Feminism in Germany

2829: 2941: 2493: 3085: 2477: 2288:. This was a development that lagged in German-speaking regions. Where upper-class women were literate in England and France and sometimes became prolific writers of feminist works, a network of feminist writers and activists was slow to emerge in what would become modern Germany. Many reasons have been considered as having a bearing upon this dilemma, from fractured regions, to the lack of a capital city, to the slow spread of novels and other literary forms in German-speaking areas. Women with literary talent were more likely to work in relative isolation, yet they left a legacy of letters and memoirs that gained a new popularity as the nostalgic 2791: 2532: 2813: 2616:, which typically happened when a girl was 15 or 16. After this, her education might continue at home with tutors or occasional lectures. Clarke concluded that "Evidently the notion that a boy's education and a girl's education should be the same, and that the same means the boy's, has not yet penetrated the German mind. This has not yet evolved the idea of the identical education of the sexes." Education for peasant girls was not formal, and they learned farming and housekeeping tasks from their parents. This prepared them for a life of harsh labour on the farm. On a visit to Germany, Clarke observed that: 2848: 2454: 2315: 2953: 39: 2330: 6815: 3108:(guest workers) and their children (often born and raised in Germany) won some reforms at the national level in the late 1990s. During this time, women's rights groups had not, in general, made the guest worker issue a feminist cause. There were sporadic instances of women's rights groups voicing support for women guest workers' right to vote, and to have other women's rights included in the government's 1998 draft law for guest workers. 3072:

performed three-quarters of the housework and childcare. Few people owned cars, and product shortages and long lines made errands such as grocery shopping more time-consuming. Although men were entitled to one year of parental leave following the birth of a child, they did not actually take it. By the 1970s, some GDR writers were observing that women's social roles were lagging their legal and economic status. Until 1977 married women in

6803: 2057: 2912:. Laws that had protected women's rights were repealed and new laws were introduced to restrict women to the home and in their roles as wives and mothers. Women were barred from government and university positions. Women's rights groups, such as the moderate BDF, were disbanded, and replaced with new social groups that would reinforce Nazi values, under the leadership of the Nazi Party and the head of women's affairs in Nazi Germany, 2632:, Switzerland. Several other German women, unable to gain admittance to German universities, also went to the University of Zurich to continue their education. In 1909, German universities finally allowed women to gain admittance—but women graduates were unable to practice their profession, as they were "barred from private practice and public administrative posts for lawyers". The first women's legal aid agency was established by 6825: 2349: 2620:"German peasant girls and women work in the field and shop with and like men. None who have seen their stout and brawny arms can doubt the force with which they wield the hoe and axe. I once saw, in the streets of Coblentz, a woman and a donkey yoked to the same cart, while a man, with a whip in his hand, drove the team. The bystanders did not seem to look upon the moving group as if it were an unusual spectacle. 2713:(BDF; Federation of German Women's Associations), remained the dominant force in German feminism during the inter-war period. It had around 300,000 members at the start of World War I, growing to over 900,000 members during the 1920s; it has been noted, however, that the middle-class membership was far from radical, and promoted maternal " 2590:

The arguments against women's emancipation varied but often included sentiments regarding the inferiority of women and women's subjugation to men as determined by God or by nature. More frequently and sometimes additionally, they included charges that a change in women's position in society would be

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Women's emancipation was attained despite pressure from The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation, which numbered several hundred supporters and was active beginning in 1912, disbanding in 1920. The antifeminist sentiment among some Germans reflected a variety of arguments against

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came to power in 1933, the activist women were replaced by bureaucratic women who emphasized feminine virtues, marriage, and childbirth. As Germany prepared for war, large numbers were incorporated into the public sector and with the need for full mobilization of factories by 1943, all women were

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attention. The official GDR line during the 1960s and 1970s was that the Western feminist movement was "man-hating". Women in the GDR were reputed to have a more exhausting way of life than women in the FRG, for a number of reasons. In addition to a longer formal workweek for GDR workers, women

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in particular. War widows and their children struggled to earn a living in a city where hunger, unemployment, and crime were rampant. At the same time, a liberation of social mores meant that women had a social freedom they had not experienced until then. Socialists and communists in particular

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of 1794. Property rights were also slow to change. During the late 19th century, married women still had no property rights, requiring a male guardian to administer property on their behalf (exceptions were made for cases involving imprisoned or absent husbands). Any woman who had inherited an

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gave some impetus to the feminist movement in Germany with her writings during the late 19th century, with her argument that women's roles were created by society rather than being a biological imperative. During this period, a wider range of feminist writings from other languages were being

2447:, but the campaign failed to bring about any changes. Stritt found herself on the radical edge of Germany's feminist movement, spearheading the German Association for Women's Suffrage from 1911 until it disbanded in 1919, having achieved the goal of women's suffrage in November of that year. 2307:

to German women. Some women who worked for women's rights were in fact opposed to extending the vote to women, a stance that became more widespread at the turn of the 20th century, when many Germans were concerned that granting women the vote would result in more votes for socialists.

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in 1980. Feminists pushed the Green Party to include abortion reform as an "unqualified party commitment", and as more feminists became part of the Party leadership, women's rights were brought to prominence by the mid-1980s. West Germany's most well-known feminist, the "mediagenic"

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as a very important part of feminism. So the ways that we work together are more diverse, or at least we try to be as diverse as possible. So, when we talk about sexual violence, it’s not just sexual violence against white women, it’s also the violence that women with

2926:. About the same number served in civil aerial defense, 400,000 volunteered as nurses, and many more replaced drafted men in the wartime economy. In the Luftwaffe, they served in combat roles helping to operate the anti—aircraft systems that shot down Allied bombers. 3204:

party won the battle on female quota. A new law requires about 100 companies to appoint women on 30 percent of their supervisory board seats, beginning in 2016. In addition, 3,500 companies are required to submit plans to increase the female share in top positions.

2578:, or DHV), which promoted the interests of the merchant class. There was little opportunity for feminists of the working class and feminists of the middle or upper classes to work together. The expansion of Germany's industrial economy during the 1890s and up to 2979:

Political elites were dominated firstly by the CDU, a party focusing on economic growth and drawing on the support of established business interests and diverse local elites, and also latterly by the SDP with its traditional base in the male-dominated workers'

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sources rate the value of women just as highly as men, except when it comes to physical power. The Saxon tradition assigned women an equal role in the family, which contributed to the powerful roles empresses and abbesses held in the Ottonian era.

3200:, a supporter of the quota in Germany, received a written order from Merkel to "alter her ministry's lack of an objection to the EU directive, so that the cabinet could present a unified face to Germany's EU officials". However, in March 2015 the 3123:), "Insult" (Section 185 of the German Criminal Code) and "Using threats or force to cause a person to do, suffer or omit an act" (Nötigung, Section 240 of the German Criminal Code) which carried lower sentences and were rarely prosecuted. 2591:

morally wrong, against tradition, and would trigger a decline of the importance of the family. Such arguments sometimes surfaced as protective and paternalistic justifications, e.g., the desire to "shield" women from the public sphere.

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Formal organizations for promoting women's rights grew in numbers during the Wilhelmine period. German feminists began to network with feminists from other countries, and participated in the growth of international organizations;

3119:". In 1997 there were changes to the rape law, broadening the definition, making it gender-neutral, and removing the marital exemption. Before, marital rape could only be prosecuted as "Causing bodily harm" (Section 223 of the 2371:

Germany's unification process after 1871 was heavily dominated by men and gave priority to the "Fatherland" theme and related male issues, such as military prowess. Nevertheless, women became much better organized themselves.

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Yet, after the Federal Republic of Germany began to make strides in its recovery from the aftermath of World War II, feminist issues began to rise to the surface of public consciousness. The works of feminist writers such as

2612:(1873), educator Edward H. Clarke researched educational standards in Germany. He found that by the 1870s, formal education for middle and upper-class girls was the norm in Germany's cities, although it ended at the onset of 2988:

meant that women made up a larger proportion of the electorate for several decades, but this did not result in significant representation in government; by 1987, women still made up only 10% of the representatives in the

2900:, and be a helpmate of the traditional dominant father in the traditional family. However, before 1933, women played important roles in the Nazi organization and were allowed some autonomy to mobilize other women. After 3066:

had written of the role of gender exploitation in capitalism. In the GDR, there was little public consciousness of conflict between the sexes, although women's rights were discussed by certain activist groups, drawing

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group; while it carried out an estimated 45 bombings and arson attacks between 1974 and 1995, it accomplished little. The first established party in Germany to include equal rights for women in its program was the

3192:, has established her key role in European politics. Merkel's time in office has not been without controversy related to women's rights legislation; in 2013, she opposed an EU proposal to introduce 40-percent 3117:

Whoever compels a woman to have extramarital intercourse with him, or with a third person, by force or the threat of present danger to life or limb, shall be punished by not less than two years’ imprisonment

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between diverse social groups gained the attention of a larger number of feminists and other social reformers in Germany and beyond. After decades of pushing for greater legal recognition as full citizens,

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organization, its members working toward equality with men in such areas as education, financial opportunities, and political life. Working-class women were not welcome; they were organized by the

2476: 2453: 3185:(outcry), more than 100,000 tweets (messages) were sent to protest personal experiences of harassment, raising awareness of the issue and generating national and international press coverage. 2896:. It appears the role of women in Nazi Germany changed according to circumstances. Theoretically, the Nazis believed that women must be subservient to men, avoid careers, devote themselves to 4789: 234: 3196:

on executive boards in all publicly listed companies with more than 250 employees by 2020, on the basis that this was a violation of member states' affairs. Germany's Labour Minister,

5202: 146: 4809: 2704:); this climbed to 35 women deputies in the Reichstag in 1933 on the eve of the Nazi dictatorship, when Great Britain still had only 15 women members in the House of Commons. 2429:, and reforms to divorce laws. Stritt was active as a member and leader in many German feminist organizations during the late 19th century and early 20th century, including: 4921: 3281: 5029: 4881: 2847: 5034: 3193: 2790: 4981: 229: 4951: 4911: 4891: 4871: 4774: 3076:

could not work without permission from their husbands. However, women began to receive extensions to paid maternity leave that were generous by Western standards.

2303:(Women's Almanac) in 1784. Feminism as a movement began to gain ground toward the end of the 19th century, although it did not yet include a strong push to extend 4300: 4263: 5158: 4886: 161: 2186:, when female infants were given a lesser value than male infants. The use of physical force against wives was condoned until the 18th century in Bavarian law. 5014: 4966: 4961: 4936: 4794: 4941: 4901: 4854: 4849: 4819: 4799: 4784: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4343: 3005:, and a new generation of German feminists began to agitate for social change. A disillusionment with conventional political parties, and even with standard 2417:, and became a supporter of the Women's Legal Aid Society. Stritt's goals included suffrage for women, access to higher education, an end to state-regulated 5234: 5019: 4956: 4906: 4876: 4804: 151: 2382:, the Union of German Feminist Organizations (BDF). Founded in 1894, it grew to include 137 separate women's rights groups from 1907 until 1933, when the 4971: 4896: 2571: 2812: 5244: 2314: 268: 4366: 6362: 1586: 2109:

groups pressuring a range of traditional institutions, from universities to government, to open their doors to women. This movement culminated in

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Hagemann, Karen (2011). "Mobilizing Women for War: The History, Historiography, and Memory of German Women's War Service in the Two World Wars".

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The BDF gave national direction to the proliferating women's organizations that had sprung up since the 1860s. From the beginning the BDF was a

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appointments, and equal pay in the professions. These changes put Germany in the group of advanced countries in terms of women's legal rights (

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required to register with the employment office. Women's wages remained unequal and women were denied positions of leadership or control.

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had 32 women deputies in 1926 (6.7% of the Reichstag), giving women representation at the national level that surpassed countries such as

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Young middle class and upper-class women began to pressure their families and the universities to allow them access to higher education.

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meetings, and had to send a male to represent her interests. Tradition dictated that "the state recognizes a burgher but not a burgess".

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organizations had feminist members, who promoted women's rights with mixed success. During the rise of nationalism in this era, one

5768: 5229: 2701: 910: 263: 2717:" and "bourgeois responsibilities". Other feminist groups were organized around religious faiths, and there were many Catholic, 6339: 2697: 1395: 78: 4494:

Evans, Richard J (1976). "Feminism and Female Emancipation in Germany 1870–1945: Sources, Methods, and Problems of Research".

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had brought more women into the labour force. However, cooperation between the social classes was "unfeasible" at the time.

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Women's representation in government and the workforce has made progress in the early 21st century. The German Chancellor,

2198: 2003: 1933: 1243: 216: 2993:. Women had less education, and they were less likely to be employed, either in the professions, or the service industry. 2140:

Feminism in Germany has its earliest roots in the lives of women who challenged conventional gender roles as early as the

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Feminist ideas still began to spread, and some radical women became outspoken in promoting the cause of women's rights.

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Tatbestandsprobleme der sexuellen Nötigung, Vergewaltigung sowie des sexuellen Mißbrauchs widerstandsunfähiger Personen

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In 1934, Hitler proclaimed, " world is her husband, her family, her children, her house." Women's highest calling was

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Some women of means asserted their influence during the Middle Ages, typically in royal court or convent settings.

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Ferree, Myra Marx (1993). "The rise and fall of" mommy politics": Feminism and unification in (East) Germany".

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Gender Relations in German History: Power, Agency, and Experience from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century

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became open in demanding free access to contraception and abortion, asserting, "Your body belongs to you".

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was an era of political fragmentation in Germany. Along with the economic chaos of the inter-war years,

2150:, from which the laws of the German lands would be based, placed women at a disadvantage with regard to 6828: 6309: 6201: 3449:

Gender and the Modern Research University: The Admission of Women to German Higher Education, 1865-1914

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Legal recognition of women's rights in Germany came more slowly than in some other countries, such as

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Hagemann, Karen (2007). "From the Margins to the Mainstream? Women's and Gender History in Germany".

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The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation: Anti-Feminism in Germany, 1912-1920

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The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation: Anti-Feminism in Germany, 1912-1920

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The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation: Anti-Feminism in Germany, 1912-1920

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The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation: Anti-Feminism in Germany, 1912-1920

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Reform and Resistance: Formations of Female Subjectivity in Early Medieval Ecclesiastical Culture

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held onto restrictions to the professions for women throughout the inter-war period). Germany's

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Following women's enfranchisement, women's rights made significant gains in Germany during the

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business had some freedom in practice to run the business, but she was not permitted to attend

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also had no distinction between the sexes in the professions, while countries such as France,

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in 1894; by 1914, there were 97 such legal aid agencies, some employing women law graduates.

2515: 2444: 1728: 1688: 1678: 1633: 1464: 1439: 1348: 1213: 970: 930: 410: 327: 6624: 6579: 6549: 6532: 6522: 6372: 6292: 6280: 6216: 6189: 6071: 5990: 5970: 5920: 5773: 5489: 5437: 5126: 5109: 5099: 4481: 3596: 3579: 3197: 3034:. A development in the Left that had a longer-lasting impact was the establishment of the 3028: 2629: 2554:

Socialist feminists were active in promoting the rights of working-class women. Socialist,

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The FGWA had been moderate in its positions until 1902, then launched a campaign to reform

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Adelheid of Burgundy. Representation and memory of an Ottonian Empress and Christian Saint

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introduced in 1900 had left the law unaltered in the matter, basing it precisely on the

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Reichstag delegate from 1920 to 1933). The 1920s also saw the rise of the "New Woman" (

2628:, the first woman university graduate in Germany, graduated with a law degree from the 2194: 1855: 1845: 1835: 1820: 1815: 1800: 1753: 1733: 1708: 1673: 1663: 1643: 1540: 1422: 1412: 1313: 1067: 893: 759: 641: 354: 315: 68: 3174:

became the medium of mass protests against common types of sexist harassment. Using a

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are among the women who pursued independent accomplishments in fields as diverse as

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translated into German, deepening the feminist discourse further for German women.

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Feminist Berlin 1968-1974: Interviews with 25 activists, documents and reflections

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In 1944–45, more than 500,000 women volunteers were uniformed auxiliaries in the

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Triumph of the fatherland: German unification and the marginalization of women

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in general had a degree of social chaos, which was experienced in the city of

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Women doing their wash at a cold water hydrant in a Berlin street, July 1945

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in 1919. Later waves of feminist activists pushed to expand women's rights.

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of 1919 enacted equality in education for the sexes, equal opportunity in

5447: 5356: 4009:""Wir wollen keine Castingshow". Liberale Frauen-Vorsitzende über Gender" 3140: 2677: 2596: 2579: 2414: 2390: 2383: 2155: 766: 557: 4584:

Goldberg, Ann. "Women And Men: 1760–1960." in Helmut Walser Smith, ed.,

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Women in German History from Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation

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magazine, January 1906, published by the feminist umbrella organization

2252:. The equal rights of parents under German law did not arrive until the 6102: 5860: 4613: 4592:

Honeycutt, Karen (1979). "Socialism and Feminism in Imperial Germany".

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The Promised Land?: Feminist Writing in the German Democratic Republic

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The Promised Land?: Feminist Writing in the German Democratic Republic

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The Promised Land?: Feminist Writing in the German Democratic Republic

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The Promised Land?: Feminist Writing in the German Democratic Republic

3147:, or men too. So that’s a very important development that we see here. 6097: 5691: 4708: 3179: 3092: 3023: 2990: 2923: 2665: 2555: 2394: 2225: 2179: 2147: 1303: 1298: 376: 4630:

Berlin wird feministisch. Das Beste, was von der 68er-Bewegung blieb

4538: 4417:. The Local: Germany's News in English. 6 March 2013. Archived from 3912: 3312: 2714: 6142: 5935: 5803: 5546: 5076: 4739: 4605: 4565:

Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective

3235: 3219: 2745: 2613: 2426: 2218: 2183: 2175: 1077: 945: 508: 30: 4703: 4641: 2292:(culture history) trend in the first decades of the 20th century. 5309: 3222:– an orthographic convention for equality in written German 3175: 3171: 3167: 3006: 2673: 2661: 2563: 2405:

was active as a feminist leader not only in Germany but with the

2266: 739: 4195: 3154:, where women's rights activists communicate and organize using 2867: 2685: 2498:

An 1883 illustration of several prominent feminists, including

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Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics

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When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany

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Bridenthal, Renate; Grossmann, Atina; Kaplan, Marion (1984).

3163: 3158:, is a growing trend among younger feminists in Germany. The 3068: 2681: 2270: 2159: 3130:

discussed the new feminism wave of her generation, stating:

2748:, gender activist, writer and feminist journal editor), and 2162:

required a male guardian to represent them in court. Unlike

5045: 2132:

The status of women varied, depending on regions and eras.

4367:"'Sextremist' Training: Climbing into the Ring with Femen" 2284:

to England and France, most influentially in the works of

4662:

Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography

4648:

Reluctant Feminists in German Social Democracy, 1885-1917

4061:"Happy Birthday, Emma: German Feminist Magazine Turns 30" 3754: 3201: 2757: 2433:

League for the Protection of Motherhood and Social Reform

3079: 2545:. Zetkin was a member of the Reichstag, and co-founded 2231: 2127: 3480:

Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers: A-L-v. 2. M-Z

5159:

Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

3473: 3471: 3469: 2323:, Medieval religious and medical writer and polymath 2182:, a reality demonstrated in rituals associated with 3986:"Germany's Once-Violent Feminist Adopts Quiet Life" 2740:(writer and Reichstag delegate from 1919 to 1932), 2572:

German National Association of Commercial Employees

4222:"Kunarac, Vukovic and Kovac - Judgement - Part IV" 4158:"Germany celebrates 100 years of women's suffrage" 3786: 3617:Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe 2707:The umbrella group of feminist organizations, the 2486:, March 8, 1914. Claiming voting rights for women. 4327: 4036:Politics, Feminism, and the Reformation Of Gender 3961:Politics, Feminism, and the Reformation Of Gender 3936:Politics, Feminism, and the Reformation Of Gender 3848:Nazi 'Chic'?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich 3817:Nazi 'Chic'?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich 3610: 3608: 3466: 2967:During the post-War period political life in the 6841: 2439:Federation of German Women's Associations (FGWA) 2413:(Germany's first woman university graduate) and 3734:. Manchester University Press. pp. 178–9. 3143:, for example, experience on a daily basis, or 4640:free access to complete English translation: 4196:Joni Lovenduski, Claudie Baudino, ed. (2005). 3732:Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable 3692:Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable 3605: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 5061: 4724: 3598:Sex in Education, Or, a Fair Chance for Girls 3581:Sex in Education, Or, a Fair Chance for Girls 3013:during the 1970s, including militant groups. 2929: 2610:Sex in Education, Or, A Fair Chance for Girls 2105:period (1888–1918) with individual women and 2079: 4660:Hagemann, Karen, and Jean H. Quataert, eds. 4586:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 3694:. Manchester University Press. p. 177. 3134:A lot more feminists from my generation see 2228:is sometimes considered the first feminist. 4488:The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894–1933 4415:"Germany to block EU quota for women execs" 4200:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 4198:State Feminism and Political Representation 3717:The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894-1933 3619:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 3329: 2963:and Germany's most prominent feminist, 2010 5824:African-American women's suffrage movement 5068: 5054: 4731: 4717: 3769: 3729: 3689: 3664: 3639: 3047:in 1977, and remains its Editor-in-Chief. 2885:Historians have paid special attention to 2576:Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfenverband 2409:(IWSA). Stritt met the radical feminists 2262:General state laws for the Prussian states 2086: 2072: 966:African-American women's suffrage movement 4591: 4546: 4441:"Germany Sets Gender Quota in Boardrooms" 4058: 3477: 3310: 2728:Prominent feminists of this era included 5769:Discrimination against transgender women 4667: 4469:Abrams, Lynn and Elizabeth Harvey, eds. 4364: 4214: 3894: 3875: 3844: 3813: 3351:A Social History of Germany: 1648 - 1914 3083: 3043:, founded the popular feminist magazine 2984:Demographic changes which resulted from 2951: 2939: 911:Discrimination against transgender women 4170: 4131: 4106: 4081: 4059:Abramsohn, Jennifer (25 January 2007). 4033: 3958: 3933: 3348: 6842: 4738: 4524: 4298: 3594: 3577: 3373: 3279: 2603: 2101:as a modern movement began during the 6118:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 5384:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 5049: 4712: 4493: 4387: 4006: 3983: 3784: 3714: 3614: 3552: 3527: 3502: 3445: 3420: 3099:By the early 21st century, issues of 3080:Feminism in Germany since Unification 2700:) and the United States (1.1% of the 2407:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 2366: 4333: 3311:Buchinger, Hannah Margarete (2016). 2841:or BDM) gymnastics performance, 1941 2818:An issue of the lesbian periodical, 2232:Enlightenment and early 19th century 4478:Feminism in Germany and Scandinavia 4346:from the original on 20 August 2023 3009:activism, led to the growth of the 2764:), as portrayed by authors such as 2128:Medieval period to Early Modern era 13: 4567:, Stanford University Press 2012, 4463: 4365:Reinbold, Fabian (24 April 2013). 14: 6861: 4697: 4654: 4388:Zandt, Deanna (1 February 2013). 4264:"Microsoft Word - 1Deckblatt.doc" 3984:Torry, Harriet (13 August 2007). 3601:. Project Gutenberg. p. 178. 3584:. Project Gutenberg. p. 173. 3292:from the original on 15 July 2022 2639: 6823: 6814: 6813: 6801: 6363:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5779:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4007:Hecht, Patricia (4 April 2018). 2846: 2827: 2811: 2789: 2530: 2491: 2475: 2452: 2347: 2328: 2313: 2199:Elisabeth of Bavaria (1478–1504) 2055: 1587:Democratic Republic of the Congo 921:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 37: 4642:http://feministberlin1968ff.de/ 4433: 4407: 4381: 4358: 4292: 4256: 4235: 4189: 4164: 4150: 4125: 4100: 4075: 4052: 4027: 4000: 3977: 3952: 3927: 3888: 3869: 3838: 3807: 3778: 3763: 3748: 3723: 3708: 3683: 3658: 3633: 3588: 3571: 3546: 3521: 3374:Scheck, Helene (16 July 2008). 3215:Second-wave feminism in Germany 3170:. In late 2012 and early 2013, 3111:Before 1997, the definition of 3091:, helped establish the hashtag 2936:Second-wave feminism in Germany 2924:German armed forces (Wehrmacht) 2756:, women's rights activist, and 4390:"Germany's Problem with Women" 4308:(Dissertation). Archived from 3895:Campbell, D'Ann (April 1993). 3496: 3439: 3414: 3401: 3367: 3304: 3273: 2898:childbearing and child-rearing 2566:organization that was vocally 2170:, Salic law barred women from 2019:Women's suffrage organizations 1: 4336:"Interview with Anne Wizorek" 4334:Sark, Kat (15 October 2016). 4038:. Routledge. pp. 235–6. 3938:. Routledge. pp. 233–4. 3266: 2224:The historian and playwright 2174:. Social status was based on 6723:Suffragists and suffragettes 5075: 3452:. Stanford U.P. p. 53. 2710:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine 2467:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine 2386:disbanded the organization. 2379:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine 2004:Suffragists and suffragettes 1934:American feminist literature 7: 4632:. Querverlag, Berlin 2015, 3901:Journal of Military History 3878:Journal of Military History 3644:. Routledge. pp. 3–4. 3446:Mazón, Patricia M. (2003). 3208: 2969:Federal Republic of Germany 2874: 2280:brought a consciousness of 1244:Views on transgender topics 1234:Views on sexual orientation 10: 6866: 4670:Journal of Women's History 4476:Anthony, Katharine Susan. 4136:. SUNY Press. p. 10. 4086:. SUNY Press. p. 11. 3963:. Routledge. p. 234. 3715:Evans, Richard J. (1976). 3595:Clarke, Edward H. (1873). 3578:Clarke, Edward H. (1873). 3557:. Peter Lang. p. 12. 3507:. Peter Lang. p. 57. 3052:German Democratic Republic 2946:German Democratic Republic 2933: 2930:West Germany, East Germany 2878: 2120: 2116: 6795: 6735: 6674: 6667: 6348: 6053: 5799:Female genital mutilation 5737: 5670: 5567: 5287: 5276: 5203:Majority-Muslim countries 5168: 5135: 5092: 5083: 5005: 4747: 4548:2027/spo.0499697.0019.106 4508:10.1017/S0008938900018288 4175:. SUNY Press. p. 6. 4111:. SUNY Press. p. 3. 3770:Stephenson, Jill (2001). 3730:Bookbinder, Paul (1996). 3690:Bookbinder, Paul (1996). 3665:Stephenson, Jill (2013). 3640:Stephenson, Jill (2013). 3532:. Peter Lang. p. 6. 3482:. ABC-CLIO. p. 690. 3478:Rappaport, Helen (2001). 3425:. Peter Lang. p. 3. 2547:International Women's Day 2484:International Women's Day 2256:in the 20th century; the 2213:, religious writing, and 2035:Women's rights by country 941:Female genital mutilation 6770:Women's studies journals 6728:Women's rights activists 5279:Movements and ideologies 4496:Central European History 3845:Guenther, Irene (2004). 3814:Guenther, Irene (2004). 3669:. Routledge. p. 3. 3615:Clark, Linda L. (2008). 3553:Guido, Diane J. (2010). 3528:Guido, Diane J. (2010). 3503:Guido, Diane J. (2010). 3421:Guido, Diane J. (2010). 3353:. Taylor & Francis. 2782:The Artificial Silk Girl 2778:Das kunstseidene Mädchen 2702:House of Representatives 2040:Feminists by nationality 2014:Women's studies journals 2009:Women's rights activists 727:Movements and ideologies 6315:International relations 4299:Kieler, Marita (2002). 4171:Martens, Lorna (2001). 4132:Martens, Lorna (2001). 4107:Martens, Lorna (2001). 4082:Martens, Lorna (2001). 4034:Chapman, Jenny (1993). 3959:Chapman, Jenny (1993). 3934:Chapman, Jenny (1993). 3785:Koonz, Claudia (1988). 3241:History of German women 3050:State socialism in the 2254:German Federal Republic 2123:History of German women 1428:International relations 289:Intersectional variants 6743:Conservative feminisms 6043:Women in the workforce 6011:Violence against women 5986:Sexual objectification 5946:Opposition to feminism 5143:Bicycling and feminism 4790:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4682:10.1353/jowh.2007.0014 4243:"GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE" 3149: 3096: 2982: 2964: 2949: 2835:League of German Girls 2780:, 1932, translated as 2622: 2593: 2586:women's emancipation: 2376:women enrolled in the 2340:Protestant Reformation 1954:Conservative feminisms 1209:Bicycling and feminism 1185:Women in the workforce 1153:Violence against women 1128:Sexual objectification 1088:Opposition to feminism 345:Vegetarian ecofeminism 6783:Women in peacekeeping 6325:Revisionist mythology 5762:Children's literature 4628:Cristina Perincioli. 4013:Die Tageszeitung: Taz 3793:. St. Martins Press. 3772:Women in Nazi Germany 3667:Women in Nazi Society 3642:Women in Nazi Society 3349:Sagarra, Eda (1977). 3280:Görich, Knut (2021). 3261:Women in Nazi Germany 3132: 3087: 3001:were translated into 2977: 2955: 2944:Women workers in the 2943: 2917:Gertrud Scholtz-Klink 2881:Women in Nazi Germany 2618: 2588: 2516:Henriette Goldschmidt 2121:Further information: 1984:Feminist rhetoricians 1974:Feminist philosophers 1526:Revisionist mythology 1229:Views on prostitution 1214:Criticism of marriage 904:Children's literature 6227:Pathways perspective 6072:Gender mainstreaming 5991:Substantive equality 5971:Reproductive justice 5921:Matriarchal religion 5774:Diversity (politics) 3198:Ursula von der Leyen 3121:German Criminal Code 2948:(East Germany), 1958 2914:Reichsfrauenführerin 2839:Bund Deutscher Mädel 2770:So ist die neue Frau 2736:), her life partner 2630:University of Zurich 2524:Anna Schepeler-Lette 2359:Age of Enlightenment 2278:Age of Enlightenment 2148:Salic (Frankish) law 1964:Feminist art critics 1939:Feminist comic books 1896:Lists and categories 1575:By continent/country 1406:Pathways perspective 1289:Gender mainstreaming 1224:Views on pornography 1133:Substantive equality 1113:Reproductive justice 1063:Matriarchal religion 916:Diversity (politics) 852:Political lesbianism 162:Other women's rights 6850:Feminism in Germany 6808:Feminism portal 6688:Ecofeminist authors 6538:Trinidad and Tobago 6478:Republic of Ireland 6340:Composition studies 6021:Women's empowerment 5976:Sex workers' rights 5901:Feminist capitalism 5881:Internalized sexism 5814:Feminism in culture 5692:Kurdish (Jineology) 5006:States with limited 3226:Bonn Women's Museum 2650:Weimar Constitution 2604:Access to education 2336:Argula von Grumbach 2321:Hildegard of Bingen 2301:Almanach für Frauen 2286:Mary Wollstonecraft 2203:Argula von Grumbach 2191:Hildegard of Bingen 2099:Feminism in Germany 2062:Feminism portal 1969:Feminist economists 1959:Ecofeminist authors 1764:Trinidad and Tobago 1704:Republic of Ireland 1396:Composition studies 1163:Women's empowerment 1118:Sex workers' rights 1043:Feminist capitalism 1023:Internalized sexism 956:Feminism in culture 64:History of feminism 6185:Literary criticism 6062:Complementarianism 5784:Effects on society 5752:Complementarianism 5559:Women's liberation 4646:Quataert, Jean H. 4486:Evans, Richard J. 4480:(New York: 1915). 4340:Suites Culturelles 4315:on 20 October 2013 4280:on 20 October 2013 4160:. 17 January 2019. 3160:Ukrainian feminist 3152:Networked feminism 3097: 2965: 2950: 2367:Wilhelmine Germany 2195:Gertrude the Great 2156:inheritance rights 1374:Literary criticism 1239:Views on sexuality 926:Effects on society 894:Complementarianism 869:Women's liberation 624:Religious variants 598:trans-exclusionary 316:Radical lesbianism 6837: 6836: 6791: 6790: 6202:Political ecology 6108:Écriture féminine 6006:Triple oppression 5996:Toxic masculinity 5981:Sexual harassment 5841:Feminist stripper 5819:Feminist movement 5733: 5732: 5671:Ethnic and racial 5272: 5271: 5043: 5042: 4638:978-3-89656-232-6 4573:978-0-8047-5760-7 4563:Feree, Myra Marx. 3851:. Berg. pp. 3387:978-0-7914-7813-4 3136:intersectionality 3101:intersectionality 2725:feminist groups. 2560:social democratic 2504:Luise Otto-Peters 2421:, free access to 2282:feminist thinking 2258:German Civil Code 2211:music composition 2096: 2095: 2047: 2046: 1566: 1565: 1556:womanist theology 1499:Political ecology 1330:Écriture féminine 1257: 1256: 1148:Triple oppression 1138:Toxic masculinity 1123:Sexual harassment 983:Feminist stripper 961:Feminist movement 517: 516: 448:Africana womanism 279: 278: 6857: 6827: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6672: 6671: 6655:History of women 6133:Political theory 6033: 6026:Women-only space 5911:Likeability trap 5876:Invisible labour 5794:Female education 5285: 5284: 5280: 5240:African-American 5170:Women's suffrage 5161: 5148:Feminist history 5090: 5089: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5047: 5046: 4748:Sovereign states 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4693: 4625: 4560: 4550: 4527:Feminist Studies 4519: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4279: 4273:. 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Berg. p. 3811: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3475: 3464: 3463: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3418: 3412: 3407:Brigitte Young, 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3346: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3286:www.recensio.net 3277: 3256:Women in Germany 3056:Frederick Engels 2850: 2831: 2815: 2797:Mother and Twins 2793: 2754:Marxist theorist 2698:House of Commons 2543:Dresden, Germany 2534: 2512:Lina Morgenstern 2495: 2479: 2456: 2351: 2332: 2317: 2290:Kulturgeschichte 2180:biological roles 2172:royal succession 2111:women's suffrage 2088: 2081: 2074: 2060: 2059: 2058: 1999:Feminist parties 1994:Muslim feminists 1989:Jewish feminists 1900: 1899: 1881:History of women 1504:Political theory 1272: 1271: 1202: 1201: 1175: 1168:Women-only space 1053:Likeability trap 1018:Invisible labour 936:Female education 745:Anti-pornography 600: 599: 595: 311:Lesbian of color 294: 293: 171:Women's suffrage 147:Muslim countries 142:Women's suffrage 59:Feminist history 52: 51: 41: 18: 17: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6824: 6802: 6800: 6787: 6731: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6570:Northern Cyprus 6344: 6335:Science fiction 6128:Oedipus complex 6088:Women's studies 6049: 6048: 6047: 6031: 5941:Oedipus complex 5931:Men in feminism 5896:Language reform 5871:Ideal womanhood 5851:Gender equality 5846:Formal equality 5809:Feminationalism 5747:Cognitive labor 5729: 5697:Native American 5666: 5665: 5664: 5563: 5473:Post-structural 5278: 5268: 5164: 5157: 5153:Women's history 5131: 5079: 5074: 5044: 5039: 5025:Northern Cyprus 5007: 5001: 4922:North Macedonia 4743: 4737: 4700: 4657: 4588:(2011): 71– 90. 4539:10.2307/3178354 4466: 4464:Further reading 4461: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4394:Forbes Magazine 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3913:10.2307/2944060 3893: 3889: 3884:(4): 1055–1094. 3874: 3870: 3863: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3728: 3724: 3719:. 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6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6320:Existentialism 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6276:Existentialism 6273: 6272: 6271: 6269:Justice ethics 6261: 6256: 6251: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6067:Gender studies 6064: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6038:Women's rights 6035: 6032:Women's health 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5916:Male privilege 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5885:International 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5242: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5218:United Kingdom 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4997:United Kingdom 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Czech Republic 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4698:External links 4696: 4695: 4694: 4676:(1): 193–199. 4665: 4656: 4655:Historiography 4653: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4626: 4606:10.1086/493681 4589: 4582: 4577:Frevert, Ute. 4575: 4561: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4502:(4): 323–351. 4484: 4474: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4447:. 6 March 2015 4445:New York Times 4432: 4421:on 3 June 2013 4406: 4380: 4357: 4326: 4291: 4255: 4234: 4213: 4206: 4188: 4181: 4163: 4149: 4142: 4124: 4117: 4099: 4092: 4074: 4051: 4044: 4026: 3999: 3976: 3969: 3951: 3944: 3926: 3907:(2): 301–323. 3887: 3868: 3861: 3837: 3830: 3806: 3799: 3777: 3762: 3747: 3740: 3722: 3707: 3700: 3682: 3675: 3657: 3650: 3632: 3625: 3604: 3587: 3570: 3563: 3545: 3538: 3520: 3513: 3495: 3488: 3465: 3458: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3400: 3386: 3380:. SUNY Press. 3366: 3359: 3328: 3303: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3251:Weimar culture 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3081: 3078: 2980:organizations. 2975:in character: 2931: 2928: 2876: 2873: 2864:Weimar culture 2856: 2855: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2805:Käthe Kollwitz 2795: 2788: 2742:Helene Stöcker 2738:Gertrud Bäumer 2734:Hamburg Senate 2658:Czechoslovakia 2641: 2640:Weimar Germany 2638: 2626:Anita Augspurg 2605: 2602: 2552: 2551: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2497: 2490: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2458: 2451: 2445:the civil code 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2411:Anita Augspurg 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2312: 2233: 2230: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2115: 2107:women's rights 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979:Feminist poets 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1946:Feminist songs 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1922:by nationality 1914: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1871:United Kingdom 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1482:Existentialism 1479: 1478: 1477: 1475:Justice ethics 1467: 1462: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1433:Constructivism 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340:Areas of study 1337: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:Gender studies 1281: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1249:SCUM Manifesto 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180:Women's rights 1177: 1174:Women's health 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058:Male privilege 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1027:International 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 907: 906: 896: 891: 885: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 866: 864:Technofeminism 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 839: 838: 837: 827: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 808: 803: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 774: 769: 764: 763: 762: 757: 747: 742: 737: 731: 730: 725: 724: 721: 720: 716: 715: 710: 709: 708: 698: 693: 688: 687: 686: 681: 676: 666: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 639: 634: 628: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 613: 612: 607: 602: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 567: 562: 561: 560: 550: 545: 540: 535: 529: 528: 526:Other variants 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 514: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 495: 494: 484: 483: 482: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 450: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 424: 423: 418: 408: 407: 406: 396: 395: 394: 389: 379: 374: 373: 372: 361: 358: 357: 351: 350: 348: 347: 342: 341: 340: 330: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 303: 297: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 276: 274: 273: 272: 271: 261: 260: 259: 254: 252:Cayman Islands 247:United Kingdom 244: 239: 238: 237: 232: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 167: 166: 165: 164: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 138: 135: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 102: 101: 97: 96: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 66: 61: 55: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6862: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6830: 6822: 6820: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6650:United States 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6498:Latin America 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Technoscience 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:Art criticism 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Men's studies 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Transmisogyny 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Purplewashing 5959: 5957: 5956:Protofeminism 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Honor killing 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Transnational 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Individualist 5404: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Anti-abortion 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230:United States 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:South Ossetia 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Liechtenstein 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533:(1): 89–115. 4532: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4311: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4207:9781139446761 4203: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4182:9780791491225 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4143:9780791491225 4139: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4118:9780791491225 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4093:9780791491225 4089: 4085: 4078: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4045:9780415016988 4041: 4037: 4030: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3970:9780415016988 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3945:9780415016988 3941: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3862:9781859737170 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3831:9781859737170 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3800:9780312022563 3796: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3741:9780719042874 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3701:9780719042874 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3676:9780415622714 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3651:9780415622714 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3626:9780521650984 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3566: 3564:9781433107849 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3539:9781433107849 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3514:9781433107849 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3489:9781576071014 3485: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3459:9780804746410 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3434: 3432:9781433107849 3428: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3362: 3360:9780416776201 3356: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246:Liberal Women 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Angela Merkel 3186: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162:organization 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3019:was one anti- 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:Betty Friedan 2994: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2959:, founder of 2958: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801:Expressionist 2799:(1927/37) by 2798: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Elsa Herrmann 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2696:(2.1% of the 2695: 2694:Great Britain 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:civil service 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:anti-feminist 2565: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423:contraception 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2360: 2356: 2355:Sophie Mereau 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299:launched the 2298: 2297:Sophie Mereau 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:United States 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 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Retrieved 3285: 3275: 3194:female quota 3187: 3181: 3156:social media 3150: 3133: 3128:Anne Wizorek 3125: 3116: 3110: 3106:Gastarbeiter 3098: 3089:Anne Wizorek 3074:West Germany 3064:Clara Zetkin 3060:August Bebel 3049: 3014: 3011:radical left 2995: 2986:World War II 2983: 2978: 2973:conservative 2966: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2902:Adolf Hitler 2887:Nazi Germany 2884: 2857: 2838: 2820:Die Freundin 2819: 2796: 2781: 2777: 2774:Irmgard Keun 2772:, 1929) and 2769: 2761: 2750:Clara Zetkin 2730:Helene Lange 2727: 2708: 2706: 2670:Soviet Union 2643: 2634:Marie Stritt 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2575: 2553: 2539:Clara Zetkin 2508:Jenny Hirsch 2465: 2459: 2442: 2419:prostitution 2403:Marie Stritt 2399: 2388: 2377: 2374:Middle class 2370: 2300: 2294: 2275: 2235: 2223: 2188: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2098: 2097: 1826:Saudi Arabia 1668: 1622:South Africa 1465:Epistemology 1440:Legal theory 1359:Architecture 1349:Anthropology 1328: 1294:Gynocentrism 1158:War on women 1093:Pro-feminism 1048:Gender-blind 998:Gender quota 971:Art movement 740:Anti-fascist 674:Dianic Wicca 553:Postfeminism 428:Xenofeminism 411:Postcolonial 328:Sex-positive 15: 6758:Comic books 6683:Art critics 6605:South Korea 6585:Philippines 6565:New Zealand 6560:Netherlands 6293:Pornography 6281:Metaphysics 6222:Criminology 6217:Archaeology 6190:Film theory 5891:Women's Day 5631:Ecofeminist 5490:Reactionary 5438:Materialist 5213:Switzerland 5208:New Zealand 5127:Fourth-wave 5110:Second-wave 5008:recognition 4982:Switzerland 4917:Netherlands 4015:(in German) 3141:head scarfs 3036:Green Party 2678:Netherlands 2597:Hedwig Dohm 2580:World War I 2482:Poster for 2415:Minna Cauer 2384:Nazi regime 2158:. Germanic 1831:South Korea 1811:Philippines 1791:New Zealand 1786:Netherlands 1509:Pornography 1487:Metaphysics 1401:Criminology 1379:Film theory 1354:Archaeology 1033:Women's Day 825:Libertarian 767:Ecofeminism 684:Ecofeminist 565:Reactionary 558:Neofeminism 499:Multiracial 404:Ecofeminist 399:Materialist 242:Switzerland 222:New Zealand 6748:Literature 6693:Economists 6415:Bangladesh 6349:By country 6298:Psychology 6254:Empiricism 6249:Aesthetics 6244:Philosophy 6103:Patriarchy 6083:Matriarchy 5887:Girl's Day 5861:Girl power 5834:In hip hop 5757:Literature 5687:Indigenous 5626:Reclaiming 5522:Standpoint 5495:Separatism 5468:Postmodern 5362:Vegetarian 5352:Difference 5295:Analytical 5122:Third-wave 5105:First-wave 4952:San Marino 4912:Montenegro 4892:Luxembourg 4872:Kazakhstan 4775:Azerbaijan 3267:References 3145:transwomen 3093:#Aufschrei 3021:patriarchy 2934:See also: 2910:motherhood 2879:See also: 2719:Protestant 2537:A bust of 2500:Marie Calm 2395:Socialists 2221:politics. 2215:government 2103:Wilhelmine 2027:Categories 1929:Literature 1639:Bangladesh 1514:Psychology 1460:Empiricism 1455:Aesthetics 1450:Philosophy 1324:Patriarchy 1309:Matriarchy 1029:Girl's Day 1003:Girl power 976:In hip hop 899:Literature 857:Separatist 835:Postmodern 801:Difference 735:Analytical 679:Reclaiming 487:Indigenous 392:Standpoint 321:Separatist 173:by country 6503:Argentina 6463:Indonesia 6453:Hong Kong 6410:Australia 6310:Seriality 6234:Geography 6160:Sociology 6113:Economics 6098:Kyriarchy 5589:Christian 5569:Religious 5510:Socialist 5300:Anarchist 5245:States of 5183:Australia 4887:Lithuania 4742:in Europe 4690:143068850 4622:144762827 4516:145356083 4369:. 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