83:
130:. The situation was compounded by the lack of good land and growing population, resulting in the steadily diminishing size of an individual peasant's plot. Over 70% of Galicia population lived off the land. In the second half of the 19th century, with only a marginal increase of arable land (about 7%), the population of peasants doubled. In 1899, 80% of the plots had less than 5
123:, which would upset the system in which Galicia was a provider of agricultural products for the rest of the Empire, and a market for inferior industrial goods, a situation profitable for both the governments and the landowners. The Austrian government treated Galicia as a colony that could be treated to another country, and overtaxed it rather than invested in it.
60:
Significant famines would affect towns as well, as did the famine of 1847. The 1847 famine is estimated to have affected about 90% of the
Galician population, and resulted in at least 227,000 deaths. 1848 saw continued famine, with about 140,000 deaths. There have been reports of
169:
in which
Galician peasants worked "lethargically because inadequately nourished and better because work too little." Frank quotes Szepanowski: "every resident of Galicia does one-quarter of a man's work and eats one-half of a man's food."
220:
Although as shown by the analysis of late 1840s deaths in Zadoks, many death estimates sum those from hunger and disease. For example, Bodnar attributes the deaths to "typhus following the potato famine".
45:
1844 saw the destruction of much of the grain and potato crop due to severe rains and resulting flooding. Skowronek notes that the resulting famine affected the next for years, up to 1848. 1845 saw
26:
became heavily overpopulated. Triggered primarily by natural disasters such as floods and blights, famines, compounded by overpopulation, led to starvation, widespread malnutrition, epidemics,
68:
Although
Skowronek notes that a famine ended in 1848, according to Frank another one occurred in 1849, through with only 40,000 deaths. 1850 saw another famine due to another potato blight.
49:
according to
Grodziski, although Kieniewicz writes that that year saw more flooding, with the blight in 1846. The famine of 1847 was partially caused by the unrest of the previous year (see
126:
The agricultural productivity of
Galician peasants was one of the lowest in Europe, due to the use of primitive agricultural techniques, many little different from those used in the
71:
Frank notes famines that occurred in 1855, 1865, 1876 and 1889. Wolff lists a famine in 1880. Dunin-Wąsowicz lists periods of starvation for 1853–1854, 1865–1866, and 1871–1872.
104:); however there are also major social factors which caused famines in Galicia to be more likely, and to have more serious consequences than in many other parts of Europe.
178:, and that Galicia was likely "the poorest province in Europe". The near constant famines in Galicia, resulting in 50,000 deaths a year, have been described as
119:, and was its poorest province. Neither the mostly Polish large landowners, nor the Austrian imperial government, showed much interest in reform, such as
1012:
947:
913:
876:
842:
808:
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254:
182:. Responding to the poverty and lack of reform, many peasants chose to emigrate, to other parts of Austria, Europe, and the
1022:
95:
149:
As a result, Galician peasants have been too malnourished to work properly, and had little immunity to diseases such as
42:
19th century saw the first famines in
Galicia in the years 1804–1806 and 1811–1813. Another famine took place in 1832.
984:
779:
138:
in
Galicia has been so severe that it has been described as the most overpopulated place in Europe, and compared to
246:
Losy Polaków w XIX-XX w: studia ofiarowane prof. Stefanowi
Kieniewiczowi w osiemdziesiątą rocznicę Jego urodzin
1032:
1027:
195:
27:
1017:
23:
868:
The Nation In The
Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914
834:
The Nation In The
Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914
381:
299:
The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914
101:
74:
A large famine affected many Eastern European territories, including Galicia, as late as 1913.
46:
976:
On the political economy of plant disease epidemics. Capita selecta in historical epidemiology
974:
582:
541:
Trapped in a Nightmare: The Story of an American Girl Growing Up in the Nazi Slave Labor Camps
480:
937:
903:
866:
832:
798:
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616:
539:
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135:
116:
8:
100:
The direct reasons for famines are often given as bad weather and blights (in particular
200:
134:, and many were not able to grow enough food on their plots to support their families.
82:
54:
65:
that year, though they have also been reported in other years of most severe famines.
50:
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concurs, noting that the situation in Galicia was likely more desperate than in
1006:
183:
171:
166:
30:, an average of 50,000 deaths a year, and from the 1870s to the beginning of
739:
Nationalbuilding and the politics of nationalism: essays on Austrian Galicia
143:
22:
were a common occurrence, particularly in the mid to late 19th century, as
139:
127:
31:
970:
482:
The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture
584:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
774:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 315.
179:
162:
158:
423:. Committee for the Polish Encyclopaedic Publications. p. 142
800:
Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture
175:
150:
154:
979:. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 102.
131:
77:
768:(1988). "The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule".
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In the 19th century, most of Galicia was part of the
354:
336:. Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich. p. 328
901:
718:
651:
614:
444:
897:
895:
737:. In Andrei S. Markovits; Frank E. Sysyn (eds.).
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506:
416:
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735:"The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule"
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587:. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–108.
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908:. Harvard University Press. pp. 43–44.
837:. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–25.
642:
621:. Harvard University Press. pp. 44–45.
531:
519:. Ludowa Spółdzielnia Widawnicza. p. 19
472:
348:
231:
37:
478:
435:
386:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 104.
963:
865:Keely Stauter-Halsted (28 February 2005).
831:Keely Stauter-Halsted (28 February 2005).
790:
679:
565:
485:. Stanford University Press. p. 256.
407:
373:
296:Keely Stauter-Halsted (28 February 2005).
942:. Bucknell University Press. p. 48.
764:
697:. Bucknell University Press. p. 45.
871:. Cornell University Press. p. 27.
741:. Harvard University Press. p. 52.
658:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
451:. Harvard University Press. p. 45.
383:Science of Judaism and Galician Haskalah
302:. Cornell University Press. p. 26.
81:
78:Causes, contributing factors and results
538:Cecylia Ziobro Thibault (10 May 2011).
1005:
969:
249:. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. p. 61.
939:The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania
694:The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania
516:Dzieje Stronnictwa Ludowego w Galicji
333:Ruch chłopski w Galicji w 1846 roku
96:History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
13:
771:Essays in Modern Ukrainian History
581:Norman Davies (24 February 2005).
214:
14:
1044:
513:Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz (1956).
361:. Wydawn. Literackie. p. 175
115:), which acquired it through the
1013:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
358:W królestwie Galicji i Lodomerii
479:Larry Wolff (9 January 2012).
215:
165:. Stauter-Halsted describes a
1:
544:. iUniverse. pp. 12–13.
224:
420:General Demography of Poland
355:Stanisław Grodziski (1976).
7:
902:Alison Fleig Frank (2005).
652:Alison Fleig Frank (2005).
615:Alison Fleig Frank (2005).
445:Alison Fleig Frank (2005).
196:Poverty in Austrian Galicia
189:
10:
1049:
1023:Economy of Austria-Hungary
417:Stefan L. Zaleski (1921).
330:Stefan Kieniewicz (1951).
93:
38:Chronological occurrences
803:. ABC-CLIO. p. 53.
243:Maria Skowronek (1987).
206:
936:John E. Bodnar (1973).
797:Richard Frucht (2005).
763:Also appears online in
691:John E. Bodnar (1973).
380:Israel Zinberg (1977).
91:
86:Funeral in Galicia by
85:
1033:20th-century famines
1028:19th-century famines
117:partitions of Poland
766:Rudnytsky, Ivan L.
201:Galician slaughter
92:
55:Galician slaughter
1018:Famines in Europe
949:978-0-8387-1155-2
915:978-0-674-03718-2
878:978-0-8014-8996-9
844:978-0-8014-8996-9
810:978-1-57607-800-6
748:978-0-674-60312-7
731:Ivan L. Rudnytsky
704:978-0-8387-1155-2
665:978-0-674-03718-2
628:978-0-674-03718-2
594:978-0-19-925340-1
551:978-1-4620-1128-5
492:978-0-8047-7429-1
458:978-0-674-03718-2
393:978-0-87068-491-3
309:978-0-8014-8996-9
256:978-83-01-06985-8
121:industrialization
88:Teodor Axentowicz
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990:. Retrieved
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971:Zadoks, J.C.
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128:Middle Ages
63:cannibalism
32:World War I
17:Famines in
1007:Categories
992:2022-05-08
905:Oil empire
655:Oil empire
618:Oil empire
448:Oil empire
225:References
973:(2008).
733:(1982).
190:See also
163:syphilis
159:smallpox
955:8 April
921:8 April
884:4 April
850:4 April
816:8 April
754:8 April
710:8 April
671:8 April
634:8 April
600:8 April
557:8 April
523:8 April
498:8 April
464:8 April
427:8 April
399:4 April
365:8 April
340:8 April
315:4 April
262:8 April
180:endemic
176:Ireland
151:cholera
111:(later
28:poverty
24:Galicia
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253:
155:typhus
90:, 1882
207:Notes
144:China
140:India
132:acres
981:ISBN
957:2013
944:ISBN
923:2013
910:ISBN
886:2013
873:ISBN
852:2013
839:ISBN
818:2013
805:ISBN
776:ISBN
756:2013
743:ISBN
712:2013
699:ISBN
673:2013
660:ISBN
636:2013
623:ISBN
602:2013
589:ISBN
559:2013
546:ISBN
525:2013
500:2013
487:ISBN
466:2013
453:ISBN
429:2013
401:2013
388:ISBN
367:2013
342:2013
317:2013
304:ISBN
264:2013
251:ISBN
161:and
142:and
57:).
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212:a
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