167:
women to return to work, daycare centers were opened and other services provided. But still women lagged men in the workforce, making up only 25% of the force. In 1975 the FMC made a nationwide inquiry to investigate the reasons behind this. The result of this inquiry was the Family Code of 1975. The code gave men and women equal rights and equal responsibilities in the home and increased state social services. Some of the unique outcomes of this code were that working women were to have first rights to buy appliances that saved time, cafeterias were opened in the work place and health clinics were kept open later. Plan Jaba gave working women shopping priority. They could drop off their bags at the store in the morning together with a shopping list and pick them up in the evening on the way home already filled.
145:. Shortly after the Revolution, motivated by patriotism and sustained by political will, Fidel Castro declared that illiteracy would be eradicated within 1 year. Accordingly, during 1959 and 1960 the groundwork was laid for a mass literacy campaign, La AlfabetizaciĂłn. In the year leading up to the campaign, the FMC was charged with identifying illiterate women and convincing them to participate. During the campaign itself "figures indicate that more than 91,000 women participated with the FMC in La AlfabetizaciĂłn. Thousands of women became teachers and other cared for the young boys and girls ages 11-16, who formed the Conrado Benitez Brigade." "On December 22, 1961, when Cuba was declared a "territory Free of Illiteracy" 55% of the 700,000 new literates were women.
176:
Topics covered by the congress included bringing the Family Code to
Vietnam. "Close to sixteen years of revolution has produced a keenly politicized, combative Cuban Woman, capable of deep analysis, concise projection and- most impressive- with the ability to conceive of herself as a part of an immense group in which all individuals are related in effort and purpose and in which solutions are sought and worked out collectively" Not only were Cuban women united in solidarity with other Cuban women but with the women of the world. They invited representatives of other countries and allowed them to participate. There were women from Chile, Costa Rica and a Soviet cosmonaut.
129:
presence within local, municipal, provincial, and national tiers has been pivotal in accomplishing progress at all perspective tiers. After all, advancements in reproductive health rights, gender equalization, and women's rights in Cuba post 1960 have resulted from the FMC's efforts. Composed of women stemming from diverse social backgrounds, such as from ministry decision-making positions, labor unions, and even drawing in participation from the
Communist Party of Cuba, is the national directorate that reveals the women's perspective across all political and societal tiers.
20:
1355:
185:
158:
universities, and daycare training centers. Media addressed sex education by means of
Muchachas magazine, in the column "Hablemos Fracamente." In 1997, the FMC founded the Women's Studies Center and the National Group for Prevention of Family Violence. The FMC has been active in the National Working Group on Sex Education (Grupo Nacional de Trabajo de EducaciĂłn Sexual, GNTES) and subsequently the National Center for Sex Education (CENESEX).
217:
policies, fostering an atmosphere conducive to achieving gender parity. Despite absences in high-level administrative government roles, the organization continues to strive for greater representation. Its ongoing efforts signal a commitment to breaking down barriers and fostering a more equitable society for Cuban women.
200:
Economic hardships. Since its 1960 inception the FMC has been challenged in its efforts to efficiently execute programs because of the economic difficulties it constantly faces. Cuba's economic environment noted by austerity intervals and the further threatening external pressures posed hurdle after
124:
The evolution of the goals of the FMC throughout its progression can be characterized with the following statement: “The state guarantees women the same opportunities and possibilities as men in order to achieve women’s full participation in the development of the country.” As specifically claimed
208:
In terms of the constantly changing nature of Cuba's policies; this has resulted in both advantages and disadvantages experienced by the FMC. Historically, as political ideologies have shifted and evolved the FMC has necessitated adaptability amongst the many strengths of the country's politics. By
196:
Historically speaking, the FMC has come up against a variety of challenges including but not limited to international affairs, economic constraints, and advancing political policies. Despite various adversities, the FMC has still succeeded and reached impactful milestones. Noteworthy challenges and
209:
utilizing influence to direct policies women's empowerment and the advocation of gender equality the FMC has been proactive about responding to this instability. The FMC's ability to handle these transformations reveals the impactful position it possesses within Cuba's socio-political environment.
175:
The second national congress is an example of the work of the FMC. Its 1,916 delegates were elected in an intense and lengthy process beginning at the grass-roots level. They came from every background and every level of education. The congress' slogan was "To Deepen Women's
Revolutionary Action!"
166:
1966 Fidel Castro made a speech in which he called for the addition of a million women to the labor force. Many women responded to this and entered the work force only to leave again when the burden of family and work proved too difficult. During the 1970s many improvements were made that allowed
216:
Its clear that the FMC has advanced gender equity, with its reinforcing accomplishment in 2015 where woman held about half of the Cuban
National Assembly parliamentary seats.The FMC's efforts have not been confined to the political realm; they have also shaped education, healthcare, and workforce
132:
In
February 2021, 23.45% of parliamentary seats belonged to woman within the Cuban National Assembly. This increase in woman's parliamentary occupation has listed Cuba sixth from a pool of 162 countries regarding women's amount of political participation. However, with women only possessing a 25%
128:
And so throughout the aforementioned goals, the
Federation of Cuban Woman cemented their mission of pushing for women's involvement in economic and social matters as well as increasing the amounts of woman in the workforce. The foundational framework of the FMC characterized by its leadership and
204:
Further building on the challenge of international pressures; the FMC has had to answer to external scrutiny which is negatively impacting their advocacy efforts and thus making diplomatic finesse necessary. Per contra, the FMC's constant and mass advocation via the global stage has strengthened
148:
Having had a monumental impact on Cuban women's literacy levels, the campaign instilled a learning culture and environment where none existed. As young adults in Cuba saw the revolutionary effect possible via education and literature, the FMC simultaneously established resilience and solidarity
212:
In the face of these challenges, the FMC has still produced notable success in advocating for women's rights. A significant achievement stands in the constitutional assurance of equal rights for women across economic, political, cultural, social, and familial domains. Additionally, the FMC is
157:
The FMC enlisted the aid of
Gynecologist and Obstetrician Celestino Alverez Lajonchere to create and lead a team in drafting the National Sex Education Policy and Program (ProNES) and the National Sex Education Working Group (GNTES) in 1972. In the 1980s, sex education was taught in colleges,
628:
1017:
1243:
845:
Cuba
Questionnaire to Governments on implementation of the Beijing platform for action (1995) and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the general assembly., www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/Cuba-English.pdf.
1188:
1128:
133:
share of high administrative roles in Cuban government, it is evident that disparities persevere. This further portrays why the further relentless actions of the FMC are necessary for women's political progress in Cuba.
1002:
213:
responsible for enacting instrumental measures in legislative adjustments that have resulted in the beneficial influence in the lives of women, and thus promoting empowerment and inclusiveness in the countries culture.
1101:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1022:
1007:
1457:
201:
hurdle for the organization. The FMC has had to be resilient and prompt in addressing economics that are hindering women's succession in education, employment, and socially.
1341:
851:, www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2021/UN-Women-Strategic-Plan-2022-2025-brochure-en.pdf. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023.
57:
1012:
997:
286:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
876:
115:
Providing adequate working conditions "to satisfy the particular needs of the female organism and the moral and spiritual needs of women as mothers."
1233:
895:
1422:
939:
1427:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
906:
69:
1307:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1091:
68:(Democratic Federation of Cuban Women). GarcĂa was the first president of the organization, which immediately became affiliated with the
629:"Radicalizing Feminism: The Mexican and Cuban Associations within the Women's International Democratic Federation in the Early Cold War"
434:
Harris, Colette, "Socialist
Societies and the Emancipation of Women: The Case of Cuba. " Socialism and Democracy 9:1(1995)91-113. Print.
1447:
1178:
979:
576:
Harris, Colette, "Socialist Societies and the Emancipation of Women: The Case of Cuba." Socialism and Democracy 9:1(1995)91-113. Print.
96:
and in supplying workers after the mass exodus of trained labor following the Revolution. A few of the stated goals of the FMC are:
1118:
974:
1056:
1437:
869:
280:
245:
92:
and married RaĂşl in 1959. She was the president of the FMC until her death in 2007. The FMC was deeply involved in the 1961
1442:
1319:
828:
1417:
726:
149:
amongst the countries women, resulting in abolished social barriers, especially between rural and urban populations.
372:"La FDIM y los derechos de las mujeres en AmĂ©rica Latina: expectativas y alianzas durante la Guerra FrĂa, 1950-1970"
1432:
1358:
862:
789:"Articulating the Pueblo Cubano : Women's Politicization and Productivity in Revolutionary Cuba, 1959 to 1969"
465:"Articulating the Pueblo Cubano : Women's Politicization and Productivity in Revolutionary Cuba, 1959 to 1969"
374:[The FDIM and Women's Rights in Latin America: Expectations and Alliances during the Cold War, 1950-1970].
262:
955:
582:
Randall, Margaret, "We Need a Government of Men And Women…!" Latin American Perspectives 2:4(1975)111-117. Print.
383:
536:
Randall, Margaret, "We Need a Government of Men And Women…!" Latin American Perspectives 2:4(1975)111-117. Print
318:
1303:
448:
McCall, Cecelia, "Women and Literacy: The Cuban Experience" Journal of Reading 30:4(Jan.,1987)318-324. Print.
309:
235:
579:
McCall, Cecelia, "Women and Literacy: The Cuban Experience" Journal of Reading 30:4(Jan.1987)318-324. Print.
588:"Beyond suffrage: the role of Cuban women in the state-building years of a failed democracy (1940–1952)"
371:
669:
Grunig, Larissa A. “The Cuban Women’s Federation: Organization of a Feminist Revolution, Issue 238.”
587:
170:
141:
The Cuban Literacy Campaign was a national effort to eradicate illiteracy in Cuba following the 1959
305:"'Hands Off Korea!': Women's Internationalist Solidarity and Peace Activism in Early Cold War Cuba"
885:
93:
53:
49:
1452:
788:
464:
928:
8:
1041:
816:
757:
706:
658:
615:
492:
820:
808:
749:
738:"Framing for Change: Social Policy, the State, and the FederaciĂłn de Mujeres Cubanas"
722:
710:
698:
662:
650:
619:
607:
496:
484:
405:
397:
338:
330:
276:
241:
719:
Gender equality plans in Latin America and the Caribbean – Road maps for development
237:
Women's Movements of the World : an international directory and reference guide
1388:
800:
690:
679:"Counting Women, Women Who Count: Measures of the Revolution within the Revolution"
640:
599:
553:
476:
387:
322:
142:
31:
603:
171:
Second National Congress of the Federacion de Mujeres Cubanas November 25–29, 1974
19:
552:(Report). Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat. 2021-04-05.
205:
Cuba's international reputation, cementing gender equality as a grand concern.
949:
922:
804:
645:
480:
409:
342:
264:
Más allá del sufragismo: las mujeres en la democratización de Cuba (1933-1952)
81:
1411:
812:
753:
702:
654:
611:
488:
401:
334:
45:
916:
678:
355:
326:
85:
854:
694:
392:
304:
1381:"Bookcast - Structural Bioinformatics 2nd Edition Gu & Bourne (Eds.)"
549:
89:
769:
761:
737:
558:
103:
Reorganizing peasant households that keep women in subservient positions
1018:
Industry, Construction, Tourism, Transportation and Services Department
189:
184:
1380:
1392:
106:
Developing communal services to alleviate domestic work and childcare
1336:
125:
in the Cuban Constitution within Article 44, and drafted in 1976.
112:
Mobilizing women into political work and government administration
269:
Beyond Suffrage: Women in the Democratization of Cuba (1933-1952)
673:, Women in International Development, Michigan State University,
518:
Espin, Mariela C. "A Cuban Policy Approach to Sex Education."
522:, vol. 42, no. 1, 2011, pp. 23-34, doi:10.1353/cub.2011.0015.
829:"United States Strategy on Global Women's Economic Security"
44:) was established in 1948 by a group of activists including
84:
as its president. Espin fought in the Sierra Maestras with
136:
1458:
Women's International Democratic Federation affiliates
192:. It reads: "Cuban women: United, firm and committed."
721:. United Nations. 2019. pp. 6–24, 30–33, 51–60.
275:(in Spanish). Albolote, Spain: Comares. p. 252.
100:
Bringing women out of the home and into the economy
585:
260:
161:
1409:
119:
179:
870:
73:
61:
56:, Caridad Sánchez, Cipriana Vidaurreta, and
884:
70:Women's International Democratic Federation
877:
863:
644:
626:
557:
391:
369:
80:under the revolutionary government, with
64:Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas
1379:Gu, Jenny; Bourne, Philip (2009-06-16).
1378:
1023:Organization and Cadre Policy Department
1008:Education, Sports and Science Department
786:
770:"Country Fact Sheet | UN Women Data Hub"
627:Chicharro, Manuel RamĂrez (April 2022).
586:RamĂrez Chicharro, Manuel (2018-07-29).
462:
183:
18:
735:
550:MRC Strategic Plan 2021-2025 Fact Sheet
532:
530:
528:
430:
428:
426:
109:Providing equal opportunities for women
1410:
633:International Review of Social History
444:
442:
440:
292:from the original on 11 December 2023.
233:
858:
676:
544:
542:
302:
137:FMC & The Cuban Literacy Campaign
72:. In 1960, it was reorganized as the
525:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
458:
456:
454:
423:
240:. Longman Group UK. pp. 65–66.
1423:Women's organizations based in Cuba
437:
370:Gradskova, Yulia (September 2021).
13:
1428:Women's wings of communist parties
539:
261:RamĂrez Chicharro, Manuel (2019).
14:
1469:
1448:Organizations established in 1948
833:United States Department of State
503:
451:
52:, Ana M. Hidalgo, Celia Machado,
1354:
1353:
152:
1372:
1320:José Martà Pioneer Organization
787:Triplett, Jen (February 2022).
570:
463:Triplett, Jen (February 2022).
384:National University of La Plata
363:
319:Johns Hopkins University Press
296:
254:
227:
162:FMC & The 1975 Family Code
1:
1438:Organizations based in Havana
604:10.1080/09612025.2017.1359875
303:Chase, Michelle (Fall 2020).
220:
197:achievements are as follows:
76:FederaciĂłn de Mujeres Cubanas
37:FederaciĂłn de Mujeres Cubanas
793:American Sociological Review
469:American Sociological Review
188:Promotional mural of FMC in
120:Evolution of the FMC's Goals
7:
1443:1948 establishments in Cuba
1342:Updating the Economic Model
234:Shreir, Sally, ed. (1988).
180:Challenges and achievements
10:
1474:
956:José Ramón Machado Ventura
382:(2). La Plata, Argentina:
317:(3). Baltimore, Maryland:
310:Journal of Women's History
16:Cuban women's organization
1350:
1329:
1314:Federation of Cuban Women
1296:
1232:
1177:
1117:
1110:
1055:
1031:
988:
965:
938:
905:
894:
805:10.1177/00031224211060836
736:Johnson, Candace (2011).
646:10.1017/S0020859022000025
481:10.1177/00031224211060836
74:
62:
35:
28:Federation of Cuban Women
1433:Communist Party of Cuba
887:Communist Party of Cuba
849:UN Women Strategic Plan
677:Riess, Barbara (2011).
359:(subscription required)
94:Cuban literacy campaign
58:MarĂa Josefa Vidaurreta
1418:Women's rights in Cuba
1304:Young Communist League
1013:Ideological Department
967:Decision-making bodies
592:Women's History Review
354: – via
327:10.1353/jowh.2020.0027
193:
23:
695:10.1353/cub.2011.0018
393:10.24215/25457284e150
187:
22:
998:Agri-food Department
54:Candelaria RodrĂguez
50:Edith GarcĂa Buchaca
1111:Leadership sittings
1003:Economic Department
559:10.52107/mrc.ajg0nq
48:, MarĂa ArgĂĽelles,
1297:Wider organization
1244:Provisional (1965)
1189:Provisional (1965)
1129:Provisional (1965)
941:Second Secretaries
194:
24:
1368:
1367:
1292:
1291:
1235:Central Committee
1051:
1050:
929:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
908:First Secretaries
897:Central Committee
282:978-84-9045-808-2
247:978-0-89774-508-6
1465:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1393:10.4016/11616.01
1376:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1236:
1181:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1059:
1034:
991:
968:
942:
909:
903:
902:
898:
888:
879:
872:
865:
856:
855:
842:
840:
839:
824:
783:
781:
780:
774:data.unwomen.org
765:
732:
714:
666:
648:
623:
564:
563:
561:
546:
537:
534:
523:
516:
501:
500:
460:
449:
446:
435:
432:
421:
420:
418:
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395:
367:
361:
360:
353:
351:
349:
300:
294:
293:
291:
274:
258:
252:
251:
231:
79:
78:
67:
66:
39:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1346:
1325:
1308:First Secretary
1288:
1234:
1228:
1179:
1173:
1119:
1106:
1057:
1047:
1032:
1027:
989:
984:
966:
961:
940:
934:
907:
896:
890:
886:
883:
837:
835:
827:
778:
776:
768:
729:
717:
639:(S30): 75–102.
573:
568:
567:
548:
547:
540:
535:
526:
517:
504:
461:
452:
447:
438:
433:
424:
414:
412:
368:
364:
358:
347:
345:
301:
297:
289:
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272:
259:
255:
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232:
228:
223:
182:
173:
164:
155:
139:
122:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1471:
1461:
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1455:
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1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1370:
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1347:
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1333:
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1327:
1326:
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1300:
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1201:
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1171:
1166:
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1156:
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1146:
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1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
971:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
953:
946:
944:
936:
935:
933:
932:
931:(2021–present)
926:
920:
913:
911:
900:
892:
891:
882:
881:
874:
867:
859:
853:
852:
846:
843:
825:
784:
766:
733:
727:
715:
689:(1): 115–135.
674:
667:
624:
598:(5): 754–777.
583:
580:
577:
572:
569:
566:
565:
538:
524:
502:
450:
436:
422:
378:(in Spanish).
362:
295:
281:
253:
246:
225:
224:
222:
219:
181:
178:
172:
169:
163:
160:
154:
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138:
135:
121:
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117:
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110:
107:
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101:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1470:
1459:
1456:
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1436:
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1431:
1429:
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1421:
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1413:
1394:
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1371:
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1349:
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1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
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1157:
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1137:
1135:
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1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
964:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
937:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:
904:
901:
899:
893:
889:
880:
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873:
868:
866:
861:
860:
857:
850:
847:
844:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:(1): 80–104.
798:
794:
790:
785:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
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