
1652:
1648:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1493:, specifically,
1058:Della Casagrande
648:from patronage (
551:Turkish citizens
289:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
277:High Middle Ages
266:
263:
235:Chinese surnames
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
32:Last Name (song)
21:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8300:
8135:Personification
8108:
8076:
7962:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7850:Theophoric name
7783:
7688:
7672:
7586:
7494:
7412:
7374:
7351:
7280:
7268:
7215:
7182:
7105:
7097:
7070:
7064:
6976:
6970:
6865:
6832:Posthumous name
6795:
6676:
6650:
6601:
6592:
6562:
6557:
6553:Sibling rivalry
6471:
6372:
6327:
6316:Seize quartiers
6282:
6223:Common ancestor
6207:
6199:
6165:Chinese kinship
6160:Nurture kinship
6150:Fictive kinship
6091:
6051:
6040:daughter-in-law
5994:
5959:
5924:
5860:
5846:Conjugal family
5841:Extended family
5817:
5812:
5776:
5761:
5747:
5745:
5726:Wayback Machine
5661:Wayback Machine
5642:
5610:Cottle, Basil.
5593:
5591:Further reading
5588:
5587:
5577:Wayback Machine
5567:
5563:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5447:
5445:
5430:
5426:
5420:Wayback Machine
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5385:The Local Spain
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5196:
5192:
5179:
5177:
5162:
5158:
5146:
5142:
5133:
5129:
5117:Wayback Machine
5108:
5104:
5067:Goldin, Claudia
5064:
5060:
5054:Wayback Machine
5042:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5019:Wayback Machine
5008:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4910:
4906:
4861:
4857:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4819:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4744:
4740:
4709:
4705:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4636:
4632:
4619:Wayback Machine
4610:
4606:
4596:Wayback Machine
4587:
4583:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4516:
4512:
4503:Русские фамилии
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4442:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4420:on 27 July 2021
4408:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4185:Cottle, Basil.
4184:
4173:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4122:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3822:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3639:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3494:(5): 753–759 .
3484:
3480:
3475:on 19 May 2011.
3472:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3389:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3058:Generation name
3043:
3028:
3022:
2898:
2895:
2835:
2834:de Albuquerque
2822:
2756:
2754:Portuguese name
2750:
2691:
2553:
2351:
2348:
2285:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2242:Main articles:
2240:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2140:
2124:
2113:
1983:
1956:putative father
1932:
1879:
1873:
1811:Polish surnames
1796:Slovak surnames
1628:
1622:
1616:
1543:
1474:
1468:
1430:
1276:
1203:
1197:
1084:
1078:
1046:foundling wheel
1024:
1005:
962:
642:
602:
592:
574:
566:Main articles:
564:
559:
512:
426:Norman Conquest
395:
306:clan names and
271:, Iran. In the
264:
223:
218:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8343:
8333:
8332:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8242:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8065:Ecclesiastical
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7972:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7943:
7933:
7923:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7912:Ecclesiastical
7904:
7899:
7894:
7883:
7881:
7872:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7801:Christian name
7797:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7691:Southeast Asia
7678:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7615:Eastern Slavic
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7570:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7225:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7109:
7107:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6946:
6939:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6922:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6893:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6595:Personal names
6591:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6568:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6421:Children's Day
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6298:
6296:Pedigree chart
6292:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6263:Patrilineality
6260:
6258:Matrilineality
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6180:Eskimo kinship
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6030:Sibling-in-law
6027:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:Nuclear family
5833:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5754:
5744:on 19 May 2012
5729:
5715:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5665:
5650:
5641:
5640:External links
5638:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5581:New York Times
5568:LaFraniere S.
5561:
5542:
5516:
5509:
5489:
5459:
5424:
5402:
5371:
5345:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5251:
5221:
5190:
5156:
5140:
5127:
5102:
5081:(2): 143–160.
5058:
5036:
5023:
4999:
4965:
4939:
4904:
4855:
4836:
4817:
4797:
4768:
4738:
4719:(6): 699–726.
4703:
4676:(3): 307–319.
4660:
4630:
4604:
4589:"Filing Rules"
4581:
4564:
4538:
4526:
4510:
4495:Boris Unbegaun
4487:
4457:
4431:
4401:
4371:
4341:
4315:
4299:
4273:
4243:
4230:
4217:
4211:Tamás Farkas,
4204:
4191:
4171:
4164:Bernard Deacon
4153:
4140:
4124:Hanks, Patrick
4101:
4087:
4067:
4060:
4040:
4033:
4013:
3999:
3979:
3925:
3911:
3891:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3839:
3820:
3792:
3761:
3735:
3705:
3691:
3671:
3637:
3619:
3586:
3555:
3541:
3521:
3500:10.1086/203698
3478:
3447:
3433:
3413:
3387:
3382:Google Scholar
3354:
3324:
3267:
3235:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:One-name study
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3021:
3018:
3003:From the 1974
2917:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2752:Main article:
2749:
2746:
2706:Estrella, has
2690:
2687:
2552:
2549:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2215:Main article:
2212:
2209:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2109:
1982:
1979:
1931:
1928:
1922:). Note that "
1920:Robert FitzRoy
1872:
1869:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:Irish surnames
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:Greek surnames
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:Suffix -dóttir
1675:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1618:Main article:
1615:
1612:
1573:Uralic peoples
1557:Latin alphabet
1513:and among the
1467:
1466:Order of names
1464:
1456:Russian Empire
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1335:
1294:
1275:
1272:
1254:Saddam Hussein
1225:Ó Creachmhaoil
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1089:names include
1077:
1074:
1023:
1020:
1016:Sinti and Roma
1004:
1001:
990:Bernard Deacon
961:
958:
957:
956:
669:
641:
638:
578:Icelandic name
563:
560:
558:
555:
511:
508:
394:
391:
304:Archaic Period
222:
219:
217:
214:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8342:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7845:Mandaean name
7843:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7806:Biblical name
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7332:Ancient Greek
7329:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7279:
7278:North America
7275:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:Northern Asia
7067:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6919:Nom de guerre
6916:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:Personal name
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6582:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:Sibling abuse
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:Single parent
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:Relationships
6334:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6278:Royal descent
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6195:Omaha kinship
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Consanguinity
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Parent-in-law
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
6000:Family-in-law
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5797:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5456:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5137:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5006:
5004:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:. Routledge.
4810:
4809:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4536:, p. 10.
4535:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4454:
4453:0-19-860092-5
4450:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4136:0-19-211592-8
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3849:, p. 20.
3848:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3574:
3570:
3569:Post Magazine
3566:
3559:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3532:Weird English
3525:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:Tussenvoegsel
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Personal name
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Name blending
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2901:
2883:
2881:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2686:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:de la Barrera
2507:
2504:(given name)
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2354:
2336:
2334:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2162:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2128:This section
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1936:personal name
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:Bulgarian and
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1587:– as was the
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Greater China
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1229:County Galway
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:mystery plays
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:van der Stoep
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
954:
951:) with "Mac"
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
895:
890:
889:
884:
881:(from Emma),
880:
877:(from Maud),
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
763:
758:
757:
752:
751:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
656:(follower of
655:
651:
647:
644:
643:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
569:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:Japanese name
507:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:village green
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:British Isles
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Domesday Book
418:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
354:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:
332:
327:
323:
322:
318:was known as
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
259:
255:
252:, the use of
251:
247:
244:In the early
242:
240:
239:Shang dynasty
236:
232:
227:
213:
211:
206:
203:
198:
194:
192:
187:
183:
179:
178:personal name
175:
171:
167:
159:
154:
150:
142:
139:
131:
128:February 2023
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
8284:Signum manus
8272:Royal cypher
8237:
8222:Nomen nescio
8220:
8216:Nomenclature
8211:Naming taboo
8023:Professional
7866:of authority
7816:Saint's name
7481:Scandinavian
7103:Muslim world
6941:
6917:
6888:
6740:Occupational
6671:
6622:
6599:anthroponymy
6416:Parents' Day
6406:Siblings Day
6396:Father's Day
6384:Mother's Day
6368:Polyfidelity
6363:Filial piety
6288:Family trees
6227:
6190:Crow kinship
6140:Estrangement
6035:Child-in-law
5955:Niece/Nephew
5774:the original
5769:
5765:
5748:19 September
5746:. Retrieved
5742:the original
5737:
5717:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5678:
5673:Ancestry.com
5667:
5652:
5645:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5580:
5564:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5519:
5499:
5492:
5480:. Retrieved
5472:Spanish Dict
5471:
5462:
5454:
5448:22 September
5446:. Retrieved
5437:
5427:
5410:
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5384:
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5316:
5308:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5233:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5208:the original
5203:
5193:
5185:
5180:22 September
5178:. Retrieved
5174:the original
5169:
5159:
5143:
5130:
5120:
5105:
5078:
5074:
5061:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5026:
4990:. Retrieved
4978:
4968:
4956:. Retrieved
4942:
4920:(2): 78–81.
4917:
4913:
4907:
4875:(1): 35–65.
4872:
4868:
4858:
4849:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4807:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4778:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4748:
4741:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4640:
4633:
4607:
4584:
4574:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4541:
4534:Kennett 2012
4529:
4521:
4513:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4469:
4460:
4444:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:the original
4413:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:
4318:
4310:
4290:. Retrieved
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4256:Nordic Names
4255:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4207:
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4077:
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3901:
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3847:Kennett 2012
3842:
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3802:
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3752:. Retrieved
3738:
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3717:
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3681:
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3664:21 September
3662:. Retrieved
3653:
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3622:
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3606:the original
3600:
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3568:
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3531:
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3465:
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3438:. Retrieved
3423:
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3400:
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3347:21 September
3345:. Retrieved
3336:
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3284:
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3254:the original
3247:
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2156:
2141:Please help
2129:
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2079:
2067:
2060:
2053:
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2017:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1951:Surname laws
1949:
1933:
1917:
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1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1880:
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1571:, but other
1554:
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1280:Estate names
1279:
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1260:, a city in
1251:
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1087:Occupational
1085:
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184:to form the
173:
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125:
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108:
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70:Please help
65:verification
62:
18:Family names
8257:Proper name
8179:Name change
8033:Educational
8011:Substantive
7950:decorations
7833:Jewish name
7828:Dharma name
7793:By religion
7458:Hongkongese
7283:Australasia
7123:Azerbaijani
6856:Regnal name
6837:Temple name
6667:Middle name
6655:By sequence
6632:Matrilineal
6628:Patrilineal
6498:Birth order
6243:Inheritance
6228:Family name
6087:Stepsibling
5981:Great-uncle
5936:Grandparent
4981:: 853–861.
3337:BBC History
3149:Surname map
3144:Surname law
3098:Name change
2742:preposition
2417:or painter
2159:August 2023
2024:matrilineal
2006:continued.
1970:matrilineal
1965:patrilineal
1961:patrilineal
1930:Surname law
1752:Prefix Nic-
1749:Prefix Mac-
1674:Suffix -son
1661:Female form
1644:Azerbaijani
1540:ue-no-namae
1208:Old English
677:matronymics
673:Patronymics
590:Hebrew name
586:Arabic name
521:family name
504:Middle Ages
417:, "shoe").
321:Heracleides
308:patronymics
293:Mesopotamia
254:patronymics
191:name change
170:family name
8250:Identifier
8233:Onomastics
8174:Legal name
8154:Deadnaming
8050:Diplomatic
8006:Subsidiary
8001:Hereditary
7892:Diplomatic
7811:Papal name
7720:Indonesian
7686:South Asia
7682:Indosphere
7648:Macedonian
7621:Belarusian
7528:Portuguese
7370:Lithuanian
7264:Zimbabwean
7060:Vietnamese
7020:Generation
6987:East Asian
6975:By culture
6949:Stage name
6906:Hypocorism
6871:Pseudonyms
6861:Slave name
6812:Birth name
6764:Teknonymic
6745:Patronymic
6725:Matronymic
6688:Diminutive
6662:First name
6618:Given name
6613:Birth name
6503:Only child
6433:Family Day
6306:Ahnentafel
6268:Progenitor
6130:Disownment
6075:stepmother
6070:stepfather
6065:Stepparent
6057:Stepfamily
6045:son-in-law
5985:Great-aunt
5941:Grandchild
5482:16 October
5395:16 October
5234:Légifrance
5214:3 November
5204:canada.com
5138:. The Age.
4480:17 October
3218:Britannica
3200:References
3188:Patronymic
3109:Naming law
3068:Legal name
3063:Given name
3024:See also:
3020:Prevalence
2832:Ana Luísa
2713:Paz y Miño
2702:, General
2598:tresmeranu
2592:llebaniegu
2446:. de Gómez
2409:("and" in
2394:children.
2252:See also:
2105:přechýlení
2070:Civil code
2012:Lucy Stone
1992:birth name
1987:Henry VIII
1875:See also:
1664:Reference
1624:See also:
1569:Hungarians
1157:patronymic
1136:Eisenhower
1127:Eisenhauer
1080:See also:
1042:foundlings
1035:slave name
690:Stephenson
684:Richardson
654:Kilpatrick
614:matronymic
606:patronymic
576:See also:
539:anglicized
527:in 1868.
525:given name
510:Modern era
383:praenomina
379:praenomina
285:profession
250:Arab world
210:onomastics
182:given name
98:newspapers
8262:Signature
8149:Call sign
8125:Anonymity
8060:Religious
7986:Chivalric
7907:Religious
7902:Judiciary
7887:Honorific
7870:of honour
7769:Sinhalese
7759:Pakistani
7744:Malaysian
7739:Cambodian
7643:Kashubian
7635:Ukrainian
7600:Bulgarian
7539:Praenomen
7476:Icelandic
7347:Hungarian
7148:Pakistani
7083:Mongolian
6937:Ring name
6930:Heteronym
6896:Nicknames
6817:Code name
6769:Toponymic
6759:Sobriquet
6735:Mononymic
6730:Metonymic
6672:Last name
6493:Godparent
6205:Genealogy
6082:Stepchild
5831:Household
5550:Genealogy
4934:0027-7738
4899:225419103
4891:2335-2736
4733:145557628
4698:143703825
4690:0275-7206
4625:website,
4547:"Guttorm"
3959:0010-4175
3579:3 October
3516:144920735
3375:0018-6813
3301:1475-6773
3260:3 October
3244:"surname"
3214:"Surname"
3134:Skin name
3088:Matriname
3053:Genealogy
2973:("son of
2971:Rodrigues
2965:("son of
2963:Henriques
2957:("son of
2949:("son of
2941:("son of
2933:("son of
2931:Fernandes
2925:("son of
2923:Gonçalves
2899:Gonçalves
2823:Gonçalves
2821:da Silva
2682:andarível
2670:trapajeru
2580:masoniegu
2569:Cantabria
2463:Nicaragua
2459:Guatemala
2399:Catalonia
2384:Rodríguez
2227:character
2130:does not
1793:Czech and
1658:Male form
1640:Icelandic
1638:, Irish,
1561:customary
1454:. In the
1398:Underwood
1142:Schneider
1054:Innocenti
906:Armstrong
900:Henderson
888:MacDonald
810:Nicholson
616:such as "
608:such as "
493:Jenkinson
432:and most
403:cognomina
374:praenomen
312:Aristides
186:full name
174:last name
87:"Surname"
8324:Category
8279:Khelrtva
8267:Monogram
8228:Misnomer
8206:Namesake
8140:National
8097:Name day
8055:Judicial
8045:Business
8038:Honorary
8028:Academic
8018:Military
7991:Courtesy
7976:Academic
7941:Academic
7931:Emeritus
7734:Javanese
7715:Filipino
7700:Balinese
7668:Suffixes
7605:Croatian
7568:Romanian
7553:Cognomen
7451:Canadian
7437:American
7418:Germanic
7403:Scottish
7321:Georgian
7311:Estonian
7296:Armenian
7291:Albanian
7249:Ghanaian
7206:Hawaiian
7143:Mandaean
7050:Okinawan
7035:Japanese
7006:Courtesy
6966:Username
6959:Mononyms
6925:Pen name
6911:Monarchs
6884:Art name
6827:Necronym
6807:Aptronym
6720:Eponymic
6681:By trait
6377:Holidays
6301:Genogram
6238:Heredity
6233:Heirloom
6155:Marriage
6120:Affinity
6115:Adoption
5901:daughter
5722:Archived
5657:Archived
5573:Archived
5553:Archived
5535:16 April
5529:Archived
5476:Archived
5442:Archived
5416:Archived
5389:Archived
5358:Archived
5338:16 April
5329:Archived
5270:16 April
5264:Archived
5238:Archived
5113:Archived
5069:(2004).
5050:Archived
5015:Archived
4952:Archived
4823:Archived
4790:10 April
4784:Archived
4761:10 April
4755:Archived
4653:10 April
4647:Archived
4615:Archived
4592:Archived
4557:16 April
4551:Archived
4505:, 1989,
4474:Archived
4470:BBC News
4388:Archived
4358:Archived
4329:NBC News
4286:Archived
4260:Archived
3826:Archived
3779:Archived
3748:Archived
3728:1 August
3722:Archived
3658:Archived
3573:Archived
3341:Archived
3319:30506674
3228:11 April
3222:Archived
3048:Dit name
3041:See also
2967:Henrique
2935:Fernando
2767:Portugal
2640:marotias
2634:mallavia
2622:tresneru
2561:Asturias
2481:marries
2467:Honduras
2429:("of"),
2380:Zapatero
2004:testator
1941:§History
1905:Velbaitė
1901:Velbienė
1655:Language
1630:In most
1567:and the
1563:for the
1523:Thailand
1511:Cambodia
1483:forename
1478:European
1333:Tremblay
1321:Leighton
1317:Laughton
1309:Hamilton
1292:Staunton
1274:Examples
1116:Shepherd
1110:Thatcher
1050:Esposito
955:for son.
942:Campbell
936:Crawford
883:Marriott
858:Harrison
828:Ferguson
816:Robinson
768:Reynolds
720:Thompson
702:Williams
662:Kilbride
646:Patronal
640:Examples
626:Giovanni
610:Andersen
457:Williams
434:Scottish
326:Heracles
43:Suriname
8330:Surname
8199:Surname
8120:Acronym
8113:Related
8092:Baptism
7726:Chinese
7710:Burmese
7705:Bengali
7658:Serbian
7628:Russian
7573:Spanish
7560:Agnomen
7523:Occitan
7518:Italian
7508:Catalan
7500:Romance
7487:Swedish
7431:English
7388:Cornish
7365:Latvian
7339:Cypriot
7316:Finnish
7229:Ashanti
7188:Oceania
7178:Turkish
7158:Persian
7153:Pashtun
7128:Bengali
7093:Tibetan
7000:Chinese
6943:Shikona
6849:Notname
6781:Patrial
6774:Surname
6751:Surname
6698:Epithet
6637:Affixes
6623:Surname
6476:Related
6210:lineage
6135:Divorce
6105:Kinship
6018:husband
5913:brother
5908:Sibling
5826:History
5364:3 April
5097:3216895
4958:23 June
4621:on the
4602:website
4598:on the
4424:27 July
4394:27 July
4364:27 July
4292:27 July
4266:27 July
3967:3879399
3832:1 March
3785:21 July
3508:2743616
3310:6338295
3104:-ington
2975:Rodrigo
2955:Sanches
2927:Gonçalo
2896:Pereira
2836:Pereira
2819:Carlos
2795:euphony
2728:Pazmiño
2700:Ecuador
2646:llamoso
2616:merachu
2574:pasiegu
2557:Galicia
2545:hermana
2455:Ecuador
2411:Catalan
2211:Chinese
2185:English
2151:removed
2136:sources
2086:Denmark
2035:Gitxsan
1945:mononym
1888:Sorbian
1608:Belgium
1531:Hungary
1507:Vietnam
1442:De Luca
1346:Bridges
1288:Windsor
1168:Roberts
1162:Vickers
1148:Schmidt
1062:Trovato
982:Sheriff
930:Douglas
924:Stewart
918:Cameron
874:Madison
852:Roberts
840:Edwards
750:Simpson
732:Johnson
708:Jackson
658:Patrick
650:Hickman
622:O'Brien
489:Jackson
430:English
389:alone.
335:Caranus
331:Karanos
246:Islamic
216:History
166:surname
112:scholar
8289:Tughra
8194:Middle
8164:Family
7968:Titles
7954:medals
7952:, and
7946:Orders
7926:Suffix
7879:Styles
7838:Hebrew
7764:Sindhi
7749:Indian
7663:Slovak
7653:Polish
7592:Slavic
7513:French
7471:Gothic
7466:German
7380:Celtic
7357:Baltic
7306:Basque
7274:Europe
7259:Yoruba
7201:Fijian
7168:Somali
7163:Sindhi
7138:Coptic
7133:Berber
7118:Arabic
7113:Afghan
7078:Kalmyk
7045:Manchu
7040:Korean
7027:Titles
6791:Virtue
6786:Unisex
6708:Common
6703:Animal
6538:Incest
6438:Canada
6008:Spouse
5990:Cousin
5918:sister
5884:father
5879:mother
5874:Parent
5815:Family
5614:(1967)
5507:
5244:24 May
5095:
5021:(2005)
4992:6 June
4932:
4897:
4889:
4829:15 May
4815:
4731:
4696:
4688:
4642:impact
4451:
4334:2 June
4134:
4094:2 June
4085:
4058:
4031:
4006:2 June
3997:
3972:2 June
3965:
3957:
3918:2 June
3909:
3869:
3818:
3754:17 May
3698:2 June
3689:
3612:13 May
3548:2 June
3539:
3514:
3506:
3431:
3406:2 June
3373:
3317:
3307:
3299:
2959:Sancho
2951:Soeiro
2947:Soares
2893:Lucas
2771:Angola
2738:Basque
2676:lichón
2664:tarugu
2628:troule
2610:naveru
2604:pejinu
2586:sobanu
2559:, and
2502:Javier
2475:Panama
2352:Acosta
2349:García
2346:Pablo
2286:Acosta
2283:María
2277:Torres
2275:García
2197:hyphen
2063:Québec
1897:Velbis
1642:, and
1600:Telugu
1527:Telugu
1525:. The
1505:, and
1414:Morley
1394:Forest
1390:Holmes
1354:Brooks
1342:Bridge
1329:Sutton
1325:Murray
1313:London
1301:Burton
1299:e.g.,
1267:nisbah
1258:Tikrit
1189:Virgin
1129:(iron
1122:Potter
1104:Farmer
1098:Miller
1070:Monday
986:Knight
974:Bishop
953:Gaelic
948:Hunter
894:Forbes
879:Emmott
869:Molson
864:Watson
846:Hudson
822:Powell
804:Morrow
798:Murphy
792:Rogers
780:Dawson
762:Davies
756:Willis
738:Harris
726:Benson
714:Wilson
618:Beaton
588:, and
473:Wilson
471:, and
469:Davies
465:Taylor
415:zapato
357:) The
273:Levant
258:Rhazes
221:Origin
202:barons
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
8239:-onym
8189:Given
8185:List
8070:Papal
7996:False
7610:Czech
7546:Nomen
7533:Roman
7426:Dutch
7408:Welsh
7393:Irish
7326:Greek
7211:Māori
7173:Tatar
7088:Sakha
6995:Amami
6713:Plant
6426:Japan
5946:Uncle
5891:Child
5777:(PDF)
5762:(PDF)
5332:(PDF)
5325:(PDF)
5093:JSTOR
4914:Names
4895:S2CID
4729:S2CID
4694:S2CID
3963:JSTOR
3512:S2CID
3504:JSTOR
3473:(PDF)
3462:(PDF)
3032:Smith
2939:Nunes
2734:Álava
2506:Reyes
2495:viuda
2435:de la
2288:Gómez
2272:José
2221:Some
2031:Haida
1985:King
1884:Sorbs
1636:Greek
1596:caste
1581:Samis
1515:Hmong
1503:Japan
1428:Other
1422:Perry
1418:Moore
1410:Stone
1406:Field
1386:Grove
1378:Leigh
1350:Brook
1305:Flint
1284:Ernle
1241:Many
1221:Lucca
1139:) or
1131:hewer
1092:Smith
978:Abbot
912:Grant
834:Davis
786:Lewis
774:Adams
744:Evans
696:Jones
660:) or
612:", a
497:Short
491:, or
461:Brown
453:Jones
449:Smith
387:nomen
369:nomen
360:nomen
344:Homer
297:Islam
281:tribe
231:Fu Xi
172:, or
119:JSTOR
105:books
7862:List
7779:Thai
7689:and
7398:Manx
7281:and
7254:Igbo
6954:List
6901:list
6890:Bugō
6875:list
6597:and
6389:U.S.
6273:Clan
6208:and
6013:wife
5950:Aunt
5750:2008
5537:2018
5505:ISBN
5484:2017
5450:2008
5397:2017
5366:2022
5340:2018
5272:2018
5246:2021
5216:2013
5182:2008
4994:2024
4960:2023
4930:ISSN
4887:ISSN
4831:2023
4813:ISBN
4792:2023
4763:2023
4750:2004
4686:ISSN
4655:2023
4559:2018
4482:2011
4449:ISBN
4426:2021
4396:2021
4366:2021
4336:2024
4294:2021
4268:2021
4132:ISBN
4096:2024
4083:ISBN
4056:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4008:2024
3995:ISBN
3974:2024
3955:ISSN
3920:2024
3907:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3834:2020
3816:ISBN
3787:2018
3756:2022
3730:2023
3700:2024
3687:ISBN
3666:2008
3614:2016
3581:2017
3550:2024
3537:ISBN
3442:2008
3429:ISBN
3408:2024
3371:ISSN
3349:2020
3315:PMID
3297:ISSN
3262:2017
3230:2023
2986:Maia
2969:"),
2961:"),
2953:"),
2945:"),
2943:Nuno
2937:"),
2929:"),
2785:and
2769:and
2708:Luis
2658:ñecu
2652:lipa
2471:Peru
2246:and
2134:any
2132:cite
2033:and
1924:Fitz
1589:norm
1577:clan
1547:上の名前
1521:and
1519:Laos
1438:bear
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